Chapter 4: Axial Members, Beams,

and Frames

Members under Axial Loading

Shape Functions (1)

u ( e ) c1 c2Y
u ui at Y Yi
u u j at Y Y j
u

(e)

Yj Y
Y Yi

u j

ui
Y Y
Y Y
j i
j i

Y Yi y
local coordinate

Shape Functions (2)

Si
y
Si 1
l
y
Sj
l
0 yl

(e)

ui
Sj
u j

S i , S j are called the shape functions.

Minimum Total Potential Energy Formulation (1)

total potential energy for a body

consisting of n elements and m nodes is
the difference between the total strain
energy and the work done by the
external forces

The

e 1

i 1

( e ) Fi ui

( e ) d

dV

E 2
dV
2
5

Minimum Total Potential Energy Formulation (2)

The

minimum total potential energy

principle simply states that for a stable
system, the displacement at the
equilibrium position occurs such that
the value of the systems total potential
energy is a minimum.

ui ui

(e)

ui
e 1
n

F u
j 1

for i 1, 2, ..., n.

Stiffness and Load Matrices (1)

The

deflection for an element in terms

of local shape functions is
u ( e ) S i ui S j u j

where
Si 1

Then

y
y
,Sj
l
l

du d

S i ui S j u j
dy dy

dy

y
y ui u j
ui u j
l
l
l

Stiffness and Load Matrices (2)

The

potential in each element is

( e )

E 2
AE 2
dV
(u j 2u j ui ui2 )
2
2l
( e ) AE

(ui - u j )
ui
l

( e ) AE

(u j - ui )
u j
l

Stiffness and Load Matrices (3)

( e )

u
i AE 1 1 ui k
( e )

l 1 1 u j k

u j

(e)

k ui

k u j

Fi

Fj

Example 4.2 A Column Problem

Determine (a) vertical

displacement of the
column at various
points (b) the stress in
each portion of the
column. E = 29106
lb/in2 and crosssectional area = 39.7 in2.

10

Solution (1)
The

elemental stiffness for elements (1),

(2), (3), and (4) is given by
1 1 39.7 29 106
K
1 1
15 12

1
6 1
6.396 10

1
1

(e)

(1)

AE

( 2)

K K
( 3)

( 4)

1 1
1 1

1 1
6.396 10

1
1

11

Solution (2)
The

global stiffness matrix is obtained

by assembling the elemental matrices

K (G )

0
0
0
1 1
1 1 1 1

0
0

6
6.396 10 0 1 1 1 1
0

0
1 1 1 1
0
0
0
0
1 1 1

12

Solution (3)
The

global forcing matrix is obtained

from

F (e)

F1 0
F 50000
2

F3 50000
F 50000
4

F5 60000

13

Solution (4)
It

follows that

0
0
0 u1 0
1 1
1 1 1 1
u 50000
0
0

6
6.396 10 0 1 1 1 1
0 u3 50000

u
0
0

1
1

1
50000

0
0
0
1 1 1 u5 50000

14

Solution (5)
Applying

gives

boundary condition u1=0

0
0
0 u1 0
1 1
1 1 1 1
u 50000
0
0

6
6.396 10 0 1 1 1 1
0 u3 50000

u
0
0

1
1

1
50000

0
0
0
1 1 1 u5 50000

15

Solution (6)
Solving

for displacements gives

u1 0
u 0.03283
2

u3 0.05784 in
u 0.07504
4

u5 0.08442

16

Solution (7)
The

axial stresses in each element are

determined from
u u 29 10 0 0.03283
E
5289 lb/in

(1)

( 2)

( 3)

( 4)

15 12

6
u2 u3 29 10 0.03283 0.05784
E
4029 lb/in 2

15 12
l
6
u3 u4 29 10 0.05784 0.07504
E
2771 lb/in 2

15 12
l

6
u4 u5 29 10 0.07504 0.08442
E
1511 lb/in 2

15 12
l

17

Beams (1)

A beam is defined as a structural member

whose cross-sectional dimensions are
relatively smaller than its length. Beams are
commonly subjected to transverse loading,
which is a type of loading that creates
bending in the beam.

18

Beams (2)

EI

19

Beams (3)

y dA 0

My
I

I y 2 dA
20

Beams (4)
1

d 2v

2
2
M
dx
d

v 2
3
dx
EI [1 (dv / dx) 2 ] 2

(if

dv
1)
dx

d 3v dM
EI 3
V
dx
dx
d 4 v dV
EI 3
w q
dx
dx

dv

dx
y f ( x)
21

Beams (5)

22

Beams (6)

23

Beams (7)

24

Example 4.3 (1)

Determine the
deflection at midpoint B
and endpoint C.
Modulus of elasticity E
= 29106 lb/in2 and
cross-sectional area =
10.3 in2 and a depth of
17.7 in. The second
moment of area is 510
in4. The beam is
subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 1000
lb/ft.

25

Example 4.3 (2)

wL4
vc
8 EI
wL3
c
6 EI

1000
(120) 4
12

0.146 in
6
8 29 10 510
1000
(120) 3
12

0.00163 rad
6
6 29 10 510

wx 2 2
vB
x 4 Lx 6 L2
24 EI
1000
(60) 2
2
2
12

60

4
(
120
)(
60
)

6
(
120
)
0.052 in
6
24 29 10 510

26

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (1)

A

simple beam element consists of two

nodes. At each node, there are two
degrees of freedom, a vertical
displacement, and a rotating angle.

27

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (2)

Start

The

with the third-order polynomial

v c1 c2 x c3 x 2 c4 x3

elements end conditions are

For node i : The vertical displacement at x 0 v c1 U i1

dv
For node i : The slope at x 0
dx

c2 U i 2
x 0

For node j : The vertical displacement at x L v c1 c2 L c3 L2 c4 L3 U j1

For node j : The slope at x L

dv
dx

c2 2c3 L 3c4 L2 U j 2
xL

28

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (3)

Solving

for c1, c2, c3, and c4; substituting

into v; regrouping the Ui1, Ui2, Uj1, Uj2
results in the equation
v Si1U i1 Si 2U i 2 S j1U j1 S j 2U j 2
where
3x 2 2 x 3
Si1 1 2 3
L
L
2
3
2x
x
Si 2 x
2
L
L
29

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (4)

3x 2 2 x 3
S j1 2 3
L
L
x 2 x3
S j2 2
L L

It

is clear that
At node i at x 0 : Si1 1 Si 2 S j1 S j 2 0
dSi 2
dSi1 dS j1 dS j 2
1

0
dx
dx
dx
dx
At node j at x L : S j1 1 Si1 Si 2 S j 2 0

At node i at x 0 :

dS j 2

dSi1 dSi 2 dS j1
At node j at x L :
1

0
dx
dx
dx
dx
30

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (5)

The

strain energy for an arbitrary beam

element (e) becomes

(e)

E
E
dV
2
2
2

d v
V y dx 2 dV
2

d v
EI
2 dx y 2 dA
A
2
dx
2

d 2v
d2
2 Si1
2
dx
dx

Si 2

S j1

S j2

d v
2 dx
dx
2

U i1
U
i2

U
j1

U j 2

31

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (6)

d 2 Si1 6 12 x
Di1
2 3
2
dx
L
L
d 2 S i 2 4 6 x
Di 2

2
2
L L
dx
d 2 S j1
6 12 x
D j1

3
2
2
dx
L
L
d 2 S j 2 2 6 x
Dj2

2
2
L L
dx

d 2v
DU
2
dx
32

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (7)

2

d v
2 UT DT DU
dx
EI L
T
T
(e)

DUdx

U
D

0
2
2

U k U k

(e)

U k
e 1
n

FU
j 1

for k 1, 2, 3,4

L
( e )
T
EI D DdxU
0
U k

33

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (8)

L
( e )
T
EI D DdxU
0
U k

6 L 12 6 L U i1
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 U
EI
i2

L 12 6 L 12 6 L U j1

2
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L U j 2

34

Finite Element Formulation of Beams (9)

The

stiffness matrix for a beam element

with two degrees of freedom at each
node is

(e)

6 L 12 6 L
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI

3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L

35

Load Matrix (1)

36

Load Matrix (2)

37

Load Matrix (3)

38

Load Matrix (3)

If

we reverse the signs of the reactions

at the endpoints, we can represent the
effect of load in terms of its equivalent
nodal loads.

39

Load Matrix (4)

40

Example 4.3 (1)

Determine the
deflection at midpoint B
and end point C.
Modulus of elasticity E
= 29106 lb/in2 and
cross-sectional area =
10.3 in2 and a depth of
17.7 in. The second
moment of area is 510
in4. The beam is
subjected to a uniformly
distributed load of 1000
lb/ft.

41

Example 4.3 (2)

K (e) K (G )

6 L 12 6 L
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI

3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6
L
2
L

6
L
4
L

(e)

(G )

wL
2

2
wL
12

wL
2

2
wL

12

42

Example 4.3 (3)

wL
2
6 L 12 6 L U11 wL2
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 U

EI

12
12

3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L U 21 wL

2
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L U 22 2

2
wL
12

43

Example 4.3 (4)

wL
2
6 L 12 6 L U11 wL2
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2 U

EI

12
12

3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L U 21 wL

2
2
6 L 2 L 6 L 4 L U 22 2

2
wL
12

44

Example 4.3 (5)

0
U11

0
12

U 21 0.146 in
U 22 0.00163 rad
The

deflection at point B (x=L/2)

v S11U11 S12U12 S 21U 21 S 22U 22

S11(0) S12 (0) S 21(0.146) S 22 (0.00163)
S 21(0.146) S 22 (0.00163)
45

Example 4.3 (6)

2

L
L
3 2
L
1
2
2

S 21( x )

2
3
2
L
L
2
2

L L

L
L
2
2
S 22 ( x ) 2
2
L
L
8

1
120
v (0.146)
(0.00163) 0.048 in
2
8

46

Example 4.4 (1)

Determine the deflection at

node 3 and the rotations at
nodes 2 and 3. Also compute
the reaction forces and
moment at nodes 1 and 2.
Modulus of elasticity E = 200
GPa and cross-sectional area
= 6650 mm2 and a depth of
317 mm. The second
moment of area is 118.6 106
mm4. The beam is subjected
to a uniformly distributed
load of 25000 N/m.

47

Example 4.4 (2)

6 L 12 6 L
12

2
2
EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L
(e)
K 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6
L
2
L

6
L
4
L

6(5)
12
6(5)
12

2
6(5) 2(5) 2
200 109 1.186 10 4 6(5) 4(5)
(1)
K
12 6(5)
12
6(5)
53

2
2
6
(
5
)
2
(
5
)

6
(
5
)
4
(
5
)

K (1)

5692800 2277120 5692800 U11

2277120
5692800 18976000 5692800 9488000 U
12

2277120 5692800 2277120 5692800 U 21

5692800
9488000

5692800
18976000

U 22
48

Example 4.4 (3)

K (e)

K ( 2)

K ( 2)

6 L 12 6 L
12

2
2
EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L
3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6
L
2
L

6
L
4
L

6(2.5)
12
6(2.5)
12

2
6(2.5) 2(2.5) 2
200 109 1.186 10 4 6(2.5) 4(2.5)

12 6(2.5)
12
6(2.5)
2.53

2
2
6
(
2
.
5
)
2
(
2
.
5
)

6
(
2
.
5
)
4
(
2
.
5
)

2277120
18216960
2277120 U 21
18216960
2277120
U
37952000

18216960
18976000
22

18216960 18216960 18216960 22771200 U 31

22771200
18976000

22771200
37952000

U 32
49

Example 4.4 (4)

K (G )

5692800
0
0
22771200 5692800 2277120

5692800 18976000 5692800

9488000
0
0

2277120 5692800 20494080

17078400 18216960 22771200

5692800
9488000
17078400
56928000

22771200
18976000

0
0
18216960 22771200 18216960 22771200

0
0
22771200
18976000 22771200 37952000

50

Example 4.4 (5)

F(G )

wL
2
wL2

12
wL

2
wL2
12

F(1)

wL
2
wL2 62500

12 52083

wL 62500

2 52083
wL2
12

F(G )

62500
52083

93750

39062
31250

13021

F( 2)

wL
2
wL2 31250

12 13021

wL 31250

2 13021
wL2
12

51

Example 4.4 (6)

5692800
0
0
22771200 5692800 2277120
U11 62500
5692800 18976000 5692800
U 52083
9488000
0
0

12

2277120 5692800 20494080

17078400 18216960 22771200 U 21 93750

U
5692800
9488000
17078400
56928000

22771200
18976000
39062
22

0
0
18216960 22771200 18216960 22771200 U 31
31250

0
0
22771200
18976000 22771200 37952000 U 32 13021

52

Example 4.4 (7)

Applying

the boundary conditions

U11=U12=0 at node 1 and the boundary
condition U21=0 at node 2

5692800
0
0
22771200 5692800 2277120
U11 62500
5692800 18976000 5692800
U 52083
9488000
0
0

12

2277120 5692800 20494080

17078400 18216960 22771200 U 21 93750

U
5692800
9488000
17078400
56928000

22771200
18976000
39062

22

0
0
18216960 22771200 18216960 22771200 U 31 31250

0
0
22771200
18976000 22771200 37952000 U 32 13021

53

Example 4.4 (8)

0
U11

0
12

U 21

0
.
0013723
rad
22

U 31 0.0085722 m

U 32 0.004117 rad

54

Example 4.4 (9)

R KU F
5692800
0
0
0
R1 22771200 5692800 2277120

62500
M 5692800 18976000 5692800

52083
9488000
0
0
0
1

R2 2277120 5692800 20494080

93750
17078400 18216960 22771200
0

M
5692800
9488000
17078400
56928000

22771200
18976000

0
.
0013723
2

39062
R3
0
0
18216960 22771200 18216960 22771200 0.0085772 31250

M 3
0
0
22771200
18976000 22771200 37952000 0.0041170 13021

R1 54687 N
M 39062 N m
1

R2 132814 N

0
M 2

R3

M 3
0

55

Finite Element Formulation of Frames (1)

Frames represent structural members that may be

rigidly connected with welded joints or bolted joints. For
such structures, in addition to rotation and lateral
displacment, we also need to be concerned about axial
deformations.

56

Finite Element Formulation of Frames (2)

u TU
cos
sin

0
T
0
0

sin
cos
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
0
0 cos
0 sin
0
0

0
0
0
sin
cos
0

0
0
0

0
0

57

Finite Element Formulation of Frames (3)

K (xye)

0
0 0
0 12
6L

2
EI 0 6 L 4 L
3
0
L 0 0
0 12 6 L

2
0 6 L 2 L

AE
L
0

e)
K (axial
0AE

L
0

0
0
0 ui1
0 12 6 L ui 2
0 6 L 2 L2 ui 3

0
0
0 u j1
0 12 6 L u j 2
2
0 6 L 4 L u j 3

AE
L
0
0
AE
L
0
0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0 ui1
0 0 ui 2

0 0 ui 3

0 0 u j1
u
0 0 j 2
u j3
0 0

58

Finite Element Formulation of Frames (4)

(e)
xy

AE
L

AE

L
0

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
4 EI
L

12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
2 EI
L

AE
L
0
0

0
12 EI
L3
6 EI
2
L

AE
L
0
0

0
12 EI
L3
6 EI
2
L

6 EI

2
L
2 EI
L

6 EI
2
L
4 EI

L
0

K (e) TT K (xye) T
59

Example 4.5 (1)

The frame is made

of steel, with
E=30106 lb/in2.
Determine the
deformation of the
frame under the
given distributed
load.

60

Example 4.5 (2)

K (1)

0
0
1912.5
0
0
1912.5
0

42
.
5
2550
0

42
.
5
2550

0
2550 204000
0
2550 102000
103

1912
.
5
0
0
1912
.
5
0
0

0
42.5 2550
0
42.5
2550

2550 102000
0
2550 204000
0

61

Example 4.5 (3)

K (xy2)

0
0
2125
0
0
2125

58
.
299
3148
.
148
0

58
.
299
3148
.
148

0
3148.148
226666
0
3148.148
113333
3
10

2125
0
0
2125
0
0

0
58.299 3148.148
0
58.299
3148.148

0
3148
.
148
113333
0

3148
.
148
226666

62

Example 4.5 (4)

cos(270) sin( 270)
sin( 270) cos(270)

0
0
T
0
0

0
0

0
0

0 1
1 0

0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

0
0
1
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 cos(270) sin(270)
0 sin( 270) cos(270)
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0

1
63

Example 4.5 (5)

0
1

0
TT
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0

0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0

0
0

64

Example 4.5 (6)

K ( 2) TT K (xy2) T
0
1

0
103
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0

0
0
0
1
0
0

0 2125
0
0
2125
0
0
0 1
0 0
58.299
3148.148
0
58.299
3148.148 1 0
0 0
3148.148
226666
0
3148.148
113333 0 0

0 2125
0
0
2125
0
0
0 0
0 0
58.299 3148.148
0
58.299
3148.148 0 0

1 0
3148.148
113333
0
3148.148
226666 0 0

0
0
1
0
0
0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0

0
0
0

0
0

0
3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148
58.299

0
2125
0
0

2125
0

3148
.
148
0
226666

3148
.
148
0
113333
103

58
.
299
0

3148
.
148
58
.
299
0

3148
.
148

0
2125
0
0
2125
0

0
113333
3148.148
0
226666
3148.148

65

Example 4.5 (7)

K (G )

0
0
1912.5
0
0
0
0
0
1912.5

42.5
2550
0
42.5
2550
0
0
0

2550 204000
0
2550
102000
0
0
0

0
0
1912.5 58.299
0
0 3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148
1912.5

103 0
42.5 2550
0
42.5 2125
2550
0
2125
0

2550 102000
0 3148.148
2550
204000 226666 3148.148
0
113333
0
0
0
0
58.299
0
3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148

0
0
0
2125
0
0
2125
0
0

0
0
0
3148.148
0
113333
3148.148
0
226666

66

Example 4.5 (8)

F(1)

0
wL 0
2

wL2 4000

12 80000

0 0

wL
4000

22

wL 80000
12

F(G )

0
4000

80000

4000
80000

67

Example 4.5 (9)

0
0
1912.5
0
0
0
0
0
1912.5
U11 0
0
U 4000
42.5
2550
0
42.5
2550
0
0
0

12

0
U13 80000
2550 204000
0
2550
102000
0
0
0

0
0
1912.5 58.299
0
0 3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148 U 21 0
1912.5
U 22 4000
103 0
42.5 2550
0
42.5 2125
2550
0
2125
0

2550 102000
0 3148.148
2550
204000 226666 3148.148
0
113333 U 23 80000
0

0
0
0
58.299
0
3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148 U 31 0

0
0
0
2125
0
0
2125
0
0
U 32 0
0
0
0
3148.148
0
113333
3148.148
0
226666 U 33 0

68

Example 4.5 (10)

Applying

the boundary conditions

U11=U12=U13=0 at node 1 and the
boundary condition U31=U32=U33=0 at
node 3

0
0
1912.5
0
0
0
0
0
1912.5
U11 0
0
U 4000
42.5
2550
0
42.5
2550
0
0
0

12

0
U13 80000
2550 204000
0
2550
102000
0
0
0

0
0
1912.5 58.299
0
0 3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148 U 21 0
1912.5
U 22 4000
103 0
42.5 2550
0
42.5 2125
2550
0
2125
0

2550 102000
0 3148.148
2550
204000 226666 3148.148
0
113333 U 23 80000
0

0
0
0
58.299
0
3148.148
58.299
0
3148.148 U 31 0

0
0
0
2125
0
0
2125
0
0
U 32 0
0
0
0
3148.148
0
113333
3148.148
0
226666 U 33 0

69

Example 4.5 (11)

0
U11

0
12

U13

0
.
0002845
in
21

U 22 0.0016359 in
U 0.00017815 rad
23

0
U 31

0
32

U 33

70

Verification of Results (1)

71

Verification of Results (2)

Homework: 4-3, 4-8, 4-9

72