Presentation Harmonics Filters LM 20081013

3b.
Harmonics
and the effect on power quality
Power Quality Solutions by EPCOS
Power Quality Solutions FK PC PM PFC Lukas Motta
May 2008 - page 2
Example for harmonic representations
0

2
V
I
1
I
5
I
7
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
I
h
/I
1
100%
50%
25
Definition: Harmonics are integral multiples of
some fundamental frequency that, when added
together, result in adistorted waveform.
May 2008 - page 3
Power quality according EN50160
Supply voltage
phenomenon
Acceptable limits Monitoring
Period
Acceptance
Percentage
Slow voltage changes
+10% / -10% U
nom
1 Week 95%
Voltages Sags or Dips (<1min)
10 to 1000 ti mes per year
(under 85% of nominal)
1 Year 100%
Grid frequency
49,5 Hz to 50,5 Hz
47 Hz to 52 Hz
1 Week 95%
100%
Short interruptions (<3min)
10 to 100 ti mes per year
1 Year 100%
Accidental, long interruptions
(>3min)
10 to 50 times per year
1 Year 100%
Transient over voltages
< 6kV

100%
Voltage unbalance
U
neg
/U
pos
< 2% 1 Week 95%
Harmonic voltages
THD < 8%
(Total Harmonic Distorti on)
1 Week 95%

May 2008 - page 4
Power quality according EN50160
1,5 % 25.
1,5 % 23.
1,5 % 19.
2,0 % 17.
0,5 % 21. 3,0 % 13.
0,5 % 6.-24. 0,5 % 15. 3,5 % 11.
1,0 % 4. 1,5 % 9. 5,0 % 7.
2,0 % 2. 5,0 % 3. 6,0 % 5.
Relative
voltage
Order
h
Relative
voltage
Order
h
Relative
voltage
Order
h
Multiples of 3 Not multiples of 3
EVEN HARMONICS ODD HARMONICS
Standard EN50160 prescribes: Under normal operating conditions, during each period of
one week, 95% of the 10 minute mean rms value of each individual harmonic voltage shall
be less than or equal to the value given in Table 1. The TDH of the supply voltage
(including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or equal to 8 %.
May 2008 - page 5
Harmonics sequence - differentiation
Definition: Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation
relationship with respect to the fundamental component.
Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , .) have
the same phase rotation as the f undamental component.
These harmonics circulate between the phases.
Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th ) have the
opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental
component. These harmonics circulate between the phases.
Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, ) do not produce
a rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase
and neutral or ground. These third order or zero sequence
harmonics, unlike positive and negative sequence harmonic
currents, do not cancel but add up arithmetically in the
neutral.
May 2008 - page 6
Problems caused by harmonics
Overheating of transformers (K-Factor), and rotating
equipment
Neutral overloading / unacceptable neutral-to-ground
voltages
Failed capacitor banks
Breakers and fuse tripping
Unreliable operation of electronic equipment,
and generators
Wasted energy / higher electric bills and
Wasted capacity - Inefficient distribution of power
May 2008 - page 7
Problems caused by harmonics
Real case examples:
May 2008 - page 8
Cost caused by harmonics
Additional investment due to faster equipment derating
Higher energy consumption
Higher downtime of production equipment
Higher maintenance and repair cost
Reduced product quality
Reduced production output
May 2008 - page 9
Solutions for reducing the harmonic content
Increase fault level (reduction of impedances)
Limiting total output / simultaneously working harmonic sources
Balanced connection of 1-phase loads to the 3-phases
Using equipment with higher pulse number
Use harmonic filtering techniques
De-tuned harmonic filters
Tuned harmonic filter
Active harmonic filter
3c. Filtering
techniques
May 2008 - page 11
How to select the right filter (EPCOS rules)
1. Are there harmonics THD-I
woc
>10% or THD-V
woc
> 3% ?
yes: Harmonic filters
no: standard PFC without reactors
2. Is there 3
rd
harmonic, THD-I
3
> 0.2 THD-I
5
?
yes: use p=14%
no: use p= 7% or 5.67%
3. Is THD-I
woc
< 20% ?
yes: use p= 7%
no: use p= 5.67%
May 2008 - page 12
When to select Active filter
If uncompensated PF is close to 1 and high harmonic
distortion has to be reduced
Extraordinary high content of non linear load and very tough
requirements for power quality, e.g. THD-V < 3 %
Dynamic change of harmonic distortion
In case of sensitive equipment
(e.g. semiconductor fab, hospital, ...)
May 2008 - page 13
PFC Filter standard or detuning?
PFC without detuned filter
PFC with 5,67% detuned filter
PFC with 7% detuned filter
PFC with 14% detuned filter
Blue=System without PFC
Green=System with PFC
25%
5%
5%
5%
Capacitors without reactors
are amplifying the harmonics!
Filtering techniques
1. Detuned
Harmonic Filters
May 2008 - page 15
Targets of detuned harmonic filters
Correct the Power Factor
Improvement of power quality and system lifetime
Protect capacitors,
distribution equipment
and loads in general
Filtering harmonics
Avoid resonance risk
May 2008 - page 16
Filter frequency < lowest harmonic
f (Hz)
IZI (ohm)
f
r
f
s
f
1
Impedance with
PFC Detuned Filter
Harmonic currents spectrum
Impedance
with capacitors
Impedance
without capacitors
May 2008 - page 17
Detuned harmonic filter
Impedance Impedance
o
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
50 150 250 350 450 550
189Hz
5th 7th 11th
C L f
X
X
p
C
L
= =
2 2
4 100 100
May 2008 - page 18
5%
224 Hz
5.5%
213 Hz
5.67%
210 Hz
14%
134 Hz
6%
204 Hz
7%
189 Hz
8%
177 Hz
12.5%
141Hz
Typical frequencies (50Hz grid)
C L f
X
X
p
C
L
= =
2 2
4 100 100
p =
f
n
f
res
100
2
May 2008 - page 19
Formulas for calculation of detuned filters
p
U U
N C
=
100
100
C
N
C
C
N
U
U p
Q
=
2
2
100
1
f U
p
N C
N
C

=
2
100
1
2
C f
p
L

=
2 2
4 100
100
2
Re
=
s
f
f
p
C L f
X
X
p
C
L
= =
2 2
4 100 100
Reactors connected in series with capacitors result into an
increased voltage across the capacitor. Capacitors used for
de-tuned filters are therefore required to have voltage ratings
higher than the line voltage.
e.g. U
N
= 400V, P=7%, calculate U
C
= 430V
A 440V capacitor can be used.
May 2008 - page 20
Easy filter selection with our selection tables
7% 50kvar
Capacitor
Contactor
Reactor
May 2008 - page 21
Detuned Filters
Advantages:
Low cost, easy design
Easy control to compensate the
desired reactive power
Very less risk
Disadvantages:
Cannot filter the harmonic current
efficiently (max. is 50%)
Fuses
Contactors
Reactors
Capacitors
May 2008 - page 22
Customer benefits of detuned filters (1)
Improvement of Power Factor
Reduction of harmonics
Reduction of ohmic losses, real kW energy savings
Elimination of power utilities penalties on low
power factor
Power Quality improvement
May 2008 - page 23
Customer benefits of detuned filters (2)
Climatic protection, reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions
Reduction of new investment for distribution equipment
(transformers, LV switchgear )
Reduction of equipment maintenance cost and down
time of production equipment
Improvement of production process stability and
reliability
May 2008 - page 24
Summary detuned filters
Resonance frequency not close to any harmonic
Filter frequency f
filter
< f
harmonic
A certain reduction of harmonic distortion
Capacitors are blocked against resonance,
therefore de-tuned
filters are also known as anti-resonance- filter
More reliable than standard PFC banks
May 2008 - page 25
Power Quality Solutions
Peak performance through great partnerships
Thank you for your attention!

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3b.

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