-Enzymes-

How does CF affect other body systems?

Cystic Fibrosis sufferers have difficulty at maintaining body mass.
They have high basal metabolic rates.
They require 120-140% of the daily intake
People with CF may take supplement with enzymes to help break down the food.

The breaking down of food and absorption of nutrients occurs mostly in the small
intestine.
Glands secrete digestive enzymes that act as catalysts to speed up food breakdown.
A wide range of enzymes are produced by exocrine glands outside the gut and into the
membranes of the gut wall.

Pancreatic cells produce enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
This enzymes are delivered to the gut in pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct
People with CF have pancreatic ducts blocked with sticky mucus.
The lower concentration of enzymes in the small intestine reduces the rate of
digestion. Nutrients cant be properly absorbed and energy is lost in the faeces
Malabsorption syndrome
Enzymes trapped in the duct damage the pancreas
Hormone insulin produced in the pancreas stops controlling blood sugar levels and can
lead to a form of Diabetes
What are they? :
Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts- speed up chemical
reactions.
They have a three-dimensional shape of a protein molecule with a depression on
the surface called active site.
Either a single molecule with a complementary shape or more than two molecules
that together have a complementary shape can fit in the active site. - Substrates
bond to the amino acids to form an Enzyme-substrate complex.
The active site is flexible- when a substrate enters it, the enzyme molecule
changes shape to fit more closely around the substrate = Induced fit theory of
enzyme action.
Properties of Enzymes:
They are mostly proteins
They generally work rapidly
They are not destroyed by reactions which they catalysecan be recycled.
They are inactivated by high temperatures
They are sensitive to pH
They are specific for specific reactions.
How enzymes probably work:
Enzymes are globular proteins. Their shapes depend on the order of their amino acids.
The Active site provides a platform for reactants or substrates which have the exact
shape.
The enzymes together with the substrates are known as the Enzyme-substrate
complex.
A reaction between the substrates occurs thanks to the enzyme- less energy is
required for the reaction.
Enzymes + substrates= lock and key model
After the reaction, the substrates dont fit and are released- this is the product.
Synthesis reactions are those which bring substrates together to produce a complex
product.
Degradation reactions are those which break down the active site in to two or more
products.