Chemical Kinetics, a clock reaction

PROCEDURE:
There are several parts to this experiment. The general plan is to:
1. Find the dependence of the reaction rate of concentration
!. Determine the dependence of reaction rate on temperat"re
#. O$serve the dependence of reaction rate on a catal%st.
1. Dependence of Reaction Rate on Concentration: The ta$le $elo& indicates the vol"me of each of the
reagents that m"st $e mixed for each trial. Three of the reagents &ill $e com$ined in one reaction flas' (!)*
m+, the other t&o in a second flas' (1!) m+,. -% 'eeping the reagents separated the reaction &ill not $egin
premat"rel%.
Reaction Flas' 1(!)* m+, Reaction Flas' ! (1!)m+,
.ix *.*1* .
/0
*.**1* .
1a!2!O#
3!O *.*4* .
/-rO#
*.1* .
3C1
2tarch
1 1* m+ 1* m+ 1* m+ 1* m+ 1* m+ # drops
! !* m+ 1* m+ * m+ 1* m+ 1* m+ # drops
# 1* m+ 1* m+ * m+ !* m+ 1* m+ # drops
4 1* m+ 1* m+ * m+ 1* m+ !* m+ # drops
) 5 m+ 1* m+ 1! m+ ) m+ 1) m+ # drops
First o$tain 1** m+ of each of the reagents and save them in clean la$eled flas's or $ea'ers. The
proced"re given $elo& for Reaction .ixt"re 1 is the same that %o" &ill "se for all other reaction mixt"res. Onl%
the vol"mes of reagents &ill change as indicated in the ta$le. Use a 1* m+ grad"ated c%linder to meas"re o"t
the vol"mes. For mixt"re 1 meas"re 1* m+ of *.*1* . /0.1*.m+ of *.**1* . 1a!2!O# and 1* m+ of
deioni6ed &ater into a !)* m+ Erlenme%er flas' (reaction flas' 1,.
At this time, be sure to rinse out the graduated cylinder with deionied water. .eas"re 1* m+ of
*.*4* . /-rO# (Reaction Flas' !, and 1* m+ of *.1* . 3Cl. Then add # drops of starch indicator sol"tion to
Flas' !.
Po"r the contents of Reaction flas' ! into Reaction Flas' 1 and s&irl the sol"tions to mix them
thoro"ghl%. 0mmediatel% start %o"r stop&atch. Continue swirling the mi!ture until it turns blue. 2top %o"r
stop&atch and record the time at the instant the mixt"re t"rns $l"e. Record the temperat"re of the $l"e
sol"tion reading the thermometer to the nearest *.!7 C.
Repeat the proced"re &ith Reaction .ixt"res ! # 4 and ). Remember to rinse out the graduated
cylinder before adding reagents to each flask and to add the indicator to Reaction "lask #. Tr% to 'eep
the temperat"re a$o"t the same for all reaction mixt"res. Repeat an% experiments that do not appear to
proceed properl%.
#. Dependence of Reaction Rate on $emperature: This part of the experiment is performed similarl% to Part
1 $"t %o" "se Reaction .ixt"re 1 in all cases. The reaction is performed at three additional temperat"res
appro!imately 4*7 C 1*7 C and *7 C. .eas"re the exact temperat"re to the nearest *.!
o
C. The fo"rth val"e
a$o"t !*7 C is the Reaction .ixt"re 1 %o" alread% st"died in Part 1.
Prepare the reaction flas's for .ixt"re 1 as in Part 1 incl"ding the starch indicator. 3o&ever $efore
mixing place hot tap &ater (or &ater %o" have heated, into a large container. 8erif% that the $ath &ater9s
temperat"re is aro"nd 4*7 C and place the reaction flas's into this &ater for several min"tes &ith s&irling to
$ring them to the proper temperat"re. Then mix the t&o sol"tions keeping the mi!ture in the hot water.
2&irl as $efore and record the time &hen the color changes. Record the temperat"re inside the reaction flas'.
Repeat the experiment "sing cold tap &ater cooled &ith ice if necessar% to lo&er it to a$o"t 1*7 C. Remove
an% ice $efore immersing the reaction flas's. Finall% "se an ice:&ater $ath to o$tain a temperat"re near *7 C.
%. Dependence of the Reaction Rate on a Catalyst: Once again "se Reaction .ixt"re 1. -efore mixing the
t&o sol"tions add to Reaction Flas' ! the starch indicator and one drop of *.) . (134, !.oO4 ammoni"m
mol%$date &hich &ill act as a catal%st. 2&irl flas' ! to mix and then com$ine flas' 1 and !. Record the time of
the color change.
Kinetics of Chemical Reaction
&aterials 'eeded
stop&atch
2ol"tion 1: *.*!4 . potassi"m iodate
2ol"tion !: *.*1; . sodi"m h%drogen s"lfite and starch
t&o grad"ated c%linders
! stirring rods
thermometer
&ash $ottle containing distilled &ater
large &aste $ea'er
medi"m $ea'er for mixing sol"tions
(rocedure
0mportant Tips:
0t is essential that the t&o sol"tions are not mixed in an% &a% $efore the act"all% 'inetic r"n is made.
-e certain that grad"ated c%linders and "sed in o$taining and transferring sol"tions are 'ept separate
and that thermometers and stirring rods are rinsed and dried in $et&een each "se.
Cleanliness is extremel% important d"ring this experiment. -e s"re that an% rinsing is done &ith distilled
&ater from the &ash $ottle. Do not "se sin' &ater $eca"se transition metals present ma% speed "p the
reaction.
(art A:
1. .eas"re o"t the correct amo"nt of 2ol"tion ! (containing h%drogen s"lfite and starch la$eled <s"lfite=,
in a grad"ated c%linder la$eled <2=. Transfer the meas"red >"antit% from the grad"ated c%linder to a
clean dr% <.ix= $ea'er.
2. .eas"re o"t the correct amo"nt of &ater in the same grad"ated c%linder. ?dd that meas"red amo"nt to
the <.ix= $ea'er. 2tir the mixt"re to com$ine. Ta'e the temperat"re of the mixt"re in the $ea'er $eing
s"re to rinse and dr% the thermometer $efore and after meas"rement.
3. .eas"re o"t the correct amo"nt of 2ol"tion 1 (containing potassi"m iodate la$eled <iodate=, in a
different grad"ated c%linder la$eled <0=. Ta'e the temperat"re of the sol"tion in the grad"ated c%linder
$eing s"re to rinse and dr% the thermometer $efore and after the meas"rement.
4. 0f the sol"tions of 1 and ! differ $% more than one degree &ait "ntil the t&o sol"tions come to the same
temperat"re.
5. @hen the t&o sol"tions have come to the same temperat"re prepare to mix them. 3ave read% a clean
stirring rod for "se after mixing the sol"tions.
6. Press start on the stop&atch as %o"r partner po"rs 2ol"tion 1 into the <.ix= $ea'er. 2tir &ith the stirring
rod consistentl% "ntil %o" start to see the $l"e:$lac' color of the starch:iodine complex.
7. ?s soon as the color change $egins press 2top on the stop&atch and record the time in Ta$le ! $elo&.
8. Repeat each experiment t&ice. 0f there is a large difference in the times repeat it a third time. /eep the
t&o closest val"es.
$able 1 : Amounts of each )olution
*!periment
)olution 1
+,odate-
.ater
)olution #
+)ulfite-
? 1*.* m+ 5*.* m+ 1*.* m+
- !*.* m+ A*.* m+ 1*.* m+
C #*.* m+ ;*.* m+ 1*.* m+
D 4*.* m+ )*.* m+ 1*.* m+
E )*.* m+ 4*.* m+ 1*.* m+
Stop here and complete calculations #1-8, Part B can be done next block day.
(art /:
9. 0n this part of the experiment the reaction &ill $e carried o"t at several different temperat"res "sing the
concentrations of Experiment ?. The temperat"res &ill $e a$o"t 4*C !*C 1*C and *C.
10. Prepare a shallo& &arm &ater $ath "sing a plastic t"$ of a$o"t 4*C. 3ave cool &ater and ice hand% to
change temperat"re of the &ater $ath.
11. Place $oth flas's of sol"tions in the &ater $ath for at least five min"tes $efore an% experiments are
done so the% &ill &arm "p e>"all%.
12. Follo& the mixing instr"ctions descri$ed in the earlier proced"re $"t place <.ix= $ea'er in the &ater
$ath so the reaction sta%s at a fairl% consistent temperat"re.
13. .a'e t&o r"ns at each temperat"re. Repeat the proced"re for each temperat"re listed a$ove and
record the times in Ta$le # $elo&.
Data
$able # : $ime Re0uired for ,# color to appear +seconds-
*!periment "irst Run )econd Run A1erage
?
-
C
D
E
$able % : Reaction $imes for *!periment 1 at 2arious $emperatures
Appro!imate
$emperature
4* C !* C 1* C * C
*!act
$emperature
$ime
+s-
Run 1
Run #
A1erage
Calculations
1. Calc"late the Rate in terms of iodate ion. 0t &ill $e expressed as B C0O #
B
D: t. 0n each experiment
there is the same amo"nt of h%drogen s"lfite ion added. Calc"late the n"m$er of moles of h%drogen
s"lfite "sed from the vol"me and molarit% of sol"tion !.
moles of h%drogen s"lfite E vol"me in + x *.*1; mol 32O#
B
:+
2. Calc"late the n"m$er of moles of iodate cons"med "sing mole ratio 2toichiometr%.
mol 32O#
B
x BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB E mol 0O#
B
3. The val"e of B C0O #
B
D in all reactions since all experiments have the same total vol"me is:
mol 0O#
B
reacted
B C0O #
B
D E BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
*.1** +
4. The rate of each experiment can $e fo"nd $% dividing the B C0O #
B
D $% the n"m$er of seconds re>"ired for
the reaction to ta'e place. Record in the Ta$le 4 $elo&.
5. Calc"late the initial concentrations of each reactant for each experiment. This &ill not $e the same as
the concentration of the starting sol"tion $eca"se com$ining the reactants dil"tes all of the sol"tions.
On dil"tion the n"m$er of moles sta%s the same so:
moles E 8concentrated x .concentrated E 8dil"te x .dil"te
&here 8concentrated and .concentrated are the vol"me and molarit% of the starting sol"tions and 8dil"te
and .dil"te are the vol"me and molarit% of the dil"ted reaction mixt"res. Remem$er that the 8dil"te
&ill al&a%s $e the consistent total vol"me of 1**.* m+. 2olve for .dil"te for $oth reactants in each
experiment. Record the val"es in the data ta$le a$ove.
6. Using the initial rates method calc"late the order of the iodate ion in this reaction "sing several pairs of
experiments. Use the reaction rates and initial concentrations %o" calc"lated and recorded in Ta$le #
7. Fiven that the order of h%drogen s"lfite ion is one calc"late the rate constant ' for each of the
experiments. Record the individ"al val"es and the average of these in the ta$le $elo&. .a'e a note of
the "nits of ' $elo& the ta$le.
$able 3: Calculated Rate Constant 2alues for *ach *!periment
*!periment A / C D * A1erage
Rate
Constant, k
$able 4 : Calculations used for ,nitial Rates &ethod
*!periment Reaction Rate
+mol567s-
,nitial Concentrations, &
8,9%
:
; 8<)9%
:
;
?
-
C
D
E
8. Using the average rate constant val"e &rite the experimentall% determined rate la& $elo&
9. Using the method descri$ed in Calc"lation G4 find the Reaction Rate for each of the temperat"res
"sed in Part -. Record them in Ta$le ; $elo&.
$able =: Calculated Reaction Rates for *!periment A at 2arious $emperatures
$emperature 4> C #> C 1> C > C
Reaction Rate
+mol567s-
10. Using the concentrations alread% calc"lated for $oth reactants in Experiment ? that are recorded in
Ta$le 4 and the rate la& &ritten in G5 find the rate constant for each temperat"re.
$able ?: Calculated Rate Constant 2alues for *!periment A at 2arious $emperatures
$emperature 4> C #> C 1> C > C
Rate
Constant, k
11. Using an Excel &or'sheet t%pe in the exact Celsi"s temperat"res recorded in Ta$le # and rate
constants recorded in Ta$le A. Calc"late "sing assigned col"mns
temperat"re in /elvin
inverse of /elvin temperat"re
1at"ral log of rate constants
12. .a'e a graph "sing Excel of nat"ral log of rate constant (on %Baxis, vs. inverse of /elvin temperat"re
(on xBaxis,.
13. ?dd a linear trendline for the data points. -e s"re to displa% the e>"ation on the chart. Print a cop% of
the chart.
14. Using the slope for the trendline calc"late the activation energ% (Ea, of the reaction. Remem$er the
slope E BEa:R &here R is the gas la& constant &ith a val"e of 5.#14 H:molI/ .
$he @&agic /lue /ottleA *!perimentB
2afet% Considerations:
.eth%lene $l"e is a d%e "sed to stain D1? and $acteria in la$oratories. First of all it is lightBsensitive so
sho"ld $e stored in the dar' (%o" can &rap %o"r sol"tions or %o"r stoc' po&der in tin foil,. 2econd it is not
something %o" &ant to get on %o"r s'in J &hen ma'ing "p a sol"tion or handling meth%lene $l"e %o" sho"ld
$e &earing gloves J it is a 'no&n m"tagen.
*.1 . 1aO3 is a strong $ase &hich is ver% corrosive J again "se ca"tion &hen handling this sol"tionK
.aterials:
L *.1 . 1aO3 sol"tion
L fr"ctose (a.'.a. MBDBfr"ctop%ranose,
L meth%lene $l"e indicator:d%e (a.'.a. meth%lthionine chloride, J either solid or
L gloves and safet% glasses
L 1)* ml grad"ated c%linder for meas"ring
L $alance for meas"ring mass
L metal scoop"la
L some empt% plastic or glass $ottles or flas's &ith stoppers
Preparation:
0f %o" onl% have the po&dered meth%lene $l"e ma'e "p a sol"tion of the d%e J 1 gram in 1** m+ (since .@ of
meth%lene $l"e E #1N.5) g:mole this is #.1#I1*B# moles in 1** m+ &hich is a *.*# . sol"tion, This is the
concentration 0 "sed $"t a more dil"te one &o"ld pro$a$l% &or' as &ell.
2imilarl% ma'e a *.1 . sol"tion of 1aO3
1. ?dd approximatel% 1)* ml of *.1 . sodi"m h%droxide (1aO3, to the Erlenme%er flas' or $ottle.
!. Caref"ll% add onl% 1B! drops of meth%lene $l"e indicator to the flas' containing the *.1 . 1aO3 sol"tion.
The addition of excess indicator ma% ca"se the experiment to fail.
#. .eas"re 1B! grams of fr"ctose into a &eighing $oat. ?dd the fr"ctose to the flas'.
4. Place the stopper on the flas' and gentl% s&irl to dissolve the fr"ctose.
). ?llo& the sol"tion to stand for one min"te. The sol"tion sho"ld $e clear.
;. 1o& sha'e the sol"tion for a fe& seconds. The sol"tion sho"ld $ecome $l"e as ox%gen is added.
A. ?gain allo& the sol"tion to stand for one min"te. 0t sho"ld revert to its clear form as the reverse reaction
proceeds.