Telecom Term

USSD Workflow & Benefits
Hi Friends,
Here are some more details about USSD Workflow & Benefits,

Working Principle:-
USSD Originated at Network Side
1. USSD Originated by HLR In HLR, application is there from where it originates a
session with MSC/VLR, sends a USSD_REQUEST or USSD_NOTIFY messages
to MSC/VLR & waits for the response. As the response received by MSC/VLR,
HLR releases the session or sends another USSD_REQUEST or
USSD_NOTIFY messages on the same session. After receiving the USSD
messages from the HLR, if the MS is reachable, the MSC/VLR originates a
session to the MS and transparently transmits the received USSD messages and
the subsequent messages between the MS and HLR. If one of the sessions (the
session between the HLR and MSC/VLR and that between the MSC/VLR and
MS) is released, the MSC/VLR releases another session.
2. USSD Originated by MSC/VLR - In MSC/VLR, application is there from where it
originates USSD_REQUEST or USSD_NOTIFY messages, if the MS is
reachable, the MSC/VLR originates a session to the MS, sends an
USSD_REQUEST or USSD_NOTIFY message to the MS, and then waits for the
response. MSC/VLR controls the session. After receiving the response from the
MS, the MSC/VLR can release the session or sends another USSD_REQUEST
or USSD_NOTIFY message on the same session. In certain cases, such as
application timeout in the MSC/VLR, the MSC/VLR can release the session
before receiving the response from the MS.
3. USSD Originated by External Nodes - The external nodes, such as the USSD
center and SCP (Service Control Point/IN), can originate USSD, Based on the
routing mode of the short message center in sending short messages, the
external node sends a message to the home HLR of the subscriber. If the MS is
reachable, the HLR sends the address of the MSC/VLR that serves the MS to the
external node. After obtaining the address, the external node directly sends an
USSD_REQUEST or USSD_NOTIFY message to the MSC/VLR. The MSC/VLR
then transparently transmits the message to the MS. The subsequent messages
between the external node and the MS are also transparently transmitted by the
MSC/VLR.
4. Processing of MS for USSD Operation Originated by Network - The MS may
receive, at any time, the USSD operation originated by the network. If the MS
has an on-going USSD operation or a supplementary service that is unrelated
with calls, the MS rejects the USSD operation originated by the network. If the
MMI (Man-Machine Interface) does not meet the requirement of USSD, the MS
also rejects the USSD operation originated by the network. If the MS does not
support the characters of the USSD operation, the MS sends a message to
inform the network.
USSD Originated by MS (Mobile Station)
1. Processing of MS Before originating USSD, the MS sets up the CM connection
with the network. After the CM connection is set up, the MS sends the USSD
request to the MSC and waits for the response. After receiving the response from
the network, the MS displays the received information for the subscriber. When
the MS waits for the response, the MS may receive a USSD_REQUEST or
USSD_NOTIFY message sent by the network. Upon receiving the message, the
MS processes accordingly and then continues to wait for the response to the
initial USSD request.
2. Processing of MSC/VLR - After receiving the USSD message sent by the MS,
the MSC/VLR processes the message based on the SC (Service Code) in the
message. Depending on SC, MSC/VLR processes the USSD operation in the
local office or with HLR, if the MSC/VLR does not support the characters in the
USSD message or if the session cannot be set-up with HLR, the MSC/VLR
returns an error to the MS.
3. Processing of HLR - After receiving the USSD message, the HLR processes the
message. If the HLR does not support the characters in the USSD message, the
HLR informs the MS and releases the session.

USSD Benefits:-
For Carriers - Many Real-Time value-added services can be provided, such as those
providing stock, lottery, weather forecast, and airline information. These services can
attract subscribers.
For Mobile Subscribers - Subscribers' requirements in many fields can be fulfilled, such
as querying lottery information and stock information.
Applicable-to Network Its applicable to all the GSM/UMTS networks, There is no
special requirement for software/hardware, but USSD center is required.

Flow details will be coming soooon...

Keep checking for new posts till then HaPPy Reading.

ChEEeeerS
Telecom Tigers Team
telecomtigers@gmail.com
http://homepageforu.webs.com/

Posted by Tel Tig at 1:07 PM 0 comments
Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest
Links to this post
Labels: Telecom Terms
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
Difference between USSD & SMS Messages

Hi All,

Greetings from TT Team,

SMS & USSD both are GSM Services, On one hand both appear similar
technically and functionally, but there are considerable and significant differences in
their technologies and features.

The basic difference between the two technologies is,
USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) is session-based,
SMS (Short Message Service) uses the store-and-forward approach.

Below are some more differences :-

Message Flow details will be coming soooon...


ChEEeeerS
Telecom Tigers Team
Posted by Tel Tig at 11:31 AM 0 comments
Links to this post
Saturday, July 16, 2011
3G Channels
Hi All,

Here is the list of different channels used in 3G network for transporting
information at much faster speed.

These are divided into Logical, Transport & Physical.

UTRA Channels

UTRA FDD radio interface has logical channels, which are mapped to
transport channels, which are again mapped to physical channels. Logical to
Transport channel conversion happens in Medium Access Control (MAC)
layer, which is a lower sublayer in Data Link Layer (Layer 2).

Logical Channels:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Downlink (DL).
Paging Control Channel (PCCH), DL
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH), UL/DL
Common Control Channel (CCCH), UL/DL
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH), UL/DL
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH), Unidirectional (one to many)

Transport Channels:
Dedicated Transport Channel (DCH), UL/DL, mapped to DCCH and
DTCH
Broadcast Channel (BCH), DL, mapped to BCCH
Forward Access Channel (FACH), DL, mapped to BCCH, CCCH, CTCH,
DCCH and DTCH
Paging Channel (PCH), DL, mapped to PCCH
Random Access Channel (RACH), UL, mapped to CCCH, DCCH and
DTCH
Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH), UL, mapped to DCCH and
DTCH
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH), DL, mapped to DCCH and DTCH

Physical Channels:
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH), mapped to BCH
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH), mapped to
FACH, PCH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), mapped to RACH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH), mapped to DCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH), mapped to DCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), mapped to DSCH
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH), mapped to CPCH
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Paging Indication Channel (PICH)
CPCH Status Indication Channel (CSICH)
Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indication Channel (CD/CA-
ICH)

Keep checking for new posts till then Happy Reading.

ChEEeeRrS

Telecom Tigers Team
Links to this post
Saturday, June 4, 2011
Mobile Location Update

Hi Friends,

Lets discuss something about Location Update Procedure, because of which a
mobile user can move freely.

As a mobile user, a person can be anywhere but a network has to keep track
of user, in-case if somebody wants to call him, so the transaction that keeps
network updated about the subscriber present location is termed
as location update.

A mobile phone constantly receives information sent by the network, which
includes ID of the VLR area in which mobile is currently located & mobile
stores that ID.

Every time the network broadcasts the ID of the area, the mobile compares
this information to the area ID stored in its memory. When the two IDs are
no longer the same, the mobile sends the network a request, i.e.
a registration inquiry to the area it has just entered. The network receives
the request and registers the mobile in the new VLR area. Simultaneously,
the subscribers HLR is informed about the new VLR location and the data
concerning the subscriber is cleared from the previous VLR.

There are 3 different kinds of location update procedure like,
Location Registration (power on).
Generic.
Periodic

Location Registration (power on) - Whenever mobile turns ON, location
registration takes place, which is also termed as IMSI attach, because as
soon as the mobile station is switched on, it informs the VLR that it is now
back in service and is able to receive calls, as a result of a successful
registration, the network sends the mobile station two numbers that are
stored in the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card of the mobile station.
1. Location Area Identity (LAI) its a globally unique number.
2. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) - is used for security
purposes, so that the IMSI of a subscriber does not have to be
transmitted over the air interface. Its a temporary identity, which
regularly gets changed.

Generic It happens, if LAI present in mobile SIM & LAI received via
control channels during network broadcast are different.
The mobile starts a Location Update process by accessing the MSC/VLR that
sent the location data. A channel request message is sent that contains the
subscriber identity (i.e. IMSI/TMSI) and the LAI stored in the SIM card.
When the target MSC/VLR receives the request, it reads the old LAI which
identifies the MSC/VLR that has served the mobile phone up to this point. A
signaling connection is established between the two MSC/VLRs and the
subscribers IMSI is transferred from the old MSC to the new MSC. Using this
IMSI, the new MSC requests the subscriber data from the HLR and then
updates the VLR and HLR after successful authentication.

Periodic It is carried when the network does not receive any location
update request from the mobile in a specific time. A timer controls the
periodic updates and the operator of the VLR sets the timer value.
The network broadcasts this timer value so that a mobile station knows the
periodic location update timer values & when the set time is up, the mobile
station initiates a registration process by sending a location update request
signal.
The VLR receives the request and confirms the registration of the mobile in
the same location area. If the mobile station does not follow this procedure,
it could be that the batteries of the mobile are exhausted or the subscriber is
in an area where there is no network coverage. In such a case, the VLR
changes the location data of the mobile station to unknown.

Keep checking for new posts till then Happy Reading.

ChEEeeRrS

Telecom Tigers Team
http://homepageforu.webs.com
Links to this post
Sunday, March 13, 2011
Difference between NGN & TDM Network
Hi,

In today's scenario, NGN is gradually replacing traditional TDM network,
So below are the some differences / benefits of NGN system w.r.t. traditional TDM


ChEEeeerS
Telecom Tigers Team

Links to this post
Saturday, August 28, 2010
Standard ISUP Release Causes

ISUP Release Cause Values and their meanings

REL Meaning
Cause
Value

NORMAL EVENT CLASS
1 Unallocated number
2 No route to specified transit network
3 No route to destination
4 Send special information tone
5 Misdialled trunk prefix
6 Channel unacceptable
7 Call awarded and being delivered in an established channel
16 Normal call clearing
17 User busy
18 No user responding
19 No answer from user (user alerted)
20 Subscriber absent
21 Call rejected
22 Number changed
26 Non selected user clearing
27 Destination out of order
28 Invalid format (address incomplete)
29 Facility rejected
30 Response to status enquiry
31 Normal, unspecified

RESOURCE UNAVAILABLE CLASS
34 No circuit/channel available
38 Network out of order
41 Temporary failure
42 Switching equipment congestion
43 Access information discarded
44 Request circuit/channel not available
47 Resource unavailable, unspecified

SERVICE/OPTION NOT AVAILABLE CLASS
49 Quality of service unavailable
50 Requested facility not subscribed
55 Incoming calls barred within CUG
57 Bearer capability not authorized
58 Bearer capability not presently available
63 Service or option not available, unspecified

SERVICE/OPTION NOT IMPLEMENTED CLASS
65 Bearer capability not implemented
69 Requested facility not implemented
70
Only restricted digital
information bearer capability is
available
79 Service or option not implemented, unspecified

INVALID MESSAGE CLASS
81 Invalid call reference value
82 Identified channel does not exist
83 A suspend call existing but this call identity does not
84 Call identity in use
85 No call suspended
86 Call having the requested call identity has been cleared
87 User not member of CUG
88 Incompatible destination
91 Invalid transit network selection
95 Invalid message, unspecified

PROTOCOL ERROR CLASS
96 Mandatory information element is missing
97 Message type non-existing or not implemented
98
Message not compatible with call state
or message type non-existing or not
implemented
99 Information element non-existing or not implemented
100 Invalid information element contents
101 Message not compatible call state
102 Recovery on timer expiry
103 Parameter non-existent or not implemented
109 Unrecognized message has been passed on
110 Message with unrecognized parameter discarded
111 Protocol error, unspecified

INTERWORK CLASS
127 Interworking, unspecified

Thanks
Posted by Ashish Bhatia at 9:51 PM 1 comments
Links to this post
Monday, January 25, 2010
What is Sigtran
SIGTRAN (SIGnaling TRANsport) :-
It is a set of protocols defined by IETF to transport SS7 messages over
IP networks. It allows IP networks to inter-work with the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN) and vice versa.
The telco switch sends SS7 signals to a signaling gateway (SG) that
converts them into SIGTRAN packets, which travel over IP to the next
signaling gateway or to a softswitch if the destination is not another PSTN.

Sigtran Protocol Suite is made up of a new Transport Layer --
the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) & a set of User
Adaption (UA) layers, which mimic the services of lower layers of SS7 &
ISDN.

Why SIGTRAN :
Ordered, Reliable Transfer.
Redundancy in case of Link Failure.
Low Loss & Delay.
The key components in the SIGTRAN architecture are :-
MGCMedia Gateway Controller, responsible for mediating call
control (between the SG (Signaling Gateway) and MG (Media
Gateway)) and controlling access from the IP world to/from the PSTN.
SGSignaling Gateway, responsible for interfacing to the SS7
network and passing signaling messages to the IP nodes.
MGMedia Gateway, responsible for packetization of voice traffic and
transmitting the traffic towards the destination.
IP SCP an IP-enabled Service Control Point (SCP). This exists wholly
within the IP network, but is addressable from the SS7 network.
IP Phone generically referred to as a terminal.
SIGTRAN protocol stack consists of 3 components :
A standard IP layer.
A common signaling transport protocol, Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP)
An Adaptation layer, like - M2PA, M2UA, M3UA, and
SUA.
SCTP :- Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SCTP is designed to transport SS7 signaling messages over IP
networks. It operates directly on top of IP at the same level as TCP. SCTP's
basic service is connection oriented reliable transfer of messages between
peer SCTP users. Its aim of designing, is to address the Shortcomings of
TCP. SCTP is a general purpose protocol, a replacement for TCP.

SCTP has the following set of features :-
It is a Unicast Protocol - data exchange is between two known
endpoints.
It defines timers of much shorter duration than TCP.
SCTP uses periodic heart-beat messages to confirm the status of each
end point.
It provide reliable transport of data - detecting when data is corrupt or
out of sequence, and performing repair as necessary.
It is Rate-Adaptive, responding to network congestion
It support Multi-Homing - Each SCTP endpoint may be known by
multiple IP addresses. Routing to one address is independent of all
others, & if one route fails, another will be used.
It uses an initialization process, based on cookies, to prevent denial-
of-service attacks.
It supports Bundling, where a single SCTP message may carries
multiple "Chunks" of data, each of which contains a whole signaling
message.
It support fragmentation, where a single signaling message may be
split into multiple SCTP messages in order to be accommodated within
a underlying PDU.
It is message-oriented, defining structured frame of data, on the other
hand, TCP imposes no structured on the transmitted stream of bytes.
It has a multi-streaming capacity, data is split into multiple streams,
each with independent sequenced delivery, TCP has no such feature.

Sigtran Adaptation Layers serves common purposes like :-
To carry upper layer Signaling Protocol over a reliable IP-based
transport.
To provide same class of services offered at the interface of PSTN
equivalent.
Transparent.
To remove as much need for the lower SS7 layers as possible.
Sigtran currently defines SIX adaption layers :-
1. M2UA :- It provides the services of MTP2 in a Client-Server Situation,
such as SG to MGC. Its user would be MTP3.
2. M2PA :- It provides the services of MTP2 in a Peer-to-Peer Situation,
such as SG to SG Connections. Its user would be MTP3.
3. M3UA :- It provides the services of MTP3 in both a Client-Server
Situation (SG to MGC) & Peer-to-Peer Architecture, Its user would be
SCCP and/or ISUP.
4. SUA :- It provides the services of SCCP in a Peer-to-Peer Situation,
such as SG to IP SCP Connections. Its user would be TCAP.
5. IUA :- It provides the services of the ISDN Data Link Layer (LAPD), Its
user would be an ISDN Layer 3 (Q.931) entity.
6. V5UA :- It provides the services of the V.5.2 Protocol.

More Information from Readers are Expected !!!

Thanks
Links to this post
Thursday, December 24, 2009
NGN - Next Generation Network
The general idea behind NGN is that one network transports all
information and services (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video)
by encapsulating these into packets, like it is on the Internet. NGNs start
making sense when voice, data, video are all in IP format.

Basically, the core network should have a common service delivery
architecture, with any access network hanging off the core.
Some important service characteristics for NGN would be real-time, multi-
media communications, more personal intelligence, more network
intelligence, more simplicity for users, personal service customization and
management.

It will benefit from its advanced control, management, and
signaling capabilities, enabling a much broader array of service types,
such as
Specialized resource services (provision and management of
transcoders, multimedia multipoint-conferencing bridges, processing
and storage services),
Middleware services (brokering, security, licensing, transactions),
Application-specific services (business applications, e-commerce
applications, supply-chain management applications, interactive video
games),
Content-provision services (electronic training, information push
services).
Next generation IP networks or NGN IP will be the key enabler
of mobility and convergence. This would mean that convergence would not
just be limited to wired networks. WLAN too can run voice, data, & video.
NGN IP would help organizations achieve new levels of enhanced
productivity, reduced operational costs, increased operational efficiency and
better overall profitability.
NGN IP would also support new levels of personal mobility, allowing
for seamless integration of fixed and mobile networks. And, for enterprises it
helps to scale their network architecture and prioritize bandwidth usage, and
reduce network management complexities.
In an NGN environment, almost 6070% bandwidth would be
reserved for data, and as voice would be on the same pipe, it would
come almost free. With no additional costs for using voice, the usage of
voice services would increase. And it is voice over IP (VoIP) that would be
the killer application for NGNs.

Fundamental to Next Generation Networking :-
Packet-Based Data Transfer.
Separate control functions for bearer capabilities, calls/sessions and
applications/services.
De-coupling of service provision from the network, and provision of
open interfaces.
Support for a wide range of service applications and mechanisms
based on service building blocks (including real-time/streaming/non-
real-time services and multi-media).
Broadband capabilities with end-to-end QoS and transparency.
Interworking with legacy networks via open interfaces.
Generalized mobility.
Converged services between Fixed and Mobile networks.
Issues to be kept in mind while planning for NGN deployment :-
1. Latency (Delay)
2. Jitter
3. Bandwidth
4. Packet Loss
5. Reliability
6. Security
7. Inter-operability
NGN involves three main architectural changes that need to be looked at
separately :-
In the Core Network, NGN implies a consolidation of several (dedicated
or overlay) transport networks each historically built for a different
service into one core transport network (often based on IP and
Ethernet). It implies amongst others the migration of voice from a
circuit-switched architecture (PSTN) to VoIP, and also migration of
legacy services such as X.25, Frame Relay (either commercial
migration of the customer to a new service like IP VPN, or technical
emigration by emulation of the "legacy service" on the NGN).
In the Wired Access Network, NGN implies the migration from the dual
system of legacy voice next to xDSL setup in the local exchanges to a
converged setup in which the DSLAMs integrate voice ports or VoIP,
making it possible to remove the voice switching infrastructure from
the exchange.
In Cable Access Network, NGN convergence implies migration of
constant bit rate voice to PacketCable (CableLabs standards that
provide VoIP and SIP services).
PacketCable Networks use the Internet Protocol (IP) to enable a wide range
of multimedia services, such as Voice over IP (IP telephony), multimedia
conferencing, interactive gaming, and general multimedia applications.

NGN Technology Components :-
NGNs are based on Internet technologies including Internet Protocol
(IP) and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). At the application
level, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) seems to be taking over from
ITU-T H.323.
For voice applications, one of the most important devices in NGN is
a Softswitch - a programmable device that controls Voice over IP
(VoIP) calls. It enables correct integration of different protocols within
NGN. The most important function of the Softswitch is creating the
interface to the existing telephone network, PSTN, through Signalling
Gateways and Media Gateways.
Gatekeeper - This was originally a VoIP device, which converted
(using gateways) voice and data from their analog or digital switched-
circuit form (PSTN, SS7) to the packet-based one (IP). It controlled
one or more gateways. As soon as this kind of device started using
the Media Gateway Control Protocol, the name was changed
to Media Gateway Controller (MGC).
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a standardized NGN architecture
for an Internet media-services capability.
SoftSwitch :- It's a central device in a telecommunications network which
connects calls from one phone line to another, entirely by means of software
running on a computer system. This work was formerly carried out by
hardware, with physical switchboards to route the calls.
It is typically used to control connections at the junction point
between circuit and packet networks. A single device containing both the
switching logic and the switching fabric can be used for this purpose.
however, modern technology has led to a preference for decomposing this
device into a Call Agent and a Media Gateway.
Call Agent takes care of functions like billing, call routing,
signalling, call services and so on and is the 'brains' of the outfit. A Call
Agent may control several different Media Gateways in geographically
dispersed areas over a TCP/IP link.
Media Gateway connects different types of digital media stream
together to create an end-to-end path for the media (voice and data) in the
call. It may have interfaces to connect to traditional PSTN networks like DS1
or DS3 ports (E1 or STM1), it may have interfaces to connect to ATM and IP
networks and in the modern system will have Ethernet interfaces to connect
VoIP calls. The call agent will instruct the media gateway to connect media
streams between these interfaces to connect the call.
In more recent times (i.e., in IP Multimedia Subsystem or IMS),
the Softswitch element is represented by the Media Gateway Controller
(MGC) element, and the term "Softswitch" is rarely used in the IMS context,
but another word of AGCF(Access Gateway Control Function).
Feature Server, often built into a call agent/softswitch, is the
functional component that provides call-related features. Capabilities such as
call forwarding, call waiting, and last call return, if implemented in the
network, are implemented in the feature server. The feature server works
closely with the call agent, and may call upon the media server to provide
these services. These features do not require the subscriber to explicitly
request them but tend to be triggered within the call handling logic.


Thanks
Links to this post
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Location Update Procedure
In order to make a mobile terminated call, The GSM network
should know the location of the MS (Mobile Station), despite of its
movement. For this purpose the MS periodically reports its location to the
network using the Location Update procedure.

Location Area (LA)
A GSM network is divided into cells. A group of cells is
considered a location area. A mobile phone in motion keeps the network
informed about changes in the location area. If the mobile moves from a cell
in one location area to a cell in another location area, the mobile phone
should perform a location area update to inform the network about the exact
location of the mobile phone.

The Location Update procedure is performed:
When the MS has been switched off and wants to become active, or
When it is active but not involved in a call, and it moves from one
location area to another, or
After a regular time interval.

Location registration takes place when a mobile station is turned on. This
is also known as IMSI Attach because as soon as the mobile station is
switched on it informs the Visitor Location Register (VLR) that it is now back
in service and is able to receive calls. As a result of a successful registration,
the network sends the mobile station two numbers that are stored in the
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card of the mobile station.

These two numbers are :-
1. Location Area Identity (LAI)
2. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI).
The network, via the control channels of the air interface, sends the LAI. The
TMSI is used for security purposes, so that the IMSI of a subscriber does not
have to be transmitted over the air interface. The TMSI is a temporary
identity, which regularly gets changed.
A Location Area Identity (LAI) is a globally unique number.
A Location Area Code (LAC) is only unique in a particular network.
Every time the mobile receives data through the control channels, it reads
the LAI and compares it with the LAI stored in its SIM card. A generic
location update is performed if they are different. The mobile starts a
Location Update process by accessing the MSC/VLR that sent the location
data.
A channel request message is sent that contains the subscriber identity (i.e.
IMSI/TMSI) and the LAI stored in the SIM card. When the target MSC/VLR
receives the request, it reads the old LAI which identifies
the MSC/VLR that has served the mobile phone up to this point. A signalling
connection is established between the two MSC/VLRs and the subscribers
IMSI is transferred from the old MSC to the new MSC. Using this IMSI, the
new MSC requests the subscriber data from the HLR and then updates the
VLR and HLR after successful authentication.

Periodic location update is carried out when the network does not receive
any location update request from the mobile in a specified time. Such a
situation is created when a mobile is switched on but no traffic is carried, in
which case the mobile is only reading and measuring the information sent by
the network. If the subscriber is moving within a single location area, there
is no need to send a location update request.
A timer controls the periodic updates and the operator of the VLR sets the
timer value. The network broadcasts this timer value so that a mobile station
knows the periodic location update timer values.
Therefore, when the set time is up, the mobile station initiates a registration
process by sending a location update request signal. The VLR receives the
request and confirms the registration of the mobile in
the same location area. If the mobile station does not follow this procedure,
it could be that the batteries of the mobile are exhausted or the subscriber is
in an area where there is no network coverage. In such
a case, the VLR changes the location data of the mobile station
to unknown.

The Location Update process consists of the following phases
Request for service; the MS detects that it has entered a new Location
Area and requests to update its location. The new MSC/VLR identifies
the MS.
Authentication - The new MSC/VLR requests to the AUC for
authentication parameters (SRES, Kc, RAND). Using these parameters
the MS is authenticated.
Ciphering - Using the parameters which were made available earlier
during the authentication the uplink and the downlink are ciphered.
Update HLR/VLR - The new MSC/VLR requests to update the MS
location in the HLR. The MS is de-registered in the old VLR.
TMSI re-allocation - The MS is assigned a new TMSI.

1. The MS detects that it has entered a new Location Area and transmits
a Channel Request message over the Random Access Channel (RACH).
2. Once the BSS receives the Channel Request message, it allocates a
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) and forwards this
channel assignment information to the MS over the Access Grant
Channel (AGCH). It is over the SDCCH that the MS will communicate
with the BSS and MSC.
3. The MS transmits a location update request message to the BSS over
the SDCCH. Included in this message are the MS Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity (TMSI) and the old Location Area Identification
(oldLAI). The MS can identify itself either with its IMSI or TMSI. The
BSS forwards the location update request message to the MSC.
4. The VLR analyzes the LAI supplied in the message and determines that
the TMSI received is associated with a different VLR (old VLR). In
order to proceed with the registration, the IMSI of the MS must be
determined. The new VLR derives the identity of the old VLR by using
the received LAI, supplied in the location update request message. It
also requests the old VLR to supply the IMSI for a particular TMSI.
5. The new VLR sends a request to the HLR/AUC (Authentication Center)
requesting the authentication triplets (RAND, SRES, and Kc)
available for the specified IMSI.
6. The AUC, using the IMSI, extracts the subscriber's authentication key
(Ki). The AUC then generates a random number (RAND), applies the Ki
and RAND to both the authentication algorithm (A3) and the cipher
key generation algorithm (A8) to produce an authentication Signed
Response (SRES) and a Cipher Key (Kc). The AUC then returns to the
new VLR an authentication triplet: RAND, SRES, and Kc.
7. The MSC/VLR keeps the two parameters Kc and SRES for later use and
then sends a message to the MS. The MS reads its Authentication key
(Ki) from the SIM, applies the received random number (RAND) and Ki
to both its Authentication Algorithm (A3) and Cipher key generation
Algorithm (A8) to produce an authentication Signed Response (SRES)
and Cipher Key (Kc). The MS saves Kc for later, and will use Kc when
it receives command to cipher the channel.
8. The MS returns the generated SRES to the MSC/VLR. The VLR
compares the SRES returned from the MS with the expected SRES
received earlier from the AUC. If equal, the mobile passes
authentication. If unequal, all signaling activities will be aborted.
9. The new MSC/VLR requests the BSS to cipher the radio channel.
Included in this message is the Cipher Key (Kc), which was made
available earlier during the authentication.
10. The BSS retrieves the cipher key, Kc, from the message and
then transmits a request to the MS requesting it to begin ciphering the
uplink channel.
11. The MS uses the cipher key generated previously when it was
authenticated to cipher the uplink channel, and transmits a
confirmation over the ciphered channel to the BSS.
12. The BSS upon ciphering the downlink channel sends a cipher
complete message to the MSC. At this point, we are ready to inform
the HLR that the MS is under control of a new VLR and that the MS can
be de-registered from the old VLR.
13. The new VLR sends a message to the HLR informing it that the
given IMSI has changed locations and can be reached by routing all
incoming calls to the VLR address included in the message.
14. The HLR requests the old VLR to remove the subscriber record
associated with the given IMSI. The request is acknowledged.
15. The HLR updates the new VLR with subscriber data (mobiles
subscribers customer profile).
16. The MSC forwards the location update accept message to the
MS. This message includes the new TMSI.
17. The MS retrieves the new TMSI value from the message and
updates its SIM with this new value. The mobile sends then an update
complete message back to the MSC.
18. The MSC requests from the BSS that the signaling connection be
released between the MSC and the MS.
19. The MSC releases its portion of the signaling connection when it
receives the clear complete message from the BSS.
20. The BSS sends a "radio resource" channel release message to
the MS and then frees up the Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel
(SDCCH) that was allocated previously. The BSS then informs the MSC
that the signaling connections has been cleared.


Thanks
4
Links to this post
Sunday, November 8, 2009
STP (Signaling Transfer Point)

Hi,

There are different types of signaling points in SS7 Standards, like
Service Switching Point (SSP) - like MSC, Tandem Switch, etc.
Service Control Points (SCP) - like HLR, etc.
Signaling Transfer Point (STP).

These Signaling points provide access to the SS7 network, databases, &
transfer messages to other signaling points.

STP :- It is a vital element in SS7 network serving as a Signaling hub for
the transfer of digital data packets between network nodes.

It routes messages throughout the network using, call information &
network addressing structured within SS7 data packets.

It serves as dynamic router, controlling traffic flow & access to variety of
SS7 nodes & network.
Functions of STP :-
1. Receives the MSU's & direct them to appropriate destination.
2. Network Management.
3. (ANSI to ITU) or (ITU to ANSI) protocol conversion.
4. Global Title Translation (GTT).
5. Measurement of Data.
6. Gateway Function.
7. Gateway Screening (GWS)
8. Local Number Portability (LNP).
Different Links used with STP :-
A-Link - It provide STP/SSP or STP/SCP connectivity. Maximum of 16
links can be there in a link set or maximum of 32 links in combined
set.
B-Link - It connects one STP to other STP of same hierarchical level.
Maximum of 8 links in quad configuration of link set.

C-Link - Maximum of 16 links in a link set.
D-Link - Maximumof 8 links in a link set.

E Links - It connects a STP to other STP other then its Home STP &
provides an alternate route for SS7 messages if congestion occurs at
home STP.

F Links - It provides SSP to SSP connectivity. It provides only Call
Setup/TearDown capability & it should be adjacent.

Why STP ???
It provides Centralized Network Management, facilitating the delivery
of Intelligent Services throughout the network.
Reduction in Signaling Terminal Hardware in SSPs / SCPs. (like MSC,
IN, HLR, etc.)
Central Database for GTT at STP, Minimizes Errors.
Efficient Routing of Messages.
Flexible SS7 Network Management.
Fast Integeration of New Nodes in the network.
Easy Migration to Next Generation Networks like VOIP, Soft Switch,
etc.

Expecting More Information from Readers.

Thanks & Regards
Links to this post
Thursday, November 5, 2009
What is E1 / T1
The PDH (plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) has 2 primary communication
systems as its foundation.

These are,
T1 system based on 1544kbit/s that is recommended by ANSI &
E1 system based on 2048kbit/s that is recommended by ITU-T.

Common Characteristics :-
1. Both are having Same Sampling Frequency i.e. 8kHz.
2. In both (E1 & T1) Number of samples/telephone signal =
8000/sec.
3. In both (E1 & T1) Length of PCM Frame = 1/8000s = 125s.
4. In both (E1 & T1) Number of Bits in each code word = 8.
5. In both (E1 & T1) Telephone Channel Bit Rate = 8000/s x 8 Bit =
64 kbit/s.

Differing Characteristics :-
1. In E1 Encoding/Decoding is followed by A-Law while in T1
Encoding/Decoding is followed by -Law.
2. In E1 - 13 Number of Segments in Characteristics while in T1 -
15 Number of Segments in Characteristics.
3. In E1 - 32 Number of Timeslots / PCM Frame while in T1 -
24 Number of Timeslots / PCM Frame.
4. In E1 - 8 x 32 = 256 number of bits / PCM Frame while in T1 - 8
x 24 + 1* = 193 number of bits / PCM Frame. (* Signifies an
additional bit).
5. In E1 - (125s x 8)/256 = approx 3.9s is the length of an 8-bit
Timeslot while in T1 - (125s x 8)/193 = approx 5.2s is
the length of an 8-bit Timeslot.
6. In E1 - 8000/s x 256 bits = 2048kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-
Division Multiplexed Signal while in T1 - 8000/s x 193 bits =
1544kbit/s is the Bit Rate of Time-Division Multiplexed Signal.

Read more
at http://telecomtigers.blogspot.com/search/label/Telecom%20Terms#U7xi
UXt0slQveGIR.99

Telecom Term

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Telecom Term

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

USSD Workflow & Benefits

S-ar putea să vă placă și