PIPING GENERAL DESIGN

NOVEMBER 1993

PAGE 1 OF 18

EGE 16-B-1 1993

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Scope References General Design 4.1 Pressure and Temperature Criteria 4.2 Determination of Wall Thickness 4.3 Branch Connections 4.4 Sizing 4.5 Layout and Arrangement 4.6 Expansion and Flexibility 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 Pipe Supports Joints Blanks and Strainers Valving Vents, Drains, Pumpouts, and Sample Connections 4.12 Fittings, Bends, and Miters 4.13 Utility Piping 4.14 Relief Valve Piping

1. SCOPE This Guide provides the basic requirements for the design of piping located within onshore facilities engaged in the processing or handling of petroleum, chemical, or related products. It covers all piping located with such facilities, including utility piping. Pipelines and offshore platform piping are not considered to be within the scope of this Guide. 2. REFERENCES The following publications form a part of this Guide. The references cited with dates in this Guide were used in its development. For all references which have been superseded, revised, and/or corrected, the user of this Guide is obligated to determine if the latest versions of the cited references have any impact on the content of this Guide or its use. MTC (Guide Sponsor) should be consulted if there are any concerns or questions.
Mobil Engineering Guides Equipment EGE 16-B-10 EGE 16-B-22 EGE 16-B-30 EGE 16-B-40 EGE 31-B-1 EGE 34-B-11 EGE 34-B-15 (1988) (1990) (1987) (1989) (1989) (1991) (1989) Piping Instruments Piping Process Equipment Piping Selection and Application of Piping Components and Materials (With Classification Sheets and Appendix) Piping Fabrication, Erection, Inspection, and Testing Steel Structures Design and Fabrication Thermal Insulation Cold Service Fireproofing General Requirements

Mobil Engineering Guides Systems EGS 661 EGS 725 EGS 1040 EGS 1101 (1992) (1986) (1992) (1993) Pressure Relief and Vapor Depressuring Systems Plant Drainage and Sewer Systems External Corrosion Protection for Underground Steel Piping Piping General Design Requirements

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API (American Petroleum Institute) Publications Std 570 Std 590 Std 602 Std 610 Std 617 (1993) (1985) (1993) (1989) (1988) Piping Inspection Code Steel Line Blanks Compact Steel Gate Valves Flanged, Threaded, Welding, and Extended-Body Ends Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Services Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Service
PAGE 2 OF 18 NOVEMBER 1993

ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Standards B16.5 B31.1 B31.3 (1988) (1992) (1993) Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Power Piping Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping

NEMA (National Electric Manufacturers Association) Code SM23 (1991) Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service

3. GENERAL 3.1 Piping shall conform to the requirements of this Guide and ASME B31.3 except where superseded by more stringent local codes or regulations. In case of conflict between Mobil Engineering Guides and ASME B31.3, the Mobil Guides shall govern. 3.2 This Guide modifies and supplements the requirements of ASME B31.3 (hereinafter referred to as B31.3). 3.3 Requirements of this Guide are supplemented by EGE 16-B-10, EGE 16-B-22, EGE 16-B-30, and EGE 16-B-40. See EGS 1101 for additional piping design practices and recommendations. 3.4 Boiler external piping between the boiler and the first block valve, shall be in accordance with ASME B31.1. All piping downstream of the first boiler block valve (nonboiler external piping) shall be in accordance with this Guide and B31.3. 3.5 Drainage and sewer piping shall be in accordance with EGS 725.

4. DESIGN 4.1 Pressure and Temperature Criteria

4.1.1 The design pressure and temperature shall be determined in accordance with this Section and B31.3. See EGS 1101 for additional discussion of design conditions for piping systems. 4.1.2 The design pressure of a piping system shall not be less than:

(a) The maximum pressure which can be attained in service when the pressure is not limited by a relieving device, except for the allowance for occasional pressure and temperature variations permitted in B31.3. (b) The set pressure of the pressure relieving device when a relieving device is installed.

4.1.3 For piping subject to autorefrigeration, the design minimum temperature shall be the lowest metal temperature which may be caused by autorefrigeration. 4.1.4 The B31.3 allowances for pressure and temperature variations (Paragraph A302.2.4) for metallic piping lined with nonmetals are prohibited without Mobil approval. 4.1.5 When designing for external pressure (for example, in jacketed piping), the possible absence of internal pressure in the pipe shall be taken into consideration.

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EGE 16-B-1 1993

4.1.6 Thermal relief valves shall be used to protect offsite piping when it can be blocked in and overpressured by solar heat. Consideration should also be given to relieving any possible excessive pressure in a blocked-in section of piping on a process unit, particularly in systems with Class 150 flanges. Typical causes of pressure rises are solar radiation and heat exchanger lines that are blocked. 4.1.7 Offsite piping containing liquefied gases (propane, butane, ammonia, and similar products) should have a design pressure equal to the pressure rating of the flanges in the system. This will permit setting the thermal relief valves sufficiently high to minimize vaporization of line contents. 4.1.8 Piping downstream of equipment, such as heat exchangers and control valves, shall not be designed for the lower pressure resulting from pressure drop through the equipment if the pressure can increase because of downstream fouling or inadvertent closing of a valve. Valves that are locked or sealed open during operation and closed only for maintenance need not be considered. 4.2 Determination of Wall Thickness

4.2.1 The thickness of pipe and other components not having specific pressure ratings shall be determined using the piping design conditions and the formulas in B31.3. The corrosion allowance (manufacturers under-tolerance and mechanical allowances for thread or groove depth), when applicable, shall be included in determining minimum required thickness for pressure containment. See EGS 1101 and API 570 for additional information on pipe thickness requirements for pressure containment. 4.2.2 To assure that sufficient mechanical strength remains in the pipe after the specified corrosion allowance has been expended, pipe wall thickness shall be selected using the following minimum retirement thickness. Note that the minimum retirement thickness for piping systems is the greater of that required for either pressure containment (see Paragraph 4.2.1) or for mechanical integrity.

MECHANICAL INTEGRITY CONSIDERATIONS WELDED PIPE Minimum Retirement Thickness NPS

1/2 3/4

mm 1.65 1.80 1.85 2.00 2.30 2.80 3.30 3.80

in. (0.065) (0.070) (0.073) (0.079) (0.091) (0.110) (0.130) (0.150)

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 and larger

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MECHANICAL INTEGRITY CONSIDERATIONS THREADED PIPE Minimum Retirement Thickness NPS

1/2 3/4

mm 2.60 2.70 3.00 3.10 3.40

(in.) (0.102) (0.106) (0.118) (0.122) (0.134)

1 11/2 2

4.2.3 The allowance for corrosion or erosion in piping shall be determined by the intended service and shall be added to all surfaces exposed to the flowing medium. Unless stated otherwise in the project specifications, the minimum values for corrosion allowance shall be as follows: (a) Process and utility piping of carbon steel, ferritic alloy, and nonferrous alloys of the copper and aluminum type: 1.25 mm (0.05 in.). (b) Process and utility piping of austenitic stainless steel, nickel base alloys, and titanium: zero. With corrosion allowances in excess of 2.5 mm (0.10 in.), the wall thickness of NPS 1 (NPS = nominal and smaller valves and fittings shall be reviewed for adequacy. Where the corrosion allowance exceeds 4.0 mm (0.15 in.), NPS 3/4 and smaller piping shall not be used.
pipe size, inches)

4.2.4

4.2.5 NPS 1 and smaller ferritic nipples between a header and the first block valve or between equipment and the first block valve shall have a minimum thickness of Schedule 160. For these nipples in nonferritic piping, the minimum thickness shall be Schedule 80 (socket welded) and Schedule 160 (threaded). 4.2.6 Nipples between equipment and the first block valve shall be made of a material that at least equals whichever of the following is most corrosion resistant: connected equipment, connected equipment liner, or connecting piping. 4.3 4.3.1 Branch Connections Branch connections shall be in accordance with EGE 16-B-30.

4.3.2 Full-sized or reduced branches at angles other than 90 degrees shall not be employed except when required because of flow and pressure drop considerations (for example, in flare lines). The following restrictions apply: (a) The angle between the branch and the run of the header shall not be less than 45 degrees. It is preferred that the centerline of the branch intersect the centerline of the header. (b) For Class 150 piping systems, it is preferred that integrally forged 45 degree fittings (for example, sweepolets or vesselets) be used for 45 degree branch connections. For Class 300 and higher systems, all branch intersections shall be at 90 degrees, unless approved by Mobil.

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EGE 16-B-1 1993

4.4

Sizing

4.4.1 Except for instrument piping, heat tracing lines, and connections to equipment, the minimum size of piping shall be NPS 3/4 when located aboveground. When buried, the minimum size of piping shall be NPS 1 for steel, NPS 4 for cast iron, and NPS 2 for nonmetallic materials. Instrument piping and heat tracing lines shall be NPS 1/2 pipe or 10 mm (3/8 in.) O.D. tubing minimum. The maximum tubing size shall be 25 mm (1 in.) O.D. 4.4.2 Process lines in pipe racks shall be NPS 11/2 minimum, unless flow velocity is critical. Utility lines installed on main pipe racks shall be a minimum of NPS 2, to provide for future takeoffs and to reduce the need for intermediate supports. 4.4.3 Unless needed to mate with equipment, pipe sizes NPS 3/8, 11/4 , 21/2 , 31/2 , 41/2, and 5 shall not be used. 4.4.4 4.5 4.5.1 See EGS 1101, Appendix A, for general guidelines on sizing of lines. Layout and Arrangement General

(a) Lines shall be located in as neat and orderly manner (in groups or banks when feasible) as is consistent with economical design, pressure loss considerations, and satisfactory supporting arrangements. Unit areas shall not be cluttered with scattered pipe support columns supporting randomly placed overhead lines. (b) When designing new pipeways (piperacks), ensure that adequate space (corridors) is allocated for the following, where appropriate: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cable trays. Firewater piping. Ducting. Access platforms. Operator and maintenance accessways.

(c) Unless otherwise stipulated in the project specifications, 20 percent of the available width of all new pipeways shall be unused. This space is intended for future addition of lines and may not be occupied during the initial pipeway installation. (d) In process units where the layout requires that main unit pipe racks intersect, different elevations shall be established for lines running north-south and east-west. Pipes should change elevations where entering or leaving the pipeway and, where feasible, at each change of direction of the piping to avoid interference with the routing of future lines or additions to the pipeway. Changes in elevation should be made with 90 degree elbows and vertical legs. Forty-five degree elbows should not be used if their use interferes with the routing of future lines. (e) Piping shall be arranged to allow the removal of equipment without removing the block valves adjacent to the equipment and large quantities of associated equipment or piping.

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(f) Pockets shall be avoided in lines carrying caustic, acid, or materials that may congeal or freeze or in lines containing solids that may settle out (especially in flare lines and in lines where water can accumulate and subsequently be flashed to steam when the unit is brought onstream). Pockets shall also be avoided in piping in which corrosive condensate may form. (g) Uninsulated lines passing through earth firewalls/dikes shall be coated for corrosion protection in accordance with EGS 1040. If the lines are installed in sleeves, the sleeve shall also be coated, and each end of the sleeve shall be provided with a seal having an appropriate fire rating (for example, Thunderline Link Seals, stainless steel bellows, or lean mortar mixture). (h) Insulated lines passing through earth firewalls/dikes may be installed by either of the following methods: (1) Insulated with the appropriate insulation and covered with a moistureproof jacketing, such as stainless steel or glass reinforced plastic (GRP). If a pipe sleeve is not used, the stress analysis of the piping system shall consider the earth dike a fixed point in the system. (2) Insulated with the appropriate insulation and installed in a pipe sleeve with each end of the sleeve provided with a seal having the appropriate fire rating (for example, Thunderline Link Seals or stainless steel bellows). (i) Both insulated and uninsulated lines passing through concrete such as walls, decks, and paving shall be installed in sleeves. Both the pipe and sleeve shall be coated for corrosion protection. Each end of the sleeve shall be sealed with a material having the appropriate fire rating (for example, Thunderline Link Seals, lean mortar mixture, or stainless steel bellows). 4.5.2 Clearances

(a) In laying out piping, consideration shall be given to access for maintenance equipment such as forklifts, cranes, bundle pullers for heat exchangers, and clear lifts required to pick up equipment such as pumps and drivers. Suitable clearance, both vertically and horizontally, shall be provided for maintenance of equipment. For minimum clearances, see Table 1. (b) The nipple between a header and a branch valve shall be of sufficient length to ensure that the valve handwheel (or handle) has 50 mm (2 in.) clearance beyond any insulation. A minimum nipple length of 75 mm (3 in.) is recommended to ensure access to the nipple for inspection. (c) The minimum clearance between the bottom of a drain valve and grade or platform, shall be 150 mm (6 in.). 4.5.3 Valve Accessibility

(a) All piping equipment, especially valves, requiring regular attention by the operating and maintenance personnel shall be accessible from grade or platform. Motor-operated valves and relief valves shall be accessible from permanent platforms or grade.

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EGE 16-B-1 1993

TABLE 1 CLEARANCES Minimum Clearances* Item Roads, accessways and craneways (truck or mobile): Headroom for primary access road (where major maintenance vehicles are expected to pass) Pump maintenance accessway headroom Process area craneway headroom Pump Maintenance accessway horizontal clearance, not necessarily in a straight line Clearance from edge of road to platforms, equipment, pipe, etc. Railroads (subject to local regulations): Headroom from top of rail Horizontal clearance from track centerline to obstruction Maintenance passageways and walkways: Horizontal clearance, not necessarily in a straight line Headroom [except for handwheels, which may be 2 m (6.5 ft)] Pipe on sleepers: Clearance, bottom of pipe to finished grade, unless otherwise specified in project specifications Pipe (aboveground): Clearance between outside diameter of flange and the outside diameter of pipe insulation** Clearance between outside diameter of flange, pipe, or insulation and structural member** m ft

6.4 3.7 5.3 3.0 1.5 6.5 2.6 1.0 2.3

21 12 17.5 10 5 21.5 8.5 3 7.5

0.4

1.25

25 mm 25 mm

1 in. 1 in.

Clearance is defined as the clear space between extreme projections. For infrequently used accessways, use 0.75 m (2.5 ft). If valves or instruments requiring working space are located in an accessway, minimum clearance shall be one meter (3 ft). The minimum clearance listed is in addition to the clearance required for thermal displacement of the piping.

**

(b) Control valves shall be located at grade or at a permanent platform. Locations at grade should be along pipe rack columns, at tower bases, or adjacent to equipment, so as not to interfere with the operation or maintenance of other equipment. Sufficient clearance, both vertically and horizontally, shall be provided for maintenance of the control valve. (c) To the extent possible, manually operated valves shall be located so that handwheels are operable from a platform or grade level. If handwheels are more than 1.8 m (6 ft) above a platform or grade level, or are otherwise inaccessible, the valves shall be equipped with extension stems, gear operators, or chain operators. The following restrictions apply to chain operators.

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(1) The use of chain operators for screwed-end valves should be avoided. Use extension stems instead. In no case should chain operators be used on screwed-end valves unless the ends of the valve are seal welded or the valve is in a vertical line. (2) The use of chain operators for NPS 11/2 and smaller valves should be avoided. NPS 11/2 and smaller valves which are not frequently used may be accessed from a fixed ladder. (3) Valves with chain operators shall be located or have their stems turned so that chains do not hang in passageways or interface with other equipment. Provision should be made for hooking chains to columns or walls in order to maintain proper headroom clearance. (4) Chains shall extend to within one meter (3 ft) of the operating level.

(5) The centerline of all valves with chain operators shall not be more than 5.5 m (18 ft) above an operating level. (6) Chainwheel operators shall be made of ductile or malleable iron and shall be hot dip galvanized, including chain. All bolting for attaching operator to handwheel shall be 316 stainless steel. For corrosive environments, stainless steel chains are recommended. (d) Where possible, locating valves at elevations 1.4 m to 1.9 m (4.5 ft to 6.25 ft) above an operating level with stem horizontal (face/head hazard zone) should be avoided. (e) Unit isolating valves shall be grouped together at battery limits and provided with a permanent platform for access to the valves and for blanking. All battery limit block valves shall be operable either directly or with the use of permanent extension stems from the battery limit platform. (f) The height of the handwheel on NPS 10 and larger gate, globe, and angle valves with handwheels positioned horizontally (stem vertical) shall not be more than 1.2 m (4 ft) above an operating level. As an alternative to providing additional platforming, a gear operator with vertical handwheel may be used. The bottom of this vertical handwheel shall not be more than 1.8 m (6 ft) above an operating level. (g) Branch connections in utility lines shall be valved. Branch connection valves for utility piping shall be located in the horizontal section of the line as near to the header as possible unless, if by locating them at the edge of the pipe rack, they can be grouped and made accessible from a platform. For gases and vapors, including steam, the connection shall be to the top of the header. Branch connections for liquid lines in pipe racks, including cooling water headers, should be to the bottom of the header. (h) Process branches shall be equipped with valves at the main header only if shown on the piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). API 602 extended body gate valves are preferred as the first take-off valves in NPS 11/2 and smaller branch connections in steel piping of welded construction. (i) Valves located underground shall be provided with extension stems or post indicator operators; however, such handwheels shall not be located in walkways or aisles. Additional requirements are: (1) NRS (nonrising stem) and ISRS (inside screw rising stem) gate valves, along with ball and butterfly valves not in open trenches, but located belowgrade, shall be provided with service boxes and extension stems which extend a minimum of 1.0 m (3 ft) abovegrade or above access platform. (2) OS&Y (outside screw and yoke) gate and globe valves not in open trenches, but located belowgrade, shall be provided with concrete valve boxes or equivalent means to protect the stem threads, packing gland bolts, and flange bolting.

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EGE 16-B-1 1993

4.5.4

Underground Piping

(a) Generally, hydrocarbon and chemical piping shall be placed abovegrade. When they must be buried, their location shall be marked by signs spaced along the route of the line. Additionally, local regulations, such as secondary containment (if required), shall be followed. (b) Lines under railroad tracks or roadways shall be installed in steel pipe sleeves. The sleeves for these lines shall be vented and shall conform to the requirements of local regulations. (c) All steel lines and pipe sleeves located underground shall be coated for external corrosion protection in accordance with EGS 1040. 4.6 Expansion and Flexibility

4.6.1 Piping expansion stresses and end reactions shall be calculated using the conditions that result in the largest differential temperature, when comparing average ambient temperature (or installation temperature) to the following: (a) (b) Design temperature, including any possible regeneration cycle. Possible upset temperatures (both maximum and minimum).

(c) Steamout temperature (for expansion stresses only, not end reactions). Use 150C (300F) unless stated otherwise in the project specifications. This is not applicable if the line is designated on the P&ID as being exempt from steamout. (d) Maximum and minimum operating metal temperatures caused by ambient conditions (for example, solar radiation). (e) Heat tracing [for steam-traced lines, assume a temperature 28C (50F) less than steam temperature]. 4.6.2 Where pumps, compressors, or turbines are connected with common headers, any likely variation in piping temperature which results from combinations of operating and nonoperating equipment shall be considered. 4.6.3 (a) A computerized analysis of stresses and reactions is required for the following: All NPS 2 and larger piping connected to rotating equipment.

(b) All other piping with a stress index (d t) greater than 2000 for austenitic and 3000 for ferritic materials, where d = t = diameter, NPS differential temperature, F (see Paragraph 4.6.1 of this Guide).

Stress analysis criteria (charts, tables, etc.) developed by engineering contractors may be used subject to Mobil approval. (c) All NPS 6 and larger cryogenic piping below !75C (!100F).

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4.6.4 The selection of the computer flexibility analysis program is subject to Mobil approval. The analysis shall include applicable wind, seismic, snow, ice, and test loads and weights of piping components (for example, valves). Also, the analysis shall include linear and angular movements of the equipment to which the piping is attached, significant friction forces at support points, likely deflection of supporting structures, and expected settlement. 4.6.5 As a minimum, the thermal, pressure, and weight loads at operating conditions shall be combined to calculate the nozzle loads on all rotating equipment and air coolers. For all other equipment (pressure vessels, heaters, heat exchangers, etc.), the thermal, pressure, and weight loads (including applicable wind and seismic loads) at piping design conditions shall be combined to calculate the equipment nozzle loads. 4.6.6 The stresses in the piping system shall be determined using the design temperature. The analysis shall include the thermal displacements of connected equipment calculated at operating conditions. 4.6.7 The "liberal" equation (which allows an increase in displacement stresses when sustained stresses are not at the maximum allowable) from B31.3 shall not be used without Mobil approval. 4.6.8 Nozzle loads for the combined thermal/pressure and weight cases shall be compared with the manufacturers recommendations. Piping reactions against equipment shall not exceed the manufacturers allowables. Where rotating equipment manufacturers make no recommendations, the reactions shall not exceed the limits in the appropriate API or NEMA standard (for example, API 610/617 and NEMA SM 23). 4.6.9 For temperatures greater than 260C (500F) and pressure Classes 1500 and higher, the bending moments on flanged joints and proprietary joints (for example, Grayloc connectors) should be reviewed for the possible unseating of the joint gasket. 4.6.10 Piping containing Grayloc-type connectors shall possess sufficient inherent flexibility to allow installation of the seal rings without damage to them or to the seating surfaces on the hubs. 4.6.11 The use of bellows type expansion joints require Mobil approval. Gun-packed and ring-packed sliptype expansion joints are prohibited. 4.6.12 Bellows expansion joints, where approved, shall be equipped with adequate tie rods or restraints. Preferably, expansion joints should be of the hinge, gimbal, or universal type. The piping system shall be suitably anchored and guided to permit required hydrostatic or pneumatic testing without removing or blanking the joints. Pressure-balanced bellows may be used, where approved by Mobil, to reduce the forces requiring restraint. Removable external protective shields shall be provided for metallic joints. The need for internal sleeves shall be determined on the basis of stream characteristics. The design shall meet the requirements of Appendix X of B31.3 with a minimum design cycle life of 1000 cycles. 4.6.13 Piping may be cold sprung subject to Mobil approval; however, cold spring shall not be permitted at rotating machinery. 4.6.14 In addition to static stress analysis, piping systems shall be reviewed for the possibility of flow induced vibration, pressure pulse induced vibration, hydraulic surge, and slug flow. This includes, but is not limited to, compressor piping, FCC standpipes and risers, high-velocity gas lines (including relief valve discharge lines), loading lines, crude unit transfer lines, and thermosiphon reboiler lines. See Paragraph 4.14.4 for slug flow analyses requirements for pressure relief systems. The method of analysis and the computer program used for these analyses are subject to Mobil approval.

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4.7

Pipe Supports

4.7.1 Piping shall be supported, anchored, and guided to prevent undue line deflection, stresses, excessive vibration, and to protect piping and connected equipment from excessive loadings and expansion stresses. The maximum pipe sag between supports shall be 19 mm (3/4 in.) except lines NPS 1 and smaller shall be limited to a maximum sag of 1/2 the nominal diameter. 4.7.2 If contractor or vendor pipe support (span) tables are used on a project, they shall be submitted to Mobil for approval. If tables are not available, the tables in EGS 1101 shall be used. 4.7.3 (a) Resting Type Supports Where possible, pipe shall be supported by resting type supports instead of hanging type supports.

(b) Pipe shoes or hangers (see Paragraph 4.7.4) shall be used on all insulated piping NPS 11/2 and larger. All sliding shoes shall be at least 450 mm (18 in.) long. Slide shoes with shorter lengths may be used if approved by Mobil. The portion of the shoe welded to the pipe shall be of the same nominal material as the pipe. The bearing surfaces of all shoes shall be outside the insulation. For NPS 12 and larger lines, the sliding shoe shall consist of two parallel structural members. (c) In coastal and corrosive environments, if pipe shoes are not used on uninsulated lines, it is recommended that steel standoffs [19 mm (3/4 in.) minimum], such as steel rods welded to the top of support, be provided. With standoffs NPS 18 and larger, liquid-filled pipe require reinforcing pads to prevent deformation at points of support. (d) Teflon or graphite-lubricated slide plates for sliding shoes shall not be used without Mobil approval. If such slide plates are approved, the coefficient of friction used for design purposes shall be a minimum of 0.3. (e) If shims are required under pipe or pipe shoes, the shims shall be welded to the support beams to ensure they remain in position. (f) For noise reduction or heat conservation, an acceptable alternative to steel pipe shoes is 450 mm (18 in.) long calcium silicate and plastic combination shoe and saddle. The shoe design and installation method shall be approved by Mobil. 4.7.4 Hanging Type Supports

(a) Hanging type supports (hangers) shall be used only at locations where it is not possible to install resting type supports. When used, the need for emergency support beams or fireproofing of supports shall be evaluated. (b) If hangers are used, welded trunnions and lugs are preferred to bolted clamps, especially for uninsulated lines where corrosion is a concern and for insulated lines above 260C (500F) where the clamps tend to loosen with temperature cycles. Attachments welded to the pipe (for example, lugs) shall be of the same nominal material as the pipe. 4.7.5 Spring Type Supports

(a) Variable and constant spring supports shall be calibrated and preset by the manufacturer. They shall be provided with upper and lower limit stops that preset the spring to the installed load.

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(b) Spring supports shall be provided with stops capable of accommodating hydrotest loads up to twice the normal operating load. For hydrotest loads greater than twice the operating load, additional temporary supports are normally required. (c) All spring supports shall be hot-dip galvanized, except that the spring coil shall be coated with neoprene or plastic for corrosion protection. Supports shall be provided with a position indicator and load scale marked with the installed and operating loads. (d) The selection of spring supports should be based upon operating conditions.

(e) The maximum allowable variation in supporting effect (load) for variable spring supports shall be 25 percent for the total vertical travel between hot and cold positions. When deflection is 50 mm (2 in.) or greater, constant-support springs shall be used. 4.7.6 The contractors standard pipe support details shall be submitted to Mobil for approval. Hanger rods less than 13 mm (1/2 in.) in diameter, clamps less than 4.5 mm (3/16 in.) thick, and similar thin support components that do not provide an adequate corrosion allowance shall not be used. 4.7.7 Use of U-bolt supports for vertical lines is limited to NPS 2 and smaller lines with design temperature of !29C to 149C (!20F to 300F). If such supports are used for NPS 11/2 or NPS 2 vertical lines, a lug (of the same nominal material as the pipe) shall be welded to the pipe to prevent slippage. U-bolts shall not be used as anchors. When U-bolts are used as guides, they shall be nutted to provide a minimum of 2 mm (0.08 in.) clearance between pipe and U-bolt. U-bolt supports for horizontal piping clamped to the side of structural members are limited to NPS 2 and smaller. 4.7.8 The base plate of sliding columnar pipe supports [maximum height 1220 mm (48 in.)] may rest directly on the concrete slab or deck of a process unit. If, however, the base plate is bolted down, it shall be elevated 25 mm (1 in.) above the deck and the space between the base plate and the deck shall be filled with grout. 4.7.9 Where bellows expansion joints are approved for use, anchors and guides shall be provided to force the expansion movement into the joint. These anchors shall be designed to withstand the pressure thrust and spring force developed by the joint. 4.7.10 Dummy pipe extensions or structural members from elbows may be used to reach beams or brackets beyond the turn. Extended dead-end tees shall not be substituted for these elbows. Dummy supports shall be attached to the pipe with a continuous full-penetration weld, and a 6 mm (1/4 in.) drain (weep) hole shall be provided in the bottom of the trunnion near the elbow. 4.7.11 Piping, regardless of operating temperature, shall not be used to support electrical conduits. Piping may be used to support instrument piping only to the limited extent permitted in EGE 16-B-10. 4.7.12 Fireproofing of supports and the provision of emergency support beams shall conform to EGE 34-B-15. 4.7.13 Pipe support structures shall be in accordance with EGE 31-B-1. The design of all piping supports and pipe supporting elements shall assume that the piping will be subjected to hydrostatic testing. Supports for certain large lines (for example, flare lines and FCC flue gas piping) may be designed for pneumatic testing when approved by Mobil; however, special consideration shall be given to large diameter vapor lines which are attached to vessels and towers and which are subject to water washing and flushing for process purposes.

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4.7.14 4.7.15

Lines on pipe racks shall have guides for lateral restraint.

Insulated piping operating below 0C (32F) shall be supported as required by EGE 34-B-11. 4.7.16 Where the environment makes a galvanic cell possible, insulating material is required between dissimilar clamp-type supports and the pipe (for example, carbon steel clamps and cupro-nickel pipe). 4.7.17 Welding of galvanized steel to stainless steel piping is not permitted. Galvanized steel (for example, pipe clamps) shall not be in direct contact with stainless steel piping. It is also recommended that galvanized steel not be placed overhead of stainless steel piping. 4.7.18 For steel pipe lined with a nonmetallic material, attachments shall not be welded to the pipe without Mobil approval. 4.7.19 Bell and spigot pipe that will be subjected to internal pressure shall be provided with thrust blocks at all changes of direction and opposite the branches of all tees in order to prevent joints from pulling open during operation or test. If the pipe is cast iron or ductile iron, thrust blocks shall be steel (or concrete with a steel bearing plate). If the pipe is of ceramic, concrete, or other nonmetallic material, thrust blocks shall be concrete. The use of tie rods for retaining pressure shall be restricted to short sections where complete assemblies can be tied axially, without depending on soil friction. 4.8 Joints

4.8.1 Welded construction (buttwelded or socketwelded) shall be used for pipe and fittings, except for certain services where threaded fittings and slip-on flanges are permitted in accordance with EGE 16-B-30. 4.8.2 The junction of piping of different pressure classes shall be made only at a valve that conforms to the specifications of the higher pressure class. The junction of piping of the same pressure class, but of different materials, should be made at a flanged joint (preferably) or a buttweld. 4.8.3 Pipe unions and other piping joints involving straight threads, shall not be used in severe cyclic service or at reciprocating equipment. NPS 2 and smaller joints of this type may be used in Category D fluid service. In Non-Category D service, their use shall be restricted to NPS 1 and smaller. 4.8.4 Proprietary joints, such as Dresser and Victaulic couplings, shall not be used in flammable or toxic service. In nonflammable, nontoxic service they shall not be used above 65C (150F) or above 1034 kPa gage (150 psig). They shall not be used to absorb axial expansion in any service. 4.8.5 No proprietary or special joints shall be used without Mobil approval. Proprietary joints, such as the Grayloc type connector, may be considered as alternatives to ASME B16.5 flanges for Classes 1500 and higher. 4.8.6 Hubless mechanical joints are restricted to underground ductile iron and cast iron water and drainage piping. 4.8.7 4.8.8 4.9 Use of tubing fittings other than bite-type compression fittings requires Mobil approval. The design and use of swivel joints in piping systems requires Mobil approval. Blanks and Strainers

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4.9.1 Blanking (blinding) locations, consisting of a pair of flanges (one of which may be on a valve or other equipment), shall be provided as follows: (a) At battery limits in all process, utility, relief, and blowdown lines. Platforms shall be provided for easy installation and removal of battery limit blanks. (b) As required for inspection, maintenance, testing, or alternative operation of equipment such as vessels or exchangers. (c) For segregation of fluids. When frequent use is required, the use of block and bleed valves should be considered as an alternative to blanking (see Paragraph 4.10.2). 4.9.2 Valved vent and/or drain connections shall be installed at blanking locations, except for lines in Category D fluid service. The connections shall be located so the line can be drained or depressurized prior to removing or installing the line blank. 4.9.3 Blanks shall be located in horizontal lines if possible. Do not use blanks in vertical water and steam lines where the possibility of freezing exists. Blanks shall be accessible from the ground or from permanent platforms. Blanks for pumps shall not be located at the pump flanges. Flanges for maintenance and process blanks shall be located so that faces are vertical for all blanks weighing more than 34 kg (75 lb). 4.9.4 Piping at blanks shall be arranged (with spool pieces if necessary) to permit removal of the studbolts and swinging of the blanks. 4.9.5 Operating blanks shall conform to API 590. If a blank is needed for pressures or temperatures above the limits given in API 590, in a size not listed in API 590, or in a nonlisted material, it shall conform to the requirements of B31.3. The lower temperature limit for API 590 blanks shall be the lower temperature limit specified in B31.3 for the material involved. 4.9.6 Supports to maintain joint alignment during blanking are required when heavy piping components, such as valves, are located at or near the blanking location. 4.9.7 Permanent handling equipment shall be provided for all blanks weighing more than 45 kg (100 lb) unless mobile lifting equipment can be used. See EGS 1101 for recommendations on the use of paddle type versus Figure 8 blanks. 4.9.8 Strainers or filters shall be provided in the piping for the protection of the equipment listed below and as required by EGE 16-B-22. The maximum clear opening for screens in these strainers will vary with the application, but in no event shall it exceed the value given for the particular type of equipment. The minimum clear opening for screens shall be determined by the available pressure differential.
Maximum Clear Opening mm Air supply to pneumatically actuated equipment Upstream of restriction orifices in bleed services Energizing fluid to ejectors 0.5 1.5 6 in. 0.02 0.06 0.25

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4.9.9 Permanent strainers shall have baskets that can be flushed clean during operation or are easily removed for cleaning. Where considerable clogging of strainers is anticipated because of coking or similar conditions, strainers shall be of either the self-cleaning or duplex type to permit continuous flow of clean fluid. 4.9.10 Refer to EGE 16-B-22 for requirements regarding strainers in suction piping for pumps and compressors. 4.10 Valving

4.10.1 Two block valves are required for all Class 600 and higher applications that can be open to the atmosphere (for example, blanking locations and drains). Valves that are blinded or plugged, and will not be opened during unit operations, do not require two block valves. 4.10.2 Where segregation is essential, two block valves with a bleeder between them shall be provided. An acceptable alternative is a double-seated single valve designed to seal upstream and downstream (for example, General Twin Seal or WKM Pow-R-Seal) with an internal bleeder. 4.10.3 A globe type bypass valve conforming to the same piping classification as the main valve shall be installed on main block valves under the following conditions: (a) Where balancing the pressure on both sides of the main valve significantly facilitates the operation of the main valve (for example, Class 600 and higher). (b) Where slow warmup of a system would require the main valve to be "cracked" for a period of time during which seating surfaces could be damaged. The minimum size of the bypass valve shall be:

C C C
4.10.4 4.10.5

NPS 1/2 for valves NPS 4 and smaller. NPS 3/4 for valves NPS 6 and 8. NPS 1 for valves NPS 10 and larger. Check valves shall not be installed in vertical lines with downward flow. Wafer check valves shall not be installed directly against block valves or equipment.

4.10.6 Refer to EGE 16-B-30 for additional requirements and recommendations relating to valve selection. 4.11 Vents, Drains, Pumpouts, and Sample Connections

4.11.1 Valved vent connections shall be installed at trapped high points of all NPS 3 and larger piping. High-point vents that are used for hydrostatic testing purposes only are an exception and should be provided with a seal-welded solid plug but no valve. Valved drain connections shall be installed at low points of all abovegrade lines, on each side of control valves, and on all lines at battery limit block valves (on the unit side).

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4.11.2 When a valve is installed in vertical steam piping in such a manner that condensate can collect above the valve, a valved and trapped drain connected above the valve seat shall be provided. The drain may be connected to the shutoff valve body. 4.11.3 Vents and sample connections in piping shall be NPS 3/4 minimum, except NPS 1/2 lines shall have full line size connections. 4.11.4 Minimum drain sizes shall be NPS 3/4 for NPS 14 and smaller pipe, and NPS 1 for NPS 16 and larger pipe. Larger drains shall be provided where needed because of special considerations, such as flushing, cleaning, and vessel draining. 4.11.5 Vents, drains, and sample connections that are open to the atmosphere shall be equipped with a single block valve in Classes 150 and 300 and with two block valves in Classes 600 and higher (for exception, see Paragraph 4.10.1). The outboard end of these valves shall be either blinded or plugged. 4.11.6 Drains in liquid hydrocarbon services that are subject to autorefrigeration (such as butane and propane) shall be equipped with two block valves if the drains will be used to depressure the line. The first valve shall be a ball valve and the second valve shall be a globe valve with a threaded plug on the downstream end. The valves shall be spaced at least 600 mm (24 in.) apart. Adequate support shall be provided for both valves. Drains that will not be used to depressure such lines shall be provided with valve(s) in accordance with Paragraph 4.11.5. 4.11.7 Drains, vents, and pumpouts for piping and equipment in vacuum service shall be blanked or plugged during operation, whether piped to an open or closed system. In lines containing caustic, acids, and other hazardous fluids, a drain shall be provided between block and check valves where fluid could be trapped. Where the check and block valves separate a hazardous fluid from process piping or other process equipment, the block valve shall be located between the check valve and the process piping or equipment being protected (or upstream of the check valve). 4.11.8 In all liquid hydrocarbon services in which the liquid is pentane or heavier, valved drains shall be installed directly above the seat of check valves in vertical lines. Drain connections may be installed in a spool piece downstream (above) NPS 2 and smaller check valves. NPS 3 and larger check valves, including wafer checks, should have the body drilled and tapped for drain. These drains shall be provided with funnels and piping to oil water drainage system. 4.11.9 Vent, drain, and sample branch connection valves shall be of the same line class as the main line (API 602 integral extended-body type are preferred). 4.11.10 Drain valves shall be located so that discharge may be observed. Hydrocarbon, steam, condensate, and chemical drains used as a part of process operations shall be piped to the appropriate drainage system. Drain and pumpout connections to closed systems shall be provided with two block valves and a bleed connection, or sight drain, between the valves. 4.11.11 Sample connections shall be installed in the side of pipe rather than the top or bottom and shall be installed upstream of control valves on product lines to tanks. Where feasible, sample connections shall be located close to drain hubs. Valves for sample connections in hazardous service shall be equipped with spring return ("deadman") operators. 4.11.12 Sample coolers shall be provided for all sampling connections from piping or equipment when the service temperature is 77C (170F) or higher. Sample lines shall be as short as feasible and braced to protect them from mechanical damage.

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4.12

Fittings, Bends, and Miters

4.12.1 Buttweld fittings shall be used in piping NPS 2 and larger. Substitution of pipe bends (bend radius greater than standard long radius elbow) or flanged elbows for buttwelding elbows requires Mobil approval except as stated below: (a) Pipe bends or dead-end tees shall be used for piping that conveys erosive fluids (such as catalyst) or abrasive solids suspended in gas. Dead-end tees arranged so that the flow will impinge against the dead end should be used only if the system can be designed to take care of the resulting increase in pressure drop and decrease in piping flexibility. (b) Pipe bends shall be considered in piping systems which will be subjected to "pigging."

(c) Pipe bends may be considered for reciprocating compressor suction and discharge piping and relief valve discharge piping. 4.12.2 Pipe bends shall only be made from the pipe specified for the service. Moreover, such pipe shall only be seamless pipe or EFW (electric fusion welded) pipe that has undergone 100 percent radiographic or ultrasonic inspection of the longitudinal seam and has a joint efficiency factor (Ej = 1.0). 4.12.3 Contoured insert branch fittings (for example, Sweepolet or Vesselet) that have been qualified in accordance with B31.3 may be used in place of tees or laterals if the weld attaching the fitting to the run is examined as a circumferential buttweld in accordance with EGE 16-B-40. 4.12.4 The distance between the centerlines of adjacent branch connections shall not be less than 11/2 times their average outside diameter. 4.12.5 The use of an angular offset greater than 3 degrees shall be considered a miter joint. The use of angular offsets of 1 to 3 degrees is limited to Class 150. 4.12.6 Except for Category D service, mitered elbows shall not be used without Mobil approval.

4.12.7 Three-weld (90 degree) and two-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used in Category D fluid services, as follows: (a) (b) At temperatures of 0C to 38C ( 32F to 100F), all sizes. At temperatures of 39C to 185C (101F to 365F), NPS 26 and larger.

4.12.8 Two-weld (90 degree) and one-weld (45 degree) mitered elbows may be used for atmospheric air compressor intake lines and air vent lines to atmosphere. Single-weld (90 degree) mitered elbows shall not be used. 4.13 Utility Piping

4.13.1 Air, steam, nitrogen, and water connections into process piping or process equipment shall be temporary unless they serve as part of the process and are shown as permanent connections in the P&IDs. 4.13.2 Temporary connections shall consist of a block valve, check valve, and blind flange. The block valve shall be located between the check valve and the process piping or equipment. Both valves shall conform to the specification of the more severe service. If a hose is used to connect to a temporary connection, the hose shall be suitable for the more severe service.

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4.13.3 When a permanent air, steam, nitrogen, or water connection into process piping or process equipment is needed, a check valve, an NPS 3/4 bleeder, and a blank shall be provided in addition to a block valve. The block valve shall be located between the check valve and the process piping or equipment, and the bleeder shall be located between the two valves. All valves downstream of the blank shall conform to the specification of the more severe service. 4.13.4 When an air line is connected to acid or caustic piping, two block valves, a check valve, and a bleeder shall be provided. Consideration shall be given to providing an easily dismantled section of piping in the air line so that the line can be plugged or blanked when not in use. 4.13.5 Steam, nitrogen, and air lines, including instrument air, shall be arranged to allow free blowing through a full-size opening prior to system commissioning. 4.14 Relief System Piping

4.14.1 Relief valve discharge piping shall be designed and restrained to accommodate axial and lateral reaction forces due to discharge. 4.14.2 The relief system piping line shall contain expansion loops as required to accommodate thermal expansion or contraction. Use of expansion bellows in relief valve inlet/outlet lines and relief system piping is not permitted. 4.14.3 Relief valve discharge piping shall be designed to accommodate the thermal effects of discharge, such as autorefrigeration of expanding liquefied gases or sudden heating during high-temperature release. 4.14.4 The following requirements apply to flare lines if there is a possibility that the line will be subjected to condensed liquids during upset conditions. (a) Both static and slug flow analyses at upset conditions shall be conducted to determine system forces, displacements, and stresses. (b) At support points near each change in direction (for example, near elbows and tees) the flare line shall be "boxed in" with structural members on each side and above the line. The structural members shall be designed for the loads calculated in Item (a) above. There should be a minimum clearance between the pipe and structural members of 50 mm (2 in.), in addition to the clearance required for thermal displacements of the piping. 4.14.5 Refer to EGS 661 for additional requirements regarding relief system piping.