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International Journal of Electrical and
El ectroni cs Engineering Research (IJEEER)
ISSN(P): 2250-155X; ISSN(E): 2278-943X
Vol . 4, Issue 2, Apr 2014, 211-222
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED
CMLI AND FACT DEVICES FOR MODERN POWER SYSTEMS
M. KAVITHA
1
, A. SREEKANTH REDDY
2
& D. MOHAN REDDY
3
1
M. Tech Student, Department of Computational Engineering, RGUKT, RK Valley, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Lecturer, Depart ment of EEE, RGUKT, RK Valley, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
3
HOD & Associate Professor, Depart ment of EEE, SVIET, Pedana, Krishna, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Modern power systems are highly complex and are designed as such to fulfil the growing demands of power with
better power quality. And electrical power quality had obtained more attention in power engineering in recent years .
But due to faults in power systems many power quality problems including voltage sags and swells, harmonics and
reactive power burden etc,. are taking place which are effecting the power quality and stability of power supply etc,.
The fuzzy logic controller can easily demonstrate a better dynamic behaviour of the system. The CMLI and FACT devices
have the capability to reduce the power quality problems. Therefore, the fuzzy logic controller based CMLI and FACT
devices improve the power quality by considerably reducing THD as prescribed by IEEE-519 standard. This paper presents
MATLAB/SIMULINK circuits of fuzzy logic controller based CMLI and FACT devices which can improves the power
quality for modern power systems.
KEYWORDS: Power Quality, Power Quality Problems, Fuzzy Logic Controller, CMLI, FACT Device and PWM
Technique
INTRODUCTION
The power quality problems include high reactive power burden, harmonics currents, load unbalance, excessive
neutral current etc. Electrical Power Quality had obtained more attention in power engineering in recent years.
Traditionally, current harmonics caused by non-linear loads have been dealt with using passive filters. They provide simple
solutions but, very often, have large size and weight, they cannot provide flexible compensation. Moreover, the passive
filters are known to cause resonance, thus affecting the stability of the power distribution systems [1]. The increased
severity of harmonic pollution in power networks has attracted the attention of power electronics and power system
engineers to develop dynamic and adjustable solutions to the power quality problems. Now-a-days due to usage of many
non-linear loads and other faults like L-G, L-L and etc,. The power quality is affecting more.
This paper deals with many technologies which are collectively improving the power quality. Due to occurring of
faults in power systems the stability of the voltage get distorted which is commonly called voltage instability.
Voltage instability is the inability of the power system to meet the demand for reactive power in the heavily loaded system.
One of the most important causes of voltage instability in a system is the occurrence of react ive power imbalance in the
system. Reactive power imbalance occurs when system is faulted, heavily loaded and voltage fluctuation is there.
This problem can be effectively tackled by the introduction of high power electronic controllers which can inject or absorb
reactive power as per system requirement. One of the most important reactive power sources is FACTS (Flexible A. C
212 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Val ue (ICV): 3.0
transmission system) device [2]. These devices allow Flexible operation of AC transmission system without stressing the
system.
The mult ilevel inverter has gained much attention in recent years due to its advantages in lower switching loss
better electromagnetic compatibility, higher voltage capability, and lower harmonics. Multilevel cascaded inverters have
been also proposed for such applications as static Var generation, an interface with renewable energy sources, and for
battery-based applications [3]. The inverter could be controlled to either regulate the power factor of the current drawn
from the source or the bus voltage of the electrical system where the inverter was connected. Several topologies for
multilevel inverters have been proposed, the most popular being the diode-clamped, flying capacitor, and cascade H-bridge
structures. The pulse width modulation (PWM) cascaded multilevel inverter strategy reduces the total harmonic distortion
and enhances the fundamental output voltage.
The control scheme, in which the required compensating currents are determined by sensing line currents only,
is given in, which is simple and easy to implement. Recently, fuzzy logic controllers have generated a great deal of interest
in various applications and have been introduced in the power-electronics field. The mamdani type of fuzzy controller used
for the control of DSTATCOM gives better results compared with the PI controller. On the other hand, the takagi-sugeno
fuzzy controller may also have following features [4].
Number of fuzzy sets used for input fuzzification
Number of rules to be used
Number of coefficients to be optimized
Computation time
The settling of dc capacitor voltage to its reference value is quite important in the context that at this condition,
the real power balance between the source and load is realized. Therefore, apart from the reduction in Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD), there is also a need to bring back the dc voltage as early as possible to its reference value. In this
chapter, a mamdani type of fuzzy logic controller has been implemented for a three-phase DSTATCOM the power
systems power quality. The mamdani type fuzzy controller can provide a wide range of control gain variat ion and it can
use both linear and nonlinear rules in the consequent expression of the fuzzy rule base. In this thesis, through the
simulation results, it is shown that the mamdani type fuzzy controller has improved the dynamic response of the system.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
Introduction
Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output using fuzzy logic.
The fis system is shown in figure 1. The mapping then provides a basis from which decisions can be made, or patterns
discerned. The process of fuzzy inference involves membership functions, fuzzy logic operators, and if -then rules.
Two types of fuzzy inference systems that can be implemented in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox are,
Mamdani type
Sugeno type
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Mamdani type inference expects the output membership functions to be fuzzy sets. After the aggregation process,
there is a fuzzy set for each output variable that needs defuzzification. It is possible, and in many cases much more
efficient, to use a single spike as the output membership function rather than a distributed fuzzy set. This type of output is
sometimes known as a singleton output membership function, and it can be thought of as a pre-defuzzified fuzzy set [5].
It enhances the efficiency of the defuzzificat ion process because it greatly simplifies the computation required by the more
general mamdani method, which finds the centroid of a two-dimensional function. Rather than integrating across the
two-dimensional function to find the centroid, we use the weighted average of a few data points. Sugeno -type systems
support this type of model. In general, Sugeno-type systems can be used to model any inference s ystem in which the output
membership functions are either linear or constant.

Figure 1: FIS System
Basic Fuzzy Algorithm
In a fuzzy controller as shown in figure 2, the control action is determined from the evaluation of a simple linguist
rules. The development of the rules requires a thorough understanding of the process to be controlled but it does not
require a mathemat ical model of the system.

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of FLC
A fuzzy controller consists of fourth stages: fuzzificat ion, knowledge base, inference mechanisms,
and defuzzification. The knowledge base is composed of a data base and rule base, and is designed to obtain good dynamic
response under uncertainty in process parameters and external disturbance. The data base, consisting of input and output
membership functions, provides information for the appropriate fuzzification operations, the inference mechanism,
214 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Val ue (ICV): 3.0
and defuzzificat ion. The inference mechanis m uses a collection of linguistic rules to convert the input conditions into a
fuzzified output. Finally, defuzzificat ion is used to convert the fuzzy outputs into control signals [6].
In order to implement the control algorithm of a SAPF in closed loop, the optimum value of K gain is calculated
by a fuzzy inference system, which receives as inputs the slope of D.C. average bus voltage and D.C. voltage error. Both
quantities (error and slope of DC voltage) are normalized by suitable values. Thus, each range is between -1 and 1
normalized unity. Tacking into account that the value of K is quite near unity, we consider the range of the output weight
membership function between 0.6 and 1.4.We have chosen to characterize this fuzzy controller by seven and five sets
respectively for the error and slope inputs. The output is defined by seven sets. The D.C. voltage error normalized, the D.C.
voltage slope normalized and the output weight membership functions are s hown in figure 3. The linguistic rules for the
fuzzy logic controller are chosen, in most cases, depending only of the D.C. voltage error.
The desired switching signals, according to output inverter currents to follow the reference ones, a current control
is made by fuzzy logic controller. The inputs variables for the necessary control action of active filter are the error and t he
rate change of error between the reference signal and the active filter output current. The membership functions are showed
in figure 2. The current control method used in this thesis is related to fuzzy controller based PWM current controller.
The switching signals are generated by means of comparing a carrier signal with the output of the fuzzy controller.
The error e and the change of error ce are used as numerical variables from the real system. To convert these
numerical variables into linguist variables, the following seven fuzzy sets are used: NL (Negative Large), NM
(Negative Medium), NS (Negative Small), Z (zero), PS (Positive Small), PM (positive medium) and PL (Positive Large).
The fuzzy controller is characterized as follows:
Seven fuzzy sets for each input and output
Triangular membership functions for simplicity
Fuzzification using continuous universe of discourse
Implication using mamdani type inference system
Defuzzificat ion using weighted average method

Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logi c Controller Based CMLI and Fact Devi ces for Modern Power Systems 215

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Figure 3: Normalized Tri angul ar Membershi p Functi ons Used in Fuzzification
Design of Control Rules
The fuzzy control rule design involves defining rules that relate the input variables to the output model properties
as FLC is independent of the system model. The design is mainly based on the intuitive feeling for and experience of the
process.
The control rules are formed by using the table1. The elements of the table are determined based on the theory
that in the transient state, large errors need coarse control, which requires coarse input / output, small errors need fine
control, which requires fine input / output variables. Based on this, the elements of the rule table are obtained from an
understanding of the filter behaviour and modified by the simulation performance [7].
Table 1: Fuzzy Control Rules

216 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

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Rule Editor (Fuzzy GUI Tool)
Based on the descriptions of the input and output variables defined with the FIS Editor, the Rule Editor allows to
construct the rule statements automatically, by clicking on and selecting one item in each input variable box, one item in
each output box, and one connection item. Choosing none as one of the variable qualities will exclude that variable from a
given rule. Choosing not under any variable name will negate the associated quality. Rules may be changed, deleted or
added by clicking on the appropriate button. The rule editor is shown in figure 4.

Figure 4: Rule Editor
The suraface viewer of above rules is shown in figure.

Figure 5: Surface Viewer
MULTILEVEL INVERTER TOPOLOGIES
The multilevel converter has drawn tremendous interest in the power industry. The general structure of the
multilevel converter is to synthesize a sinusoidal voltage from several levels of voltages, multilevel voltage source
converters are emerging as a new breed of power converter options for high power applications. These converter
topologies can generate high-quality voltage waveforms with power semiconductor switches operating at a frequency near
the fundamental. Multilevel topologies are able to generate better output quality, while operating at lower switching
frequency. This implies lower switching dissipation and higher efficiency. Moreover, this topology utilizes switches with
lower breakdown voltage; therefore, it can be used in higher power applications at lower cost. Compared to the multi pulse
converter, multilevel converters are more flexible and have a wide application. They can be used as active power filters
Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logi c Controller Based CMLI and Fact Devi ces for Modern Power Systems 217

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and to handle unbalanced loads. No phase shift transformer is required in this configuration, so a lower investment cost,
plus a lower power loss, can be expected [8].
The multilevel converter configuration can be further classified into three different configurations:
Diode-clamped converter
Flying capacitor converter
Cascaded converter.
Compared to the multi pulse converter, multilevel converters has many advantages. They can be used as active
power filters and to handle unbalanced loads. No phase shift transformer is required in this configuration, so a lower
investment cost, plus a lower power loss, can be expected. The multilevel converter configuration can be further classified
into three different configurations. Among the available mult ilevel converter topologies, the cascaded mult ilevel inverter
constitutes a promising alternative, providing a modular design that can be extended to allow a transformer less
connection. The cascaded H-bridge mult ilevel Inverter uses separate dc sources (SDCSs). The multilevel inverter using
cascaded-inverter with SDCSs synthesizes a desired voltage from several independent sources of dc voltages, which may
be obtained from batteries, fuel cells, or solar cells. In Cascaded multilevel inverter inverters are connected in series [9].
Each H-bridge converter unit provides three voltage levels (-V, 0, V). As number of levels increases the output waveform
becomes perfect. The cascaded multilevel inverter is as shown in figure 6.

Figure 6: Cascaded Multilevel Inverter
Compared with the other two multilevel configurations and the multi pulse converter, the cascaded converter
eliminates clamping diodes, flying capacitors, bulky zigzag transformer and requires least component mountings.
The modularity of this configuration makes it much easier to implement converters with a large number of levels.
Larger dc-side capacitors are required compared to the diode clamped and flying capacitor converter under balanced
condition but it provides separate phase control to support significant voltage unbalance [10]. The output waveform of
cascaded five level inverter is shown in figure 7.

Figure 7: Typical Output Waveform of Cascaded Fi ve Level Inverter
218 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Val ue (ICV): 3.0
FACTS
A Flexible AC Trans mission System (FACTS) is an ac transmission system incorporating power electronic-based
or other static controllers which provide better power flow control and enhanced dynamic stability by control of one or
more ac transmission system parameters (voltage, phase angle. and impedance). Two of the most important FACTS
devices, which have broad application in electric utility industry, are SVC (Stat ic Var Compensator) and DSTATCOM
(Distributed Static synchronous Compensator) [11]. DSTATCOM, also named ASVG (Advanced Static Var Generator) is
one of the new-generation FACTS devices, and recognized to be one of the key technologies in future power system.
DSTATCOM has played an important role in power industry since 1980s. The DSTATCOM is basically a DC-AC voltage
source converter with an energy storage unit, usually a DC capacitor [12]. It operates as a controlled Synchronous Voltage
Source (SVS) connected to the line through a coupling transformer. Figure 8 shows the schematic configuration of
DSTATCOM. The controlled output voltage is maintained in phase with the line voltage, and can he control to draw either
capacitive or inductive current from the line in a similar manner of a synchronous condenser, but much more rapidly.

Figure 8: Schematic Configurati on of DSTATCOM
Compared to SVC and other conventional reactive power compensators, DSTATCOM has several advantages
listed below.
DSTATCOM has a dynamic performance far exceeding the other Var compensators. The overall system response
time of DSTATCOM can reach l0ms or less.
DSTATCOM has the ability to maintain full capacitive output current at low system voltage, which also makes it
more effective than SVC in improving the transient stability.
Compared with SVC, DSTATCOM can easily realize redundancy design, which brings a higher reliability.
IGCT, IGBT, used in DSTATCOM, require simpler gate drives and snubber circuits, and also make DSTATCOM
more reliable [13].
STATCOM has a smaller installation space, about 50% of that for SVC.
PWM TECHNIQUE
This modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission. The below notches can be form
based on the following equations. If the notches are more then the reduction process of harmonics is easy. This pule width
modulation provides that facility.
Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logi c Controller Based CMLI and Fact Devi ces for Modern Power Systems 219

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When V
control
>V
tri
, V
A0=
V
dc
/2 . (1)
When V
control
<V
tri
, V
A0
= -V
dc
/2. (2)

Figure 9: Pulse Wi dth Modulation
Figure 9 shows the pulse width modulation. In general, a mult ilevel inverter with m voltage levels requires (m1)
triangular carriers. In the PWM, all the triangular carriers have the same frequency and the same peak-to-peak amplitude,
but there is a phase shift between any two adjacent carrier waves, given by
cr
=360
0
/(m1). The modulating signal is
usually a three-phase sinusoidal wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency. The gate signals are generated by
comparing the modulating wave with the carrier waves [14]. It means for five-level inverter, four triangular carriers are
needed with a 90 phase displacement between any two adjacent carriers. In this case the phase displacement of V
cr1
= 0,
V
cr2
= 90, V
cr1-
= 180 and V
cr2-
= 270.
MATLAB/SIMULINK CIRCUITS AND RESULTS
The power quality is increasing by decreasing the THD value, this can be done by increasing the number of levels
of CMLI. If the number of levels of CMLI increases the desired output waveform will have good sinusoidal shape.
The combination of CMLI with fuzzy logic controller and DSTATCOM will give the effective results.
As we know that if number of levels increases harmonics effect reduces which means that we can get better
sinusoidal waveform. By comparing five, seven, nine and eleven level cascaded mult ilevel inverters, ninth level inverter is
effective and efficient to get expected smoother sinusoidal waveform which helps us to enhance the power quality
Matlab/Simulink Circuits
The figure 10 shows the matlab circuit of fuzzy logic controller.

Figure 10: Fuzzy Logic Controller
220 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Val ue (ICV): 3.0
The mat lab/simulink circuit of seven level cascaded mult ilevel inverter is shown in figure 11.

Figure 11: Level CMLI
The mat lab/simulink circuit of phase shift pulse with modulation is shown in figure 12.

Figure 12: Circuit of PWM
The matlab/simulink circuit of seven level cascaded multilevel inverter without distributed static synchronous
compensator is shown in figure 13.

Figure 13: Circuit of CMLI and DSTATCOM Device Using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logi c Controller Based CMLI and Fact Devi ces for Modern Power Systems 221

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Matlab/Simulink Results
The mat lab/simulink results of seven level cascaded mult ilevel inverter based distributed static synchronous
compensator using fuzzy logic controller is shown in figure 14.

Figure 14: Waveforms of Source Current, Source Voltage and Load Current
The harmonic spectrum of seven level cascaded mult ilevel inverter based distributed using phase shift pulse width
modulation and fuzzy logic controller is shown in figure 15.

Figure 15: Harmonic Spectrum of CMLI Based
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed fuzzy logic controller based cascaded mult ilevel inverter and distributed static synchronous
compensator can correct the unbalance voltage in three phase system under different loading conditions. Fuzzy Logic
Control based DSTATCOM is used to compensate reactive power and harmonics, produced in the case of a non-linear
loads. The THD measure in the presence of a FLC based CMLI (Seven levels) and DSTATCOM is within the IEEE-519
harmonics standard. The Fuzzy Logic Controller based DSTATCOM demonstrates a better dynamic behaviour than
conventional methods. It does not require any mathemat ical model of the system and can also work with imprecise inputs.
222 M. Kavitha, A. Sreekanth Reddy & D. Mohan Reddy

Impact Factor (JCC): 5.9638 Index Copernicus Val ue (ICV): 3.0
Therefore, the fuzzy logic controller based CMLI and DSTATCOM gives 4.03% THD which improves the power quality
by considerably reducing THD as prescribed by IEEE-519 standard.
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