2.

1 QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

A. Identifying Quadratic Expression

1. A quadratic expression is an expression that satisfies both of the following conditions
i. There is only one unknown in the expression
ii. The highest power of the unknown is 2

2. General form ax² + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, a ≠ 0 and x is an unknown.

Examples of quadratic expression
a) x² + 3x – 4
b) 2z² + 3z + 1
c) 3p² – 2p
d) -3s + 4s²

Try this
Determine whether the following are quadratic expression. Give your reasons
No Question Yes / No Reasons
1 2x² + 3y - 5
2 x² - 9
3 4 + 12v - v²
4 5s² – 3s – 6
5 3y² - xy

B. Forming Quadratic Expression by Multiplying Any Two Linear Expression

* When two linear expression are multiplied the product is a quadratic expression
This process is called expansion
Example :
2x – 1 and 3x – 2

(2x – 1) (3x – 2) = (2x x 3x) + (2x x -2) + (-1 x 3x ) + (-1 x – 2)

= 6x ² + (-4x) + (-3x) + 2
= 6x² – 7x + 2
Expend the following
a) 2x(-x – 3) b) (x + 1) ² c)(3x + 4)(x – 2)

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C. Forming Quadratic Expression on Specific Situation

Example 1
The following diagram shows a right angled triangle PQR, with PR = (2x - 1) cm and
PQ = (x + 5) cm

(2x – 1) cm (x + 5) cm

P Q

Find PQ² in form of quadratic expression

Solution

PQ² = QR² - PR²

= (x + 5)² - (2x – 1)²
= x² + 10x + 25 – (4x² – 4x + 1)
= -3x² + 14x + 24

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2.2 Factories quadratic expression

A. Factories quadratic expression of the form ax² + c or ax² + bx

* determine the highest common factors☺

Factorise completely
Common factor answer

a) 2x² - 4 2xxxx–2x2 2(x² - 2)

b) 4x - 2x² 2x2xx–2xxx x 2x(2 – x)

c) 3x² + 6

d) 3x² – 3x

e) 2x² - 16

f) 5x² + 10x

g) 5x – 2x²

h) 2x² + 3x

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B. Factories quadratic expression of the form px² + q , where p and q are Perfect
Squares

* Perfect squares are number which are the squares of whole numbers

1² = 1x1= 1
2² = 2x2= 4
3² = 3x3= 9 perfect squares
4² = 4x4= 16
5² = 5x5= 25

Use the following relation: a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)

Factorise completely each of the following

a) p² - 4 b) 4m² - 1 c) x² - 16
p² = p x p 4 =2x2
4 =2x2 m² = m x m
1 =1x1
perfect squares perfect squares
= (a + b)(a – b) = (2m + 1)(2m – 1)
= ( p + 4)(p – 4)

d) 25x² - 9 e) 36 – 4z² f) 1 – 9s²

g) 4r² - 49 h) z² - 121 i) 36x² - 25

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D. Factories quadratic expression of the form ax² + bx + c, where a, b and c are
constants, a ≠ 0 and x is an unknown.

1. To factor a quadratic in form ax² + bx + c, we have to handle all the three coefficients.
In this case:
i. firstly identify values of a, b and c
ii. and than need to multiply "a" and "c" and find factors of the product "ac" that add
up to "b"
iii. factor out from the “box”

Example 1
2x² -5x – 3
i. a = 2, b = -5, and c = -3

ii. ac = (2)(-3) = -6
find factor of -10 that add up to -5
The pair of factor for -10 are -1 x 6 or 1 x -6
-2 x 3 or 2 x -3
Since –6 is negative, we need one factor to be positive and one to be negative (positive times
negative is negative).

iii. Use “box” (draw a two by two grid)

ax² 2x² -6x

c +x -3

find factor of “ac”

that add up to “b”

factor out from the “box” (HCF)

x -3

2x 2x² -6x
1 +x -3

Therefore = (x – 3)(2x + 1)

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2x² -5x – 3

i. a =? b =? c =? a=2 b = -5 c = -3

ii. a x c = ? (2) x (-3) = -6

find factors of the product "ac" that add up to 1 x -6 = -6 ( 1 + -6 = -5 )
"b" 6 x -1 = -6 ( 6 + -1 = 5 )
2 x -3 = -6 ( 2 + -3 = -1 )
3 x -2 = -6 ( 3 + -2 = 1 )
x -3
iii. “box”
(draw a two by two grid)
factor out from the “box” (HCF) 2x

The answer (x – 3)(2x + 1)

Example 2

3x² + 10x – 8

i. a =? b =? c =? a=3 b = 10 c = -8

ii. a x c = ? (3) x (-8) = -24

find factors of the product "ac" that add up to 1 x -24 = -24 ( 1 + -24 = -23 )
"b" 2 x -12 = -24 ( 2 + -12 = -10 )
-2 x 12 = -24 ( -2 + 12 = 10 )

3x -2
iii. “box”
(draw a two by two grid)
factor out from the “box” (HCF) x

The answer (3x – 2)(x + 12)

Try this
a) 2x² + 9x + 4 b) 2x² + 2x - 12

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i. a = b= c= i. a = b= c=

ii. a x c = ii. a x c =

iii. iii.

The answer : ( )( ) The answer : ( )( )

c) 3x² + 14x – 5 d) 3x² - 19x + 20

i. a = b= c= i. a = b= c=

ii. a x c = ii. a x c =

iii. iii.

The answer : ( )( ) The answer : ( )( )

2.3 Quadratic Equations

A. Identifying Quadratic Equations with One Unknown

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1. General form ax² + bx + c = 0

2. Conditions for quadratic equation:

i. There is only one unknown
ii. The highest power of the unknown is 2
iii. There is an equal sign

Example
a) x² – 3 = 0
b) 2x² + 3 = 3x
c) 5x² – 2x + 7

Solution

a) x ² – 3 = 0 ( a quadratic equation)

The highest power There is an equal There is only one

of the unknown is 2 sign unknown, x

b) 2x² + 3 = 3x ( a quadratic equation)

The highest power There is an equal There is only one

of the unknown is 2 sign unknown, x

( a quadratic equation)

c) 5x² – 2x + 7 ( not a quadratic equation)

There is NO equal
sign

Try This

Determine whether the following are quadratic equation. Give your reasons
No Question Yes / No Reasons

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1 2x² + y = 5
2 2x² - 9 = 3x
3 4 + 12v = v²
4 5s² – 3s – 6 = 0
5 3y² - xy = 0

B. Writing Quadratic Equations in General Form

General Form: ax² + bx + c = 0

1. Step to write quadratic equations with one unknown in general form

i. arrange the term according to decreasing powers of the unknown
ii. bring terms on the right-hand side of the equation to the left-hand side so that the
right-hand side is equal to 0
iii. if the coefficient of the term with the highest power is a negative number, turn it to
positive

Example
3
a) x(3x – 2) = 5 b) 2 −t =t

Solution
3
b) 2 −t =t
a) x(3x – 2) = 5
i. Cross-multiply 3 = t(2 – t)
i. Expand x(3x – 2) = 5
3x² – 2x = 5 ii. Expand 3 = 2t - t²

ii. bring the term of 7 to the left-hand side iii. bring all terms to the left-hand side
3x² – 2x – 5 = 0
t² - 2t + 3 = 0

Try this :

Write each of the following quadratic equations in general form

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a) 3x² – 6x = 5 b) –x(6 – x) = 7

c) 9 = -3x(2x – 1) 4 t
d) =
2 −t 2 −t 2

e) (1 – 3x)² = 4x f) (2t – 1)² = 9

2 z 5 2t
g) + =5 h) = 2
z 3 s +3 t +1

2.4 Roots of Quadratic Equation

A. Determining whether a Value is a Root of a Quadratic Equation

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To determine whether a given values is a root of a quadratic equation, substitute the value
into the equation. if the value satisfies the equation, then it is a root of the equation

Determine whether the value of x given is a root of the following quadratic equations
a) 2x² – 5x – 3 = 0, x = 3 b) 3x² – 2x – 8 = 0, x = 2
Solution
Substitute x = 3 into the equation
2(3)² – 5(3) – 3 = 0
2(9) – 15 – 3 = 0
18 – 18 = 0
0=0
right-hand side = left-hand side
therefore, x = 3 is a root

c) -x² + 3x + 1 = 0, x = 3 d) 5x² + 8x – 3 = 0, x = -2

e) 3x² + x + 3 = 0, x = -2 f) -2x² – 7x + 4 = 0, x = -4

B. Determining the Solutions for Quadratic equations

1. We can use two methods to determine the solution for a quadratic equation
i. Trial and error method

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 ii. Factorisation method

ii. Factorisation method (same as quadratic expressions)

Example
Solve each of the following equations using factorization method

a) x² = 36 + 5x
1. write in general form x² – 5x – 36 = 0
2. factorise the equation
i. a = 1, b = -5, and c = -36
ii. ac = (2)(-3) = -6
find factor of -36 that add up to -5
The pair of factor for -36 are -1 x 36 or 1 x -36
-2 x 18 or 2 x -18
-3 x 12 or 3 x -12
-4 x 9 or 4 x -9
Since –6 is negative, we need one factor to be positive and one to be negative (positive times
negative is negative).

(x + 4) (x – 9) = 0

iii. Use “box” (draw a two by two grid)

ax²

x² -9x

+4x -36
find factor of “ac”
that add up to “b”

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factor out from the “box” (HCF)

x -9

x x² -9x
4 +4x -36

(x – 9)(x + 4) = 0
x – 9 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = 9 or x=-4

b) 2x² -5x – 3 = 0

i. a =? b =? c =? a=2 b = -5 c = -3

ii. a x c = ? (2) x (-3) = -6

find factors of the product "ac" that add up to 1 x -6 = -6 ( 1 + -6 = -5 )
"b" 6 x -1 = -6 ( 6 + -1 = 5 )
2 x -3 = -6 ( 2 + -3 = -1 )
3 x -2 = -6 ( 3 + -2 = 1 )
x -3
iii. “box”
(draw a two by two grid)
factor out from the “box” (HCF) 2x

The solution (x – 3)(2x + 1) = 0

x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0

x = 3 or x = -1

c) 3x² + 10x – 8 = 0

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i. a =? b =? c =? a=3 b = 10 c = -8

ii. a x c = ? (3) x (-8) = -24

find factors of the product "ac" that add up to 1 x -24 = -24 ( 1 + -24 = -23 )
"b" 2 x -12 = -24 ( 2 + -12 = -10 )
-2 x 12 = -24 ( -2 + 12 = 10 )

3x -2
iii. “box”
(draw a two by two grid)
factor out from the “box” (HCF) x

The solution (3x – 2)(x + 12) = 0

3x – 2 = 0 or x + 12 = 0
3x = 2 x = -12
x=2
3

Try this
a) 2x² + 9x + 4 b) 2x² + 2x - 12

i. a = b= c= i. a = b= c=

ii. a x c = ii. a x c =

iii. iii.

The answer : ( )( )=0 The answer : ( )( )=0

c) 3x² + 14x – 5 d) 3x² - 19x + 20

i. a = b= c= i. a = b= c=

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ii. a x c = ii. a x c =

iii. iii.

The answer : ( )( )=0 The answer : ( )( )=0

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