17 Integration of Distrubuted Generation

1 7 INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED
Room 6.1
1.7 INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION
Thursday, 15th September
(8 30 10 30) (8.30 - 10.30)
Chair: Paola Petroni
R: Stefano Massucco
171 Integration of variable generation into the grid - Scheduling aspects - P. Batra
172 Strategies and methods for the optimal integration of distributed genereration plants into the LV and MV
distribution network: ENEL distribuzione experience and future prospectives - S. Botton, F. Cazzato, M. Di
Clerico, D. Di Martino, F. Marmeggi
173 The distribution networks and the large diffusion of renewables power plants: the situation of Italian
electric system. - S. Botton, F. Cazzato, M. Di Clerico
174 Performance evaluation of an auxiliary distributed control scheme for overvoltage mitigation - A. Mehrizi-
Sani, R. Iravani
175 Active distribution networks: definition, present status of implementation and operation practices - C.
DAdamo, C. Abbey, S. Jupe, B. Buchholz, F. Pilo
176 Intelligent platform for supervision and control of distributed generation and customer demands in active
distribution networks - T. Pfajfar, A. Souvent, J. Smid, M. Sepic, M. Jerele, F. Katrasnik, I. Papic
177 Monitoring and control of a smart distribution network in extended real-time DMS framework - S. Bruno,
M. La Scala, U. Stecchi ,
178 Active distribution networks: MV voltage profi les and loading limits for a large penetration of renewable
GD - M. Cresta, F.M. Gatta, A. Geri, L. Landolfi, S. Lauria, M. Maccioni, M. Paulucci
Strategies and methods for the optimal integration of
distributed generation plants into the LV and MV distributed generation plants into the LV and MV
distribution network:
Enel Distribuzione experience and future prospectives
Simone Botton, Fabio Cazzato, Domenico Di Martino, Marco Di Clerico, Federico Marmeggi
Enel Distribuzione SpA
CIGRE International Symposium, 13-15 September 2011 - Bologna (Italy)
Uso: Interno
i f i i Strategies for DG integration
MV and LV networks
designed to distribute
energy from HV
t k t d
Growth of DG
due to high
incentives
network to end users
DG NEEDED TO BE DG NEEDED TO BE
CONNECTED AND
INTEGRATED TO THE
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORKS
DEVELOPMENT OF DETAILED METHODS AND
STRATEGIES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRATEGIES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE
CONNECTION SOLUTIONS TO THE NETWORK
2
Uso: Interno
h i f h i l i Choice of the connection solution
Basic principles
Technical
standards and
regulatory
requirements
saturation level of the network
requirements
must be fulfilled
i l d l f h k rational development of the network
quality of supply
3
Uso: Interno
Min. cost / technical acceptable
criteria
A solution for the connection of a user/ producer such that the level
of economic and technical works to be executed is less than other
possible connection solutions. This solution may also include works p y
on existing network. This solution must also be:
TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE
ACHIEVABLE
ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE THE FULL POWER REQUIRED BY THE USER
COMPATIBLE WITH TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL STANDARDS IN USE
4
Uso: Interno
Characteristics of the
DG to be connected
Detection of load /
generation scenario
Planned network
CHOICE OF CONNECTION
POINT AND SCHEME
Regulatory constraints on voltage
level of the connection
SOLUTION
IDENTIFIED
feasibilty
study
successful?
YES YES
CHOICE OF ANOTHER
CONNECTION POINT
NO NO
level of the connection
IDENTIFIED successful?
EVALUATION OF
POSSIBLE NETWORK
REINFORCEMENTS
EVALUATION OF NEW
NETWORK
INFRASTRUCTURES
5
REINFORCEMENTS
INFRASTRUCTURES
Uso: Interno
ibili di Feasibility studies
Voltage changes (slow, rapid, absolute values)
Main
tests
to be
performed
Network capacity
DG's contribution to fault currents
performed
DG s contribution to fault currents
Compatibility with the neutral grounding systems
Tests must be performed on a
network in standard and healthy
conditions (N conditions)
For every test, network conditions to take into account and limits to
consider are established
6
Uso: Interno
Feasibility studies Feasibility studies
Voltage changes
Conditions must be fulfilled for every node of the network at the same
voltage level of the connection solution
Tests are performed taking into account the worst load / generation
scenarios
Test types MV network LV network
Slow voltage changes
5% V
n
8% V
n
Rapid voltage changes
6% V
n
4% V
n
Absolute value
8% V
n
8% V
n
7
EN 50160
Uso: Interno
Network capacity
Tests must check whether the contribution of DG to be
connected is likely to exceed the thermal capacity of the
cond cto s conductors.
Within a min load / max generation scenario, following conditions
must be fulfilled: must be fulfilled:
80% I
lth
on MV networks with generation and loads
100% I
lth
on MV networks with only generation
60% I
lth
on LV networks 60% I
lth
on LV networks
8
Uso: Interno
Saturation of transformers
Th fl th h th t f t t d th 90% f The power flow through the transformer must not exceed the 90% of
its rated power in networks where the power flows from low to higher
voltage levels
Yearly minimum power
on the transformer
( )
Power expected to be injected on
the network by DG (P )
(P
cmin
)
the network by DG (P
imm
)
P
imm
-P
cmin
< 0,9 P
n
9
Uso: Interno
DG's contribution to fault currents
The contribution of DG in terms of fault currents must keep
the values of short circuit currents in the network:
compatible with the characteristics of network breakers
compatible with the network protection system
within the limit value of I
2
t for the conductors
On the MV network, is checked also that the contribution of DG to the
phase to earth fault current do not exceed the limits of compensation
for the neutral grounding systems installed in primary substations.
10
Uso: Interno
d di d i f DG dedicated infrastructures
I n order to better integrate the DG, in condition
of networks saturation, DSO has to:
design new networks (primary substations and
underlying grid) with the main purpose to collect
DG
build MV networks with underground or overhead
cables, in order to achieve less environmental
impact and a better quality of supply impact and a better quality of supply
install innovative protection systems able
to manage informations from DG plants
install optic fibres, in order to implement a fast
and reliable communication system
11
Uso: Riservato
Thanks for your attention!
12
The distribution networks and the large diffusion of The distribution networks and the large diffusion of
renewables power plants: the situation of Italian
electric system
Simone Botton, Fabio Cazzato, Marco Di Clerico
Enel Distribuzione SpA
CIGRE International Symposium, 13-15 September 2011 - Bologna (Italy)
Uso: Interno
h l i The Regulatory Scenario
AEEG Res. 99/08 and 179/08
(Code for Active Connections)
since
1/01/2009
MV/LV connection
fees are calculated on
a lump-sum basis
Big penalties to SOs
Producers with HV or
MV connection can
build network plants
for their connection
Big penalties to SOs
for connection delays
AEEG Res. 125/10
since
/
(Modification to Code for Active Connections)
since
1/01/2011
Actions to avoid opportunistic behaviour by Actions to avoid opportunistic behaviour by
developer of connection requests
Introduction of Open Season in order to
allow an organic development of the network
2
Uso: Interno
h h i l i The Technical Scenario
Technical Scenario on distribution networks is
substantially unchanged since 2008:
Connection rules: Italian Standard CEI 0-16
HV / MV
Connection rules: Italian Standard CEI 0 16
Approved extension to the CEI 0-16 issued by
single operators
HV / MV
connections
Evolution of Technical Scenario on distribution
networks is in progress:
At this time connection rules are issued by
single network operators
N It li St d d t b bli h d
LV
connections
New Italian Standard to be published
3
Uso: Interno
i f Incentives for PV
1
st
feed-in
premium
2
nd
feed-in
premium
3
rd
feed-in
premium
4
th
feed-in
premium p
2006-
2007
p
2007-
2010
p
Jan to
May 2011
p
From June
2011
Incentives issued by 2
nd
feed-in premium tariff scheme were highly
remunerative and can be seen as the first reason of the DG explosion in
It l Italy.
Other factors are:
simplified authorization procedures for renewable energy sources plants simplified authorization procedures for renewable energy sources plants
regulatory framework incentivizing renewable energy sources
4
Uso: Interno
l i f h i ib d i Evolution of the Distributed Generation
Enel Distribuzione Network no. of connection requests vs
quarter of the year
6,000
7,000
2007 2008 2009 2010
MV network
+ 3 400% + 3 400%
2011
quarter of the year
1 000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
+ 3.400% + 3.400%
from from 2007 2007
to to 2010 2010
0
1,000
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
40,000
50,000
2007 2008 2009 2010
LV network
+ 1.200% + 1.200%
from from 2007 2007
2011
10,000
20,000
30,000 from from 2007 2007
to2010 to2010
5
0
3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
Uso: Interno
Enel Distribuzione Network
10,000
5,763
6,000
7,829
6,000
8,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
762
238
698
1,034
2,142
0
2,000
4,000
1,147
292
534
730
1,453
0
1,000
2,000
MV connections per year MV connections per year
[No] [No]
Connected generation Connected generation
power per year. power per year.
0
Ante 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
Ante 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
[ ] [ ] p p y p p y
MV network [MW] MV network [MW]
6
*Updated on 08.09.2011
Uso: Interno
Enel Distribuzione Network
105 215
125,000
1,449
1,500
71,870
105,215
75,000
100,000
664 750
1,000
1,250
0
2,287
19,310
34,414
0
25,000
50,000
-
12
135
271
0
250
500
LV connections per year LV connections per year
[No] [No]
Connected generation Connected generation
power per year power per year
0
Ante 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
Ante 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
[ ] [ ] p p y p p y
LV network [MW] LV network [MW]
7
*Updated on 08.09.2011
Uso: Interno
On going connection requests on Enel Distribuzione Network
31.859 MW
Total
86 852 on going requests
13.494 MW
86.852 on going requests
53.492 MW
5.884 MW
927 MW
1.328 MW
PV Wind
Biomasses
and biogas
Hydro
Other /
not renewable
78 879 4 208 2 616 822 327 N b
8
Updated on 12.09.2011
78.879 4.208 2.616 822 327 Number
Uso: Interno
h i l Technical Issues
Strong increase of DG is going to have a strong impact on the distribution
network in terms of:
network planning;
t ti f th t k saturation of the network;
operation of the network (energy dispatching and reverse flow conditions);
system security and stability. system security and stability.
Where distribution network is going to be saturated, transmission network
operator is also involved in the definition of possible network reinforcement.
9
Uso: Interno
di i b d Coordination between DSO and TSO
The spread of DG is going to have a
growing impact even on National
Transmission Network
80
100
0
8
2009 2010
Transmission Network.
40
60
80
2
0
0
R
e
v
p
o
w
e
D
e
d
i
c
a
i
n
f
r
a
s
tH
c
o
n
n
e
5 2
17
9
60
32
67
65
67
0
20
v
e
r
s
e

e
r

f
l
o
w
s
a
t
e
d

D
G

t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
H
V

e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Coordination between the DSO and
the TSO needed in order to ensure
Connection requests to TSO for Connection requests to TSO for
new MV/HV transformations new MV/HV transformations
dedicated for DG dedicated for DG
[No vs. quarters of the year] [No vs. quarters of the year]
that network security and continuity
of the electrical system are not
compromised
10
compromised.
Uso: Interno
fl Reverse power flows year 2010
3,500
4,000
2,500
3,000
1,500
2,000
0
500
1,000
9%
7%
0
Totale sezioni AT/ MT
I talia
I nversione >1% I nversione >5%
HV/ MV
transformers
Reverse flow for >
1% of a years time
Reverse flow for >
5% of a years time
11
Uso: Interno
i i l Critical Areas
As defined by Regulatory Act 125/10
14 RED (critical) areas P
imm
-P
cmin
>0,9*P
n
61 Orange areas
14 Yellow areas
P
imm
>P
cmin
P
imm
>0,5*P
cmin
18 White areas
remaining areas
Plus other 590 smaller critical areas
identified in non critical Provinces
Updated on 30/06/2011
Open seasons started on 01/08/2011 (3
12
p / / (
months duration) only in red areas
Uso: Interno
i k b l Actions taken by Enel
Definitions of new procedural modalities for connections, in accordance with the
modifications of TICA;
revision of procedures for defining technical solutions for the connection of DG;
definitions of new procedural modalities on how to carry on authorization processes;
definitions of new procedural modalities on how to design and realize network
installations by users, and Enels trial criteria; y , ;
innovative devices and reliable communication systems to be installed in DG dedicated
network infrastructures;
pilot tests on Smart Grids infrastructures pilot tests on Smart Grids infrastructures.
n 7 HV/ MV substations already
built in the South of Italy for DG
connections.
13
Uso: Interno
14
Performance Evaluation of an
Auxiliary Distributed Control
Scheme for Overvoltage Mitigation Scheme for Overvoltage Mitigation
AliMehriziSani|RezaIravani*
ali.mehrizi.sani@utoronto.ca|iravani@ecf.utoronto.caI
BolognaCIGRESymposium
September 15 2011 September15,2011
Outline Outline
Motivation and Control Objectives MotivationandControlObjectives
P d C t l St t i ProposedControlStrategiy
ResultsandApplications
ConclusionsandContributions
2 of20
Motivation Motivation
Microgrid controllers should ensure that Microgridcontrollersshouldensurethat
Trajectorydoesnotviolatetheoperationalconstraints
Each unit tracks its set point as closely as possible Eachunittracksitssetpointascloselyaspossible
Existingstrategiesarenotsufficientbecausemicrogrids
O t l t th i li it d h li it d Operateclosetotheirlimitsandhavelimitedresources
Embedentitiessusceptibletoovercurrentsandovervoltages
Experience frequent topology changes Experiencefrequenttopologychanges
Donotpossesswellutilizedcharacteristicsoflargesystems
3 of20
Proposed Strategy
A strategy to mitigate the transients of a unit to ensure
Proposed Strategy
Astrategytomitigatethetransientsofaunittoensure
independentandclosetrackingofitssetpoint
Not based on communication Notbasedoncommunication
4 of20
Trajectory Shaping Trajectory Shaping
Consideration of Dynamic Limits of Devices ConsiderationofDynamicLimitsofDevices
Challenges
Avoid violating dynamic limits Avoidviolatingdynamiclimits
Withasmallovershoot
Achieveafastresponse
5 of20
Withoutchangingtheexistingcontroller
Proposed Solution Proposed Solution
Set Point Modulation SetPointModulation
Improvingthedynamicperformanceofthesystemwithout
changingexistingcontrollers g g g
6 of20
Proposed Solution Proposed Solution
Set Point Modulation SetPointModulation
Improvingthedynamicperformanceofthesystemwithout
changingexistingcontrollers g g g
7 of20
Approach Approach
Introduction to the Concept IntroductiontotheConcept
Manipulatingtheresponsebytemporarilymanipulatingtheset
point p
Unmanipulated
response
Unmanipulated
response
x
(
t
)
x
2
Manipulated x
(
t
)
x
2
x
x
1
x
2
Manipulated
response
x
x
1
8 of20
Time
x
2
Time
Set Point Modulation
Best Strategy
BestStrategy
ChooseT
1
sothatthepeakoftheresponseequalsthereference
Choose T
2
to be the time of this peak ChooseT
2
tobethetimeofthispeak
x(t)
9 of20
t
Best Strategy
BestStrategy
ChooseT
1
Choose T
2
2
x(t)
10 of20
T
1
t
p
t
Best Strategy
BestStrategy
ChooseT
1
Choose T
2
2
x(t)
11 of20
T
1
t
p
t
Best Strategy
BestStrategy
ChooseT
1
Choose T
2
2
x(t)
12 of20
T
1
t
p
t
Best Strategy
BestStrategy
ChooseT
1
Choose T
2
2
x(t)
13 of20
T
1
t
p
t
Alternate Strategy Alternate Strategy
Finite State Machine FiniteStateMachine
Manipulatethesetpointbasedonthetrendofresponseandits
sampledvalues p
SPAACE/spes/:SetPointAutomaticAdjustmentwith
CorrectionEnabled
Basedonlocalsignals
Independentofmodel
Robust with respect to changes in system parameters Robustwithrespecttochangesinsystemparameters
14 of20
Study System I Study System I
IEEE 34 Bus Test Feeder IEEE34BusTestFeeder
Added3DGunits
Is operated in gridconnected mode Isoperatedingrid connectedmode
846
848
844
846
DG2
800
816 824
858
834 860 836 840
842
DG3
DG2
828 830
854
852
832
888 890
3
DG1
15 of20
Case Study A Case Study A
Set Point Change SetPointChange
StepchangeforDG2from0.91puto1.09pu
DG1 and DG3 unchanged DG1andDG3unchanged
16 of20
Study System II Study System II
IEEE 13 Bus Unbalanced Test Feeder IEEE13BusUnbalancedTestFeeder
17 of20
Case Study B Case Study B
Load Switching LoadSwitching
Resistive1puloadswitchedoff
1.5
0 5
1
V

(
p
u
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.5
Time (s)
18 of20
Conclusions Conclusions
By appropriately designing its trajectory it is possible Byappropriatelydesigningitstrajectory,itispossible
andsafeforasystemtooperateclosertoitslimits.
SPAACEiseffectiveinmitigatingtransients:
Step change in current: Mitigating an overshoot of 37% Stepchangeincurrent:Mitigatinganovershootof37%
Loadenergization:Eliminatingapeakof1.15pu
Loaddeenergization:Stabilizingoscillatorybehaviorofvoltage
Blackstartup:Reducingthesettlingtimeby45%
19 of20
A ti Di t ib ti N t k D fi iti Active Distribution Networks: Definition,
present status of implementation and
operational practices
Dr Samuel Jupe (Parsons Brinckerhoff)
On behalf of CIGRE Working Group C6.11
Convenor: Christian DAdamo
Secretary: Chad Abbey
Session 1.7: Integration of distributed generation
Bologna, 15 September 2011 0
Overview Overview
Introduction Introduction
Global definition of active distribution networks Global definition of active distribution networks
(ADNs)
Current status of deployment and future
operational practices operational practices
Stakeholder recommendations Stakeholder recommendations
Summary and future work
Summary and future work
Introduction Introduction
W ki G C6 11 Working Group C6.11
August 2006 August 2010
27 members and experts representing 14
countries
Terms of Reference:
Global definition of Active Distribution
Networks (ADNs) ( )
Current status of deployment
Stakeholder recommendations
Shared global definition
Active distribution networks (ADNs) have systems in
Shared global definition
Active distribution networks (ADNs) have systems in
place to control a combination of distributed energy
resources (DERs).
DERs are defined as generators, loads and storage.
Distribution system operators (DSOs) have the Distribution system operators (DSOs) have the
possibility of managing the electricity flows using a
flexible network topology. flexible network topology.
DERs take some degree of responsibility for system
support which will depend on a suitable regulatory support, which will depend on a suitable regulatory
environment and connection agreement.
Actual status of deployment Actual status of deployment
24 flagship projects across the world ags p p ojects ac oss t e o d
Analysed according to:
Integration level
Enabling technologies
Application
Benefits
Research and development needs
K fi di Key findings:
Limited use of communications for DER remote operation
Limited control of low voltage networks
Future operating practices Future operating practices
Network operators priority ranking: Network operators priority ranking:
Protection systems (Most important) y ( p )
Safety
Fault level management
Communication
Intentional islanding
A ill i i i (L t i t t)
Ancillary service provision (Least important)
Grid operation Grid operation
S t l i System planning
Regulatory environment
Awareness building
Grid operation: Grid operation:
Re ie protection s stems Review protection systems
Updating Grid Codes Updating Grid Codes
Communication systems to support data exchange
Mechanisms in place for grid users to provide
ancillary services ancillary services
System planning: System planning:
Proacti e dialog e of s stem planners ith Proactive dialogue of system planners with
stakeholders
Consider all energy forms in system planning
Consider move to meshed network topologies
Move to probabilistic grid based approaches Move to probabilistic grid-based approaches
Regulation and awareness building: Regulation and awareness building:
Mechanisms for connection of DER Mechanisms for connection of DER
Allow grid operators to integrate DER into grid Allow grid operators to integrate DER into grid
operations
Educate grid users on grid operation
Feedback loop from operation to planning Feedback loop from operation to planning
Summary and future work Summary and future work
Overview of activities of CIGRE WG Overview of activities of CIGRE WG
C6.11:
Global definition of acti e distrib tion net orks Global definition of active distribution networks
Actual status of deployment and future operation
Activities countinued in CIGRE Working Activities countinued in CIGRE Working
Group C6.19:
The planning and optimisation of active distribution The planning and optimisation of active distribution
systems, Convenor: Fabrizio Pilo
Thank you for listening! Thank you for listening!
Full report now available: Full report now available:
CIGRE Working Gro p C6 11 De elopment and CIGRE Working Group C6.11: Development and
Operation of Active Distribution Networks ,
Technical Brochure No. 457, April 2011 Technical Brochure No. 457, April 2011
Any questions? Any questions?
Contact: Samuel Jupe jupes@pbworld com Contact: Samuel Jupe jupes@pbworld.com
I t lli t l tf f i i d t l f I t lli t l tf f i i d t l f Intelligent platform for supervision and control of Intelligent platform for supervision and control of
distributed generation and customer demands in distributed generation and customer demands in
active distribution networks active distribution networks
-- SUPERMEN SUPERMEN - -
Toma Pfajfar, 2e
A d j S t EIMV Andrej Souvent, EIMV
Janez mid, Iskra MIS
Marko epi, Solvera Lynx
Marjan Jerele, Elektro Gorenjska
Franci Katranik, University of Ljubljana
Igor Papi, University of Ljubljana g p y j j
Cigr International SymposiumTHE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE
Integrating supergrids and microgrids ,13-15 September 2011 - Bologna
11
Elektrointitut Milan Vidmar, Ljubljana, Slovenia Elektrointitut Milan Vidmar, Ljubljana, Slovenia
The SUPERMEN project The SUPERMEN project The SUPERMEN project The SUPERMEN project
The project addresses distributed generation impacts on distribution network
by implementing the concept of virtual power plant.
1. Study, development and demonstration of smart grid infrastructure.
The main objectives of the project:
2. Demonstration of basic applications for supervision and control of
distributed resources and energy management.
3. To build an ICT infrastructure for further development and demonstration p
of new services and applications.
The project focuses mostly on small distributed energy resources in LV and p j y gy
MV distribution networks.
22
System Architecture System Architecture System Architecture System Architecture
The system consists of:
Point-of-Common-Coupling
Interfaces (PCCI)
Virtual Power Plant Control
C t (VPP CC) Centre (VPP CC)
Standard protocols are used:
PCCI - VPP CC: IEC 61850
VPP CC - DSO/TSO CC:
IEC 60870-5-104/101, IEC 60870-6
ICCP
VPP CC - users: HTTP / HTTPS
(WEB services, WEB portal)
33
Point Point of of Common Common Coupling Interface Coupling Interface Point Point--of of--Common Common--Coupling Interface Coupling Interface
VPP CC
PCCI
PCCI is used for a standardized connection of
micro and small generation of electricity from
MiBox
IP,
IEC 61850
b
u
s
,

S
P
A
,
.
.
.
Other
devices
micro and small generation of electricity from
distributed resources to the distribution network.
PCCI functionalities include:
Remote monitoring and control
M
o
d
Modbus
Modbus
de ces
g
Power quality monitoring according to EN50160
Communication with the control center
Measuring
Centre
Modbus
Possibility of controlling compensation devices
Various protection functions
I/O Analog
44
I/O
DI / DO
Analog
input
Virtual Power Plant Control Centre Virtual Power Plant Control Centre software software Virtual Power Plant Control Centre Virtual Power Plant Control Centre software software
The main functions of the VPP CC The main functions of the VPP CC
software:
Two-way communications with PCC
interfaces (data acquisition controls interfaces (data acquisition, controls,
alarms)
Two-way communications with DSOs or
TSOs control centers systems TSOs control center s systems
(EMS/SCADA/DMS)
Applications and user interfaces for:
DG operators DG operators
VPP operators
System configuration and user
management management
Data archiving and event logging
55
The concept of aggregation allows joint appearance on the energy and ancillary services market.
Demo system configuration Demo system configuration Demo system configuration Demo system configuration
66
Results Results Results Results
PCCI was developed using protocol
IEC 61850 including two way DG IEC 61850, including two-way DG
unit control and data acquisition.
Vi t l l t ft Virtual power plant software was
developed using service oriented
architecture.
The demo system was set up for
further development and testing of p g
new services and applications.
77
Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention!
Andrej Souvent Andrej Souvent
EE--mail mail: : andrej.souvent@eimv.si andrej.souvent@eimv.si
Telefon Telefon: +386 : +386 ((0)1 0)1 474 474 2903 2903 Telefon Telefon: +386 : +386--((0)1 0)1--474 474--2903 2903
88
Sergio Bruno, Massimo La Scala, Ugo Stecchi g , , g
Dipartimento di Elettrotecnica ed Elettronica
Politecnico di Bari Italy Politecnico di Bari Italy
Smart Grids at Politecnico di Bari
This paper presents some preliminary results of an on This paper presents some preliminary results of an on-
going project on smart grids partially funded by Regione
Puglia (3 years, about 1.3 M budget) Puglia (3 years, about 1.3 M budget)
It involves the Politecnico, two local energy distribution
utilities (gas and electricity), and one SME utilities (gas and electricity), and one SME
AMGAS is the local distributor for natural gas in the city
of Bari (around 350 000 inhabitants and 115 000 of Bari (around 350,000 inhabitants and 115,000
customers, 80,000 m
3
/h)
AMET is the electricity DisCo for the city of Trani about AMET is the electricity DisCo for the city of Trani, about
65,000 inhabitants and 35,000 customers
Path towards a smart distribution grid
I thi th di t ib ti t i l di AMET In this path many distribution systems, including AMET,
face a tough challenge
traditionally passive networks traditionally passive networks
built with a straightforward radial (or multi-radial)
configuration configuration
minimal ability of monitoring and controlling power flows
The distribution systems undergo profound modifications
due to distributed energy resources (DERs), smart
t i (th d l t f t t i l metering (the deployment of smart meters is nearly
completed in Italy), storage/PHEVs
It is crucial to exploit such chances derived by the natural It is crucial to exploit such chances derived by the natural
development of the grid
In the next future
M i f ti t ICT t l More information, sensors, measurements, ICT, control
resources and actuators will be available to Distribution
Network Operators (DNOs) Network Operators (DNOs)
allowing to implement advanced monitoring and
control functions control functions
SCADA/EMS (or DMS-Distribution Management System)
is naturally fit for dealing with all these new elements y g
Advanced DMS can be the core of a smart distribution
grid, but most of monitoring and control tools must be re-
adapted
new operative and technical requirements and
availability of new control resources must be taken into
account
Proposed scheme for AMET
ADMS ADMS
CVR: Conservative VoltageRegulation
SE: State Estimator
VVO: Voltage Var Optimization
SMS: StorageManagement System
ODPF: Optimal DistributionPower Flow
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
RCS
ULTC
SE
EDA: Environmental Data Acquisition
ONR: Network Reconfiguration
MMS: Maintanance Monitoring System
AR: AdaptiveRelaying
CA: Contingencies Analysis
SM: SwitchManagement
CVR
ADMS
Signals from RTUs
SCs
DG
DG
SF
D
A
ODPF
ONR
VVO
AR
SM: SwitchManagement
FPFS: directional Fault and Power
Failure System
SDF: Supplyand Demand Forecast
TP: TopologyProcessor
SC: Short Circuit analysis
CA
SMS
EDA
AMR
MDI
MMS
Signals from RTUs
AMI
S
C
A
D
TP
FPFS
AR
SM
CVP: Capacitor/Voltageregulator
Placement
OTS: Operator Training Simulator
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
ULTC: UnderLoad Tap Changer
SDF
CA
Real time
concentrator
AMR
AMR
concentrator
SERVER
CVP
SC
RCS: Remote Controlled Switches
DG: Distributed Generation
SCs: Switching Capacitors
SF: StorageFacilities
AMI
OTS
Offline
Environmental
Monitoring
Stations
MDI: Meter Data Integration
AMR: Automatic Meter Reading
GISINTERFACE
CONTROLCENTER
Three Phase Optimal Power Flow
O ti i ti d ti t l i th Optimize active and reactive control resources in the
presence of unbalanced conditions (and in the extended
real-time operating framework) real time operating framework)
Based on a Distribution Load Flow simulating software
(OpenDSS by EPRI) (OpenDSS by EPRI)
Unbalanced conditions
Object-oriented environment improved representation of Object oriented environment, improved representation of
loads and other components
Include new control variables and devices
Load curtailment / active control
Volt-Var Optimation (VVO) Volt Var Optimation (VVO)
Conservative Voltage Regulation (CVR)
AMET distribution grid
HV/MV t ti l 900 b 1000 li 500 HV/MV representation only, 900 buses, 1000 lines, 500
load nodes, 100 switches (60 controllable)
About 35 MWpeak load demand About 35 MW peak load demand
Scarce penetration of DERs, but fast growth of
photovoltaics (more than 60MWrequested) photovoltaics (more than 60MW requested)
Deployment of smart meters is 95% completed (AMI is a
proprietary system) proprietary system)
Feeder
#
Transfor
mer
I
max
[A]
S
max
[kVA]
1 TRA 187 6470
2 TRA 187 6470
DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION
SUBTRANSMISSIONNETWORK
SLACK150kV
3 TRA 187 6470
4 TRA 187 6470
5 TRB 85 2940
6 TRB 104 3600
7 TRB 85 2940
SUBSTATION
BUSB20kV
BUSA20kV
TRA
30MVA
TRB
25MVA
7 TRB 85 2940
8 TRB 187 6470
9 TRB 85 2940
10 TRA 128 4430
11 TRA 128 4430
F
E
E
D
E
R
2
F
E
E
D
E
R
4
F
E
E
D
E
R
6
F
E
E
D
E
R
9
F
E
E
D
E
R
1
0
F
E
E
D
E
R
1
1
F
E
E
D
E
R
3
F
E
E
D
E
R
1
F
E
E
D
E
R
7
F
E
E
D
E
R
5
F
E
E
D
E
R
8
Load control
35%l d i ti TRA d f d #3 35% load increase, congestion on TRA and feeders #3,
#5 and #8
Penalty functions constraint power flows on transformers Penalty functions constraint power flows on transformers
and currents on each feeder
convergence after 12 iterations about 3540 kWto be convergence after 12 iterations, about 3540 kW to be
curtailed (about 8.4% of total active power)
S
1
S
2
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I I
6
I I
8
I
9
I
10
I
11
iter
S
1
[kVA]
S
2
[kVA]
I
1
[A]
I
2
[A]
I
3
[A]
I
4
[A]
I
5
[A]
I
6
[A]
I
7
[A]
I
8
[A]
I
9
[A]
I
10
[A]
I
11
[A]
0 33641 12906 157.6 159.2 193.0 149.7 90.7 89.8 38.3 109.6 45.4 133.4 101.1
1 33620 12903 157.5 159.2 192.9 149.5 90.7 89.8 38.3 109.5 45.4 133.3 101.0
2 30380 12490 142 5 153 6 176 0 132 5 82 2 90 0 38 4 105 3 45 5 115 7 85 9 2 30380 12490 142.5 153.6 176.0 132.5 82.2 90.0 38.4 105.3 45.5 115.7 85.9
3 29688 12444 139.9 152.1 173.1 129.8 82.6 89.9 38.3 104.1 45.3 113.6 83.9
4 29716 12457 139.9 152.1 173.2 130.0 82.8 89.9 38.3 104.1 45.3 113.9 84.2

10 30026 12511 140 7 152 0 173 6 132 5 84 4 89 9 38 4 103 8 45 5 116 1 86 7 10 30026 12511 140.7 152.0 173.6 132.5 84.4 89.9 38.4 103.8 45.5 116.1 86.7
11 30013 12515 140.6 152.0 173.5 132.4 84.4 89.9 38.4 103.9 45.5 116.0 86.7
12 30013 12519 140.6 152.0 173.5 132.5 84.5 89.9 38.4 103.9 45.5 116.0 86.8
Conservative Voltage Regulation
Mi i i ti f ti h d t th b t ti Minimization of active power exchanged at the substation
Load models: 50% fixed impedance model, 25% constant
active power and quadratic reactive 25%linear active active power and quadratic reactive, 25% linear active
power and quadratic reactive
Control variables:
reactive power
d
iter # C
tot
[p.u.]
C
obj
[p.u.]
C
V
[p.u.] P
1
[kW] P
2
[kW]
0 13 7249 1 0000 12 7249 24544 7039
outputs and tap
changers setpoints
A ti
0 13.7249 1.0000 12.7249 24544 7039
1 363.7793 0.7181 363.0612 21374 5795
2 27.6412 0.9848 26.6564 22174 7559
3 44.3911 1.1482 43.2429 24217 8096
4 43 7079 1 1422 42 5658 24063 8097
Active power
decrease of about 8%
4 43.7079 1.1422 42.5658 24063 8097
... ... ... ... ... ...
15 1.2374 0.8367 0.4007 22724 6359
16 0.9331 0.8451 0.0881 22724 6424
17 0.9313 0.8443 0.0870 22712 6422
Volt-Var Optimization
I f di t ib t d i j ti l d t Increase of distributed power injections can lead to
counter-flows and be cause of overvoltages
VVO aimed at constraining voltages in 1 0 1 05 VVO aimed at constraining voltages in 1.0-1.05
Control variables: reactive power outputs and tap
changers setpoints changers setpoints
1,08
u
.
]
Before VVO
After VVO
1,08
.
u
.
]
1,04
1,06
g
e

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

[
p
.
u
1,04
1,06
a
g
e

m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

[
p
.
1
1,02
m
i
n
i
m
u
m

v
o
l
t
a
g
1
1,02
m
a
x
i
m
u
m

v
o
l
t
a
Before VVO
AfterVVO
0,98
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Feeder #
0,98
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Feeder #
After VVO
Conclusions
S t id ll t b i ti it i d Smart grids allow to embrace innovative monitoring and
control schemes
Most of approaches can be derived by standard Most of approaches can be derived by standard
methodologies (OPF) that must be adapted for
integrating newoperative requirements and resources integrating new operative requirements and resources
Smart meters are probably the most innovative
contribution to smart distribution systems y
Computation is never an issue, especially in extended
real-time domain, but time requirements of the
communication system can be a relevant bottleneck
The transition from simulation to implementation is the
hardest step because of interoperability issues
A ti Di t ib ti N t k MV Active Distribution Networks: MV
Voltage Profiles and Loading Voltage Profiles and Loading
Limits for a Large Penetration of ts o a a ge e et at o o
DG
M Cresta F M Gatta A Geri L Landolfi S Lauria M. Cresta, F.M. Gatta, A. Geri, L. Landolfi, S. Lauria,
M. Maccioni, M. Paolucci
Page: 1 of 13
Paper: Active Distribution Networks: MV Voltage Profiles and Loading
Authors: M. Cresta, F.M. Gatta, A. Geri, L. Landolfi, S. Lauria,
Presented by: Marco Maccioni
Outline
1 I t d ti 1. Introduction
2. Simulated distribution network
3. Case studies
4 C l i 4. Conclusions
Page: 2 of 13
Introduction - 1
Nowadays, a continuously growing amount of DG has to
be integrated in MV and LV distribution networks be integrated in MV and LV distribution networks
At individual MV network level, installed DG can cause
strongly variable bidirectional power flows on MV feeders strongly variable bidirectional power flows on MV feeders,
if it is comparable to network load
Active MV networks pose new problems to Distribution Active MV networks pose new problems to Distribution
SystemOperators:
protective relaying
short circuit current increase
sustained feeder operation (islanding) after line dropping
l d MV d LV f d overloads on MV and LV feeders
variability of MV and LV voltage profiles
lowpower factor at the interface of bulk power system
Page: 3 of 13
lowpower factor at the interface of bulk power system
Introduction - 2
This paper presents a parametric study on an
i ti MV t k i T i (It l ) d b existing MV network in Terni (Italy), owned by
A.S.M. Terni S.p.A., a public-owned municipal
tilit utility
Aims of the study are:
evaluating the effect of a DG increase up to network
limits
pointing out the factors which define the maximum
allowable values of DG in operations
Page: 4 of 13
Simulated Distribution Network
20/10 kV network owned byA.S.M. Terni S.p.A.:
three primary substations 156 MVA transformer
U U
P.S. Terni Ovest
three primary substations, 156 MVA transformer
capacity
612 kmnetwork extension (35% underground cables) 612 kmnetwork extension (35% underground cables),
570 MV/LV substations supplying 64000 customers
with 250 MWcontractual power and 500 MWh average
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
U U
U
U U
P.S. Villa Valle P.S. Ex Sit
p g
daily energy demand
loads supplied at MV level are essentially
residential/tertiary. Maximum load, registered in 2010,
was 47 MW
installed DG connected at MV level is about 45 MW
(60% of it biomass or gas-fired thermal cycle, 36% PV,
4%hydro) while 2 5 MW(PV) is connected at LV level
Page: 5 of 13
4%hydro), while 2.5 MW(PV) is connected at LV level
Case Study I 1
Potential upper constraints for DG penetration:
maximumloading of feeders maximumloading of feeders
alteration of voltage profiles along the feeders
increase of short-circuit currents (not considered in this study) increase of short circuit currents (not considered in this study)
DG penetration was investigated starting from the
maximumload condition and DG disconnected
Four cases reported:
max load +25%of DG installed
i DG ( dditi t th d f h f d f ti maximum DG (addition at the end of each feeder of an active
power injection, up to the limits defined by constraints above)
Page: 6 of 13
Case Study I 2
Results refer to the MV network originated by Villa Valle
PS (40 MVA 150/20 kV transformer four main MV feeders) PS (40 MVA 150/20 kV transformer, four main MV feeders)
Page: 7 of 13
Case Study I 3
Voltages and power flows at ''Villa Valle'' PS and through MV feeders
Page: 8 of 13
Case Study II 1
Loadability evaluation carried out on a 20 kV feeder
belonging to ''Terni Ovest'' PS belonging to Terni Ovest PS
Three line loading patterns, obtained adding at different
locations six DG blocks each rated 2 16 MW are locations six DG blocks, each rated 2.16 MW, are
compared:
CaseA: the whole 13 MWDG installed at the end of feeder
Case B: two DG blocks installed every third of the feeder
Case C: a single DG block installed every sixth of the feeder
Page: 9 of 13
Case Study II 2
Page: 10 of 13
Conclusions - 1
Considering steady-state constraints only, the
A S M t d t DG i f A.S.M. systemcan accommodate DG in excess of
network load, and actually it can afford a 100 MW
fl ( di t 150 MW f MV reverse flow (corresponding to 150 MW of MV-
and LV-connected DG)
The main limiting factor in steady-state conditions
is the presence of bottlenecks in practically all the
feeders of the network
Assuming constant active power injection by the g p j y
DG, voltage profiles can be kept under control by
means of the HV/MV transformer load tap changer
Page: 11 of 13
p g
Conclusions - 2
Because of the variable nature of several types of
DG t ti ti l l i d t l t DG, statistical analyses are required to evaluate
voltage fluctuations at MV and LV level
The power factor seen at HV bulk delivery point
becomes lower than 0.9 as soon as DG injection
attained 25% of planned capacity, involving
significant potential costs for the distribution
company
Page: 12 of 13
Thanks for the attention!
Page: 13 of 13

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