Spiruline Bibliographie Scientifique 2006

1
Spiruline : bibliographie
scientifique (19662006)

tablie loccasion du 40me anniversaire de lavnement de
la spiruline moderne

J acques Falquet
et
J ean-Pierre Hurni

Antenna Technologies Suisse juin 2007
2
Avant-propos

Cette bibliographie ne comporte que des articles de nature scientifique (cest--dire publis dans des
revues avec comits de lectures ou dans des ouvrages de niveau scientifique comparable : actes de
confrences, monographies de spcialistes, etc.) concernant la cyanobactrie Arthrospira platensis,
encore plus connue sous son ancien nom Spirulina platensis.

Par spiruline moderne , nous entendons la spiruline dont les proprits dittiques, mtaboliques
ou commerciales ont t scientifiquement tudies.

La prsente bibliographie est ne des besoins des chercheurs dAntenna Technologies Suisse de
disposer dune bibliographie aussi exhaustive que possible darticles scientifiques pour la mise jour
des textes destins son lectorat : producteurs de spirulines, ONG proccupes par la malnutrition,
sponsors partageant ces mmes proccupations, etc.

Les autres sortes de documents sur les savoirs ou sur les savoir-faire en rapport avec la spiruline,
recenss sans la moindre prtention lexhaustivit, sont mentionns dans la Bibliographie
gnrale spirulinienne dont la prsente Bibliographie doit tre considre comme une Annexe.

Le choix a t fait de rassembler lensemble des donnes pertinentes sur un unique fichier texte
de sorte en limiter la taille.

Nous remercions tout particulirement Antenna Technologies France pour avoir mis notre
disposition les donnes recueillies dans lintention dtablir une bibliographie similaire celle-ci.

J acques Falquet
J ean-Pierre Hurni

1) Note historique

Le 8 janvier 1966 la revue Nature publiait un bref compte-rendu des rsultats scientifiques recueillis
par une expdition transsaharienne effectue lhiver prcdent. Une quipe de scientifiques dcouvrit
cette occasion quune algue comestible rcolte sur les bords du lac Tchad tait vendue, sche,
dans les marchs de Fort-Lamy sous forme de galettes. Lanalyse rvla que cette algue tait
presque exclusivement compose de lorganisme Spirulina platensis, et que ce dernier tait
remarquablement riche en protines.
Le 23 juillet de cette mme anne, et dans la mme revue, paraissait un article caractre historique
rapportant de multiples tmoignages des conquistadores selon lesquels les Aztques avaient fait une
grande consommation dune algue bleue, non identifie, rcolte dans le lac de Texcoco et prpare
selon des modalits qui voquaient passablement la dcouverte tchadienne .
Le lac de Texcoco tant alors presque compltement assch depuis longtemps, lidentification de
cette dernire algue semblait ne prsenter quun intrt acadmique. Quelques annes aprs, une
usine construite prcisment dans le but dexploiter le sel des dernires poches deau sale de ce lac
se retrouva encrasse de faon inattendue par un microorganisme verdtre : la Spirulina maxima des
Aztques, comme on put ltablir alors, avait survcu contre toute attente. Le miracle suivant fut que la
direction de lusine en question, qui et probablement connaissance des articles de Nature, dcida
dexploiter la spiruline au lieu de la saumure : une ide remarquable due Hubert Durand-Chastel. A
cette poque il tait beaucoup question de la recherche de nouvelles sources de protines pour faire
face laccroissement de la population mondiale.
Ainsi, il y a 40 ans, lre de la spiruline moderne, rve comme gnreuse pourvoyeuse de protines,
de micro nutriments, de colorants et autres merveilles, prenait son essor. Il faudra prs dune trentaine
dannes pour se faire une ide plus prcise de la ralit; mais au final, il ny a gure de raisons dtre
3
du par Spirulina platensis qui sest rvle, tout le moins, tre un remarquable complment
alimentaire, porteur de nombreuses promesses dans le domaine de la Sant.

Lironie est que lanalyse gntique a dernirement montr tout la fois que les Spirulina platensis,
Spirulina maxima, Spirulina fusiformis ainsi que dautres organismes classs dans les genres
Spirulina et Arthrospira ne semblent pas tre des espces diffrentes mais de simples variantes dun
mme organisme. De plus, tout bien considr, notre spiruline nappartient pas au genre Spirulina
( petite spirale ) mais bien au genre Arthrospira ( spirale articule).

Donc, souhaitons longue vie Arthrospira platensis, sous toutes ses formes ; et ne la confondons pas
avec la Spirulina subsalsa et dautres espces qui demeurent dans le genre Spirulina.

2) Au sujet des notices associes aux articles scientifiques

Les notices des articles scientifiques recenss ci-aprs contiennent si possible :

Un numro didentification PMID qui est celui mentionn par la rubrique Pub Med lorsque larticle a t
recens par la base de donne MEDLINE. Dans le cas contraire, on indique alors un pas la
place du nombre attendu.

Comme nous gardons toujours lespoir dacqurir tt ou tard sous un format PDF les documents
retenus comme scientifiquement intressants mais qui ne sont pas encore en notre possession, nous
leurs rservons dj, sous la rubrique pdf : , un nom de fichier fait du nom du premier auteur
complt de la premire initiale de son prnom suivie de lanne de parution du document. Si le nom
de fichier qui rsulte de cette procdure est dj attribu, on ajoute un a directement aprs
lanne, puis un b si ncessaire, etc. Tant que nous ne disposons pas du document en question,
on ajoute un PAS la suite du nom de fichier rserv.
Si par la suite nous venons disposer dune copie en papier du document, nous supprimons
videmment le PAS et remplaons lextension .pdf par .papier .

Les mots-cls de la rubrique mots-cls article : sont ceux fournis par les auteurs mmes du
document, lorsquil y en a. Le symbole $ signale le dbut du mot-cl, ou le dbut de la chane de mots
que les auteurs on retenu comme dfinissant un mot-cl plus spcifique.

Les mots-cls de la rubrique mots-cls Antenna : sont choisis par les collaborateurs dAntenna
Technologies. Les symbole ou ** jouent ici le rle que $ joue dans le paragraphe prcdent.

Sous la rubrique rsum : , on y trouve en gnral un rsum, quil soit fourni par MEDLINE, ou
alors du rsum extrait du document lui-mme lorsquil y en a un. La place disponible sous
rsum sert galement faire figurer toute indication pertinente comme la langue originale de
larticle ou toute autre considration qui a paru opportune.

Au final, une notice se prsente typiquement sous laspect suivant :

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428: Korsunskii OF, Smolygina LD, Laurinavichene TV, Gogotov IN.
[Low potential c-type cytochrome of Thiocapsa roseopersicina].
Biokhimiia. 1982 Mar;47(3):355-60.
PMID: 6280782
pdf: Korsunskii O 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima.
rsum: article en russe

The low potential c-type cytochrome from the phototrophic purple sulphur bacterium
Thiocapsa roseopersicina, strain BBS was isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous state.
The bulk of the cytochrome (approximately 90%) after disruption of the cells remained in the
4
membrane fraction. The absorption spectrum of the cytochrome was characterized by the
maxima at 420, 523 and 552 nm in the reduced state and at 408 nm in the oxidized one. The
cytochrome interacted with CO in the reduced state. The molecular weight of the cytochrome
is 50 000. The cytochrome contains great amounts of phenylalanine, leucine, valine, aspartic
and glutamic acids and can be reduced by dithionite but not by cysteine, sulfide or ascorbate.
Besides, the cytochrome can also be reduced by NAD(P)H in the presence of NAD(P)-
reductases of T. roseopersicina, when ferredoxin of Spirulina platensis or benzyl viologen are
added to the reaction mixture. The cytochrome can act as an electron donor (acceptor) for T.
roseopersicina hydrogenase.

3) Bibliographie alphabtique

1: Abd El-Baky HH, El Baz FK, El-Baroty GS.
Production of antioxidant by the green alga Dunaliella salina.
Int J Agr Biol 6, No 1 (2004).
PMID: pas
pdf: Abd El-Baky H 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Dulinaliella-salina; $Nitrogen; $Salt-stress; $Carotenoids; $Tocopherols; $UV-B-
radiation; $Antioxidant-enzyme.
mots-cls Antenna: , f.
rsum:

The variation of the lipophilic (carotenoids anda-tocopherol) and hydrophilic (glutathione and ascorbic
acid) antioxidant contents, and the activities of antioxidant enzyme such superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), as well as cellular malonaldehyde and stable radicals of D.
salina in response to ultraviolet B (UV-B radiation 290-320 nm) and secondary carotenoid induction
conditions (nitrogen starvation and high NaCl concentration) were examined. The results indicate that
nitrogen deficiency combined with NaCl stress and UV-B irradiated is potential increase of both
lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant contents. Also, HPLC analysis of carotenoids extracts showed
that D. salina accumulated significant quantities of betacarotene and secondary carotenoids, mainly
astaxanthin and zeaxanthin. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and POD
showed a positive significant correlation with the antioxidant content and with the exposured UV-B
irradiance. Cellular malondialhyde content and quantities of alkyl radical-PER signal indicators of lipid
peroxidation were much higher in irradiant cells compared to unirradiant cells. These result revealed
that D. salina had high resistance to environmental conditions. These qualities therefore make D.
salina good candidates for successful culture in open ponds to production of useful materials, such as
betacarotene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol. Also, it could be used to
provide a rich source of such antioxidant for health foods.

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2: Abd El-Baky HH, El Baz FK, El-Baroty GS.
Spirulina species as a source of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol and its anticarcinoma factors.
Biotechnology 2, No 3 (2003) 222-240.
PMID: pas
pdf: Abd El-Baky H 2003b.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina; $Nitrogen-and-salt-stress; $carotenoids; $tocopherols; $antitumor;
$viability-and-blue-green-algae.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, f, B.
rsum:

In the present study blue-green alga Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima were grown in batch
culture at different nitrogen and NaCl concentrations, respectively. Both species were found to
respond to nitrogen deficiency and high NaCl level by accumulation of large amounts of commercially
important chemicals such as carotenoids and tocopherols. The higher carotenoids and a-tocopherol
contents was obtained when Spirulina sp grown at low nitrogen level (51 ppm N), with values ranged
from 19.82 to 24.1 mg g^-1 and from 533.2 to 978.5 microg Kg^-1 (dry weight, d.w.), respectively.
5
Whilst, these values in cells grown in free nitrogen medium were ranged from 30.15 to 31.13 mg g^-1
and from 960.4 to 1325.7 microg Kg^-1 (d.w), respectively. The high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) elution patter of total caroteniods extracted from S. platensis and S. maxima
culture contained a-carotene (49.6 to 319.5 microg g^-1 lutein (0.06 to 17.21 microg g^-1, astaxanthin
(6.61 to 160.27 microg g^-1, zeaxanthin (1.25 to 18.55 microg g^-1) and cryptoxanthin (1.41 to 20.13
microg g^-1). S. maxima accumulated a large amount of cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin than that found
in S. platensis. The effect of Spirulina species extracts containing various carotenoid compounds and
tocopherols on the viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC) were evaluated. All algae
extracts at different concentration of 200 and 400 ppm significant reduced the cell viability ranged from
89.11 to 5.25%. These extracts did not induce any significant changes in DNA fragmentation of
treated EACC compared with untreated cells. But lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione-S-
transferase (GST) enzyme activities and glutathione level in treated EACC were significantly higher
than that in untreated cells. These finding suggest that algae extracts may be reduce cell viability by
other mechanism such as membrane lyases instead of apoptosis. Thus, Spirulina extract rich in
carotenoids and tocopherols could be used as chemopreventive agents since they are relative non-
toxic.

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3: Abd El-Baky HH.
Over production of phycocayanin pigment in blue green alga Spirulina sp and its inhibitory effect on
growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.
J Med Sci 3, No 4 (2003) 314324.
PMID: pas
pdf: Abd El-Baky H 2003.pdf (HTML transform en PDF)
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $phycocyanin, $antitumor, $viability-and-blue-green-algae.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, f.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **Carcinoma-Cells, **IV.
rsum:

Two species of blue green algae Spirulina-platensis and Spirulina-maima were grown in nutrient
medium containing different nitrogen and salt levels. In both species increasing nitrogen levels led to
increase in phycocyanin pigments from 12.08 to 22.3% and soluble protein content from 29.7 to 86.1
mg gG . Also, Spirulina has great variety in composition of phycocyanin pigments ranging from C-
phycocyanin (C-PC) from 1.65 to 4.02%, allophycocyanin (A-PC) from 2.53 to 6.11% and R-
phycocyanin (R-PC) from 5.75 to 12.35% as a results, of changing nitrogen contents and salt stress.
Spirulina platensis at high nitrogen level gave highest percentage of total phycocyanin 9.94% and R-
CP 5.75% was the predominate among phycocyanin pigments. The increasing in NaCl levels in
nutrient medium led to production significant in phycocyanin contents and soluble protein in Spirulina
platensis and Spirulina maxima cells. The composition of phycocyanin pigment was changed markedly
as results of increasing in NaCl level. Both algal species grown under combined stress (nitrogen
deficient and high NaCl level) produced higher amount of phycocyanin than control. The anti-
carcinoma activity of Spirulina towered Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells (EACC) was evaluated by cell
viability, DNA fragmentation and enzymes assay. Phycocyanin significantly inhibited the growth of
EACC in a dose-dependent manner. Phycocyanin did not induce DNA fragmentation in EACC, (no
ladder of DNA fragments). However, glutathione (GST), the activity of glutathione S- transferase
(GST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased over the control level. These
findings indicate that phycocyanin may be able to inhibit the growth of EACC by membrane destructor,
which led to increase the leakage of cell constituent and increase LDH and GST enzyme activities.
Therefore, algal phycocyanin may have antitumor activity and could be used as a chemoprventive
agent.

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4: Abdin el Sherif SA, Clement G.
L'algue alimentaire Spirulina sp. Dcouverte de lacs naturels Wadi el Natroun en Rpublique Arabe
d'Egypte.
Oil & Gas - Science and technology (Revue de l'Institut franais du ptrole) 37, No 1 (1982) 123-130.
PMID : pas
pdf: Abdin el Sherif S 1982.pdf PAS
6
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ATF.
rsum:

Bien que connue depuis les temps les plus anciens, la dpression de Wadi el Natroun n'avait jamais
t prospecte autrement que pour sa richesse en sels minraux. C'est en 1977 que les auteurs,
cherchant savoir s'il existait des lacs naturels Spirulines en Rpublique Arabe d'gypte,
dcouvrirent dans la dpression de Wadi el Natroun certains lacs comme Abou Gobara et El Khadra
o croissaient spontanment les algues spirulines. Le climat du site, l'origine et la composition des
eaux, ainsi que la concentration en algues, ont t tudis afin d'estimer la productivit du site en vue
d'une ventuelle exploitation industrielle. L'exploitation de ces lacs permettrait de mettre en valeur le
site de Wadi el Natroun par la production d'une substance trs riche en protine pour l'alimentation
humaine dont tant besoin la Rpublique Arabe d'gypte.

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5: Abdulqader G; Barsanti L; Tredici MR.
Harvest of Arthrospira platensis from Lake Kossorom (Chad) and its household usage among the
Kanembu.
J . Appl. Phycology 12 (2000) 493-498.
PMID: pas
pdf: Abdulqader G 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira; $Chad; $dih; $Kanembu; $Lake-Kossorom; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, S, B.
rsum:

In 1997 a survey was conducted among the Kanembu who harvest Arthrospira (Spirulina) from Lake
Kossorom in the Prefecture of Lac (Chad). Information on the amount of Arthrospira harvested and the
preparation and use of dih was obtained by interviewing the women who daily gather around the lake
for the harvesting. Dih is obtained by filtering and sun drying the algal biomass on the sandy shores
of the lake. The semi-dried dih is then cut into small squares and taken to the villages, where the
drying is completed on mats in the sun. Dih is mainly used to prepare la souce, a kind of fish or meat
and vegetable broth. Part of the harvest is sold to local consumers or to wholesalers, who trade the
product in the markets of Massakori, Massaquet and N'Djamena and also across the border of the
country. The local trading value of the dih annually harvested from Lake Kossorom (about 40 t)
amounts to more than US $100,000, which represents an important contribution to the economy of the
area.

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6: Acien Fernandez FG, Fernandez Sevilla J M, Sanchez Perez J A, Molina Grima E, Chisti Y.
Airlift-driven external-loop tubular photobioreactors for outdoor production of microalgae: assessment
of design and performance.
Chemical Engineering Science 56 (2001) 2721-2732.
PMID: pas
pdf: Acien Fernandez F 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , f, B.
rsum:

A methodology is presented for designing photobioreactors with tubular loop solar receivers in which
the fluid is circulated by an airlift device. The design method e!ectively combines the relevant aspects
of external irradiance-dependent cell growth, oxygen accumulation in the solar loop, oxygen removal
in the airlift device, and hydrodynamics of the airlift system that determine the flow velocity through the
solar receiver. The design approach developed was used to model and build a 0.2 m^3 outdoor
photobioreactor. A compact degasser in the airlift section eliminated dead zones and dark zones,
while achieving complete separation of gas and liquid. The measured gas}liquid hydrodynamics, mass
transfer, and culture productivity were consistent with the model predictions. The reactor was tested
with continuous culture of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum at various liquid velocities through
the tubular solar receiver. A biomass productivity of 1.20 g l^-1 d^-1 (or 20 g m^-2 d^-1) was obtained
7
at a dilution rate of 0.050 h^-1. Solar receiver linear liquid velocities of 0.50 and 0.35 m s^-1 gave
similar biomass productivities, but the culture collapsed at lower velocities. An adverse e!ect of high
dissolved oxygen concentration on productivity was observed. Oxygen accumulation could be reduced
by increasing the liquid velocity and this enhanced the biomass yield.

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7: Adams DG.
How do cyanobacteria glide.
Microbol Today 28 (2003) 131-133.
PMID: pas
pdf: Adams D 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; m; B.
rsum :

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8: Adounke R.
UPS: Unit de production de spiruline du CREDESA Pahou (Bnin).
in L. Charpy et al. (eds.), CICSSD (2004) 164-166.
PMID: pas
pdf: Adounke R 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; E.
rsum:

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9: Adrian J .
Evolution de la lysine des algues Spirulines soumises des traitements thermiques varis
[Changes in the lysine of spiruline algae samples after various heat treatments].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):603-13.
PMID: 825002
pdf: Adrian J 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en franais

The spirulina algae are microorganisms which are cultivated on Mexican lakes for feeding use. After
drying, they contain about 52 per cent of proteins, with 4 per cent of lysine and 1, 7 per cent of
methionine. In the studied samples, pH is 6, 2; they are partially autolysed and contain 4 to 18 per
cent of free lysine and methionine and 6, 5 per cent of soluble carbohydrates. During heating
treatments, the spiurlina lysine reacts as the same as oilcak meal lysine; it resists rather well to
autoclaving but less to roasting. The yeast lysine is more stable than the spirulina lysine. The thermic
stability of spirulina lysine is caused first by the small amount of free reducing carbohydrates, and for a
minor part by the natural acicity of these products. The lysine destruction is proportional to the
autolysis stage of the samples, that is to say the presence of free aminoacids. All the behavior
differences between the various spirulina samples disappear when are heated with xylose, which
induces a strong Maillard reaction.

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10: Adzamli IK, Petrou A, Sykes AG, Rao KK, Hall DO.
Kinetic studies on reactions of iron-sulphur proteins. Oxidation of the reduced form of Spirulina
platensis [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin with inorganic complexes.
Biochem J . 1983 Apr 1;211(1):219-26.
PMID: 6409090
pdf: Adzamli I 1983.pdf
mots-cls article:
8
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; iron-sulphur-
proteins.
rsum:

Kinetic results are presented for the reaction of reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from the blue-green alga
Spirulina platensis with Co(NH3)6(3+), Co(edta)- and Co(acac)3 as oxidants at pH 8.0 at I0.10 (NaCl).
The aim is to compare results obtained with those previously reported for the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from
parsley, where the two ferredoxins under consideration are in evolutionary terms widely divergent
(35% amino acid variations). The three oxidants chosen have different ligand sets and different
charges, and are the complexes that in previous studies have given greatest diversity in behaviour.
With Co(NH3)6(3+) first-order rate constants (oxidant in large excess) tend to a limiting value with
increasing concentration of oxidant. With Co(edta)- and Co(acac)3 there is no similar tendency to
limiting behaviour and a first-order dependence on oxidant is observed. The temperature-dependence
of the Co(NH3)6(3+) reaction was investigated, and values were obtained for delta H0 [19.8kJ X mol-1
(4.7kcal X mol-1)] and delta S0 [129.3J X K-1 X mol-1 (30.9 cal X K-1 X mol-1)] for the association
step that occurs before electron transfer. Whereas redox-inactive Cr(NH3)6(3+) displays competitive
inhibition in the reaction of Co(NH3)6(3+), it accelerates the reaction of Co(edta)-, and only partially
blocks the reaction with Co(acac)3. Results obtained are similar to those previously reported for
parsley (and spinach) ferredoxin. It is concluded that electrostatics play a dominant role and that a
negatively charged functional site on the protein common to all three ferredoxins is influential.
Conserved negative patches at positions 67-69 and 94-96 within 1.0 nm (10A) of an Fe atom of the
active site, as well as the exposed S atoms of cysteine residues 41 and 46, which are a part of the
Fe2S*2(SR)4(3-) cluster, are the most likely possibilities. The various effects of Cr(NH3)6(3+) provide
a means of testing for utilization of the same site in reactions of the ferredoxins with physiological
partners.

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11: Ako H, Tamaru CS, Asano L, Yuen B, Yamamoto M.
Achieving natural coloration in fish under culture.
UJ NR Technical Report No. 28, 4pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ako H 1999.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, S.
rsum:

Fish that are colored in nature often acquire faded coloration under intensive culture conditions.
Experiments adding top-coated algae to the diets of ornamental fish have resulted in color
enhancement. Freshwater red velvet swordtails Xiphophorus helleri, rainbowfish Pseudomugil
furcatus, and topaz cichlids Cichlasoma myrnae became significantly more intensely colored when fed
a diet containing 1.5-2.0% of a carotenoid-rich strain of Spirulina platensis and 1.0% of a specially
grown Haematococcus pluvialis for 3 wk. Though color enhancement was apparent after only a wk,
when the fish consumed these doses of algae, lower doses (0.5% and 0.4%, respectively) were not
significantly different for kissing gouramis Helostoma temmincki, 24 K mollies Pachouli latipinna, and
rosy barbs Barbus chunkiness, were examined after the 3-wk feeding period. Both treatments were
significantly more effective than control treatments with no added carotenoid, and better than
treatments with traditional carotenoid sources. Color enhancement appeared to occur via natural
carotenoid receptors. Thus, color intensity diminished when fish were stressed, coloration appeared
only in males in species where only the males are normally colored, and between rosy barbs and
topaz cichlids color enhancement was environment-sensitive. Topaz cichlid color developed only after
the aquaria were divided into territories and rosy barb color intensified when floating substrate was
present. It is concluded that ornamental fishes are good models for color enhancement through diet
and that this enhancement may be achieved using products made by marine biotechnology
companies.

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12: Al'bitskaia ON, Zaitseva GN, Rogozhin SV, Pakhomova MV, Oshanina NP.
[Comparative evaluation of methods for isolating total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis].
9
Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 1979 J ul-Aug;15(4):612-7.
PMID: 42047
pdf: Al'bitskaia O 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis.
rsum: en russe

The methods of extracting total protein from the biomass of Spirulina platensis are discussed. The
results of studying different procedures of cell wall disruption, soluble protein extraction and
precipitation are presented. The best results can be obtained using mechanical disintegration of
Spirulina cells for 20 min (at a temperature not higher than 25 degrees C), soluble protein extraction
with 0.4% NaOH, and its subsequent precipitation at the isoelectric point with 5% HCl.

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13: Al'bitskaia ON, Zaitseva GN, Pakhomova MV, Goronkova OI, Silakova GS.
[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of Spirulina platensis cultures].
Mikrobiologiia. 1974 J ul-Aug;43(4):649-53.
PMID: 4217878
pdf: Al'bitskaia O 1974.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

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14: Al-Batshan HA, Al-Mufarrej SI, Al-Homaidan AA, Qureshi MA.
Enhancement of chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production by dietary Spirulina
platensis.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2001 May;23(2):281-9.
PMID: 11417854
pdf: Al-Batshan H 2001.pdf PAS (login)
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $Macrophages, $Phagocytosis, $Nitric-oxide, $synthase-
activity, $Chicken.
rsum:

The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite
production were examined. Day old broiler (meat-type) chicks were randomly assigned to various
pens of electrically heated wire batteries. Dietary treatment groups included a basal diet with no
dietary Spirulina added, and three additional groups with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% dietary Spirulina. Feed and
water were provided for ad libitum consumption from one day of age. Sephadex-elicited macrophages
were harvested at 14, 35 and 42 days of age. Phagocytosis assay was performed by co-incubating
sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with the adherent macrophage monolayers. For nitrite quantification,
macrophage cultures from various dietary treatment groups were stimulated in the presence or
absence of 1 microg/mL of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. These culture supernatant fractions
were then tested for nitrite levels using the Greiss reagent technique. All Spirulina dietary group
macrophages exhibited an enhanced phagocytic activity in terms of overall phagocytic percentage
(range =28 to 39% versus 24 to 25% in the basal group) and the average number of SRBC per
phagocytic macrophage (range =2.2 to 3.6 versus 1.8 to 2.5 in the basal group). This increase was
linear with each incremental increase of dietary Spirulina. While LPS-induced nitrite levels in
macrophages from basal diet group ranged from 60 to 278 microM over the three developmental
ages, these levels in all Spirulina dietary groups were significantly higher (0.5% group range =198 to
457 microM; 1.0% group range =161 to 359 microM and 2.0% group range =204 to 420 microM.
These data clearly show that Spirulina platensis feeding upregulates macrophage phagocytic as well
as metabolic pathways leading to increased nitric oxide synthase activity. These findings therefore
imply that Spirulina platensis may enhance the functions of mononuclear phagocytic system thereby
increasing the disease resistance potential in chickens.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
10

15: Almirall Diaz I, Fernandez Cardenas T, Gonzalez San Miguel HM, Diaz Gonzalez M.
Diseo de una crema para masajes con extracto de spirulina cubana.
Rev Cubana Farm, sep.-dic. 2005, vol.39, no.3, p.0-0.
PMID: pas
pdf: Almirall Diaz I 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulin; $cosmetics; $massage-cream.
mots-cls Antenna: , S.
rsum:

Spirulin constitutes the most used microalga in Cuba and one of the most important worldwide
because of its high protein content and excellent combination of vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidative
agents that protect the body against harmful action of free radicals. For these reasons, the
manufacture of cosmetic products for the skin care using the bioactive principle of the hydroalcoholic
extract of this microalga has been undertaken. The design of a massage cream was technologically,
microbiologically and toxicologically evaluated in three different product batches for 18 months. The
formulation was stable during the testing period and the toxicological study showed that the cosmetic
did not cause skin or eye irritation. The acceptance of the product by 130 consumers was analyzed on
the basis of a sensorial test where it was found that the cream was satisfactorily accepted.

La spirulina constituye la microalga de mayor uso en Cuba y una de las ms importantes en el mbito
mundial por su alto contenido proteico y poseer una excelente mezcla de vitaminas, minerales y
agentes antioxidantes que protegen al organismo contra la accin nociva de los radicales libres. Por
estas razones se ha incursionado en la elaboracin de productos cosmticos destinados al cuidado
de la piel con la utilizacin del principio bioactivo del extracto hidroalcohlico de esta microalga. Se
realiz el diseo de una crema para masajes y se evaluaron 3 lotes del producto hasta los 18 meses
desde un punto de vista tecnolgico, microbiolgico y toxicolgico. La formulacin result ser estable
durante el tiempo de ensayo y el estudio toxicolgico desarrollado demostr la no irritabilidad drmica
ni oftlmica del cosmtico. Se analiz la aceptacin del producto por parte de 130 consumidores
mediante la aplicacin de una prueba sensorial afectiva y se encontr que este es aceptado con
agrado.

--------------------------------------------------------

16: Amao Y, Komori T.
Bio-photovoltaic conversion device using chlorine-e6 derived from chlorophyll from Spirulina adsorbed
on a nanocrystalline TiO2 film electrode.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2004 Mar 15;19(8):843-7.
PMID: 15128103
pdf: Amao Y 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; biochimie; chlorophille.
rsum:

A bio-photovoltaic conversion device based on dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) using the visible light
sensitisation of chlorine-e6 (Chl-e6) derived from chlorophyll from Spirulina adsorbed on a
nanocrystalline TiO2 film was developed. Form fluorescence spectrum of Chl-e6 adsorbed on a
nanocrystalline TiO2 film, the emission of Chl-e6 was effectively quenched by TiO2 nanocrystalline
indicating that the effective electron injection from the excited singlet state of Chl-e6 into the
conduction band of TiO2 particles occurred. The short-circuit photocurrent density (Isc). the open-
circuit photovoltage (Voc). and the fill factor (FF) of solar cell using Chl-e6 adsorbed on a
nanocrystalline TiO2 film electrode were estimated to be 0.305 +/- 0.012 mA cm(-2), 426 +/- 10 mV,
and 45.0%, respectively. IPCE values were reached a maximum around the wavelength of absorption
maximum (7.40% at 400 nm; 1.44% at 514 nm and 2.91% at 670 nm), indicating that the DSSC using
visible light sensitisation of nanocrystalline TiO2 film by Chl-e6 was developed.

Publication Types: Evaluation Studies
* Validation Studies

11
--------------------------------------------------------------------

17: Ancel P.
Spiruline humanitaire dans les PVD : penser au lendemain.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ancel P 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

18: Andrade MR, Radmann EM, Cerqueira VS, Arruda AS, Burkert J FM, Costa J AV.
Mixotrophic cultivation of Spirulina platensis in different photobioreactor configurations.
PMID: pas
pdf: Andrade M 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

19: Andrich G, Zinnai A, Nesti U, Venturi F, Fiorentini R.
Supercritical fluid of oil from microalga spirulina (arthrospira) platensis
Acta Alimentaria 35, No 2 (2006) 195-203.
PMID: pas
pdf: Andrich G 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $microalgae, $Spirulina-(Arthrospira)-platensis, $bioactive-lipids, $gamma-linolenic-
acid, $supercritical-fluids, $extraction-kinetics.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; m; B.
rsum :

For the extraction of oil from microalgae, which are recognised as an important renewable source of
bioactive lipids, supercritical CO2 is regarded with interest being safer than hexane and offering a
negligible environmental impact, short extraction time and petroleum-free final product. A
mathematical model, able to describe the kinetics of a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process, was
applied to the recovery of oil from the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis, characterised
by a particularly high content in -linolenic acid (C18:3 -6). In this paper, we examine the kinetics of
the SFE and the effect of operating conditions on extraction yield and fatty acid composition of lipid
extracts.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

20: Annapurna VV, Deosthale YG, Bamji MS.
Spirulina as a source of vitamin A.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1991 Apr;41(2):125-34.
PMID: 1906616
pdf: Annapurna V 1991.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis.
rsum:

Experiments were carried out to assess spirulina fusiformis-a blue green algae as a source of vitamin
A in rats. In one experiment, the control rats were fed synthetic vitamin A and the experimental rats
spirulina as the sole source of vitamin A. The liver vitamin A concentration of spirulina-fed rats of both
sexes was found to be significantly higher than that of the control rats. In another experiment the
absorption of carotenes from the solvent extract of spirulina and their availability (vitamin A value) as
judged by the levels of vitamin A and carotene in plasma and liver were compared with those of
12
synthetic beta-carotene or vitamin A in male rats. The absorption of beta-carotene from spirulina
extract tended to be lower than that of crystalline beta-carotene at doses of 550 and 1100 micrograms
of beta-carotene. The difference became insignificant at lower beta-carotene dose of 275 micrograms.
Spirulina carotene-fed rats did not show a strict dose related increase in the liver or serum vitamin A
concentration. The liver vitamin A storage and plasma levels of vitamin A of spirulina carotene-fed rats
was much higher than expected. The results of the two studies reported suggest that the algae
spirulina can be a valuable source of vitamin A.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

21: Antonian AA, Abakumova IA, Meleshko GI, Vlasova TF.
[Possibilities of using proteins from unicellular algae in biological life support systems].
Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1985 J an-Feb;19(1):65-9.
PMID: 2857798
pdf: Antonian A 1985.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

22: Anusuya DM, Venkataraman LV.
Functional properties of protein products of mass cultivated blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
J ournal of Food Science 49 (1984) 2427.
PMID: pas
pdf: Anusuya D 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , D.
rsum:

Water and fat absorption capacity, Emulsification Capacity (EC), Foaming Capacity (FC) and Foaming
Stability (FS) of flour and protein concentrate of Spirulina cells were compared with those of soybean
meal both as a function of pH and NaCl concentration. Water and fat absorption capacities of Spirulina
flour were 220g and 190g/100g of sample respectively; those of soybean meal were 230g and
120g/100g of sample. Protein concentrate had a lower water absorption capacity, higher fat absorption
capacity than its flour. It had higher EC and similar FC. Spirulina flour had similar EC and FC to that of
soybean meal. The FS of flour (18%) and protein concentrate (27%) was poor when compared to
soybean meal (55%).

--------------------------------------------------------

23: Aoyama K, Uemura I, Miyake J , Asada Y.
Fermentative metabolism to produce hydrogen gas and organic compounds in a cyanobacterium,
Spirulina platensis.
J Fermentation Technol 83 (1997) 17-20.
PMID: pas
pdf: Aoyama K 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $hydrogen, $organic-acid, $ethanol.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, spirulina-platensis; m.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **hydrogen.
rsum :

The non nitrogen-fixing and 6lamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis NIES-46 produced
hydrogen gas, ethanol, and low molecular organic acids auto-fermentatively under dark and anaerobic
conditions. The fermentative productivity was enhanced by incubating the cyanobacterium under
nitrogen-starved conditions. Cell-free extracts of the cyanobacterium catalyzed hydrogen production
by the addition of acetyl-coenzyme A and pyruvate. Pyruvate-degrading and acetaldehyde
dehydrogenase activities were observed in the cell-free extracts. These results suggest that the
fermentation was dependent on the anaerobic degradation of endogenous glycogen via pyruvate.

13
--------------------------------------------------------------------

24: Apiradee H, Kalyanee P, Pongsathon P, Patcharaporn D, Matura S, Sanjukta S, Supapon C,
Morakot T.
The expression of three desaturase genes of Spirulina platensis in Escherichia coli DH5alpha.
Heterologous expression of Spirulina-desaturase genes.
Mol Biol Rep. 2004 Sep;31(3):177-89.
PMID: 15560373
pdf: Apiradee H 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $desaturase; $fatty-acid-desaturation; $gene-regulation; $heterologous-expression;
$Spirulina-platensis; $temperature-stress.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, .
rsum:

The genes from a cyanobacterium--Spirulina platensis strain C1--that encode the acyl-lipid
desaturases (desC, desA and desD) involved in gamma-linolenic (GLA) synthesis have been
successfully expressed for the first time in Escherichia coli by employing a pTrcHisA expression
system. In this report, the authors describe the expression of the three Spirulina N-terminal 6xHis-
desaturases as well as the functional analysis of these recombinant proteins. The gene products of
desC, desA and desD have approximate molecular masses of 37, 45, and 47 kDa, respectively.
Enzymatic activity measurement of these products was carried out in vivo to demonstrate that (i) the
expressed proteins are in functional form, and (ii) the cofactors of the host system can complement
the system of Spirulina platensis. The study demonstrated that the gene products of desC and desA
catalyzed the reactions in vivo where the enzyme substrates were provided in appropriate
concentration. This indicates that the delta9 and delta12 desaturases were expressed in the
heterologous host in their active form, and that these two reactions can be carried out in an E. coli
host cell using its cofactors system. In contrast, delta6 desaturase activity can be detected only in vitro
where electron carriers are provided. This suggests that while this enzyme is expressed in the
heterologous host in its active form, its function in vivo is suppressed, as the electron carriers of the
host system cannot complement the system of Spirulina platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

25: Arai S, Yamashita M, Fujimaki M.
Enzymatic modification for improving nutritional qualities and acceptability of proteins extracted from
photosynthetic microorganisms Spirulina maxima and Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1976;22(6):447-56.
PMID: 828668
pdf: Arai S 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima.
rsum:

The present study attempts to improve the proteins from a blue-green alga Spirulina maxima and a
non-sulfur purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulatus through their peptic hydrolysis followed
by plastein synthesis with papain. The former enzymatic process was effective in removing some
photosynthetic pigments and flavors originating in the raw materials. The latter process was
successful in incorporating limited amounts of methionine, lysine, and tryptophan, and thus to
synthesize plasteins whose essential amino acid patterns resemble the FAO/WHO suggested pattern
(1973). These plasteins had no colors and no flavors.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

26: Ashby MK, Houmard J , Mullineaux CW.
The ycf27 genes from cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae: distribution and implications for chloroplast
evolution.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Aug 27;214(1):25-30.
PMID: 12204368
pdf: Ashby M 2002.pdf
14
mots-cls article: $rpaA; $rpaB; $Phycobiliprotein; $Two-component-system; $Excitation-energy-
coupling.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; photosystems.
rsum:

The two ycf27 genes from the filamentous cyanobacterium Tolypothrix PCC 7601 have been cloned
and sequenced. These two genes, previously designated rpaA and rpaB, encode putative
transcriptional regulators of the 'OmpR' family. In Synechocystis PCC 6803, homologous genes have
been linked to the regulation of transfer of excitation energy from the phycobilisome to photosystem
(PS) I and PSII respectively. Partial clones from Spirulina platensis, Dactylococcopsis salina and
Synechococcus PCC 7002 have also been sequenced. A table of identity between the proteins
confirms that RpaB belongs in the same family as the algal ycf27 proteins. However, RpaA is a rather
different protein and should lose the designation ycf27. The loss of rpaB from the plastid genomes of
eukaryotic algae is associated with the loss of phycobiliproteins, so it is likely that this gene performs a
similar role in algae to that in cyanobacteria. The implications for chloroplast evolution are discussed
along with the possible identity of the cognate histidine kinase gene in the plastid genomes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

27: Association SVP.
Spiruline humanitaire au Togo.
PMID: pas
pdf: Association S 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

28: Ayala A, Manetti G, Burgos R, Ayala F.
Industrial and semi-industrial production of spirulina, Third world potential (modular systems).
PMID: pas
pdf: Ayala A 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

29: Ayala J imenez FA, Bravo Benavente R.
An improved cheap culture medium for the blue-green microalga spirulina.
Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15, No 3 (1982) 198-199.
PMID : pas
pdf: Ayala J imenez F 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, ATF.
BL: **Technology, **Spirulina, **nitrogen.
rsum:

The possibility of using crude seasalt, and saltpeter as the basis of a culture medium for the blue-
green alga Spirulina maxima, was investigated. Saltpeter appears to be an excellent nitrogen and
micronutrient-source and is very cheap. The effect of the nutrient level on algal growth, and nitrogen
conversion efficiency, was studied. The results suggest the possibility of using this medium in a large-
scale algal culture.

--------------------------------------------------------

30: Ayehunie S, Belay A, Baba TW, Ruprecht RM.
15
Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis).
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 May 1;18(1):7-12.
PMID: 9593452
pdf: Ayehunie S 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **water-extract, **antiviral, **IV.
rsum:

An aqueous extract of the blue-green filamentous algae Arthrospira platensis (previously called
Spirulina platensis) inhibited HIV-1 replication in human T-cell lines, peripheral blood mononuclear
cells (PBMC), and Langerhans cells (LC). Extract concentrations ranging between 0.3 and 1.2
microg/ml reduced viral production by approximately 50% (50% effective concentration [EC50]) in
PBMCs. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of extract for PBMC growth ranged between 0.8 and
3.1 mg/ml. Depending on the cell type used, therapeutic indices ranged between 200 and 6000. The
extract inactivated HIV-1 infectivity directly when preincubated with virus before addition to human T-
cell lines. Fractionation of the extract revealed antiviral activity in the polysaccharide fraction and also
in a fraction depleted of polysaccharides and tannins. We conclude that aqueous A platensis extracts
contain antiretroviral activity that may be of potential clinical interest.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

31: Babu TS, Kumar A, Varma AK.
Effect of light quality on phycobilisome components of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Plant Physiol. 1991 Feb;95(2):492-497.
PMID: 16668011
pdf: Babu T 1991.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, A.
rsum:

Phycobilisomes from the nonchromatic adapting cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis are composed of
a central core containing allophycocyanin and rods with phycocyanin and linker polypeptides in a
regular array. Room temperature absorption spectra of phycobilisomes from this organism indicated
the presence of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. However, low temperature absorption spectra
showed the association of a phycobiliviolin type of chromophore within phycobilisomes. This
chromophore had an absorption maximum at 590 nanometers when phycobilisomes were suspended
in 0.75 molar K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Purified phycocyanin from this cyanobacterium was found
to consist of three subparticles and the phycobiliviolin type of chromophore was associated with the
lowest density subparticle. Circular dichroism spectra of phycocyanin subparticles also indicated the
association of this chromophore with the lowest density subparticle. Absorption spectral analysis of
alpha and beta subunits of phycocyanin showed that phycobiliviolin type of chromophore was attached
to the alpha subunit, but not the beta subunit. Effect of light quality showed that green light enhanced
the synthesis of this chromophore as analyzed from the room temperature absorption spectra of
phycocyanin subparticles and subunits, while red or white light did not have any effect. Low
temperature absorption spectra of phycobilisomes isolated from green, red, and white light conditions
also indicated the enhancement of phycobiliviolin type of chromophore under green light.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

32: Bacelo L, Costa J AV, Rocha LAO, Stanescu G.
Numerical optimization of biomass concentration of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in an open
system using Mangueira lagoon water as culture medium.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bacelo L 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

16
----------------------------------------------------------

33: Baianova IuI, Trubachev IN.
[Comparative evaluation of the vitamin composition of unicellular algae and higher plants grown under
artificial conditions].
Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 1981 May-J un;17(3):400-7.
PMID: 6801639
pdf: Baianova I 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The vitamin composition of representatives of green (Chlorella vulgaris, Platimonas viridis), blue-green
(Synechococcus elongatus, Coccopedia, Spirulina platensis, Cyanidium caldarium), red (Porphyridium
cruentum) unicellular algae and higher plants (wheat, chufa, beet, carrot, turnip, radish, cucumber, dill,
Welsh onion, potato) grown under artificial conditions was examined. The content of B complex
vitamins (thiamine, riboflavine, nicotinic and folic acids), ascorbic acid and carotene was measured.
Among the algae studied Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis showed the highest vitamin activity.
The red alga Porphyridium cruentum contained the lowest quantity of thiamine, riboflavine and
carotene and larger amounts of nicotinic acid. Comparison of the content of vitamins C, B1, B2, PP,
folic acid and carotene in unicellular algae and higher plants, that are natural and traditional sources of
the vitamins, demonstrated that the above green and blue-green algae contain greater than higher
plants amounts of thiamine, riboflavine, folic acid and carotene, when calculated per g dry matter. All
algae, except for Platimonas viridis and Cyanidium caldarium, are superior to beet and carrot in their
content of ascorbic acid and inferior to green vegetables (radish, cabbage, dill and Welsh onion) in
that parameter.

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34: Baicus C, Tanasescu C.
Chronic viral hepatitis, the treatment with spiruline for one month has no effect on the
aminotransferases.
Rom J Intern Med. 2002;40(1-4):89-94.
PMID: 15526544
pdf: Baicus C 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; foie; systme-hpatique.
rsum:

CONTEXT: Spirulina platensis is extracted from an alga and theoretically has many good effects on
the majority of the organs. There is not any published clinical trial on humans.
OBJ ECTIVE: The evaluation of the efficacy of spiruline in chronic viral liver disease. DESIGN: Double
blind, randomised clinical trial.
SETTING: Secondary care university hospital.
PATIENTS: 24 patients with chronic viral liver disease, treated with spiruline or placebo for one month.
OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Aminotransferases diminution and the modification of a general state
score self-evaluated by the patient on an analogic visual scale.
RESULTS: A modification of the aminotransferases level in the detriment of the spiruline treated group
has been found (p =0.036 for ALAT, p =0.017 for ASAT), and not at the level of the general state
score (p =0.30).
CONCLUSION: Despite the little number of patients, significant results not favouring spiruline have
been found.

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35: Bakels RH, van Walraven HS, Krab K, Scholts MJ , Kraayenhof R.
On the activation mechanism of the H(+)-ATP synthase and unusual thermodynamic properties in the
alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Eur J Biochem. 1993 May 1;213(3):957-64.
PMID: 8504834
17
pdf: Bakels R 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The activation requirements and thermodynamic characteristics of ATP synthase from the alkalophilic
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were studied in coupled membrane vesicles. Activation by
methanol increased the Vmax, while the Km for MgATP was unaffected (0.7 mM). We propose that in
Sp. platensis, as in chloroplasts, the activating effect of methanol is based on perturbation of the
gamma-epsilon subunit interaction. Light-driven ATP synthesis by membrane vesicles of Sp. platensis
was stimulated by dithiothreitol. The characteristics of the activation of the ATP synthase by the proton
electrochemical potential difference (delta mu H+) were analyzed on the basis of the uncoupled rates
of ATP hydrolysis as a function of a previously applied proton gradient. Two values of delta mu H+, at
which 50% of the enzyme is active, were found; 13-14 kJ .mol-1 for untreated membrane vesicles, and
4-8 kJ .mol-1 for light-treated and dithiothreitol-treated membrane vesicles. These values are lower
than the corresponding values for the oxidized and reduced forms, respectively, of the chloroplast
enzyme. Although no bulk proton gradient could be observed, membrane vesicles of Sp. platensis
were able to maintain an equilibrium phosphate potential (delta Gp) of 40-43.5 kJ .mol-1, comparable
to values found for Synechococcus 6716 and Anabaena 7120 membrane vesicles. Acid/base-
transition experiments showed that the thermodynamic threshold, delta mu H+, for ATP synthesis,
catalyzed by light-treated and dithiothreitol-treated Spirulina membrane vesicles, was less than 5
kJ .mol-1. The activation characteristics and the low thermodynamic threshold allow ATP synthesis to
occur at low delta mu H+values. The findings are discussed, both with respect to differences and
similarities with the enzymes from chloroplasts and other cyanobacteria, and with respect to the
alkalophilic properties of Sp. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

36: Bakulin IG, Novozhenov VG, Orlov AM, Gmoshinskii IV, Mazo VK.
[Correction of selenium deficiency in patients with pneumonia].
Vopr Pitan. 2004;73(3):12-4.
PMID: 15335021
pdf: Bakulin I 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

37: Balachandran P, Pugh ND, Ma G, Pasco DS.
Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune
enhancing action in mice.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2006 Dec 5;6(12):1808-14.
PMID: 17052671
pdf: Balachandran P 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spriulina-extract; $Immulina; $Toll-like-receptor; $Mucosal-immune; $Systemic-
immune.
mots-cls Antenna: , ATF.
rsum:

We reported previously that a high molecular weight polysaccharide fraction (Immulina) from Spirulina
was a potent activator of NF-kappa B and induced both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs in THP-1
human monocytes. In the present study, we show that NF-kappa B activation by Immulina is
suppressed by antibodies to CD14 and TLR2 but not by antibodies to TLR4. Similarly, NF-kappa B
directed luciferase expression was enhanced by Immulina treatment when cells were co-transfected
with vectors expressing proteins supporting TLR2- (CD14 and TLR2) but not TLR4-(CD14, TLR4, and
MD-2) dependent activation. Mice that consumed a chemically defined chow mixed with an extract
containing Immulina exhibited changes in several immune parameters. The ex vivo production of IgA
and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells was enhanced 2-fold and interferon-gamma production from spleen
cells was increased 4-fold in Immulina-treated mice. The enhanced production of these factors was
18
most notable with mice that had consumed this extract for 4 or 5 days. These studies shed light on
how Immulina activates cells of the innate immune system and suggests that oral consumption of this
polysaccharide can enhance components within both the mucosal and systemic immune systems.

--------------------------------------------------------

38: Balasubramanya NN, Sampath SR.
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of algae Spirulina
Indian J Nutr Diet 21 (1984) 165-167.
PMID : pas
pdf : Balasubramanya N 1984.pdf PAS

-------------------------------------------------------

39: Ballot A, Krienitz L, Kotut K, Wiegand C, Metcalf J S, Codd GA, Pflugmacher S.
Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins in three alkaline Rift Valley lakes of Kenya Lakes Bogoria,
Nakuru and Elmenteita.
J Plankton Res (2004) 26:925-935.
PMID : pas
pdf: Ballot A 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis, j.
rsum:

For decades frequent mass mortalities of Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor Geoffroy) have
been observed at alkaline-saline Kenyan Rift Valley lakes. To estimate the potential influence of toxic
cyanobacteria on these mass deaths, the phytoplankton communities were investigated in Lakes
Bogoria, Nakuru, and Elmenteita. Cyanobacterial toxins were analyzed both in the phytoplankton from
the three lakes and in isolated monocyanobacterial strains of Arthrospira fusiformis, Anabaenopsis
abijatae, Spirulina subsalsa and Phormidium terebriformis. Lake Bogoria was dominated by the
cyanobacterium A. fusiformis. In L. Nakuru and L. Elmenteita the phytoplankton mainly consisted of A.
fusiformis, Anabaenopsis abijatae and A. arnoldii, and in L. Nakuru an unknown Anabaena sp. was
also found. Furthermore, this is the first time A. abijatae and the unknown Anabaena sp. have been
found in Kenyan lakes. Phytoplankton wet weight biomass was found to be high, reaching 777 mg L-1
in L. Bogoria, 104 mg L-1 in L. Nakuru and 202 mg L-1 in L. Elmenteita. Using HPLC, the
cyanobacterial hepatotoxins microcystin-LR, -RR -YR, -LF and -LA and the neurotoxin anatoxin-a
were detected in phytoplankton samples from L. Bogoria and L. Nakuru. Total microcystin
concentrations amounted to 155 microg microcystin-LR equivalents g-1 DW in L. Bogoria, and 4593
microg microcystin-LR equivalents g-1 DW in L. Nakuru, with anatoxin-a concentrations at 9 microg g-
1 DW in L. Bogoria and 223 microg g-1 DW in L. Nakuru. In L. Elmenteita phytoplankton, no
cyanobacterial toxins were found. A. fusiformis was identified as one source of the toxins. The isolated
strain of A. fusiformis from L Bogoria was found to produce both microcystin-YR (15.0 microg g-1 DW)
and anatoxin-a (10.4 microg g-1 DW), whilst the A. fusiformis strain from L. Nakuru was found to
produce anatoxin-a (0.14 microg g-1 DW). Since A. fusiformis mass developments are characteristic
of alkaline-saline lakes, health risks to wildlife, especially the Arthrospira-consuming Lesser Flamingo,
may be expected.

-------------------------------------------------------

40: Baranowsky J D, Dominguez CA, Magarelli PC..
Effects of drying on selected qualities of Spirulina platensis protein.
J Agric Food Chem 32 (1984) 1385-1387.
PMID : pas
pdf: Baranowsky J 1984.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, ATF, B.
rsum:

19
Spirulina platensis was collected after culture and dried in four ways: freeze, drum, cabinet, and solar.
Available protein lysine was increased in the treatments involving drying at elevated temperatures,
and in vitro enzymatic protein digestibility was increased in all samples over that of an undried control.

-------------------------------------------------------

41: Barriga A, Gmez P, Montoya R, Gonzlez M, Montoya R.
Analyses of ribosomal sequences and biotechnological potential as sources of C-phycocyanin in one
Chilean strain of Spirulina and two foreign strains of Arthrospira (Cyanophyceae).
Cryptogamie Algologie 27, No 2 (2006) 185-189.
PMID: pas
pdf: Barriga A 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $RDRA; $Arthrospira; $C-Phycocyanin; $Phylogenetic-analysis; $Ribosomal-
sequences; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-platensis, Arthrospira-maxima; ; n.
rsum:

Analyses des squences ribosomales et du potentiel biologique comme sources de phycocyanine-C
d'une ligne chilienne de Spirulina et de deux lignes trangres d'Arthrospira (Cyanophyceae). Une
ligne chilienne de Spirulina (S. subsalsa CONC-050) et deux lignes trangres d'Arthrospira (A.
maxima CONC-040 et A. platensis M2) ont t caractrises l'aide de la technique ARDRA
(Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis), leurs squences ont t analyses. En outre, leur
potentiel comme source de phycocyanine-C (C-PC) a t valu. Les profils des fragments de
restriction des espaceurs ribosomaux internes transcrits (ITS) de l'Arthrospira maxima CONC-040,
s'apparentent ceux de l'Arthrospira clade (clade II) de Scheldeman et al. (1999). Les squences ITS
de la Spirulina ont t interrompues par le gne ARNtIle tandis que les rgions ITS de l'Arthrospira ont
t interrompues par les gnes ARNtIle et ARNtAla. L'analyse phylognique, incluant les squences
ITS chez d'autres lignes prsentes dans GenBank, a montr que la rgion ITS du S. subsalsa
CONC-050 est presque identique celle du S. subsalsa FACHB351, dj dcrite. Au sein des
Arthrospira, l'A. maxima CONC-040 a t re-confirm comme un membre du cluster II, tandis que l'A.
platensis M2 se montre trs divergent, en ne se regroupant pas avec une autre ligne d'Arthrospira.
Le contenu de C-PC a t significativement lev dans le S. subsalsa CONC-050. La capacit anti-
oxydante a t value partir d'extraits aqueux contenant la mme quantit de C-PC. L'extrait le
plus protecteur a t celui provenant de l'A. maxima CONC-040, qui a t la ligne moins productive
en termes de C-PC par volume de culture.
We used Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) and sequencing to genetically
characterize one Chilean strain of Spirulina (S. subsalsa CONC-050) and two foreign strains of
Arthrospira (A. maxima CONC-040 and A. platensis M2). The potential of the strains as a source of
the pigment C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was also evaluated. Restriction fragment profiles of the ribosomal
internal transcribed spacer (ITS) from A. maxima CONC-040 matched those of the one previously well
characterized Arthrospira clade (clade II) of Scheldeman et al. (1999). The ITS sequence of Spirulina
was interrupted by the tRNAIle gene while the ITS regions of Arthrospira were interrupted by both
tRNAIle and tRNAAla genes. Phylogenetic analysis, including ITS sequences from other strains
deposited in GenBank, showed that the ITS region of S. subsalsa CONC-050 is almost identical to the
previously sequenced S. subsalsa FACHB351. In relation to the Arthrospira group, A. maxima CONC-
040 was reconfirmed as a member of cluster II, while A. platensis M2 was the most divergent and did
not group with any other Arthrospira strain. C-PC content was significantly higher in S. subsalsa
CONC-050. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in aqueous extracts containing the same quantity of
C-PC. The most protective extract was the one from A. maxima CONC-040, which was the strain that
was less productive in terms of C-PC per culture volume.

----------------------------------------------------------------

42: Baurain D, Renquin L, Grubisic S, Scheldeman P, Belay A, Wilmotte A.
Remarkable conservation of internally transcribed spacer sequences of Arthrospira ("Spirulina")
(Cyanophyceae, cyanobacteria) strains from four continents and of recent and 30-year-old dried
samples from Africa.
J ournal of Phycology 38, no 2 (2002) 384-393.
PMID: pas
pdf: Baurain D 2002.pdf
20
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-platensis, Arthrospira-maxima, Arthrospira-fusiformis,
Arthrospira-indica; N.
rsum:

The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 21 Arthrospira clonal strains from four continents
and assigned to four different species (A. platensis, A. maxima, A. fusiformis, A. indica) in the culture
collections were determined. Two main clusters, I and II, were differentiated by 49 positions out of 475
nt or 477 nt, respectively. Each cluster was further subdivided into two subclusters. Subclusters I.A
and I.B were separated by two substitutions, whereas subclusters II.A and II.B were distinguished by
four substitutions. After direct sequencing of the PCR products, three dried samples from Chad aged
between 3 months and 35 years yielded a sequence belonging to subcluster I.A, as did a recent
commercial product. The strains grown in production plants belonged to the same (sub)clusters as
strains from culture collections, mainly I.A and II. PCR primers specific for each cluster and subcluster
were designed and tested with crude cell lysates of Arthrospira strains. One dried sample ("dih" 1)
and a herbarium sample from Lake Sonachi (Kenya) only contained I.A sequences, whereas the
commercial product was a mixture of the four genotypes and the other two dried samples contained
minor polymorphisms characteristic of different clusters. Five clonal Arthrospira strains, thought to be
duplicates, showed the simultaneous presence of the two forms of the four diagnostic positions that
distinguish subclusters genotype II.A and genotype II.B. This is likely to be caused by multiple copies
of the rDNA operon, in a intermediate stage of homogenization between subcluster II.A and subcluster
II.B. The high conservation of ITS sequences is in contrast with the assignment to four different
species, the great morphological variability of the strains, and their wide geographic distribution.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

43: Becker EW.
Development of spirulina research in a developing country - India.
in F. Doumenge, H. Durand-Chastee, A. Toulemont, "Spiruline, algue de vie / Spirulina, algae of life",
(Muse ocanographique, Monaco, 1993) 141-155.
PMID: pas
pdf: Becker E 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
remarques: planches en couleur page 213-215.
rsum:

Probably internationally not so well-known, applied research on microalgae in India has a long history,
focussed on two main objectives, i.e.: 1) selection and utilization of different strains of cyanobacteria
as biofertilizer, 2) efforts to mass-culture algae for human nutrition and animal feeding. These
activities, mainly on the latter aspects, were intensified through international cooperations, which in
1976 induced the Indian Government to implement a multi-institutional
All India Coordinated Project on Algae in order to develop and coordinate algal research in India with
the view to harness this biological resource as feed, food and fuel, both on the industrial and the rural
level. Under this program, the technologies for cultivation, harvesting and processing of Spirulina were
optimized. Simultaneously, all necessary nutritional and toxicological tests were carried out to ensure
the nutritional value and toxicological safety of the algal product.
As a result of these investigations, the construction of two commercial Spirulina production plants
emerged at Mysore and at Madras, whereby the second one is also engaged in the propagation of
Spirulina at the rural level. Encouraged by the results achieved so far, the Indian Government decided
to initiate large-scale nutritional studies in 1991 and to launch a second All India Coordinated Project
on Algae.
In order to support all these projects and to demonstrate the national interest, official specifications for
food-grade Spirulina were issued the Indian Ministry of Health at the same time, a unique step so far
among the algae producing nations.

----------------------------------------------------------

44: Belay A.
La spiruline (Arthrospira) peut-elle aider dans le combat contre le SIDA/HIV?
21
PMID: pas
pdf: Belay A 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

45: Belay A.
The potential application of Spirulina (Arthrospira) as a nutritional and therapeutic supplement in
health management.
J AMA 5, No 2 (2002) 27-48.
PMID: pas
pdf Belay A 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, arthrospira, j.
B : **Medcine, **Spirulina, **review.
rsum:
article de revue

--------------------------------------------------------

46: Belay A, McCalmont M, Kitto GB.
Development of an immunoassay to detect insect contamination of microalgal products.
J Appl Phycol 9, No 5 (1997) 431-436.
PMID: pas
pdf: Belay A 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $algal-products, $insect-contamination, $immunoassay, $ELISA, $Spirulina,
$Arthrospira, $Chlorella.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, d.
rsum:

While the insect fragment count is currently the primary test used for assessing insect contamination
of food products, this technique is very problematical for assaying microalgal materials. An account is
given of a new immunoassay technique,which is based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay(ELISA) detection of insect myosin and which provides a rapid and convenient means of
quantitatively determining the amount of insect contamination in algal product samples with a high
degree of replicability. Up to 30 samples can be tested in duplicate in 2.53 h. Experiments were
carried out with a variety of common contaminant insects of algal products, using various life stages,
including Corixidae, Ephydridaeand Chironomidae using both Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Chlorella as
typical algal materials. As little as one insect per 50 g sample can readily be detected, with excellent
correlation (r2 =0.99) between the number of insects present and the color produced. A matrix
analysis to determine the ruggedness of the immunoassay was carried out following the protocols of
the AOAC International and established that minor departures in seven variables from the standard
assay resulted in no substantial differences. The insect myosin assay offers a quantitative and reliable
means for assessing insect contamination of algal materials and should be considered for adoption as
a standard method for this type of product.

----------------------------

47: Belay A, Kato T, Ota Y.
Spirulina (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement.
J ournal of Applied Phycology 8, No 4-5 (1996) 303-311.
PMID: pas
pdf: Belay A 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $animal-feed; $Arthrospira; $growth-and-survival; $immunomodulation;
$macrophage-activation; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: ; N.
rsum:
22

Spirulina has been used as human food supplement for over 20 years, but its use as an animal feed
supplement is relatively recent. This paper reviews earlier studies on its more established effects on
growth, survival and tissue quality in a whole range of animals and more recent studies on its
immunomodulatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects. The basis for potential application as an animal
feed supplement is discussed.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

48: Belay A, Ota Y, Miyakawa K, Shimamatsu H.
Current knowledge on potential health benefits of Spirulina.
J Appl Phycol 5, No 2 (1993) 235-241.
PMID: pas
pdf: Belay A 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $anti-virus, $hyperlipidemia, $immune-system, $nephrotoxicity, $radioprotection,
$Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: , d.
rsum:

Spirulina is a microscopic filamentous alga that is rich in proteins, vitamins, essential amino acids,
minerals and essential fatty acids like gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). It is produced commercially and
sold as a food supplement in health food stores around the world. Up to very recently, the interest in
Spirulina was mainly in its nutritive value. Currently, however, numerous people are looking into the
possible therapeutic effects of Spirulina. Many pre-clinical studies and a few clinical studies suggest
several therapeutic effects ranging from reduction of cholesterol and cancer to enhancing the immune
system, increasing intestinal lactobacilli, reducing nephrotoxicity by heavy metals and drugs and
radiation protection. This paper presents a critical review of some published and unpublished data on
therapeutic effects of Spirulina.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

49: Belgis C, Persoone G.
Cyst-based toxicity tests XVII--prefeeding advantages in short-chronic rotifer microbiotests.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005 J an;60(1):73-80.
PMID: 15482843
pdf: Belgis C 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Brachionus-calyciflorus; $Rotifers; $Cysts; $Short-chronic-microbiotests; $Toxkits;
$Growth-rate.
mots-cls Antenna: ; alimentation-animale; toxicity, B.
rsum:

Attempts were made to overcome too-low reproductive output in the 48-h short-chronic microbiotest
with the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus fed with microalgae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) from
algal beads older than 4 months (Chemosphere 50 (2002a) 365). Prefeeding of freshly hatched
rotifers prior to the start of the actual growth experiments resulted in a satisfactory reproduction (i.e.,
an intrinsic growth rate r >0.65), even with subsequent feeding of the rotifers with microalgae from
beads stored up to 1 year. Rotirich is an attractive alternative inert food compared with the mixture of
microalgae and Spirulina, originally used to prefeed the rotifers. When the rotifers were prefed for 2 h
with 30 microg/mL Rotirich, it was then not necessary to add Spirulina to the microalgal food from
beads. The above findings are a substantial simplification of the testing procedure of the new short-
chronic "culture/maintenance-free" Rotoxkit microbiotest.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

50: Belgis C, Guido P.
Cyst-based toxicity tests. XI. Influence of the type of food on the intrinsic growth rate of the rotifer
Brachionus calyciflorus in short-chronic toxicity tests.
Chemosphere. 2003 J an;50(3):365-72.
PMID: 12656256
pdf: Belgis C 2003.pdf PAS
23
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; alimentation-animale; toxicity..
rsum:

As important members of zooplankton communities worldwide, rotifers are used extensively in
ecotoxicological research. Chronic rotifer tests are, however, dependent on live algal food which adds
to the complexity, the variability and the costs of these bioassays. To bypass the former problem,
experiments have been undertaken with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, to determine
their intrinsic growth rate (r) when fed for 48 h on a mixture of green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata
recently renamed Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) obtained from algal beads stored for different
periods of time, and other inert foods. All tests have been performed in disposable multiwells, in 1 ml
cups each inoculated with 1 rotifer freshly hatched from dried cysts. The majority of the growth tests
was performed in eight replicates. The investigations revealed that microalgae from algal beads stored
for up to one year, in darkness, at 4 degrees C, supplemented with dried blue-green algae (Spirulina)
gave satisfactory rotifer reproduction. The intrinsic growth rates of the rotifers, were, however,
dependent on the storage time of the algal beads; the highests r's (0.7-0.8) were obtained with algae
from beads not older than four months. Growth tests with combinations of P. subcapitata and other
inert feeds revealed that the enrichment food Selco used in aquaculture, also gave the same
reproductive output as the combination microalgae/Spirulina. A rotifer growth experiment with 18
replicates showed that the variation coefficient is below 20% when the tests comprise eight replicates.
This study demonstrated that microalgae from beads, supplemented by other inert food, open the door
for a practical and cost-effective short-chronic rotifer test, which is totally independent of the culturing
of both the test species and its live food.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

51: Belkin S, Boussiba S.
Resistance of Spirulina platensis to ammonia at high pH values.
Plant Cell Physiol. 1991 32: 953-958
PMID: pas
pdf: Belkin S 1991.papier
mots-cls article: $ammonia-toxicity; $Ammonia-uptake; $pH-gradients; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum :

Spirulina platensis is an alkalophilic cyanobacterium, exhibiting optimal growth at pH 9.0 to 10.0. It
grows well at pH 11.5 but not at pH 7.0. Unlike many other photosynthetic microorganisms, it is
capable of utilizing ammonia3 even at high pH values, and is resistant to the ammonia-mediated
uncoupling of photosynthesis. The entry of ammonia into the cells is pH-dependent, and is limited by a
relatively high average internal pH. This high pH value appears to be maintained predominantly by a
high intrathylakoid pH.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

52: Belokobylsky AI, Ginturi EI, Kuchava NE, Kirkesali EI, Mosulishvili LM, Frontasyeva MV, Pavlov
SS, Aksenova NG.
Accumulation of selenium and chromium in the growth dynamics ofspirulina platensis.
J Radioanalytical and Nucl Chem 259, No 1 (2004) 65-68.
PMID: pas
pdf: Belokobylsky A 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, j.
rsum:

The dynamics of accumulation of Se(IV) and Cr(III) in Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) cells was
studied using epithermal neutron activation analysis. The effect of Se(IV) and Cr(III) apart and
together on growth and morphology of S. platensis cells is discussed. It was established that
accumulation of Cr is more intensive than that of Se. As follows from the results obtained, the
simultaneous loading of Se and Cr affects the biomass growth dynamics of S. platensis without
24
changing its morphology and protein content. This finding serves the ground for developing the
pharmaceuticals based on Se and Cr enriched biomass.

--------------------------------------------------------

53: Belokobyl'skii AI, Tsibakhashvili NIa, Rcheulishvili AN, Khizanishvili AI, Mosulishvili LM.
[Binding of Cd(II) ions by C-phycocyanin during Spirulina platensis cell growth].
Biofizika. 2001 J ul-Aug;46(4):652-5.
PMID: 11558376
pdf: Belokobyl'skii A 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biochimie; C-phycocyanine.

Modern effective methods of preparative biochemistry were used to obtain a highly purified
preparation of the globular protein C-phycocyanin from Cyanophyceae strain IPPAS B-256. It was
shown that C-phycocyanin accumulates endogeneous Cd(II) during the growth of Spirulina platensis
cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

54: Benavides J , Rito-Palomares M.
Potential aqueous two-phase processes for the primary recovery of colored protein from microbial
origin.
Engineering in Life Sciences 5, No 3 (2005) 259-266.
PMID: pas
pdf: Benavides J 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Extraction; $Microorganisms; $Modeling; $Proteins; $Two-Phase-systems.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-maxima; N.
rsum:

The primary recovery of c-phycocyanin and b-phycoerythrin from Spirulina maxima and Porphyridium
cruentum, respectively, using an established extraction strategy was selected as a practical model
system to study the generic application of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-phosphate aqueous two-phase
systems (ATPS). The generic practical implementation of ATPS extraction was evaluated for the
recovery of colored proteins from microbial origin. A comparison of the influence of system
parameters, such as PEG molecular mass, concentration of PEG as well as salt, system pH and
volume ratio, on the partition behavior of c-phycocyanin and b-phycoerythrin was carried out to
determine under which conditions target colored protein and contaminants concentrate to opposite
phases. One-stage processes are proposed for the primary recovery of the colored proteins.
PEG1450-phosphate ATPS extraction (volume ratio (VR) equal to 0.3, tie-line length (TLL) of 34 %
w/w and system pH 7.0) for the recovery of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina maxima resulted in a primary
recovery process that produced a protein purity of 2.1 0.2 (defined as the relationship of 620 nm to
280 nm absorbance) and a product yield of 98 % [w/w]. PEG1000-phosphate ATPS extraction (i.e.,
VR =1.0, PEG 1000, TLL 50 % w/w and system pH 7.0) was preferred for the recovery of b-
phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum, which resulted in a protein purity of 2.8 0.2 (defined as
the relationship of 545 nm to 280 nm absorbance) and a product yield of 82 % [w/w]. The purity of c-
phycocyanin and b-phycoerythrin from the crude extract increased 3- and 4-fold, respectively, after
ATPS. The results reported herein demonstrated the benefits of the practical generic application of
ATPS for the primary recovery of colored proteins from microbial origin as a first step for the
development of purification processes.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

55: Benedetti S, Rinalducci S, Benvenuti F, Francogli S, Pagliarani S, Giorgi L, Micheloni M, D'Amici
GM, Zolla L, Canestrari F.
Purification and characterization of phycocyanin from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Mar 20;833(1):12-8.
PMID: 16266834
pdf: Benedetti S 2006.pdf
25
mots-cls article: $Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae; $Cyanobacteria; $Phycocyanin; $Phycocyanobilin;
$Purification.
mots-cls Antenna: ; biochimie; C-phycocyanine; B.
rsum:

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a blue-green alga and represents a nutrient-dense food source.
In this study the presence of phycocyanin (PC), a blue protein belonging to the photosynthetic
apparatus, has been demonstrated in AFA. An efficient method for its separation has been set up: PC
can be purified by a simple single step chromatographic run using a hydroxyapatite column (ratio
A620/A280 of 4.78), allowing its usage for health-enhancing properties while eliminating other
aspecific algal components. Proteomic investigation and HPLC analysis of purified AFA
phycobilisomes revealed that, contrary to the well-characterized Synechocystis and Spirulina spp.,
only one type of biliprotein is present in phycobilisomes: phycocyanins with no allo-phycocyanins. Two
subunit polypeptides of PC were also separated: the beta subunit containing two bilins as
chromophore and the alpha subunit containing only one.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

56: Benedetti S, Benvenuti F, Pagliarani S, Francogli S, Scoglio S, Canestrari F.
Antioxidant properties of a novel phycocyanin extract from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-
aquae.
Life Sciences 75, No 19 (2004) 2353-62.
PMID: 15350832
pdf: Benedetti S 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Blue-green algae; $Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae; $Phycocyanin; $Antioxidant;
$Lipid-oxidation.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; f; B.
rsum:

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a fresh water unicellular blue-green alga (cyanophyta) rich in
phycocyanin (PC), a photosynthetic pigment with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a novel natural extract from AFA enriched with PC
to protect normal human erythrocytes and plasma samples against oxidative damage in vitro. In red
blood cells, oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by the aqueous peroxyl radical
generator [2,2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, AAPH] were significantly lowered by the
AFA extract in a time- and dose-dependent manner; at the same time, the depletion of cytosolic
glutathione was delayed. In plasma samples, the natural extract inhibited the extent of lipid oxidation
induced by the pro-oxidant agent cupric chloride (CuCl2); a concomitant increase of plasma resistance
to oxidation was observed as evaluated by conjugated diene formation. The involvement of PC in the
antioxidant protection of the AFA extract against the oxidative damage was demonstrated by
investigating the spectral changes of PC induced by AAPH or CuCl2. The incubation of the extract
with the oxidizing agents led to a significant decrease in the absorption of PC at 620 nm accompanied
with disappearance of its blue color, thus indicating a rapid oxidation of the protein. In the light of these
in vitro results, the potential clinical applications of this natural compound are under investigation.

Publication Types: In Vitro.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

57: Benlloch S, Acinas SG, Anton J , Lopez-Lopez A, Luz SP, Rodriguez-Valera F.
Archaeal biodiversity in crystallizer ponds from a solar saltern: culture versus PCR.
Microb Ecol. 2001 J an;41(1):12-19.
PMID: 11252160
pdf: Benlloch S 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; biodiversit; ecology.
rsum:

The culturable haloarchaeal diversity in a crystallizer pond from a solar saltern has been analyzed and
compared with the biodiversity directly retrieved by analysis of rRNA genes amplified from the
26
environment. Two different sets of culture conditions have been assayed: solid medium with yeast
extract as carbon source and liquid media with either yeast extract or a mixture of fishmeal, Spirulina
sp., and Artemia salina. Seventeen colonies grown on plates with yeast extract incubated at 30
degrees C were analyzed by 16S rDNA partial sequencing. Sixteen were closely related to
haloarchaea of the genus Halorubrum; 13 of them to Halorubrum coriense, a haloarchaeon isolated
from a solar saltern pond in Australia, which had not been previously isolated from the pond analyzed
in this study; and one to Haloarcula marismortui. Liquid cultures were analyzed by ribosomal internal
spacer analysis (RISA) and partial sequencing of the 16SrRNA genes. A total of 18 sequences were
analyzed, 15 corresponding to RISA bands obtained from cultures, and 3 from the environmental
sample used as inoculum. Thirteen sequences obtained from cultures were related to several
Halorubrum species, and 2 to Haloarcula. One of the clones obtained directly from the environmental
sample was distantly related to a Natronobacterium, whereas two were related to SPhT, the phylotype
most frequently retrieved from this environment by culture independent techniques. Our results show
an extremely low diversity for the haloarchaea retrieved by cultivation even when modifications to the
standard technique are introduced.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

58: Ben Ouada H, et al.
Physiological, biochemical and morphological analysis of seawater acclimated cyanobacterium
Arthrospira platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ben Ouada H 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

59: Berger J .
Stratgie de lutte contre les carences en micronutriments, en particulier en fer, dans les pays en
dveloppement.
PMID: pas
pdf: Berger J 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

60: Bermejo R, Felipe MA, Talavera EM, Alvarez-Pez J M.
Expanded bed adsorption chromatography for recovery of phycocyanins from the microalga Spirulina
platensis.
Chromatographia 63, No 1-2 (2006) 59-66.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bermejo R 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Electrophoresis; $Ion-exchange-chromatography; $Expanded-bed-adsorption-
chromatography; $Phycocyanins-and-Phycobiliproteins; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum :

We carried out the purification of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis taking
advantage of the adsorption properties of the expanded beds. Initially, phycobiliproteins were released
from the microalga cells by osmotic shock. Next, phycocyanins were recovered by applying the
centrifuged cell suspension directly to the anion exchanger Streamline-DEAE using expanded bed
columns, equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. After adsorption, washing was
carried out in the expanded-bed mode. Having removed unbound proteins and cellular debris, the bed
was allowed to sediment and phycocyanins rich solution was eluted with a downward flow of 500 mM
27
sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Finally, we utilized conventional gel filtration and ion exchange
chromatography methods for separation and purification of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. The
purification steps were monitored using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,
and the purity of recovered phycocyanins was confirmed by absorption and emission spectroscopy.
The main advantage of this new method is the high yield achieved in the steps of product extraction
and adsorption by expanded bed adsorption, so reducing both processing times and costs.

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61: Berry S, Bolychevtseva YV, Rogner M, Karapetyan NV.
Photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Arthrospira
(Spirulina) platensis.
Photosynth Res. 2003;78(1):67-76.
PMID: 16245065
pdf: Berry S 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $fluorescence; $proton-translocation; $sodium.
rsum:

Photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport and their interplay with ion transport have been
studied in Arthrospira platensis, a filamentous alkaliphilic cyanobacterium living in hypersaline lakes.
As typical for alkaliphiles, A. platensis apparently does not maintain an outward positive pH gradient at
its plasma membrane. Accordingly, sodium extrusion occurs via an ATP-dependent primary sodium
pump, in contrast to the Na(+)/H(+) antiport in most cyanobacteria. A. platensis is strongly dependent
on sodium/bicarbonate symport for the uptake of inorganic carbon. Sodium extrusion in the presence
of the Photosystem II inhibitor diuron indicates that a significant amount of ATP is supplied by cyclic
electron transport around Photosystem I, the content of which in A. platensis is exceptionally high.
Plastoquinol is oxidized by two parallel pathways, via the cytochrome b (6) f complex and a putative
cytochrome bd complex, both of which are active in the light and in the dark.

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62: Berthold HK, Crain PF, Gouni I, Reeds PJ , Klein PD.
Evidence for incorporation of intact dietary pyrimidine (but not purine) nucleosides into hepatic RNA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 24;92(22):10123-7.
PMID: 7479738
pdf: Berthold H 1995a.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; gnomique; ARN.
rsum:

The absorption and metabolism of dietary nucleic acids have received less attention than those of
other organic nutrients, largely because of methodological difficulties. We supplemented the rations of
poultry and mice with the edible alga Spirulina platensis, which had been uniformly labeled with 13C
by hydroponic culture in 13CO2. The rations were ingested by a hen for 4 wk and by four mice for 6
days; two mice were fed a normal diet and two were fed a nucleic acid-deficient diet. The animals
were killed and nucleosides were isolated from hepatic RNA. The isotopic enrichment of all mass
isotopomers of the nucleosides was analyzed by selected ion monitoring of the negative chemical
ionization mass spectrum and the labeling pattern was deconvoluted by reference to the enrichment
pattern of the tracer material. We found a distinct difference in the 13C enrichment pattern between
pyrimidine and purine nucleosides; the isotopic enrichment of uniformly labeled [M +9] isotopomers of
pyrimidines exceeded that of purines [M +10] by >2 orders of magnitude in the avian nucleic acids
and by 7- and 14-fold in the murine nucleic acids. The purines were more enriched in lower mass
isotopomers, those less than [M +3], than the pyrimidines. Our results suggest that large quantities of
dietary pyrimidine nucleosides and almost no dietary purine nucleosides are incorporated into hepatic
nucleic acids without hydrolytic removal of the ribose moiety. In addition, our results support a
potential nutritional role for nucleosides and suggest that pyrimidines are conditionally essential
organic nutrients.

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28

63: Berthold HK, J ahoor F, Klein PD, Reeds PJ .
Estimates of the effect of feeding on whole-body protein degradation in women vary with the amino
acid used as tracer.
J Nutr. 1995 Oct;125(10):2516-27.
PMID: 7562086
pdf: Berthold H 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; mtabolisme; processus-
biophysiques.
rsum:

We measured how feeding status affects the kinetics of multiple indispensable amino acids in four
adult female subjects studied both in fed and fasted state. The subjects ingested one dose of
uniformly 13C-labeled algae (Spirulina platensis). The isotopic enrichments (measured with negative
chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) of the branched chain amino acids,
phenylalanine, lysine and threonine were followed for 24 h in both the plasma and in VLDL-
apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). Fasting lowered body protein degradation when measured with the
branched chain amino acids, increased it when measured with phenylalanine and had no statistically
significant effect when determined from the kinetics of lysine and threonine. These apparent
differences challenge the adequacy of current models of whole-body protein turnover. The ratio of the
peak labeling of amino acids in plasma and apoB-100 was used as an estimate of the isotopic dilution
in the hepatic pool. In contrast to our earlier observations during intravenous tracer amino acid
administration, in the present study fasting lowered the ratio of the peak isotopic enrichments of apoB-
100 and plasma amino acids. This supports our contention that feeding increases the use of hepatic
portal amino acids for hepatic secretory protein synthesis.

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64: Berthold HK, Hachey DL, Reeds PJ , Thomas OP, Hoeksema S, Klein PD.
Uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein used to determine amino acid essentiality in vivo.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 15;88(18):8091-5.
PMID: 11607211
pdf: Berthold H 1991.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; techniques-
d'analyses.
rsum:

The edible alga Spirulina platensis was uniformly labeled with 13C by growth in an atmosphere of pure
13CO2. The labeled biomass was then incorporated into the diet of a laying hen for 27 days. The
isotopic enrichment of individual amino acids in egg white and yolk proteins, as well as in various
tissues of the hen at the end of the feeding period, was analyzed by negative chemical ionization gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry. The amino acids of successive eggs showed one of two
exclusive enrichment patterns: complete preservation of the intact carbon skeleton or extensive
degradation and resynthesis. The same observation was made in tissue proteins. These patterns were
cleanly divided according to known nutritional amino acid essentiality/nonessentiality but revealed
differences in labeling among the nonessential amino acids: most notable was that proline accretion
was derived entirely from the diet. Feeding uniformly 13C-labeled algal protein and recovering and
analyzing de novo-synthesized protein provides a useful method to examine amino acid metabolism
and determine conditional amino acid essentially in vivo.

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65: Bertolin TBP, Costa J AV, Bertolin TE, Colla LM, Hemkemeier M.
Cultivo da cianobactria Spirulina platensis a partir de effluente sinttico de suino.
Cinc agrotec Lavras 29, No 1 (2005) 118-125.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bertolin T 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $cianobactria, $efluente-suino; $cyanobacteria, $swine.
29
rsum:

Estudou-se o cultivo da cianobactria Spirulina platensis utilizando-se efluente sinttico de suno a fim
de avaliar o crescimento das cepas LEB 52 e PARACAS dessa cianobactria, em funo da diluio
do meio (0 e 50%) e da concentrao de bicarbonato de sdio (0 e 3g/L). Nesta etapa foi utilizado um
Planejamento Fatorial Completo 2^3. Na Segunda etapa, diluiu-se o meio em 80, 50 e 20% e utilizou-
se um Planejamento Fatorial Multinveis 3^1 x 2^1. Os cultivos foram realizados a 30 C, com
fotoperodo de 12 horas. As variveis utilizadas como resposta nas duas etapas foram a
concentrao mxima de biomassa e a velocidade especfica mxima de crescimento, sendo os
resultados avaliados mediante de Anlise de Varincia. Na primeira etapa, os maiores valores de
concentrao celular, 0,55 g/L, foram obtidos com a cepa LEB-52 em efluente sinttico diludo a 50%
em gua destilada e sem a adio de bicarbonato de sdio, como suplementao da fonte de
carbono. Na otimizao da diluio, o maior valor de concentrao celular foi de 0,35 g/L utilizando-se
cepa PARACAS e diluio de 80%. As duas cepas estudadas de Spirulina platensis podem crescer
em efluente sinttico de suno e o seu crescimento favorecido pela diluio do meio.

[The growth of LEB-52 and PARACAS strains of Spirulina platensis cyanobacteria was studied using
synthetic swine wastewater. The effects of medium dilution (0 and 50%) and sodium bicarbonate
addition to the medium (0 and 3g/L) were initially investigated. In this step, it was used a complete
Factorial Planning 2^3. In the second step, the medium was diluted at 80, 50 and 20% and it was used
a Factorial Planning 3^1x2^1. The cultivation was carried out at 30 C, with photophase of 12 hours.
The maximum biomass concentration and maximum specific growth rate were assessed, with the
results being evaluated through Analysis of Variance. In first step, the greater biomass concentration
(0.55g/L) was obtained with strain LEB-52, in synthetic swine wastewater diluted at 50% and without
the sodium bicarbonate addition, as supplementation of the carbon source. In the second step, the
greater biomass concentration was 0.35g/L using strain PARACAS and synthetic swine wastewater
diluted at 80%. The two strains studied can grow in the synthetic swine wastewater and cyanobacteria
growth is enhanced by medium dilution].

--------------------------------------------------------

66: Bertolin TBP, et al.
Culture of Spirulina platensis using synthetic swine wastewater.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bertolin T 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

67: Bertrand P, Gayda J P, Fee J A, Kuila D, Cammack R.
Comparison of the spin-lattice relaxation properties of the two classes of [2Fe-2S] clusters in proteins.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Nov 5;916(1):24-8.
PMID: 2822125
pdf: Bertrand P 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; ferredoxines.
rsum:

Two classes of [2Fe-2S] proteins have been defined according to the mean value gav of their g tensor
components (Bertrand, P., Guigliarelli, B., Gayda, J .P., Beardwood, P. and Gibson, J .F. (1985)
Biochim. Biophys. Acta 831, 261-266). To characterize their magnetic properties better, we have
compared the spin-lattice relaxation behavior of typical proteins which belong to these two classes,
namely Spirulina maxima and adrenal ferredoxin for the gav approximately 1.96 class, Thermus
thermophilus Rieske protein and Pseudomonas putida benzene dioxygenase for the gav
approximately 1.91 class. For all these proteins, the data support the existence of an efficient Orbach
process in the highest temperature range, which allows the determination of the exchange coupling
30
parameter, J . From the comparison of the J values obtained in each class, it is concluded that the
structural factors which determine the value of the g tensor and the strength of the antiferromagnetic
exchange interactions are different.

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68: Besednova NN, Smolina TP, Mikheiskaia LV, Ovodova RG.
[Immunostimulating activity of the lipopolysaccharides of blue-green algae].
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 1979 Dec;(12):75-9.
PMID: 117655
pdf: Besednova N 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The whole cells of blue-gree algae and lipopolysaccharides isolated from these cells were shown to
stimulate the production of macro-(mainly) and microglobulin antibodies in rabbits. The macro- and
microphage indices in rabbits increased significantly after the injection of LPS isolated from blue-green
algae 24--48 hours before infecting the animals with a virulent Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. Besides,
the inhibiting action of this strain on the migration of phagocytes to the site of infection was abolished
immediately after the injection. The use of the indirect hemagglutination test allowed to prove the
absence of close antigenic interrelations between blue-green algae and the following organisms:
Spirulina platensis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Phormidium africanum and P. uncinatum.

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69: Bhaskar SU, Gopalaswamy G, Raghu R.
A simple method for efficient extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis
Geitler.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Mar;43(3):277-9.
PMID: 15816417
pdf: Bhaskar S 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Phycocyanin is a major light harvesting accessory pigment of red algae and cyanobacteria. In the light
of its many commercial applications in food and pharmaceutical industry, purity of the pigment plays a
major role. Pharmaceutical industry demands a highly pure phycocyanin with A620/280 ratio of 4 and
food industry a ratio of 2. In the present study phycocyanin was extracted in sodium phosphate buffer
(pH 7) after macerating in liquid nitrogen. The crude phycocyanin thus extracted was precipitated with
50% ammonium sulphate, purified by dialysis and finally by gel filtration chromatography. Pure
phycocyanin was finally obtained with an A620/A280 value of 4.98.

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70: Bhat VB, Madyastha KM.
Scavenging of peroxynitrite by phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: protection
against oxidative damage to DNA.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 J ul 13;285(2):262-6. Erratum in: Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 2001 Aug 10;286(1):228.
PMID: 11444835
pdf: Bhat V 2001.pdf +Bhat V 2001errata.pdf
mots-cls article: $phycocyanin; $phycocyanobilin; $peroxynitrite-scavenging; $pyrogallol-red; $DNA-
damage; $antioxidant.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, B.
rsum:

Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) is known to inactivate important cellular targets and also mediate oxidative
damage in DNA. The present study has demonstrated that phycocyanin, a biliprotein from spirulina
31
platensis and its chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB), efficiently scavenge ONOO(-), a potent
physiological inorganic toxin. Scavenging of ONOO(-) by phycocyanin and PCB was established by
studying their interaction with ONOO(-) and quantified by using competition kinetics of pyrogallol red
bleaching assay. The relative antioxidant ratio and IC(50) value clearly indicate that phycocyanin is a
more efficient ONOO(-) scavenger than PCB. The present study has also shown that PCB significantly
inhibits the ONOO(-)-mediated single-strand breaks in supercoiled plasmid DNA in a dose-dependent
manner with an IC(50) value of 2.9 +/- 0.6 microM. These results suggest that phycocyanin, has the
ability to inhibit the ONOO(-)-mediated deleterious biological effects and hence has the potential to be
used as a therapeutic agent.

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71: Bhat VB, Madyastha KM.
C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Aug 18;275(1):20-5.
PMID: 10944434
pdf: Bhat V 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina platensis; $C-phycocyanin; $reduced-phycocyanin; $peroxyl-radical-
scavenger; $hepatotoxicity.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **antioxidant, **mouse.
rsum:

C-Phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis) effectively inhibited CCl(4)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat
liver in vivo. Both native and reduced phycocyanin significantly inhibited peroxyl radical-induced lipid
peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and the inhibition was concentration dependent with an IC(50) of
11.35 and 12.7 microM, respectively. The radical scavenging property of phycocyanin was established
by studying its reactivity with peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and also by competition kinetics of crocin
bleaching. These studies have demonstrated that phycocyanin is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger
with an IC(50) of 5.0 microM and the rate constant ratios obtained for phycocyanin and uric acid (a
known peroxyl radical scavenger) were 1.54 and 3.5, respectively. These studies clearly suggest that
the covalently linked chromophore, phycocyanobilin, is involved in the antioxidant and radical
scavenging activity of phycocyanin.

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72: Bhattacharya S, MK Shivaprakash.
Evaluation of three Spirulina species grown under similar conditions for their growth and biochemicals.
J Sci Food Agricult 85, No 2 (2005) 333-336.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bhattacharya S 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $biomass-production; $growth-rate; $phenolics; $pigments; $Spirulina-spp.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-laxissima; spirulina-lonar; m; B.
rsum:

Growth pattern and biochemical composition of three species of Spirulina, S platensis, S laxissima
and S lonar, were studied under controlled culture conditions. The chemical constituents were
analysed in terms of chlorophyll-alpha, phycobilliproteins, beta-carotene and phenolics (intracellular
and extracellular). Of the three species S platensis showed highest growth rate, biomass, pigment
concentration and low intracellular phenolics. The shortest doubling time was seen in S platensis. The
results demonstrated the importance of strain selection for large-scale cultivation. The results also
showed differences in culture conditions (light intensity and pH) for the three species of Spirulina to
obtain the maximum growth, as well as biochemical basis for obtaining the maximum growth in
Spirulina spp.

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73: Bini F, De Rossi E, Barbierato L, Riccardi G.
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene from the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
32
J Gen Microbiol. 1992 Mar;138(3):493-8.
PMID: 1593261
pdf: Bini F 1992.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The gene for beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.85) of Spirulina platensis (leuB) was
cloned from a lambda EMBL3 genomic library by heterologous hybridization using the Nostoc UCD
7801 leuB gene as a probe. The sequence of the entire leuB coding region was determined as well as
645 bp of 5' flanking region and 956 bp of 3' flanking region. DNA sequencing revealed an open
reading frame of 1065 nucleotides capable of encoding a polypeptide of 355 amino acids. Homologies
between the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the S. platensis leuB
gene and the amino acid sequences published for corresponding proteins either from bacteria or
yeasts are 45% or more. Northern hybridization analysis indicated that the S. platensis leuB gene is
transcribed as a single monocistronic RNA of approximately 1200 bases.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

74: Biswas B, Phillips GO.
Characterisation of processed Spirulina by chemometric analysis
PMID: pas
pdf: Biswas B 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

75: Ble-Castillo J L, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Miranda-Zamora R, J uarez-Oropeza MA, Diaz-Zagoya
J C.
Arthrospira maxima prevents the acute fatty liver induced by the administration of simvastatin, ethanol
and a hypercholesterolemic diet to mice.
Life Sci. 2002 Apr 19;70(22):2665-73.
PMID: 12269393
pdf: Ble-Castillo J 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, arthrospira-maxima; mdecine; organes; foie.
rsum:

An evident fatty liver, corroborated morphologically and chemically, was produced in CD-1 mice after
five daily doses of simvastatin 75 mg/Kg body weight, a hypercholesterolemic diet and 20 percent
ethanol in the drinking water. After treating the animals, they presented serum triacylglycerols levels
five times higher than the control mice, total lipids, cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver were 2, 2
and 1.5 times higher, respectively, than in control animals. When Arthrospira maxima was given with
diet two weeks prior the onset of fatty liver induction, there was a decrement of liver total lipids (40%),
liver triacylglycerols (50%) and serum triacylglycerols (50%) compared to the animals with the same
treatment but without Arthrospira maxima. In addition to the mentioned protective effect, the
administration of this algae, produced a significant increase (45%) in serum high density lipoproteins.
The mechanism for this protective effect was not established in these experiments.

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76: Blinkova LP, Gorobets OB, Baturo AP.
[Detection of biologically active substances with antagonistic and stimulating activity in Spirulina
platensis].
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2002 Sep-Oct;(5):11-5.
PMID: 12524993
33
pdf: Blinkova L 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The results of studies on the detection of biologically active substances (BAS) in biomass dilutions and
culture fluid of Spirulina platensi and algae (Chlorella, Fucus, Laminaria) by the agar diffusion method
are presented. After the sterilization of the solutions with chloroform (CF) a substance with lysozyme-
like activity and 2 substances with antagonistic activity deep in agar and on its surface were detected
with the use of the micrococcal indicator strain. After CF treatment, depending on the concentration of
S. platensis strains, a compound stimulating the growth of bacteria and sensitive to heat treatment
was detected. BAS were also detected with the use of other indicator cultures.

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77: Blinkova LP, Gorobets OB, Baturo AP.
[Biological activity of Spirulina].
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001 Mar-Apr;(2):114-8. Review.
PMID: 11548244
pdf: Blinkova L 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe, article de revue

In this review information of Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green alga (photosynthesizing
cyanobacterium) having diverse biological activity is presented. Due to high content of highly valuable
proteins, indispensable amino acids, vitamins, beta-carotene and other pigments, mineral substances,
indispensable fatty acids and polysaccharides, PS has been found suitable for use as bioactive
additive. SP produces an immunostimulating effect by enhancing the resistance of humans, mammals,
chickens and fish to infections, the capacity of influencing hemopoiesis, stimulating the production of
antibodies and cytokines. Under the influence of SP macrophages, T and B cells are activated. SP
sulfolipids have proved to be effective against HIV. Preparations obtained from SP biomass have also
been found active against herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, etc. SP extracts are capable
in inhibiting cancerogenesis. SP preparations are regarded as functional products contributing to the
preservation of the resident intestinal microflora, especially lactic acid bacilli and bifidobacteria, and to
a decrease in the level of Candida albicans. The biological activity of SP with respect to
microorganisms holds good promise for using these microalgae as components of culture media.

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78: Bohm H, Briarty LG, Lowe KC, Power J B, Benes E, Davey MR.
Quantification of a novel h-shaped ultrasonic resonator for separation of biomaterials under terrestrial
gravity and microgravity conditions.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Apr 5;82(1):74-85.
PMID: 12569626
pdf: Bohm H 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $acoustic-separation, $cell-trapping, $microgravity, $polystyrene-microspheres,
$Spirulina-platensis, $ultrasonic-h-resonator.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis: instrumentation; contrle.
rsum:

A novel, h-shaped ultrasonic resonator was used to separate biological particulates. The effectiveness
of the resonator was demonstrated using suspensions of the cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis. The
key advantages of this approach were improved acoustic field homogeneity, flow characteristics, and
overall separation efficiency (sigma =1 - ratio of concentration in cleared phase to input), monitored
using a turbidity sensor. The novel separation concept was also effective under microgravity
conditions; gravitational forces influenced overall efficiency. Separation of Spirulina at cleared flow
rates of 14 to 58 L/day, as assessed by remote video recording, was evaluated under both
microgravity (</=0.05 g) and terrestrial gravity conditions. The latter involved a comparison with 5- and
24-microm-diameter polystyrene microspheres. Influences of gravity on sigma were evaluated by
34
varying the relative inclination angle (within a range of 120 degrees ) between the resonator and the
gravitational vector. Cells of Spirulina behaved in a manner comparable to that of the 5-microm-
diameter polystyrene microspheres, with a significant decrease in mean (+/-SE, n =3) sigma from
0.97 +/- 0.03 and 0.91 +/- 0.02 at a flow rate of 14 L/day, to corresponding values of 0.53 +/- 0.05 and
0.57 +/- 0.03 (P <0.05) at 58 L/day, respectively. During a typical microgravity period of ca. 22 s,
achieved during the 29th ESA Parabolic Flight Campaign, sigma was unchanged at a flow rate of 14
L/day, compared with terrestrial gravity conditions; with increased flow rates, sigma was significantly
reduced. Overall, these results demonstrate that, for optimum resonator performance under the
relatively short microgravity period utilized in this study, flow rates of ca. 14 L/day were preferred.
These data provide a baseline for exploiting noninvasive, compact, ultrasonic separation systems for
manipulating biological particulates under microgravity conditions.

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79: Bohme H, Pelzer B, Boger P.
Purification and characterization of cytochrome f-556.5 from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Oct 3;592(3):528-35.
PMID: 6251870
pdf: Bohme H 1980.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The membrane-bound cytochrome f-556.5 from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis was purified to
apparent homogeneity. Most of its properties are comparable to cytochrome f isolated from higher
plants and green algae. It is clearly distinguishable from soluble cytochrome c-554, also present in
Spirulina, which probably replaces the function of plastocyanin in photosynthetic electron transport.
1. The reduced form of cytochrome f exhibits an asymmetrical alpha-band with a maximum at 556.5
nm, and a pronounced shoulder at 550 nm. The beta-, gamma and delta-bands coincide with those
described for Scenedesmus cytochrome f-553, with maxima at 524 (532), 422, 331 and a protein peak
at 276 nm. The maximum of ferricytochrome f is at 410.5 nm; there is no indication of a weak 695 nm
band, described for soluble c-type cytochromes. The purest preparations had a delta/protein-peak
ratio of 0.8; the gamma/alpha ratio was 7.3. Formation of a pyridine hemochromogen with a maximum
at 550 nm indicated a c-type cytochrome. The molar extinction coefficient at 556.5 nm is 30200, the
differential extinction coefficient 21 500.
2. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration or SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is 33
000 and 34 000, respectively.
3. The redox properties differ from those described for other cytochromes f isolated from green algae
and higher plants: the midpoint redox potential is significantly more negative (+318 mV, pH 7.0) and
from pH 6 to 10 no pH dependence is observed.
4. The isoelectric point was determined at pH 3.95, which is more acidic as compared to other
cytochromes f.
5. Comparison of the amino acid composition indicated a distant relationship to higher plant
cytochrome f and a closer relationship to cytochrome f from green algae.

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80: Bolsunovskii AIa, Kosinenko SV.
[Intracellular phosphorus pool in a culture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis].
Mikrobiologiia. 2000 J an-Feb;69(1):135-7.
PMID: 10808502
pdf: Bolsunovskii A 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

An intracellular phosphorus pool in a monoculture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was
assessed using radioactive and nonradioactive phosphorus. The derived dependence of specific
growth rate on the intracellular content of mineral phosphorus can be presented in the form of the
Droop equation. It was found that the stage of replenishment of the intracellular phosphorus pool may
35
affect the phosphorus turnover estimation in aquatic environments from the results of short-term
measurements of phosphorus uptake.

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81: Bolychevtseva YuV, Terekhova IV, Roegner M, Karapetyan NV.
Effects of oxygen and photosynthesis carbon cycle reactions on kinetics of P700 redox transients in
cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis cells.
Biochemistry (Moscow) 72, No 3 (2007) 275-281.
PMID: 17447880
pdf: Bolychevtseva Y 2006.pdf (preprint)
mots-cls article: $anaerobiosis; $reducing-phase-of-Calvins-cycle, inhibitors; $kinetics-of-the-P700-
redox-transients; $NADP; $photosystem-I.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, D.
rsum:

Effects of oxygen and photosynthesis and respiration inhibitors on the electron transport in
photosystem I (PSI) of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis cells were studied. Redox transients
of P700 were induced by illumination at 730 nm and monitored as kinetics of the absorption changes
at 810 nm; to block electron influx from PSII, the measurements were performed in the presence of 30
microM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Inhibitors of terminal oxidases (potassium
cyanide and pentachlorophenol) insignificantly influenced the fast oxidation of P700 under aerobic
conditions, whereas removal of oxygen significantly decelerated the accumulation of P700+. In the
absence of oxygen the slow oxidation of P700 observed on the first illumination was accelerated on
each subsequent illumination, suggesting an activation of the carbon cycle enzymes. Under the same
conditions, pentachlorophenol (an uncoupler) markedly accelerated the P700 photooxidation. Under
anaerobic conditions, potassium cyanide (an inhibitor of carbon dioxide assimilation) failed to influence
the kinetics of redox transients of P700, whereas iodoacetamide (an inhibitor of NADP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) completely prevented the photooxidation of P700. Thus,
the fast photooxidation of P700 in the A. platensis cells under aerobic conditions in the presence of
DCMU was caused by electron transport from PSI onto oxygen, and complicated transient changes in
the P700 photooxidation kinetics under anaerobic conditions (in the presence of DCMU) were due to
involvement of NADP+generated during the reducing phase of the carbon cycle.

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82: Bolychevtseva IuV, Mazhorova LE, Terekhova IV, Egorova EA, Shugaev AG, Rakhimberdieva
MG, Karapetian NV.
[A new type of adaptation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis to illumination conditions].
Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2003 Sep-Oct;39(5):571-6.
PMID: 14593872
pdf: Bolychevtseva I 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

Incubation of cells of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis under conditions of exposure to low-
intensity (2-3 microE m-2 s-1) red light, which was predominantly absorbed by photosystem I (PS I),
caused atypical adaptation changes. Invariable pigment composition and stoichiometry of
photosystems was observed in the cells incubated under these conditions against the background of a
decrease in the rate of photosynthetic fixation of CO2 (by one-half) and a 1.5-fold increase in the rate
of dark respiration relative to cells incubated under conditions of exposure to green light. Comparison
of these data with a high rate of dark relaxation of P700+in the presence of diuron suggests that
deficiency of reduced equivalents at the donor side of PS I in the Spirulina cells exposed to red light is
compensated by electron supply from the respiratory chain NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex.

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83: Bompart P, Brouers M, Dujardin E, Sironval C.
Spirulina cultures in temperate climates.
36
PMID: pas
pdf: Bompart P 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

84: Bonnin G.
A scheme for the transfer of technology concerning Spirulina production and utilization to developing
countries.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bonnin G 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
remarques: planche en couleur page 217

----------------------------------------------------------

85: Bories G, Tulliez J .
Dtermination du 3-4 Benzo-pyrne dans les algues Spirulines produites et traites suivant diffrents
procds.
[Determination of 3, 4-benzopyrene in spiruline algae produced and treated by various procedures].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):573-5.
PMID: 824999
pdf: Bories G 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en franais

Spirulina algae grow in highly salted natural lakes. Artificial cultivation in tanks with addition of carbon
dioxide (natural gas, burned gases) has been studied in order to improve the biosynthesis. A possible
3, 4-benzopyrene (BaP) contamination must be then considered. Several BaP determinations have
been performed in batches of algae from bath origins, prepared following different processes (filtration,
spray, cylinder drying). BaP contents are very low (2 to 3 ppb) and comparable between batches.

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86: Borowitzka MA.
Algal biotechnology products and processes matching science and economics.
J Appl Phycol 4, No 3 (1992) 267-279.
PMID: pas
pdf: Borowitzka M 1992.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $economic-modelling, $culture-systems, $harvesting, $productivity, $microalgae.
rsum:

Several microalgae, such as species ofChlorella, Spirulina and Dunaliella, are grown commercially
and algal products such as beta-carotene and phycocyanin are available. The main focus of algal
biotechnology continues to be on high value fine chemicals and on algae for use as aquaculture feeds.
This paper provides the outline for a rational approach in evaluating which algae and which algal
products are the most likely to be commercially viable. This approach involves some simple market
analysis followed by economic modelling of the whole production process. It also permits an
evaluation of which steps in the production process have the greatest effect on the final production
cost of the alga or algal product, thus providing a guide as to what area the research and development
effort should be directed to. An example of this approach is presented and compared with other
37
models. The base model used here gives a production cost of microalgal biomass at about AS 14 to
15 kg^1, excluding the costs of further processing, packaging and marketing. The model also shows
that some of the key factors in microalgal production are productivity, labor costs and harvesting costs.
Given the existing technology, high value products such as carotenoids and algal biomass for
aquaculture feeds have the greatest commercial potential in the short term.

----------------------------

87: Bounous G, Kongshavn PA, Gold P.
The immunoenhancing property of dietary whey protein concentrate.
Clin Invest Med. 1988 Aug;11(4):271-8.
PMID: 3168349
pdf: Bounous G 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells was found to be enhanced in mice fed a
formula diet containing 20 g lactalbumin/100 g diet in comparison to mice fed equivalent formula diets
of similar nutritional efficiency containing 20 g/100 g diet of either casein, soy, wheat or corn protein,
egg albumin, beef or fish protein, Spirulina maxima, or Scenedesmus protein, or Purina mouse chow.
This effect was manifest after 2 weeks and persisted for at least 8 weeks of dietary treatment. Mixing
lactalbumin with either casein or soy protein in a 20 g protein/100 g diet formula significantly enhanced
the immune response in comparison to that of mice fed diets containing 20% soy protein or casein.

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88: Boyandin AN, Popova LY.
Expression of lux-genes as an indicator of metabolic activity of cells in model ecosystem studies.
Adv Space Res. 2003;31(7):1839-45.
PMID: 14503525
pdf: Boyandin A 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; techniques-d'analyses.
rsum:

Quick response to different impacts and easy measurement make the luminescent systems of
luminous bacteria an object convenient for application in various fields. Cloning of gene luminescence
in different organisms is currently used to study both the survival of microbial cells and the effect of
different factors on their metabolic activity, including the environment. A primary test-object in
estimating bacteriological contamination of water bodies, Escherichia coli, can be conveniently used
as an indicator of bactericidal properties of aquatic ecosystems. The application of Escherichia coli
Z905/pPHL7 (lux+) as a marker microorganism can facilitate monitoring the microbiological status of
closed biocenoses, including systems with higher organisms. The investigation of various parameters
of microecosystems (carbon nutrition type, concentrations of inorganic ions and toxic compounds)
shows that the recombinant strain E. coli Z905/pPHL7 can be effectively used as a marker.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

89: Branger B.
Spiruline et nutrition Rponse de lauteur.
[Spiruline and malnutrition].
Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):467-8.
PMID: pas
pdf: Branger B 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Malnutrition; $Spiruline; $Marasme; $Kwashiorkor.
Keywords: $Malnutrition; $Spiruline; $Marasmus; $Kwashiorkor; $Child.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: rpliques :

38
Fox R, Pagnon Y, Weber B, Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465-6.
Falquet J , von der Weid D, Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465.
Darcas C, Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):466-7.

Publication Types: Comment
* Letter

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90: Branger B, Cadudal J L, Delobel M, Ouoba H, Yameogo P, Ouedraogo D, Guerin D, Valea A,
Zombre C, Ancel P; personnels des CREN.
La spiruline comme complment alimentaire dans la malnutrition du nourrisson au Burkina-Faso.
[Spiruline as a food supplement in case of infant malnutrition in Burkina-Faso].
Arch Pediatr. 2003 May;10(5):424-31.
PMID: 12878335
pdf: Branger B 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Malnutrition; $Spiruline; $Marasme; $Kwashiorkor.
Keywords: $Malnutrition; $Spiruline; $Marasmus; $Kwashiorkor; $Child.
mots-cls Antenna: ; B.
rsum: en franais

BACKGROUND: Spiruline, a microscopic algae with nutritious quality was put forward as food
supplement to fight malnutrition in infant.
POPULATION AND METHODS: To assess its effectiveness, a survey was carried out among children
with malnutrition whose Z-score was <2 for their age, in the Koudougou province, Burkina-Faso.
Within five centers, three groups were defined at randomization: group 1 with usual nutritional
rehabilitation program, group 2 as above +5 g x d(-1) of spiruline, group 3 as above +spiruline +fish.
182 children, aged three months - three years, were originally involved. Six died (3.3%) and 11
hospitalised were excluded; the study was carried out on 165 children and lasted three months.
J udging criteria were: length per aged, weight for length group evolution and the corresponding Z-
score at 60 et 90 days.
RESULTS: At the inclusion, children were aged 14.6 months on average and weighed 6.7 kg (Z-score
of -3.2 weight/age) with a length of 71.4 cm (-2.0 Z-score length/age) and weight for length of 0.093 (-
2.5 Z-score). 9.4% had oedema. There were no noticeable differences between the three groups as to
weight gain, length gain, weight for length gain.
CONCLUSION: A 5 g x d(-1) spiruline dose does not bring any benefit over 90 days, compared to
traditional renutrition. Furthermore, at the moment, it is costly, and the battle against infant malnutrition
cannot be based on one single element, such as a wonder drug, but on a national or local policy
based on training, education, economical aid, and nutritional rehabilitation centers and infection
treatment.

Publication Types: Clinical Trial
* Multicenter Study
* Randomized Controlled Trial

Comment in: Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465-6; author reply 467-8.
* Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465; author reply 467-8.
* Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):466-7; author reply 467-8.

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91: Brasoveanua M, Nemtanu M, Minea R, Grecu MN, Mazilu E, Radulescu N.
Electron beam irradiation for biological decontamination of Spirulina platensis.
Nucl Inst Meth in Phys Res B 240 (2005) 87-90.
PMID: pas
pdf: Brasoveanua M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Irradiation; $Microbial-load; $Antioxidant-properties.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, j, B.
rsum:

39
The Cyanobacterium Spirulina is commercialized for its use in health foods and for therapeutic
purposes due to its valuable constituents particularly proteins and vitamins. The aim of the paper is to
study the Spirulina platensis behaviour when it is electron beam irradiated for biological
decontamination. Microbial load, antioxidant activity, enzymatic inhibition, electron spin resonance
(ESR) and UVVis spectra were measured for doses up to 80 kGy. The results were correlated with
doses in order to find where decontamination is efficient, keeping the Spirulina qualities.

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92: Bravi E, Perretti G, Montanari L.
Fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light-scattering detector.
J Chromatogr A 1134 (2006) 210-214.
PMID: 17007865
pdf: Bravi E 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $HPLC; $ELSD; $Fatty-acids.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; O.
rsum:

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation method with an evaporative light-
scattering detector (ELSD) has been developed for the separation and quantitative analysis of fatty
acid methyl esters (FAME) in three different oils. Reverse-phased C(18) HPLC separation of 13 FAME
is achieved using a methanol/water eluent mixture. The retention times (RT) reflect the elution
behavior of these compounds on C(18) reversed-phase HPLC. The proposed method is tested on:
soybean oil (Glycine max L.) as reference sample, rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.), pumpkin seed oil
(Cucurbita pepo L.) and algal oil (Arthrospira platensis Nordst.).

------------------------------------------------------------

93: Brejc K, Ficner R, Huber R, Steinbacher S.
Isolation, crystallization, crystal structure analysis and refinement of allophycocyanin from the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis at 2.3 A resolution.
J Mol Biol. 1995 J un 2;249(2):424-40.
PMID: 7783202
pdf: Brejc K 1995.pdf
mots-cls article: $allophycocyanin; $cyanobacteria; $protein-structure; $light-harvesting-complex;
$energy-transfer .
rsum:

The phycobiliprotein allophycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been isolated
and crystallized. The crystals belong to space group P6(3)22 with cell constants a =b =101.9 A, c =
130.6 A, alpha =beta =90 degrees, gamma =120 degrees, with one (alpha beta) monomer in the
asymmetric unit. The three-dimensional structure of the (alpha beta) monomer was solved by multiple
isomorphous replacement. The crystal structure has been refined in a cyclic manner by energy-
restrained crystallographic refinement and model building. The conventional crystallographic R-factor
of the final model is 19.6% with data from 8.0 to 2.3 A. The molecular structure of the subunits
resembles other solved phycobiliprotein structures. In comparison to C-phycocyanin and b-
phycoerythrin the major differences arise from deletions and insertions of segments involved in the
protein-chromophore interactions. The stereochemistry of the alpha 84 and beta 84 chiral atoms are
C(2)-R, C(3)-R and C(31)-R. The configuration (C(4)-Z, C(10)-Z and C(15)-Z) and the conformation
(C(5)-anti, C(9)-syn and C(14)-anti) are equal for both chromophores.

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94: Brouers M.
Utilisation traditionnelle de la spiruline (Arthrospira sp.) au Tchad.
in L. Charpy et al. (eds.), CICSSD (2004) 135-140ter.
PMID: pas
pdf: Brouers M 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
40
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

95: Buletsa BA, Ihnatovych II, Lupych PP, Pulyk OR.
[The prevalence, structure and clinical problems of multiple sclerosis in the Transcarpathian area
based on epidemiological study data].
Lik Sprava. 1996 Oct-Dec;(10-12):163-5.
PMID: 9138801
pdf: Buletsa B 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en ukrainien

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96: Bulik CG.
How the Spirulina, a blue-green alga, preserves the cell from degeneration, and extends youth and
human lifespan.
PMID: pas
pdf: Bulik C 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

97: Buttarelli FR, Calogero RA, Tiboni O, Gualerzi CO, Pon CL.
Characterization of the str operon genes from Spirulina platensis and their evolutionary relationship to
those of other prokaryotes.
Mol Gen Genet. 1989 May;217(1):97-104.
PMID: 2505055
pdf: Buttarelli F 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A 5.3 kb DNA segment containing the str operon (ca. 4.5 kb) of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
has been sequenced. The str operon includes the structural genes rpsL (ribosomal protein S12), rpsG
(ribosomal protein S7), fus (translation elongation factor EF-G) and tuf (translation elongation factor
EF-Tu). From the nucleotide sequence of this operon, the primary structures of the four gene products
have been derived and compared with the available corresponding structures from eubacteria,
archaebacteria and chloroplasts. Extensive homologies were found in almost all cases and in the
order S12 greater than EF-Tu greater than EF-G greater than S7; the largest homologies were
generally found between the cyanobacterial proteins and the corresponding chloroplast gene
products. Overall codon usage in S. platensis was found to be rather unbiased.

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98: Calamand P.
Production semi-industrielle et humanitaire.
in L. Charpy et al. (eds.), CICSSD (2004) 163.
PMID: pas
pdf: Calamand P 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:
41

----------------------------------------------------------

99: Cammack R, Rao KK, Bargeron CP, Hutson KG, Andrew PW, Rogers LJ .
Midpoint redox potentials of plant and algal ferredoxins.
Biochem J . 1977 Nov 15;168(2):205-9.
PMID: 202262
pdf: Cammack R 1977.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Midpoint potentials of plant-type ferredoxins from a range of sources were measured by redox
titrations combined with electron-paramagnetic-resonance spectroscopy. For ferredoxins from higher
plants, green algae and most red algae, the midpoint potentials (at pH 8.0) were between --390 and --
425 mV. Values for the major ferredoxin fractions from blue-green algae were less negative (between
--325 and --390 mV). In addition, Spirulina maxima and Nostoc strain MAC contain second minor
ferredoxin components with a different potential, --305 mV (the highest so far measured for a plant-
algal ferrodoxin) for Spirulina ferrodoxin II, and --455 mV (the lowest so far measured for a plant-algal
ferredoxin) for Nostoc strain MAC ferredoxin II. However, two ferredoxins extracted from a variety of
the higher plant Pisum sativum (pea) had midpoint potentials that were only slightly different from each
other. These values are discussed in terms of possible roles for the ferredoxins in addition to their
involvement in photosynthetic electron transport.

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100: Campanella L, Russo MV, Avino P.
Free and total amino acid composition in blue-green algae.
Annali di Chimica 92,No 4 (2002) 343-52.
PMID: 12073880
pdf: Campanella L 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

A simple, accurate and reproducible analytical method is described for the extraction and the
simultaneous determination of 18 amino acids in different for geographical origin Spirulina alga
samples using phenylisothiocianate as derivatizating agent in natural feed. The best experimental
hydrolysis conditions have been studied varying the temperature, the time and the hydrolyzing
reagent. The separation and the quantitative analysis of the by-products have been carried out by
HPLC analysis and UV detection. An amino acid pattern is compared with that proposed by the Food
Agriculture Organization (FAO) for an ideal protein and with those of some traditional feed.

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101: Campanella L, Cubadda F, Sammartino MP, Saoncella A.
An algal biosensor for the monitoring of water toxicity in estuarine environments.
Water Res. 2000 J an;35(1):69-76.
PMID: 11257895
pdf: Campanella L 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $algal-biosensor; $marine-pollution; $environmental-monitoring; $water-toxicity-
assessment; $toxicity-biosensor.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; instrumentation; contrle; fausse-spiruline; B.
rsum:

An algal biosensor for toxicity assessment of estuarine waters is proposed. The sensor was obtained
by coupling a suited algal bioreceptor (the cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa) to an amperometric
gas diffusion electrode. The analytical device allows the monitoring of the evolution of photosynthetic
O2 and the detection of alterations due to toxic effects caused by environmental pollutants present in
the medium. Four chemical species representative of three main different classes of pollutants (heavy
42
metals, triazinic herbicides, carbamate insecticides) were tested at different concentrations using a
standardized natural water as experimental medium. In all the cases a toxic response was detected
(i.e. a dose-related inhibition of photosynthetic activity was recorded) with good reproducibility.

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102: Campanella L, Crescentini G, Avino P.
Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of some natural and commercial food products based
on Spirulina.
Analusis 27 (1999) 533-540.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $algae, $chemical-composition, $nutrition.
rsum:

A natural and a commercial Spirulina product of Cuban origin have been extensively studied together
with four algal food products available on the Italian market. The contents of macrominerals, trace
elements, free and total amino acids, fatty acids and of two important phycobiliproteins (C-
phycocyanine and allophycocyanine) have been determined. The results are compared with those of
other studies regarding both natural and commercial analogous products. A nutritional and
toxicological evaluation of the products was conducted. The analyses were performed using different
analytical procedures: macrominerals and trace elements were determined by INAAand by ICP-AES,
free and total amino acids (as PTC-derivatives) and phycobiliproteins were determined by HPLC
analysis (with UVdetection). Fatty acids were extracted using two different methods (one based on
benzene and the other based on supercritical fluid extraction with CO2) and analyzed as esters by
GC-analysis.

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103: Campanella L, Crescentini G, Avino P, Moauro A.
Determination of macrominerals and trace elements in the alga Spirulina platensis.
Analusis 26 (1998) 210-214.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $Macrominerals, $trace-elements, $INAA, $ICP-AES.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **Bioaccumulation.
rsum:

The alga Spirulina, in particular Spirulina platensis, an ubiquitous component of sea and ocean with
high nutritional content, is considered a potential alimentary source for third world countries affected
by heavy famine problems. On other side, Spirulina-based products are nowadays commonly
commercialized and recommended by suppliers as health food, diet pills, vitamins supplement etc..
However, a careful nutritional and toxicological evaluation of these products is necessary, since algae
show bioaccumulation properties towards heavy metals. In this frame, samples of commercial and
natural Spirulina platensis of Cuban origin, have been characterized for their macromineral and trace
elements content. Measurements have been carried out by INAA and ICP-AES employing standard
reference materials. The use of two techniques allowed the determination of a wider spectrum of
elements and in some cases, the cross-checking of the data obtained. The toxic heavy metals levels
found in both products are such that they do not constitute, on the basis of the recommended daily
doses a health hazard for consumers.

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104: Campbell J 3rd, Stevens SE J r, Balkwill DL.
Accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina platensis.
J Bacteriol. 1982 J an;149(1):361-3.
PMID: 6798024
pdf: Campbell J 1982.pdf
43
mots-cls article:
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **bioaccumulation.
rsum:

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate has been identified in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The addition
of reduced carbon compounds to the growth medium was not required for poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
accumulation. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulated during exponential growth to 6% of the total dry
weight and then decreased during the stationary phase.

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105: Canela APRF, Rosa PTV, Marques MOM, Meireles MAA.
Supercritical fluid extraction of fatty acids and carotenoids from the microalgae Spirulina maxima.
Indust Eng Chem Res 41, No 12 (2002) 3012-3018.
PMID: pas
pdf: Canela A 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; spirulina-platensis; spirulina-pacifica; m; B.
rsum :

The supercritical fluid extraction of fatty acids and carotenoids from the microalgae Spirulina maxima
with carbon dioxide was studied. The effects of pressure and temperature on the yield and chemical
composition of the extracts were assessed. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 20-
70 C and pressures of 15-180 bar. The solvent mass flow rate was 3.33 x 10^-5 kg/s. Statistical
analysis showed that neither the temperature nor the pressure significantly affected the total yield, but
both the temperature and the pressure affected the extraction rate, and the effect of the temperature
prevailed over that of the pressure. The extracts were rich in essential fatty acids and carotenes, and
at 100 bar and 45 C the extract contained no carotenes. Temperatures larger than 50 C degraded the
carotenes, as expected. The model of Goto et al. described the overall experimental extraction curves
quite well.

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106: Canizares-Villanueva RO.
Biosorcin de metales pesados mediante el uso de biomasa microbiana.
Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiologa 42, No 3 (2000) 131-143.
PMID: pas
pdf: Canizares-Villanueva R 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $biomasa, $metales-pesados, $biosorcin, $bioprecipitacin, $eliminacin-
microbiana, $biomass, $heavy-metal, $biosorption, $bioprecipitation, $microbial-removal.
rsum :

La utilizacin de microorganismos como biosorbentes de metales pesados, ofrece una alternativa
potencial a los mtodos ya existentes para la destoxificacin y recuperacin de metales txicos o
valiosos presentes en aguas residuales industriales. Muchas levaduras, hongos, algas, bacterias y
cierta flora acutica tienen la capacidad de concentrar metales a partir de soluciones acuosas diluidas
y de acumularlas dentro de la estructura microbiana. Actualmente los procesos biotecnolgicos mas
eficientes utilizan la biosorcin y la bioprecipitacin, pero otros procesos tales como la unin a
macromolculas especficas pueden tener un potencial en el futuro. Las tecnologas que usan estos
procesos son comnmente usadas para el control de la contaminacin de diversas fuentes. En este
artculo, el trmino biosorcin es usado para abarcar la utilizacin por la biomasa total (viva o muerta)
va mecanismos fisicoqumicos tales como la adsorcin y el intercambio inico. El mecanismo de
utilizacin metablica es usado cuando se utiliza la biomasa viva. Asimismo se mencionan sistemas
que emplean mezclas de microorganismos as como plantas superiores.

[Microorganisms are known to remove heavy metal ions from water and their utilization as biosorbents
for heavy metal removal, offers a potential alternative to the existent methods for the detoxification and
recovery of toxic/precious metals present in industrial wastewater. Many yeasts, fungi, algae, bacteria
44
and some aquatic plants have the capacity to concentrate metals from aqueous diluted solutions, and
to accumulate them inside the cell structure. To date, the most successful biotechnological processes
utilize biosorption and bioprecipitation, but other processes such as binding by specific
macromolecules may have future potential. Technologies using these processes are currently used to
control pollution from diverse sources. In this article, the term biosorption is used to encompass
uptake by whole biomass (living or dead) via physico-chemical mechanisms such as adsorption or ion
exchange. Where living biomass is used, metabolic uptake mechanisms may also contribute to the
process. Mention is made about systems that employ a mixture of microorganisms as well as higher
plants].

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107: Canne C, Ebelshauser M, Gay E, Shergill J K, Cammack R, Kappl R, Huttermann J .
Probing magnetic properties of the reduced [2Fe-2S] cluster of the ferredoxin from Arthrospira
platensis by 1H ENDOR spectroscopy.
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2000 Aug;5(4):514-26.
PMID: 10968623
pdf: Canne C 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis; fundamental-biology;
photosynthse; ferredoxines.
rsum:

The 1H electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectra in frozen solutions of the reduced [2Fe-
2S] cluster in ferredoxin from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis have been measured at low
temperatures (5-20 K) and simulated using orientational selection methods. The analysis confirmed
the existence of a single paramagnetic species with iron valence states II and III connected uniquely to
the cluster irons. The experimental ENDOR spectra were fitted to a model including the spin
distribution on the centre, the orientation of the g-matrix, and the isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine
couplings of the nearest protons in the crystallographically determined structure. In order to partially
simulate ENDOR line shapes, a statistical distribution of the corresponding torsion angles between the
Fe(III) centre and one of the beta-CH2 protons was introduced. From the analysis, four of the larger
hyperfine couplings found were assigned to the cysteine beta-protons near the Fe(III) ion of the
cluster, with isotropic hyperfine couplings ranging from 1.6 to 4.1 MHz. The spin distribution on the two
iron ions was estimated to be +1.85 for the Fe(III) ion and -0.9 for the Fe(II) ion. The Fe(III) ion was
identified as being coordinated to the cysteine ligands Cys49 and Cys79, confirming previous NMR
results. The direction of the g-tensor with respect to the cluster was deduced. The g1-g2 plane is
parallel to the planes through each iron and its adjacent cysteine sulfurs; the g2-g3 plane is nearly
perpendicular to the latter planes and deviates by 25 degrees from the FeSSFe plane. The g1
direction is dominated by the bonding geometry of Fe(II) and does not align with the Fe(II)-Fe(III)
vector.

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108: Cao J , Liang D, Xu Z, Qiu G, Li B, Vonshak A.
Physico-chemical parameters influencing DNase activity of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Microbiol Res. 2000 Apr;155(1):59-63.
PMID: 10830902
pdf: Cao J 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A novel protease has been identified, purified and partially characterised from complete medium
grown Spirulina platensis, which could be responsible for the selective proteolysis of phycobiliproteins.
It is an 80 kDa homodimeric enzyme; its N-terminal sequence is not related to any known protease
sequence. It hydrolyses native phycocyanins in both crude extracts and reconstructed systems with
purified Allo- or C-phycocyanin. It is inactive on several native proteins, including ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase. The two phycocyanins are degraded at different velocities since C-
phycocyanin is the better substrate, in agreement with the earlier observations on the progress of the
45
phycobilisome disassembly. Specificity for synthetic substrates and inhibitors strongly suggests its
assignment to the serine-protease family. The enzyme, however, is insensitive to the commercially
available protein inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases.

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109: Capasso J M, Cossio BR, Berl T, Rivard CJ , J imenez C.
A colorimetric assay for determination of cell viability in algal cultures.
Biomol Eng. 2003 J ul;20(4-6):133-8.
PMID: 12919790
pdf: Capasso J 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cell-viability; $Microalgae; $Tetrazolium; $Formazan; $Colorimetry.
mots-cls Antenna: .
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **cell-density.
rsum:

In this work, we propose the determination of cell viability in algal cultures by using a colorimetric
assay widely used for estimation of cell proliferation in animal cell cultures. The method is based on in
vivo reduction by metabolically active cells of a tetrazolium compound (MTS=3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-
yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenil)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) to a colored formazan,
with maximal absorbance at 490 nm, that is released to the culture medium. For this purpose, we have
tested two microalgae with high commercial value (Dunaliella and Spirulina) and two seaweeds with
different morphology (Ulva and Gracilaria). Color development in this assay is directly proportional to
the number of viable cells, to the incubation time in the presence of the assay solution, and to the
incubation temperature. A direct significant correlation was found between algal photosynthesis rate
and color development in all species used through this work. Moreover, the intensity of absorbance at
490 nm was significantly lower in stressed cells (e.g. in nutrient-limited cultures, in the presence of
toxic substances, and in osmotically-stressed cultures). We conclude that cell viability of algal cultures
can be rapidly and easily estimated through colorimetric determination of the reduction of MTS to
formazan.


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110: Careri M, Furlattini L, Mangia A, Musc M, Anklam E, Theobald A, von Holst C.
Supercritical fluid extraction for liquid chromatographic determination of carotenoids in Spirulina
Pacifica algae: a chemometric approach.
J Chromatogr A 912,No 1 (200) 61-71.
PMID: 11307988
Careri M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Experimental-design; $Optimization; $Carotenoids; $Carotenes; $Cryptoxanthin;
$Zeaxanthin.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-pacifica; n, B.
rsum:

An experimental design procedure was used to investigate the effects of some operating parameters
on the supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin
from Spirulina Pacifica algae, a carotenoid-rich dietary product. Variables tested were temperature
and pressure of the supercritical fluid, dynamic extraction time and percentage of ethanol added as
the modifier. Each variable was tested at three levels; 31 experiments were performed in random
order. Analyses of the extracts were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-
Vis photodiode array detection. Analytical responses (chromatographic peak areas) were processed
by using a stepwise multiple regression analysis, in order to find polynomial functions describing the
relationships between variables and responses. For all the analytes the experimental conditions
providing the highest extraction yield inside the experimental domain considered were found.
Supercritical fluid extraction results obtained in these conditions were compared with those obtained
by performing solvent extraction in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the supercritical fluid
extraction procedure.
46

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111: Carlozzi P, Pinzani E.
Growth characteristics of Arthrospira platensis cultured inside a new close-coil photobioreactor
incorporating a mandrel to control culture temperature.
Biotechnol Bioeng 90, No 6 (2005) 675-684.
PMID: 15803465
pdf: Carlozzi P 2005a.pdf
mots-cls article: $photobioreactor, $hydrodynamic-aspects, $biomass, $fluorescence, $Arthrospira-
platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis.
rsum:

The aim of this study was to investigate Arthrospira growth inside a new CCP incorporating a mandrel
for culture temperature control. Some hydrodynamic aspects and photobioreactor performances were
investigated as well. The bioreactor incorporated A. platensis grown under batch and semicontinuous
conditions. Two systems were used to recycle Arthrospira cultures: a peristaltic pump and an airlift
system. When the pump recycled the culture, we achieved a very high Dean number (De=3,950),
which decreased a great deal when the pump was replaced with the airlift system. During outdoor
Arthrospira batch growth, a cell concentration of 16.4 g (DW)l-1 was reached after 9 days. However,
the maximum chlorophyll content of the biomass (2.0% of DW) was achieved on the fifth and sixth
days. The highest daily biomass output rate was obtained using the airlift system, when the CCP was
operated under a semicontinuous regime: the gross output rate was 2.85+/-0.37 g (DW) l-1 d-1 and
the net was 2.32+/-0.11 g (DW) l-1 d-1. The advantages of the airlift system may be due to the low
concentration of oxygen built up inside Arthrospira culture and the lack of cell damage due to the
pump system. Thus, oxygen and pump stress may have been avoided.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

112: Carlozzi P, Ena A, Carnevale S.
Hydrodynamic alterations during cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis) growth from low to high
biomass concentration inside tubular photobioreactors.
Biotechnol Prog 21, No 2 (2005) 416-22.
PMID: 15801780
pdf: Carlozzi P 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The rheological behavior of an Arthrospira culture was studied from low to high biomass
concentration. Two tubular undulating row photobioreactors (TURP-5r and TURP-10r), with a very
short light path of 1.0 cm, were used during batch growth. In TURP-5r, the biomass concentration
increased to 14.5 g(dw) L(-1), and alterations of the physical properties and hydrodynamic behavior
occurred as a result. In the past, the rheological characteristics of photosynthetic-microbe cultures
were rarely investigated because of the low biomass concentration attained in the systems.
Developing closed photobioreactor technologies, the optimum biomass concentration rises and the
viscosity, the generalized Reynolds number (N'(Re)), and the power required for culture recycling are
also subject to alteration. Starting from a biomass concentration of 4.1 g(dw) L(-1), the Arthrospira
culture already exhibits the characteristics of a non-Newtonian fluid. As a result of culture recycling
from 2.0 to 20.5 g(dw) L(-1) and an available power of 1.67 W row(-1), we demonstrated that N'(Re) is
reduced from 6265 to 1148. Our experimental results showed that N'(Re) of 2345 can be reached only
at a cell concentration below 11.1 g(dw) L(-1), while at a cell concentration below 4.1 g(dw) L(-1)
N'(Re) =4080 was reached. The power consumption (P(c)) for culture recycling increased noticeably
when the cell concentration rose; the highest P(c) increase attained was from 2.0 to 4.1 g(dw) L(-1).
This is the range within which the Arthrospira culture changes from a Newtonian to a non-Newtonian
fluid.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

47
113: Carlozzi P.
Dilution of solar radiation through "culture" lamination in photobioreactor rows facing south-north: a
way to improve the efficiency of light utilization by cyanobacteria (Arthrospira platensis).
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Feb 5;81(3):305-15.
PMID: 12474253
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $photobioreactors, $culture-lamination, $light-dilution.
rsum:

Efficient utilization of solar radiation for the photoautotrophic production of cyanobacterium biomass
was achieved, using small pipes (ID =0.01 m) arranged in rows in two photobioreactors facing south-
north. A high Arthrospira yield of 47.7 g m(-2) (installation area) d(-1) was attained under outdoor
conditions in a tubular undulating row photobioreactor (TURP-10r). During the summer, under a
semicontinuous culture regime, the optimal biomass concentration (OBC) in TURP-5r was 6.0 g L(-1):
it was 5.0 g L(-1) in TURP-10r. These OBCs made it possible to produce a biomass output rate of 2.7
+/- 0.2 g L(-1) d(-1) in the former and 2.1 +/- 0.1 g L(-1) d(-1) in the latter. When Arthrospira was
grown at a preset dilution rate (0.3 d(-1)), sunrise cell density (SrCD) variations were not proportional
to the drop of solar radiation. The SrCD was comparatively high at high solar radiation and decreased
abruptly with decreasing solar radiation. There was a tendency to stabilize at low solar radiation. In
both photobioreactors, the chlorophyll content of the Arthrospira biomass (% of the dry weight) was
higher at sunrise than at sunset. A comparison of the chlorophyll biomass content in the TURPs
showed no significant differences. Night biomass losses were very high (>30% of the daylight
productivity) when the culture temperature was kept constant at 31 +/- 1.0 degrees C: these losses fell
to <20% of the daylight productivity, when the night temperature of the cultures decreased according
to the environmental temperature. Dilution of solar radiation was carried out using two quasi-laminated
bioreactors. The rows of S-N facing bioreactors showed a very high growth yield in TURP-10r [about
2.1g (d.w.) MJ (-1)]. In TURP-10r, the high photic ratio (R(f) =6), the high surface-to-volume ratio
(S(ill)/V =400 m(-1)) and the S-N facing of the rows (better than an E-W orientation) allowed for good
results.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

114: Carlozzi P.
Hydrodynamic aspects and Arthrospira growth in two outdoor tubular undulating row photobioreactors.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54, No 1 (2000) 14-22.
PMID: 10951999
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; m.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **photobioreactor.
rsum :

Two tubular undulating row photobioreactors (TURPs) with a very high illuminated surface/volume
ratio (400 m(-1)) were designed and constructed for the growth of photosynthetic micro-organisms.
Experiments were conducted under outdoor conditions; and Arthrospira recycling was performed with
airlifts (one for each row). The rows in each reactor faced east-west and consisted of a flexible
polyvinyl chloride pipe (22 m long, 0.01 m bore) arranged in a sinusoidal shape. We studied the
hydraulic performance of the sine-shaped photobioreactor rows during culture recycling in the TURPs
at a very high Reynolds number (4,200), when Arthrospira showed Newtonian fluid behavior. The
sinusoidal pipe arrangement imposed a sine waveform on the culture, which led to better light
utilization. During summer, a volumetric productivity of 2.2 g l(-1) day(-1) was reached in the TURP-5r
(5 rows m(-2)), whereas an area productivity of 35 g m(-2) day(-1) was obtained in the TURP-10r (10
rows m(-2)). This was due to more light being available in the TURP-5r, because its rows were more
spaced out and the photic ratio (Rf) was low (3.0). In the TURP-10r, the closer rows caused a dilution
of the sunlight, but gave a better light distribution inside the Arthrospira culture and improved the light
utilization. This was attributed to the high Rf (6.0) of this reactor.

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48
115: Carmichael W, Drapeau C, Anderson DM.
Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Born. & Flah. var. flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria) from
Klamath Lake for human dietary use.
J Appl Phycol 12, No 6 (2000) 585-595.
PMID: pas
pdf: Carmichael W 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae, $biomass, $blue-green-algae, $cyanobacteria, $food,
$harvesting, $Klamath-Lake, $quality-control, $waterbloom.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, d.
rsum:

In western cultures, certain cyanobacteria have been an accepted source of microalgal biomass for
food for about 30 years, in particular Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and S. maxima. Beginning in the
early 1980s, another species, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was adopted for similar uses. This is
harvested from Upper Klamath Lake, the largest freshwater lake system in Oregon. In 1998 the annual
commercial production of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was about 1 x 10^6 kg. Since this species is not
cultured like Spirulina in outdoor ponds or raceways, it requires very different procedures for
harvesting and processing. These are reviewed here and include extensive off-lake screens or on-lake
barges, which dewater and concentrate the cells. Other procedures, such as those for removal of
detritus and mineral materials, and those for monitoring and reducing the amounts of certain
contaminant cyanobacteria, which can produce cyanotoxins, have also become important in quality
control and marketing.

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116: Carmichael WW.
The toxins of cyanobacteria.
Sci Amer (J anuary 1994) 64-72.
PMID: 8284661
pdf: Carmichael W 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; f.
rsum:

These poisons, which periodically and fatally contaminate the water supplies of wild and dmestic
animals, can also harm humans. But they are coaxed into doing good.

Publication Types: Review

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117: Cases J , Wysocka IA, Caporiccio B, J ouy N, Besancon P, Szpunar J , Rouanet J M.
Assessment of selenium bioavailability from high-selenium spirulina subfractions in selenium-deficient
rats.
J Agric Food Chem. 2002 J un 19;50(13):3867-73.
PMID: 12059173
pdf: Cases J 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Selenium; $bioavailability; $glutathione-peroxidase; $high-selenium-spirulina-
subfractions.
mots-cls Antenna: , B.
rsum:

It was previously found that the bioavailability of Se from Se-rich spirulina (SeSp) was lower than that
from selenite or selenomethionine when fed to Se-deficient rats. The present study examined the
bioavailability of Se from SeSp subfractions: a pellet (P) issuing from the centrifugation of a
suspension of broken SeSp and a retentate (R) resulting from ultrafiltration of the supernatant through
a 30 kDa exclusion membrane. Animals were fed a torula yeast based diet with no Se (deficients) or
supplemented with 75 microg of Se/kg of diet as sodium selenite (controls) for 42 days. Se-deficient
rats were then repleted for 56 days with Se (75 microg/kg of diet) supplied as sodium selenite, SeSp,
P, or R. During this period, controls continued to receive sodium selenite. Speciation of Se in
49
subfractions showed that the majority was present in the form of high molecular weight compounds;
free selenomethionine was only a minor constituent. Gross absorption of Se from sodium selenite, P,
and R was not different and was higher than from SeSp. Only retentate allowed full replenishment of
Se concentration in liver and kidney (as did sodium selenite) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx)
activity in liver, kidney, plasma, and erythrocytes. The bioavailabilities of Se in retentate, as assessed
by slope ratio analysis using selenite as a reference Se, were 89 and 112% in the tissue Se content
and 106-133% in the GSHPx activities. SeSp and P exhibited a gross bioavailability of <100%. These
results indicate that Se in retentate is highly bioavailable and represents an interesting source of Se
for food supplementation.

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118: Cases J , Vacchina V, Napolitano A, Caporiccio B, Besancon P, Lobinski R, Rouanet J M.
Selenium from selenium-rich Spirulina is less bioavailable than selenium from sodium selenite and
selenomethionine in selenium-deficient rats.
J Nutr. 2001 Sep;131(9):2343-50.
PMID: 11533277
mots-cls article: $selenium; $Spirulina; $rats; $glutathione-peroxidase.
mots-cls Antenna: .
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **bioavalability.
rsum:

The bioavailabilty of selenium (Se) from selenium-rich Spirulina (SeSp) was assessed in Se-deficient
rats by measuring tissue Se accumulation and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. For 42 d, rats
were subjected to dietary Se depletion by consumption of a Torula yeast (TY)-based diet with no Se;
controls were fed the same diet supplemented with 75 microg Se/kg diet as sodium selenite. Se-
deficient rats were then repleted with Se (75 microg/kg) by the addition of sodium selenite,
selenomethionine (SeMet) or SeSp to the TY basal diet. Selenium speciation in SeSp emphasized the
quasi-absence of selenite (2% of total Se); organic Se comprised SeMet (approximately 18%), with
the majority present in the form of two selenoproteins (20-30 kDa and 80 kDa). Gross absorption of Se
from SeSp was significantly lower than from free SeMet and sodium selenite. SeMet was less effective
than sodium selenite in restoring Se concentration in the liver but not in kidney. SeSp was always
much less effective. Similarly, Se from SeSp was less effective than the other forms of Se in restoring
GSH-Px activity, except in plasma and red blood cells where no differences were noted among the
three sources. This was confirmed by measuring the bioavailability of Se by slope-ratio analysis using
selenite as the reference form of Se. Although Se from SeSp did not replenish Se concentration and
GSH-Px activity in most tissues to the same degree as the other forms of Se, we conclude that it is
biologically useful and differently metabolized due to its chemical form.

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119: Cases J , Puig M, Caporiccio B, Baroux B, Baccou J C, Besanon P, Rouanet J M.
Glutathione-related enzymic activities in rats receiving high cholesterol or standard diets
supplemented with two forms of selenium.
Food Chemistry 65, No 2 (1999) 207-211.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Selenium deficiency was produced in rats fed a high cholesterol diet for 57 days (Group 1). It was
characterized by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) an end product of lipid peroxidation and by
the dramatic collapse of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHPx) in plasma,
erythrocytes and in homogenate supernatant fraction of liver, kidney and heart compared with rats fed
a standard diet containing sodium selenite (Group 3). A compensatory rise in the activity of liver
glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and also in glutathione reductase (GSSGR) activity was
accompanied by an increase in NADPH-generating enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Adequate dietary selenium supplementation by Se-rich
50
Spirulina corrected all the selenium deficiency effects (Group 2), then, GSHPx and NADPH-
consuming enzymes activities were of the same magnitude as those exhibited by rats fed a standard
diet containing adequate selenium in the form of sodium selenite. Based on this study, it is concluded
that Se-enriched Spirulina behave as an excellent selenium carrier.

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120: Castiglioni B, Rizzi E, Frosini A, Sivonen K, Rajaniemi P, Rantala A, Mugnai MA, Ventura S,
Wilmotte A, Boutte C, Grubisic S, Balthasart P, Consolandi C, Bordoni R, Mezzelani A, Battaglia C, De
Bellis G.
Development of a universal microarray based on the ligation detection reaction and 16S rRNA gene
polymorphism to target diversity of cyanobacteria.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004 Dec;70(12):7161-72.
PMID: 15574913
pdf: Castiglioni B 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; gnomique; ARN.
rsum:

The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes of significant ecological and biotechnological
interest, since they strongly contribute to primary production and are a rich source of bioactive
compounds. In eutrophic fresh and brackish waters, their mass occurrences (water blooms) are often
toxic and constitute a high potential risk for human health. Therefore, rapid and reliable identification of
cyanobacterial species in complex environmental samples is important. Here we describe the
development and validation of a microarray for the identification of cyanobacteria in aquatic
environments. Our approach is based on the use of a ligation detection reaction coupled to a universal
array. Probes were designed for detecting 19 cyanobacterial groups including
Anabaena/Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Gloeothece,
halotolerants, Leptolyngbya, Palau Lyngbya, Microcystis, Nodularia, Nostoc, Planktothrix, Antarctic
Phormidium, Prochlorococcus, Spirulina, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Trichodesmium, and
Woronichinia. These groups were identified based on an alignment of over 300 cyanobacterial 16S
rRNA sequences. For validation of the microarrays, 95 samples (24 axenic strains from culture
collections, 27 isolated strains, and 44 cloned fragments recovered from environmental samples) were
tested. The results demonstrated a high discriminative power and sensitivity to 1 fmol of the PCR-
amplified 16S rRNA gene. Accurate identification of target strains was also achieved with unbalanced
mixes of PCR amplicons from different cyanobacteria and an environmental sample. Our universal
array method shows great potential for rapid and reliable identification of cyanobacteria. It can be
easily adapted to future development and could thus be applied both in research and environmental
monitoring.


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121: Chakravarthi S, Kapoor R.
Development of a nutritious low viscosity weaning mix using natural ingredients and microbial
amylases.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003 Sep;54(5):341-7.
PMID: 12907405
pdf: Chakravarthi S 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

A nutritious weaning food was developed using natural ingredients; namely, staple cereals and pulses,
groundnut, Spirulina and gooseberry. The nutritive value of the developed weaning mix was found to
be better than a commercial mix. The viscosity of the mixes was reduced by the addition of bacterial
and fungal amylases. Addition of amylases at a concentration of 0.1-0.4% drastically reduced the
viscosity in all the formulated mixes. The maximum viscosity reduction effect was evident at 0.2% for
bacterial amylase and at 0.4% for fungal amylases.
51

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122: Chamorro G, Salazar M, Araujo KG, dos Santos CP, Ceballos G, Castillo LF.
Actualizacion en la farmacologia de Spirulina (Arthrospira), un alimento no convencional.
[Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira), an unconventional food].
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2002 Sep;52(3):232-40.
PMID: 12448336
pdf: Chamorro G 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: article de revue en espagnol

Spirulina (Arthrospira), a filamentous, unicellular alga, is a cyanobacterium grown in certain countries
as food for human and animal consumption. It is also used to derive additives in pharmaceuticals and
foods. This alga is a rich source of proteins, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and other nutrients. Its
main use, therefore, is as a food supplement. Over the last few years, however, it has been found to
have many additional pharmacological properties. Thus, it has been experimentally proven, in vivo
and in vitro that it is effective to treat certain allergies, anemia, cancer, hepatotoxicity, viral and
cardiovascular diseases, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, immunodeficiency, and inflammatory
processes, among others. Several of these activities are attributed to Spirulina itself or to some of its
components including fatty acids omega-3 or omega-6, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, phycocyanin,
phenol compounds, and a recently isolated complex, Ca-Spirulan (Ca-SP). This paper aims to update
and critically review the results published over the last few years with regards to these properties. The
conclusion is that even if this cyanobacterium has been one of the most extensively studied from the
chemical, pharmacological and toxicological points of view, it is still necessary to expand the research
in order to have more consistent data for its possible use in human beings.


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123: Chamorro G, Salazar S, Favila-Castillo L, Steele C, Salazar M.
Reproductive and peri- and postnatal evaluation of Spirulina maxima in mice.
J Appl Phycol 9, No 2 (1997) 107-112.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chamorro G 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $toxicity-evaluation, $reproductive-toxicology, $single-cellproteins, $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, d.
rsum:

Spirulina maxima, provided by Sosa Texcoco Company (Mxico City), was administered to mice of
both sexes in a fertility study, at concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 30% incorporated into the diet. Males
were fed for nine weeks while females, for two weeks, and feeding continued during the mating period
and gestation. On the other hand, in a peri- and postnatal study, the alga was given only to females at
the same concentrations from day 15 of gestation until day 21 post-partum. Treatments were not
associated with any adverse effect on reproductive performance, pregnancy rate, number of corpora
lutea, resorptions or number of live or dead fetuses. There was no increase in the number of abnormal
pups at caesarean section. Length of gestation, parturition status, and litter values were unaffected by
treatment. However, there was a statistically significant reduction in bodyweight and survival rate on
postnatal days 04 at the high dose group in the peri- and postnatal study. The reproductive
performance of F1 generation was normal in all groups. We conclude that S. maxima is not toxic to
reproduction.

----------------------------

124: Chamorro G, Salazar M, Favila L, Bourges H.
[Pharmacology and toxicology of Spirulina alga].
Rev Invest Clin. 1996 Sep-Oct;48(5):389-99.
PMID: 9005517
52
pdf: Chamorro G 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en espagnol

Spirulina, a unicellular filamentous blue-green alga has been consumed by man since ancient times in
Mexico and central Africa. It is currently grown in many countries by synthetic methods. Initially the
interest in Spirulina was on its nutritive value: it was found almost equal to other plant proteins. More
recently, some preclinical testing suggests it has several therapeutic properties such as
hypocholesterolemic, immunological, antiviral and antimutagenic. This has led to more detailed
evaluations such as nucleic acid content and presence of toxic metals, biogenic toxins and organic
chemicals: they have shown absence or presence at tolerable levels according to the
recommendations of international regulatory agencies. In animal experiments for acute, subchronic
and chronic toxicity, reproduction, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity the algae did not cause body or
organ toxicity. In all instances, the Spirulina administered to the animals were at much higher amounts
than those expected for human consumption. On the other hand there is scant information of the
effects of the algae in humans. This area needs more research.

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125: Chamorro G, Salazar M.
Teratogenic study of Spirulina in mice.
Arch Latinoam Nutr 1990;40:86-94
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en espagnol

The embryotoxic and fetotoxic potential of Spirulina was investigated in mice. The algae was given to
pregnant animals at the levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/100 in the diet through days 7-13, 1-13 and 1-19
of gestation. On day 19, the rats were sacrificed, and the uterine horns were examined for live, dead
and resorbed fetuses. The live fetuses were weighed and examined for external malformations and
either skeletal or visceral abnormalities. With the litter as the unit of analysis and when the total
number of fetuses affected was considered, no significant difference was found in the number of
resorbed or malformed among groups. These results indicate that the feeding of pregnant mice with
algae, up to a dietary level of 30 g/100, did not evoke any signs of embryotoxic effects. The Spirulina
levels tested in this study represent exaggeration over any anticipated human consumption.

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126: Chamorro G, Salazar M, Salazar S.
[Teratogenic study of Spirulina in rats].
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1989 Dec;39(4):641-9.
PMID: 2518788
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en espagnol

The algae Spirulina has been considered for use as a supplementary protein to feed and food. Any
form of single cell protein destined to this purpose should be previously subjected to detailed
toxicological investigations in animals or another experimental models. The present study was
therefore designed to determine the teratogenic potential of Spirulina in rats. The algae was
administered in the diet at the levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/100 g on days 7-14, 1-14 and 1-21 of
gestation. The dams were sacrificed prior to term, and the fetuses examined for external, visceral and
skeletal abnormalities. Maternal and fetal weights were not affected. Neither fetotoxicity nor
teratogenicity was associated with the dietary ingestion of Spirulina. It is also considered important to
extend these studies to other animal species.

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53

127: Chamorro GA, Herrera G, Salazar M, Salazar S, Ulloa V.
Short-term toxicity study of Spirulina in F3b generation rats.
J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1988 May-J un;8(3):163-7.
PMID: 3139874
pdf: Chamorro G 1988a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Male and female Wistar rats, that were F3b generation, were maintained for 13 weeks on the same
diets of Spirulina that their parents with levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of dried algae. The algae had no
adverse effects on food consumption, or body weights. Haematology, clinical chemistry, urine
analyses, organ weights, histology or renal functions tests, were nof affected. It was concluded that
Spirulina up to level of 30% in the diet of rats did not produce toxic effects.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

128: Chamorro GA, Herrera G, Salazar M, Salazar S, Ulloa V.
Subchronic toxicity study in rats fed Spirulina.
J Pharm Belg. 1988 J an-Feb;43(1):29-36.
PMID: 3132549
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Spirulina algae was given for 13 wk to groups of 10 weanling rats of each sex, incorporated into
experimental diets at levels of 10, 20 and 30 0/00. Body weights of the test animals were slightly lower
than in the control in both sexes. This was accompanied by a slightly lower food consumption. No
effects on haematology, semi-quantative analysis of urine, serum chemistry or histological
examination could be attributed to treatment. It was concluded that Spirulina up level of 30% in the
diet of rats did not produce toxic effects.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

129: Chanawongse L, Lee YK, Bunnag B, Tanticharoen M.
Productivity of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in cultures using sunlight.
Bioresource Technol 48, No 2 (1994) 143-148.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chanawongse L 1994.papier
mots-cls article: $productivity, $outdoor-culture, $spirulina-platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; m.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **optimisation.
rsum :

The growth kinetics of a vacuolated Spirulina platensis strain BP and a non-vacuolated Spirulina
platensis strain 12D in open pond cultures were studied. The changes in the dissolved oxygen
concentration of the cultures were parallel to the sunlight intensity profiles during the day. The specific
growth rate remained unchanged over a large part of the day, although the growth rate in the early
morning varied as a function of cell concentration. The variation in the dark respiration rate during the
day was about 30%. The photosynthesis of the cultures was not photoinhibited in the early morning.
The degree of photoinhibition increased in the morning to reach a value of 1524%, depending on the
cell concentration and light intensity at noon, and then decreased gradually in the afternoon. The study
suggests that the rate limiting step in the growth of Spirulina cultures using sunlight was not at the light
harvesting step (photosynthesis), but the rate of uptake of a key substrate, or the activity of a key
enzyme in the biochemical pathways.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

54
130: Charpy L, Langlade MJ , Vicente N, Riva A (eds).
"Colloque International sur les Cyanobactries pour la Sant, la Science et le Dveloppement --
International Symposium on Cyanobacteria for Health, Science and Development", le des Embiez, 3-
6 mai 2004, Var, FRANCE (Institut Ocanographique Paul Ricard, Marseille, 2005) 192 pp. Mentionn
comme CICSSD (2004).
PMID: pas
pdf: Charpy L 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; E, B.
rsum:

Le compte-rendu du colloque et les rsums des prsentations orales des intervenantss sont tous
deux tlchargeables ladresse http://www.spirunet.org/?page_id=18

----------------------------------------------------------

131: Charpy L, Langlade MJ , Vicente N.
Synthse du colloque sur les cyanobactries.
PMID: pas
pdf: Charpy L 2004a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

132: Chatterjee A, Majee M, Ghosh S, Majumder AL.
sll1722, an unassigned open reading frame of Synechocystis PCC 6803, codes for L-myo-inositol 1-
phosphate synthase.
Planta. 2004 Apr;218(6):989-98.
PMID: 14730448
pdf: Chatterjee A 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Bioinformatics; $Chloroplast; $Functional-complementation; $INO1-gene; $myo-
Inositol-1-phosphate-synthase; $Synechocystis-sp.-PCC-6803.
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; enzyme.
rsum:

L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4; MIPS) catalyzes conversion of glucose 6-phosphate
to L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate, the first and the rate-limiting step in the production of inositol, and has
been reported from evolutionarily diverse organisms. Two forms of the enzyme have been
characterized from higher plants, viz. cytosolic and chloroplastic, and the presence of MIPS has been
earlier reported from the cyanobacteria (e.g. Spirulina sp.), the presumed chloroplast progenitors. The
present study demonstrates possible multiple forms of MIPS and identifies the gene for one of them in
the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Following detection of at least two immunologically
cross-reactive MIPS forms, we have been able to identify from the fully sequenced Synechocystis
genome an as yet unassigned open reading frame (ORF), sll1722, coding for the approx. 50-kDa
MIPS protein, by using biochemical, molecular and bioinformatics tools. The DNA fragment
corresponding to sll1722 was PCR-amplified and functional identity of the gene was confirmed by a
complementation assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants containing a disrupted INO1 gene for
the yeast MIPS. The sll1722 PCR product was cloned in Escherichia coli expression vector pET20b
and the isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-induced overexpressed protein product was
characterized following complete purification. Comparison of the sll1722 sequences with other MIPS
sequences and its phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Synechocystis MIPS gene is quite divergent
from the others.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

133: Chauhan VS, Yadav KR, Thacker SP, Ramamurthy V, Kothari RM.
55
A novel isolate of Chlorella, recalcitrant in an outdoor Spirulina cultivation.
Fresenius Envir Bull 3 (1994) 691-696.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chauhan V 1994.papier
mots-cls article: $chlorella-sp., $formidable-contaminant, $recalcitrant-control.
rsum :

A unicellular green alga resembling Chlorella in morphological and many biochemical characteristics is
identified. However, unlike Chlorella, it is viable between pH 3.0-10.8, to bubbling with CO2-free air,
artificial shading, 200mM NaCl and 0.2 M NaHCO3, thus rendering its control difficult in an outdoor
propagation of Spirulina. Its control by manipulation with (...).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

134: Chen B, Zhou XC.
[Protective effect of natural dietary antioxidants on space radiation-induced damages].
Space Med Med Eng (Beijing). 2003;16 Suppl:514-8.
PMID: 14989308
pdf: Chen B 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois

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135: Chen C, Zhang YZ, Chen XL, Zhou BC, Gao HJ .
Langmuir-Blodgett film of phycobilisomes from blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai). 2003 Oct;35(10):952-5.
PMID: 14515216
pdf: Chen C 2003.pdf (HTML sans figures)
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; production.
rsum:

The phycobilisomes were isolated from blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, and could form monolayer
film at air/water interface. The monolayer film of phycobilisomes was transferred to newly cleaved
mica, and coated with gold. Scanning tunneling microscope was used to investigate the structure of
the Langmuir-Blodgett film of phycobilisomes. It was shown that phycobilisomes in the monolayer
arrayed in rows with core attaching on the substrate surface and rods radiating towards the air phase,
this phenomenon was similar to the arrangement of phycobilisomes on cytoplasmic surface of
thylakoid membrane in vivo. The possible applications of the Langmuir-Blodgett film of phycobilisomes
were also discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

136: Chen F, Zhang Q.
[Inhibitive effects of spirulina on aberrant crypts in colon induced by dimethylhydrazine].
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 J an;29(1):13-7.
PMID: 7600882
pdf: Chen F 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes.
rsum: en chinois

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137: Chen H, Pan SS.
Bioremediation potential of spirulina: toxicity and biosorption studies of lead.
56
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2005 Mar;6(3):171-4.
PMID: 15682500
pdf: Chen H 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Bioadsorption, $Bioremediation, $Spirulina, $Lead.
mots-cls Antenna: ; puration; mtaux-lourds; plomb.
rsum:

This study examines the possibility of using live spirulina to biologically remove aqueous lead of low
concentration (below 50 mg/L) from wastewater. The spirulina cells were first immersed for seven
days in five wastewater samples containing lead of different concentrations, and the growth rate was
determined by light at wavelength of 560 nm. The 72 h-EC50 (72 h medium effective concentration)
was estimated to be 11.46 mg/L (lead). Afterwards, the lead adsorption by live spirulina cells was
conducted. It was observed that at the initial stage (0-12 min) the adsorption rate was so rapid that
74% of the metal was biologically adsorbed. The maximum biosorption capacity of live spirulina was
estimated to be 0.62 mg lead per 10(5) alga cells.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

138: Chen H, Pan G, Yan H, Qin Y.
[Toxic effects of hexavalent chromium on the growth of blue-green microalgae].
Huan J ing Ke Xue. 2003 Mar;24(2):13-8.
PMID: 12800651
pdf: Chen H 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: article en chinois

A standard method of algal bioassay for determining the toxicity of toxic chemicals was applied to the
interaction between Cr(VI) and six blue-green microalgae. The 96h-EC50 of hexavalent chromium on
the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Synechococcus, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis,
Selenastrum capriornutum and Scenedesmus quadricauda were 4.96, 6.50, 11.16, 11.74, 12.43 and
20.89 mg/L, respectively. The tolerance of the six blue-green microalgae to Cr(VI) was in the order of
Scenedesmus quadricauda >Selenastrum capriornutum >Spirulina platensis >Spirulina maxima >
Synechococcus >Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The sensitivity of these species to Cr(VI) might relate to the
cell size, the structure of cell wall, as well as the redox reaction caused by the exudate or enzyme. X-
ray absorption near edge structure(XANES) was used to study the accumulation and transformation of
Cr(VI) in Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

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139: Chen J , Mai K, Ma H, Wang X, Deng D, Liu X, Xu W, Liufu Z, Zhang W, Tan B, Ai Q.
Effects of dissolved oxygen on survival and immune responses of scallop (Chlamys farreri J ones et
Preston).
Fish Shellfish Immunol 22, No 3 (2007) 272-281.
PMID: 16901718
pdf: Chen J 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Scallop; $Chlamys-farreri; $Dissolved-oxygen; $Survival; $Immune-responses.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, A.
rsum:

This experiment investigated the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the survival and immune
responses of scallop Chlamys farreri. The scallops (initial mean dry weight of soft tissue 1.52+/-0.10g)
were cultivated in the seawater with different DO levels (8.5, 6.5, 4.5, and 2.5mgl(-1), respectively) for
21d. Each treatment had triplicate groups of 35 animals. During the experimental period, the scallops
were fed with Spirulina maxima, and water temperature ranged from 15.2 degrees C to 17.5 degrees
C, salinity from 29.5 per thousand to 32.5 per thousand and pH from 7.5 to 8.2. Survival, specific
growth rate (SGR) and total haemocyte count (THC) were examined at the end of the study, and
57
superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were
examined at 12h, 24h, Day 7, Day 14 and Day 21 after being exposed to the graded DO levels. The
lower DO levels (2.5 and 4.5mgl(-1)) resulted in lower survivals of scallops, and the survival (81.7%) at
2.5mgl(-1)DO was significantly lower than those (100.0%) at 8.5 and 6.5mgl(-1) DO. Similarly, the
SGR and THC of scallop gradually reduced with decreasing DO levels, and reached significant levels
at 2.5mgl(-1) DO (P<0.05). At higher DO levels (8.5 and 6.5mgl(-1)), the SOD activity maintained
rather stable during the entire sampling period. At lower DO levels (4.5 and 2.5mgl(-1)), however, the
SOD activity significantly increased at 12h, and then significantly decreased to the levels below the
normal. At the two lower DO levels, ACP activities had no significant changes before Day 7, and then
declined to the levels that were significantly lower than the normal. Significantly higher ALP activity
was only observed at 12h in the treatment of 2.5mgl(-1) DO, but in all other treatments and sampling
times it fluctuated in a narrow range. In conclusion, less than 4.5mgl(-1) DO reduced the survival and
depressed the immune responses of C. farreri.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

140: Chen LC, Chen J S, Tung TC.
[Effects of spirulina on serum lipoproteins and its hypocholesterolemic activities].
Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi. 1981 Sep;80(9):934-42.
PMID: 6948087
pdf: Chen L 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois

--------------------------------------------------------------------

141: Chen LL, Zhang SF, Huang DN, Tan J Q, He SH.
[Experimental study of spirulina platensis in treating allergic rhinitis in rats].
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Feb;30(1):96-8.
PMID: 15871200
pdf: Chen L 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

OBJ ECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic effect of spirulina platensis in allergic rhinitis (AR).
METHODS: Ovalbumin sensitized white rats used as AR animals were treated with spirulina platensis
(SPP). At the end of the treatment, the differences in the behavior science were observed; the
changes in the nasal mucosa and mast cell degranulation were studied pathologically; and the levels
of serum histamine and total immunoglobulin (Ig) E were determined by enzyme-linked immune
sorbent assay.
RESULTS: The behavior science score of the SPP treatment group was lower than that of the
negative control group (P<0.01) ; inflammatory reaction of nasal mucosa in the SPP treatment group
were remarkably relieved; the number of nasal mucosa mastocyte and mast cell degranulation in the
SPP treatment group were lower than that of the negative control group (P<0.01). The levels of serum
histamine and total IgE in the SPP treatment group were lower than that of the negative control group
(P<0.01). It had no significant difference in the positive control group and the SPP treatment group
and the blank control group (P>0.05).
CONCLUSION: Spirulina platensis can prevent and treat AR in rats, which implies the possibility of
using spirulina platensis for AR patients in the future.

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142: Chen T, Wong YS, Zheng W.
Purification and characterization of selenium-containing phycocyanin from selenium-enriched Spirulina
platensis.
Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 2424-230.
PMID: 16973186
pdf: Chen T 2006.pdf
58
mots-cls article: $Selenium; $Phycocyanin; $Spirulina-platensis; $Purification; $Chromatography.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-platensis; N.
rsum:

A fast protein liquid chromatographic method for purification of selenium-containing phycocyanin (Se-
PC) from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis was described in this study. The purification
procedures involved fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose ion-exchange
chromatography and Sephacry S-300 size exclusion chromatography. The purity ratio (A(620)/A(280))
and the separation factor (A(620)/A(655)) of the purified Se-PC were 5.12 and 7.92, respectively. The
Se concentration of purified Se-PC was 496.5mug g(-1) protein, as determined by ICP-AES analysis.
The purity of the Se-PC was further characterized by UV-VIS and fluorescence spectrometry, SDS-
PAGE, RP-HPLC and gel filtration HPLC. The apparent molecular mass of the native Se-PC
determined by gel filtration HPLC was 109kDa, indicating that the protein existed as a trimer. SDS-
PAGE of the purified Se-PC yielded two major bands corresponding to the alpha and beta subunits. A
better separation of these two subunits was obtained by RP-HPLC. Identification of the alpha and beta
subunits separated by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC was achieved by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF)
using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

143: Chen T, Zheng W, Wong YS, Yang F, Bai Y.
Accumulation of selenium in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis on glucose.
Bioresour Technol 97 (2006) 2260-2265.
PMID: 16343896
pdf: Chen T 2006a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Selenium; $Accumulation; $Mixotrophic-culture; $Phycocyanin; $Allophycocyanin;
$Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

Accumulation of Se in mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis was investigated in this study. Results
indicated that glucose was better than acetate as an organic carbon source for mixotrophic culture of
S. platensis. Supplementation of glucose (2gL(-1)) significantly enhanced the biomass concentration
(2.57gL(-1)) and the production of phycocyanin (0.279gL(-1)) and allophycocyanin (0.126gL(-1)) in S.
platensis, which were much higher than those of photoautotrophic culture (1.08gL(-1), 0.119gL(-1) and
0.042gL(-1), respectively). Stepwise addition of Se during the growth phase avoided the inhibitory
effect of high Se concentration on the growth of S. platensis. The Se enrichment favored the
production of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in the algal cells. The highest Se yield (1033mugL(-1))
was obtained at an accumulative Se concentration of 250mgL(-1), with organic Se percentage,
biomass concentration, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin yields of 92.3%, 2.55gL(-1), 0.295gL(-1)
and 0.153gL(-1), respectively. These results indicated that the application of mixotrophic culture S.
platensis with stepwise addition of Se to the medium could offer an effective and economical way for
the production of high Se-enriched algal products.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

144: Chen T, Zheng W, Yang F, Bai Y, Wong YS.
Mixotrophic culture of high selenium enriched Spirulina platensis on acetate and the enhanced
production of photosynthetic pigments.
Enzyme and Microbial Technol 39 (2006) 103-107.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chen T 2006b.pdf
mots-cls article: $Selenium; $Spirulina-platensis; $Mixotrophic-culture; $Biotransformation; $Acetate.
rsum :

The feasibility of mixotrophic culture of high selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis was investigated in
this study. The results indicated that supplementation of acetate to the mixotrophic culture of S.
platensis led to a significant enhancement in biomass concentration, chlorophyll alpha, lutein, beta-
carotene, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin production when compared to the photoautotrophic
59
culture. Stepwise addition of selenium (Se) source during the exponential growth phase of S. platensis
can avoid the inhibitory effect of high Se concentration on cell growth. At an accumulative Se
concentration of 450 mg L^-1 under mixotrophic culture conditions, the highest Se yield was obtained;
while significant enhancement in Se accumulation capability, algal biomass concentration and
photosynthetic pigment yield was also observed. These results indicated that the application of
mixotrophic culture with stepwise addition of Se to culture of S. platensis offers a more effective and
economical way for the production of high Se-enriched biological compounds.

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145: Chen YM, Lee TH, Lee SJ , Lin J Z, Huang R, Chou HN.
Potential of a simple solid-phase extraction method coupled to analytical and bioanalytical methods for
an improved determination of microcystins in algal samples.
J Chromatogr B 844, No 1 (2006) 134-141.
PMID: 16890502
pdf: Chen Y 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Solid-phase extraction (SPE); $Microcystis; $Microcystin (MC); $Artemia-
assay;$Protein-phosphatase-assay; $HPLC; $Mouse-Bioassay; $Algal-dietary-supplement;
$Cyanobacteria.
mots-cls Antenna: , A.
rsum:

Artemia assays and protein phosphatase assays are commonly used for the screening of microcystins
(MCs) in algal samples instead of the standard mouse toxicity assay. However, it has been shown that
their results are often biased because of the matrix effects. To eliminate the possible interferences in
the algal matrices, a new solid-phase extraction (SPE) method using silica gel as a sorbent was
developed and evaluated. Results show that this SPE method could not only reduce the toxicity of the
Microcystis samples towards brine shrimp by 5080% but also eliminate 90100% of the endogenous
phosphatase activity from Spirulina and Chlorella samples, thus improving the determination of
microcystins in algal samples using either of the two bioanalytical methods. The application of this
SPE method as an off-line cleanup for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV
detection is also described in this study. After SPE, the HPLC chromatograms of Microcystis samples
have clear baselines that have no interferences with the analyte peaks.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

146: Cheng CG, Hong QH, Li DT, Fan MH, Cai XD.
[Determination of trace elements in Spirulina platensis (Notdst.) Geitl. by flame atomic absorption
spectrometry combined with microsampling pulse nebulization technique].
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2006 Sep;26(9):1735-7.
PMID: pas
pdf: Cheng C 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; f.
rsum: texte en chinois

The contents of trace elements Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Ca and Pb in Spirulina platensis (Notdst.)
Geitl. were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry combined with microsampling pulse
nebulization technique. The results of the determination show that Spirulina platensis (Notdst.) Geitl.
are rich in the inorganic elements such as Mg, Zn, Fe, Ca and Cu. Its recovery ratio obtained by
standard addition method ranged between 96.58% and 106.12%, and its RSD was lower than 4.26%.
The result will provide scientific data for the study on the trace elements in Spirulina platensis (Notdst.)
Geitl. and on their relativity of efficacy of medicine.

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147: Cherniad'ev II, Terekhova IV, Doman NG, Al'bitskaia ON.
[Paths of photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in Spirulina].
Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR. 1974 Nov 1;219(1):249-52.
PMID: 4214685
60
pdf: Cherniad'ev I 1974.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

148: Chernikova AA, Tsoglin LN, Markelova AG, Zorin SN, Mazo VK, Pronina NA.
Capacity of Spirulina platensis to accumulate manganese and its distribution in cell.
Russian J Plant Physiol 53, No 6 (2006) 800-806.
PMID: pas
pdf : Chernikova A 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $manganese, accumulation, growth, ultrastructure,
intracellular-distribution.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-plasis, f, B.
rsum:

Effects of manganese salt (MnCl2) on growth of Spirulina platensis and capacity of the cyanobacteria
to accumulate the metal in various cell components were studied. S. platensis cells were shown to
tolerate high concentrations of manganese and preserve, although strongly suppressed, the capacity
to grow in the medium containing 5.1 mM MnCl2. The concentrations of manganese that did not inhibit
growth considerably altered cell ultrastructure and changed the protein profile. The accumulation of
manganese in S. platensis cells was proportional to the period of culturing and manganese
concentration in the medium, reaching a plateau at about 2.5 mM. A threshold intracellular
concentration of this metal is estimated as 28 3 micromol/g dry wt. The fractionation of the
manganese-enriched biomass demonstrated that the major portion of intracellular manganese (over
90%) was found in the total protein fraction. The chromatographic separation of the soluble protein
fraction showed that manganese was incorporated into proteins with molecular weight of 5 to 15 kD.
Dry biomass adsorbed manganese cations; this evidence seems to indicate a considerable
contribution of biosorption to manganese accumulation by S. platensis cells.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

149: Chial B, Persoone G.
Cyst-based toxicity tests XII--development of a short chronic sediment toxicity test with the ostracod
crustacean Heterocypris incongruens: selection of test parameters.
Environ Toxicol. 2002 Dec;17(6):520-7.
PMID: 12448019
pdf: Chial B 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $toxicity-tests; $microbiotests; $ostracods; $Heterocypris-incongruens; $sediment-
tests; $solid-phase-tests; $small-scale-tests; $culture/maintenance-free-tests.
mots-cls Antenna: ; alimentation-animale; toxicity..
rsum:

Experiments were carried out with neonates of the freshwater ostracod Heterocypris incongruens
hatched from cysts in order to develop a new culture/maintenance-free solid-phase microbiotest for
the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments. Based on preliminary investigations, a number of
test parameters were investigated for a short-chronic assay: hatching time, size of the cups of the
multiwell test plates, feeding of the test organisms prior to the test, amount of supplemental algal food,
volume of sediment, and duration of the test. On the basis of the findings, a test protocol was
formulated for a 6-day assay in 12-cup multiwell plates with 10 organisms per cup and 3 replicates.
The test organisms were collected 52 h after the start of the incubation of the cysts in standard
freshwater at 25 degrees C under continuous illumination after a 4-h prefeeding with 1.3 mg/mL
Spirulina. The test biota in the cups were exposed to 300 microL of test sediment in 2 mL of standard
freshwater with 3 x 10(7) live algal cells (Raphidocelis subcapitata) as food supplement. Calibrated
sand was used as a reference sediment. Mortality and growth of the ostracods were determined after
6 days' incubation at 25 degrees C in darkness. The selected test parameters for the new microbiotest
were found adequate for toxicity determination of natural sediments compared with the 10-day contact
test with the amphipod Hyalella azteca.

61
--------------------------------------------------------------------

150: Chini Zittelli G, Tomasello V, Pinzani E, Tredici MR.
Outdoor cultivation ofArthrospira platensis during autumn and winter in temperate climates.
J Appl Phycol 8, No 4-5 (1996) 293-301.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chini Zittelli G 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis, $Spirulina, $tubular-photobioreactors, $outdoor-culture,
$aeration-rate, $cell-density, $temperature.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, d.
rsum:

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis M2 was grown outdoors in 50-mm diameter tubular reactors under the
climatic conditions of central Italy (Florence) from September to December 1995 and in March 1996.
Except for September, the cultures temperature was regulated. Mean productivities of 0.83, 0.44 and
0.61 g dry wt L^1 d^1 were achieved in autumn (SeptemberOctober), winter (November
December) and March, respectively. In autumn and winter, the photosynthetic efficiency of the
cultures and the degree of correlation between productivity and solar irradiance were significantly
greater than in summer. The effect of cell density and aeration rate on productivity was evaluated in
September. The productivity of cultures operated at high supra-optimal population density was about
30% less at high aeration rate (1.0 LL^1 min^1), and 50% less at standard aeration rate (0.17 LL^1
min^1), than that of control cultures kept at optimal population density and standard aeration rate.
The reduction of productivity in high-density cultures was due to lower daylight output rates and higher
night biomass losses (the latter were particularly relevant under standard aeration conditions). The
main factor limiting productivity in closed reactors during autumn was the night temperature. Heating
the cultures during daylight hours on sunny days did not cause any significant increase of the yields,
since under sunlight the unheated cultures also reached the optimal temperature for growth early in
the morning. On cloudy days, the day-time temperature of the unheated cultures remained well below
the optimum, however this had only a limited effect on productivity since algal growth was mainly light-
limited.

----------------------------

151: Chitkara DK, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Burton D, El-Youssef M, Freese D, Walker L,
Stephens D.
Gastric sensory and motor dysfunction in adolescents with functional dyspepsia.
J Pediatr. 2005 Apr;146(4):500-5.
PMID: 15812453
pdf: Chitkara D 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; instrumentation; gastric-monitoring.
rsum:

OBJ ECTIVES: Validated, noninvasive studies were used to compare sensation and motor function of
the upper gastrointestinal tract in adolescents with functional dyspepsia (FD) and in control subjects.
STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen adolescents with FD and 15 healthy participants underwent standardized
symptom assessment, a satiation nutrient drink test, and 13 C-Spirulina platensis breath test for
gastric emptying of solids. Adolescents with FD also underwent measurements of fasting and
postprandial gastric volume by means of single-photon emission computed tomography, and their
results were compared with those from 15 healthy volunteers (age, 18 to 25 years).
RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, adolescents with FD had significantly higher postprandial
symptoms 30 minutes after reaching maximum satiation with the nutrient drink test and significant
delay in the T 1/2 for gastric emptying of solids. Compared with healthy 18- to 25-year-old adults,
adolescents had a diminished postprandial gastric volume response. By means of single-photon
emission computed tomography, frequent baseline dyspeptic symptoms were associated with
prolonged T 1/2 for gastric emptying and higher postprandial aggregate symptom score. A baseline
increased severity of dyspepsia symptoms was associated with prolonged T 1/2 for gastric emptying.
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with FD demonstrate increased postprandial symptoms after challenge,
delayed gastric emptying, and a reduced gastric volume response to feeding.

62
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152: Chiu HF, Yang SP, Kuo YL, Lai YS, Chou TC.
Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet effect of C-phycocyanin.
Br J Nutr. 2006 Feb;95(2):435-40.
PMID: 16469164
pdf: Chiu H 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin; $Platelet-aggregation; $Thromboxane; $B2; $Cyclic-AMP.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-platensis, A.
rsum:

C-phycocyanin (cpc), a biliprotein isolated from Spirulina platensis, has been reported to exert many
therapeutic and nutritional values. In the present study, we examined whether cpc has an antiplatelet
activity in vitro and further investigated the possible anti-aggregatory mechanisms involved. Our
results showed that preincubation of cpc (1-50 microg/ml) with rabbit washed platelets dose-
dependently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by collagen (10 microg/ml) or arachidonic acid
(100 microm), with an IC50 of about 10 microg/ml. Furthermore, the thromboxane B2 formation
caused by collagen or arachidonic acid was significantly inhibited by cpc due to suppression of
cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase activity. Similarly, the rise of platelet intracellular calcium
level stimulated by arachidonic acid and collagen-induced platelet membrane surface glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa expression were also attenuated by cpc. In addition, cpc itself significantly increased the
platelet membrane fluidity and the cyclic AMP level through inhibiting cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase
activity. These findings strongly demonstrate that cpc is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, which may
be associated with mechanisms including inhibition of thromboxane A2 formation, intracellular calcium
mobilization and platelet surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression accompanied by increasing cyclic
AMP formation and platelet membrane fluidity.

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153: Cho YS, Wang QJ , Krogmann D, Whitmarsh J .
Extinction coefficients and midpoint potentials of cytochrome c(6) from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira
maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803.
PMID: 10514550
pdf: Cho Y 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Photosynthesis; $Cytochrome; $Optical-spectroscopy; $Extinction-coefficient;
$Redox-potentiometry.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; f.
rsum:

Cytochrome c(6) is a soluble heme protein that serves as a photosynthetic electron transport
component in cyanobacteria and algae, carrying electrons from the cytochrome bf complex to
photosystem I. The rapid accumulation of cytochrome c(6) sequence data from a wide range of
species, combined with significant advances in determining high resolution three-dimensional
structures, provides a powerful database for investigating the relationship between structure and
function. The fact that the gene encoding cytochrome c(6) can be readily modified in a number of
species adds to the usefulness of cytochrome c(6) as a tool for comparative analysis. Efforts to relate
cytochrome c(6) sequence information to structure, and structural information to function depend on
knowledge of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the cytochrome from different species. To
this end we have determined the optical extinction coefficient, the oxidation/reduction midpoint
potential, and the pH dependence of the midpoint potential of cytochrome c(6) isolated from three
cyanobacteria, Arthrospira maxima, Microcystis aeruginosa, and Synechocystis 6803.

Publication Types: Comparative Study

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154: Chojnacka K, Chojnacki A, Gorecka H.
Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+and Cu2+ions by blue-green algae Spirulina sp.: kinetics, equilibrium and
the mechanism of the process.
63
Chemosphere. 2005 Mar;59(1):75-84.
PMID: 15698647
pdf: Chojnacka K 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Algae; $Spirulina-sp.; $Metal-ions-biosorption; $Ion-exchange; $Metal-binding-
sites; $Desorption.
mots-cls Antenna: ; puration; biosorption; B.
rsum:

The process of biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cr3+, Cd2+, Cu2+) by blue-green algae Spirulina sp.
is discussed in this paper. Spirulina sp. was found to be a very efficient biosorbent. The aim of the
present study was to investigate quantitatively the potential binding sites present at the surface of
Spirulina sp., using both potentiometric titrations and adsorption isotherms. The kinetic experiments
showed that the process equilibrium was reached quickly, in less than 5-10 min. It was found that the
equilibrium dependence between biosorption capacity and bulk metal ion concentration could be
described with Langmuir equation. This suggests that the mechanism of biosorption is rather
chemisorption than physical adsorption and was further confirmed by the low surface area associated
with physical adsorption and by the presence of cations that appeared in the solution after biosorption.
The maximum contribution of physical adsorption in the overall biosorption process was evaluated as
3.7%. It was proposed that functional groups on the cell surface contributed to the binding of metal
ions by a biosorbent via equilibrium reaction. Three functional groups capable of cation exchange
were identified on the cell surface. The biomass was described as weakly acidic ion exchanger. Since
deprotonation of each functional group depends on pH, the process of biosorption is strongly pH-
dependent. This was confirmed in the biosorption experiments carried out at different pH. The
contribution of functional groups in the biosorption process was confirmed by chemical modification of
the groups. Chemically blocked groups did not show neither biosorption nor ion-exchange capabilities.
It has been shown that growth conditions can affect the metal adsorption properties of microalgae.
The paper also discusses desorption characteristics of the biosorbent. The criteria for desorption were
high elution efficiency and preservation of biosorptive properties. Desorbent that possessed these
characteristics was nitric acid.

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155: Chojnacka K, Noworyta A.
Evaluation of Spirulina sp. growth in photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultures
Enzymes Microb Tech 2004;34:461-5.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chojnacka K 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina-sp.; $heterotrophic-and-mixotrophic-culture; $light-intensity; $glucose-
concentration; $growth-model.
mots-cls Antenna: , A.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **heterotrophy.
rsum:

Spirulina sp. was able to grow photoautotrophically (in the light), heterotrophically (on glucose) and
mixotrophically (simultaneously in the light and on glucose). The highest specific growth rate was
reached in mixotrophic culture (0.055 h^-1, above I=30 W m-2, C_Gl=0.5 g l^-1). The specific growth
rate of the alga on 2.5 g l^-1 glucose was markedly increased with increasing light intensity up to 30 W
m^-2. In photoautotrophic culture at a light intensity above 50 W m^-2 photoinhibition occurred.
Unstructured kinetic models to describe microalgal culture system including photoautotrophic,
heterotrophic and mixotrophic specific growth rate as a function of light intensity and glucose
concentration were proposed. The models demonstrated that the light intensity for autotrophic culture
was 30-50 W m^-2, glucose concentration for heterotrophic growth was >0.5 g l^-1 and for
mixotrophic growth of Spirulina sp. in batch culture using 1 l photobioreactor was >30 W m^-2 and
glucose concentration >0.5 g l^-1.

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156: Chomerat N, Fayolle S, Cazaubon A.
64
Toxicit non exprime par la cyanobactrie potentiellement toxique Planktothrix agardhii rencontre
dans un tang saumtre mditerranen: prise en compte du risque dans le choix des espces
cultives des fins nutritives.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chomerat N 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

157: Choudhary M, J etley UK, Abash Khan M, Zutshi S, Fatma T.
Effect of heavy metal stress on proline, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis-S5.
Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 66, No 2 (2007) 204-209.
PMID: 16600377
pdf: Choudhary M 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Heavy-metals; $Free-radicals; $Proline; $MDA; $SOD; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

This study investigated toxic impacts of lead, copper, and zinc over a concentration gradient of 0.05-
0.20mg/L on proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis-S5. Despite a reduction in growth of the test microorganism, its
MDA, SOD, and proline contents increased under the heavy metal stress, corresponding to the
concentration of the metal ion in the culture medium. Increased amount of MDA was indicative of
formation of free radicals in the test microorganism under heavy metals stress(es), while increased
levels of SOD and proline pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.

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158: Chronakis IS.
Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolate (Spirulina platensis Strain Pacifica): thermal
transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved.
J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Feb;49(2):888-98.
PMID: 11262046
pdf: Chronakis I 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $algae-protein; $thermal-transitions; $denaturation;
$aggregation; $gelation; $molecular-forces; $heating-rate.
rsum:

Proteins isolated from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis strain Pacifica were characterized by
visible absorption, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and dynamic oscillatory
rheological measurements. Unique thermal unfolding, denaturation, aggregation, and gelation of the
algal protein isolate are presented. DSC analysis showed that thermal transitions occur at about 67
and 109 degrees C at neutral pH. Calcium chloride stabilized the quaternary structure against
denaturation and shifted the transitions at higher temperatures. Viscometric studies of Spirulina
protein isolate as a function of temperature showed that the onset of the viscosity increase is closely
related to the dissociation-denaturation process. Lower viscosities were observed for the protein
solutions dissolved at pH 9 due to an increased protein solubility. Solutions of Spirulina protein isolate
form elastic gels during heating to 90 degrees C. Subsequent cooling at ambient temperatures caused
a further pronounced increase in the elastic moduli and network elasticity. Spirulina protein isolate has
good gelling properties with fairly low minimum critical gelling concentrations of about 1.5 and 2.5 wt
% in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7, and with 0.02 M CaCl(2) in the same buffer, respectively. It is suggested
that mainly the interactions of exposed hydrophobic regions generate the molecular association, initial
aggregation, and gelation of the protein isolate during the thermal treatment. Hydrogen bonds
reinforce the network rigidity of the protein on cooling and further stabilize the structure of Spirulina
protein gels but alone are not sufficient to form a network structure. Intermolecular sulfhydryl and
65
disulfide bonds were found to play a minor role for the network strength of Spirulina protein gels but
affect the elasticity of the structures formed. Both time and temperature at isothermal heat-induced
gelation within 40-80 degrees C affect substantially the network formation and the development of
elastic modulus of Spirulina protein gels. This is also attributed to the strong temperature dependence
of hydrophobic interactions. The aggregation, denaturation, and gelation properties of Spirulina algal
protein isolate are likely to be controlled from protein-protein complexes rather than individual protein
molecules.

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159: Chuntapa B, Powtongsook S, Menasveta P.
Water quality control using Spirulina platensis in shrimp culture tanks.
Aquaculture 220, No 1 (2003) 355-366.
PMID: pas
pdf: Chuntapa B 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Aquaculture; $Water-quality; $Integrated-culture; $Microalgae; $Spirulina-platensis;
$Shrimp-culture; $Prawn-culture; $Penaeus-monodon.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, f.
B: **Technologie, **Spirulina, **Shrimp-culture.
rsum:

A cyanobacterium (Spirulina platensis) was co-cultured with black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for
water quality control. We evaluated the effects of: (1) three S. platensis trial conditions on inorganic
nitrogen concentrations at one shrimp density (S. platensis trial conditions included: absent,
nonharvested and semicontinuous harvesting) and (2) two shrimp densities on inorganic nitrogen
concentrations, with and without S. platensis. Semicontinuous harvesting of S. platensis at one shrimp
density resulted in significantly reduced (P<0.05) inorganic nitrogen concentrations (NH4, NO2 and
NO3). With S. platensis absent, ammonium and nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 mg l-1,
while nitrate concentrations ranged from 16 to 18 mg l-1 by day 44. With nonharvested S. platensis,
considerable variability occurred with nitrogen concentrations. Semicontinuous harvest of S. platensis
reduced nitrate to 4 mg l-1, while ammonium and nitrite ranged from 0.0 to 0.15 mg l-1, respectively.
The factorial evaluation of shrimp density versus presence and absence of S. platensis resulted in
greatly reduced nitrogenous compounds with S. platensis present regardless of shrimp density, and
only moderately increased nitrogen with greater shrimp density. Without S. platensis, all nitrogen
compounds were substantially elevated and shrimp survived was significantly reduced at high shrimp
density.

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160: Ciferri O, Tiboni O, Riccardi G, Sanangelantoni, de Rossi E, Milano A, di Pasquale G.
Mutants, genes, and phylogeny of Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ciferri O 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

161: Ciferri O, Tiboni O.
The biochemistry and industrial potential of Spirulina.
Annu Rev Microbiol. 1985;39:503-26.
PMID: 3933408
pdf: Ciferri O 1985.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; biochimie; production.
rsum: article de revue

66
--------------------------------------------------------------------

162: Ciferri O.
Spirulina, the edible microorganism.
Microbiol Rev. 1983 Dec;47(4):551-78.
PMID: 6420655
pdf: Ciferri O 1983.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , B..

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163: Cisneros-Ruiz M, Rito-Palomares M.
Estrategias de bioingeniera para la recuperacion primaria de productos biologicos.
[Bioengineering strategies for the primary recovery of biological products].
Revista Mexicana de Ingenieria Quimica 4 (2005) 131-139.
PMID: pas
pdf: Cisneros-Ruiz M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $bioengineering-strategies, $recovery, $process-integration, $process-
intensification, $estrategias-de-bioingeniera, $recuperacin, $integracin-de-procesos,
$intensificacin-de-procesos.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-maxima; n.
rsum: texte en espagnol

El creciente inters de las empresas farmacuticas de desarrollar procesos eficientes y escalables
que les permitan sacar rapidamente al mercado nuevos productos las ha obligado a desarrollar
nuevas estrategias de bioingeniera. Una de las tendencias actuales es utilizar los enfoques de
integracin e intensificacin de bioprocesos para el desarrollo de sistemas de recuperacin y
purificacin de productos biolgicos, particularmente protenas. En el presente artculo se discuten
algunos casos de la aplicacin prctica de estos enfoques empleando las tcnicas de sistemas de
dos fases acuosas y adsorcin de cama expandible. Los casos experimentales involucran: la
recuperacin de protenas intracelulares de levaduras, la recuperacin in situ de 6-pentil-alpha-pirona
(aroma de coco) producida por Trichoderma harzianum, el desarrollo de un proceso prototipo para la
recuperacin de c-ficocianina a partir de Sprirulina maxima y un enfoque nuevo que facilita la
recuperacin y procesamiento de protenas expresadas como cuerpos de inclusin. Se anticipa que la
aplicacin de estas estrategias facilite el desarrollo de sistemas de recuperacin para productos de
alto valor comercial o la optimizacin de los procesos ya existentes, atrayendo la atencin de la
industria para aplicaciones comerciales.

[The increasing interest of the pharmaceutical companies to develop efficient and scale-up processes,
that allow them to rapidly bring new products to the market, has forced them to develop new
bioengineering strategies. One of the current trend is to exploit bioprocess integration and
intensification approaches for the development of recovery and purification processes for biological
products, particularly proteins. This article presents some cases of the results of the practical
application of these approaches, using the techniques of aqueous two phase system and expanded
bed adsorption. The experimental cases involve recovery of intracellular protein from baker s yeast, in
situ recovery of 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (coconut-like aroma compound) produced by Trichoderma
harzianum, the development of a prototype process for the recovery of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina
maxima and a new approach for the processing and recovery of inclusion bodies. It is expected that in
the future the application of these strategies will facilitate the development of recovery systems for
products of high commercial value and the optimization of already existing processes, attracting the
attention of the industry for commercial applications].

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164: Clment G.
Production et constituants caractristiques des algues Spirulina plantensis et maxima.
[Production and characteristic constituents of the algae Spirulina platensis and maxima].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):477-88.
67
PMID: 824992
pdf: Clement G 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: article en franais

Microscopic blue-green Spirulina algae, such as have been consumed since ancient times, are algae
having a very high protein content (70 p. 100 of dry matter). At present the Spirulina platensis species
in the Kanem region in Chad is gathered by primitive methods, sold in the marketplace and consumed
by the local population. The Spirulina maxima species exists in a seminatural state in Mexico City, and
an industrial pilot plant harvests and produces one ton per day. Both species, Sp. platensis and
maxima, can be cultivated in the same way in a controlled synthetic medium in large-area basins.
Whether these Spirulina come from a natural medium or synthetic culture basin, harvesting includes
the successive stages of concentration, filtration and washing followed by drying done in a
conventional manner. The characteristic constituents of Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, in
addition to the high protein content, are both nucleic acids that account for about 4 p. 100 of the dry
matter and the fatty-acid composition which is saturated C16 and ethylenic C18 substances. Linoleic
acid and especially gamma-linolenic acid arecharacteristic of these two species. The unsaponifiable
content is made up in particular of sterols such as cholesterol and beta-sitosterol as well as by
triterpenic alcohols such as alpha-amyrin.

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165: Clment G, Giddey C, Menzi R.
Amino acid composition and nutritive value of the alga Spirulina maxima.
J Sci Food Agric. 1967 Nov;18(11):497-501.
PMID: 6080845
pdf: Clement G 1967.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Spirulina maxima is an alga, rich in organic nitrogenous constituents, used for food in the Chad
Republic. Amino acids, vitamins, and nutritive value were determined for a strain of the algae grown in
an open-air pilot production unit. The dried alga, more than 60% of which was proteinaceous material,
contained all the essential amino acids in fairly good concentration except that the amount of the
sulphur amino acids was low. Nutrition experiments on rats showed that the biological value of the
alga was acceptable and was correlated with the chemical score (protein index). Dried Spirulina
maxima also contained several vitamins, particularly beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A).

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166: Cogne G, Cornet J F, Gros J B.
Design, operation, and modeling of a membrane photobioreactor to study the growth of the
Cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis in space conditions.
Biotechnol Prog. 2005 May-J un;21(3):741-50.
PMID: 15932251
pdf: Cogne G 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A membrane photobioreactor was designed, implemented and used to grow the cyanobacterium
Arthrospira platensis PCC 8005 in batch mode. Growth was followed directly by monitoring optical
density and indirectly by measuring pressure increase due to the oxygen produced and separated
from the liquid phase by diffusion through a hydrophobic membrane, and pH increase due to carbon
consumption. When the pressure attained an upper limit, valves opened automatically, and the oxygen
in the gas chamber was flushed out with nitrogen. As expected, two growth phases were observed, a
short exponential phase followed by a linear phase, indicating limitation by light transfer. Growth rate
during the second phase was measured easily and accurately, and consistency of optical density,
68
pressure and pH data values was checked using a model of the system. Pressure measurement was
found best suited to monitoring and measuring growth rate in space in terms of accuracy, precision
and reliability.

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167: Cogne G, et al.
Minerals requirement for Spirulina platensis (A. platensis PCC 8005) growth by ICP-ES determination
and continuous cultures.
PMID: pas
pdf: Cogne G 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis, $trce-elements, $yield-determination, $medium-composition.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

168: Cogne G, Gros J B.
Arthrospira platensis: rseau mtabolique et calcul de flux en photoautotrophie.
PMID: pas
pdf: Cogne G 2004a.papier
mots-cls article: $arthrospira-platensis, $mtabolisme, $photoautotrophie, $flux.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

169: Cogne G, Gros J B, Dussap CG.
Identification of a metabolic network structure representative of Arthrospira (spirulina) platensis
metabolism.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Dec 20;84(6):667-76.
PMID: 14595779
pdf: Cogne G 2003a.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis, B.
rsum:

A comprehensive network structure for the autotrophic growth of Arthrospira platensis is proposed.
The metabolic network was built up with 121 reactions and 134 metabolites including biomass
synthesis, production of a growth-associated exopolysaccharide, and energy aspects. The model
supports the existence of a metabolic shunt of PEP to pyruvate through PEP carboxylase, NAD(+)-
dependent malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme to convert NADH,H(+) into NADPH,H(+). A limit
in Arthrospira growth metabolism due to NADH,H(+) balancing is evidenced, explaining why the
maximal light-dependent mass yield of the growth-associated exopolysaccharide was 0.51 kg EPS
kg(-1) biomass, consistent with experimental results.

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170: Cogne G, Lehmann B, Dussap CG, Gros J B.
Uptake of macrominerals and trace elements by the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira
platensis PCC 8005) under photoautotrophic conditions: culture medium optimization.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2003 Mar 5;81(5):588-93.
PMID: 12514808
pdf: Cogne G 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis, $trace-elements, $yield-determination, $medium-
composition.
rsum:
69

Uptake rates of macrominerals and trace elements were characterized in batch and continuous
cultures of Spirulina platensis under photoautotropic conditions. The values of yield coefficients were
determined using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES). Further simplifications
of culture medium proved possible, mainly in the trace element solutions; concentrations of some
elements were lowered and trace elements B, Mo, V, Cr, Ni, Co, W, and Ti were removed.

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171: Colla LM, Oliveira Reinehr C, Reichert C, Costa J A.
Production of biomass and nutraceutical compounds by Spirulina platensis under different
temperature and nitrogen regimes.
Bioresour Technol 98, No 7 (2007) 1489-1493.
PMID: 17070035
pdf: Colla L 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Nitrogen; $Nutraceuticals; $Spirulina-platensis; $Temperature.
rsum:

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been used by humans because of its nutritional and
possibly medicinal effects. Our study evaluated the influence of temperature and nitrogen
concentration in the medium on the production of biomass by this cyanobacterium and the biomass
composition in protein, lipid and phenolic compounds. We found that at 35 degrees C there was a
negative effect on biomass production but a positive effect on the production of protein, lipids and
phenolics, the highest levels of these compounds being obtained in Zarrouk's medium containing
1.875 or 2.500gl(-1) sodium nitrate. Higher biomass densities and productivity were obtained at 30
degrees C than at 35 degrees C, but nitrogen concentration appeared to have no effect on the amount
of protein, lipid or phenolics, indicating that at 30 degrees C the concentration of sodium nitrate in
Zarrouk's medium (2.50gl(-1)) can be reduced without loss of productivity, an important cost-saving
factor in large-scale cultivation.

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172: Colla LM, Mosele PC, Domingues AM, Bertolin TE, Costa J AV.
Mixotrophic growth of Spirulina platensis with glucose in fed-batch cultivation.
PMID: pas
pdf: Colla L 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

173: Colla LM, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Costa J AV.
The effect of a high cholesterol diet, with or without supplementation with Spirulina platensis, on the
levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in rabbits.
PMID: pas
pdf: Colla L 2004a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

174: Colla LM, Bertolin TE, Costa J A.
Fatty acids profile of Spirulina platensis grown under different temperatures and nitrogen
concentrations.
Z Naturforsch [C]. 2004 J an-Feb;59(1-2):55-9.
70
PMID: 15018053
pdf: Colla L 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The influence of culture temperature and the concentration of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) on the gas-
chromatographic profile of the fatty acids of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was
evaluated. We found that temperature was the most important factor and that the greatest amount of
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) was obtained at 30 degrees C, the fatty acid profile of the Spirulina
cultivated showing that (in order of abundance) palmitic, linolenic and linoleic acids were most
prevalent.

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175: Cometta A, Zucchelli G, Karapetyan NV, Engelmann E, Garlaschi FM, J ennings RC.
Thermal behavior of long wavelength absorption transitions in Spirulina platensis photosystem I
trimers.
Biophys J . 2000 Dec;79(6):3235-43.
PMID: 11106627
pdf: Cometta A 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In photosystem I trimers of Spirulina platensis a major long wavelength transition is irreversibly
bleached by illumination with high-intensity white light. The photobleaching hole, identified by both
absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies, is interpreted as the inhomogeneously broadened
Q(y) transition of a chlorophyll form that absorbs maximally near 709 nm at room temperature.
Analysis of the mean square deviation of the photobleaching hole between 80 and 300 K, in the linear
electron-phonon frame, indicates that the optical reorganization energy is 52 cm(-1), four times greater
than that for the bulk, short-wavelength-absorbing chlorophylls, and the inhomogenous site distribution
bandwidth is close to 150 cm(-1). The room temperature bandwidth, close to 18.5 nm, is dominated by
thermal (homogeneous) broadening. Photobleaching induces correlated circular dichroism changes, of
opposite sign, at 709 and 670 nm, which suggests that the long wavelength transition may be a low
energy excitonic band, in agreement with its high reorganization energy. Clear identification of the
709-nm spectral form was used in developing a Gaussian description of the long wavelength
absorption tail by analyzing the changing band shape during photobleaching using a global
decomposition procedure. Additional absorption states near 720, 733, and 743 nm were thus
identified. The lowest energy state at 743 nm is present in substoichiometric levels at room
temperature and its presence was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. This state displays an
unusual increase in intensity upon lowering the temperature, which is successfully described by
assuming the presence of low-lying, thermally populated states.

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176: Converti A, Scapazzoni S, Lodi A, Carvalho J C.
Ammonium and urea removal by Spirulina platensis.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006 J an;33(1):8-16.
PMID: 16175408
pdf: Converti A 2006.pdf (HTML)
mots-cls article: $Urea, $Ammonium-Removal, $Spirulina-platensis, $Kinetics.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; puration; organic-remouval; B.
rsum:

Different concentrations either of ammonium chloride or urea were used in batch and fed-batch
cultivations of Spirulina platensis to evaluate the possibility of substituting nitrate by cheaper reduced
nitrogen sources in wastewaters biotreatment. The maximum nitrogen concentration able to sustain
the batch growth of this microalga without inhibition was 1.7 mM in both cases. Ammonium chloride
was limiting for the growth at lower concentrations, whereas inhibition took place at higher levels. This
71
inhibition effect was less marked with urea, likely because the enzymatic hydrolysis of this compound
by urease controlled the ammonia transfer into the cell. Fed-batch experiments carried out by pulse-
feeding either ammonium or urea proved that the use of these compounds as nitrogen sources can
sustain the long term-cultivation of S. platensis, provided that the conditions for their feeding are
accurately optimized.

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177: Costa J A, de Morais MG, Dalcanton F, Reichert Cda C, Durante AJ .
Simultaneous cultivation of Spirulina platensis and the toxigenic cyanobacteria Microcystis
aeruginosa.
PMID: 16610226
pdf: Costa J 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Mangueira Lagoon, located in the extreme south of Brazil, has water with physicochemical
characteristics such as alkaline pH and carbonate levels propitious for the growth of the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Previously published studies have shown that Mangueira Lagoon
water supplemented with small quantities of carbon and nitrogen is suitable for S. platensis cultivation
and can significantly reduce production costs. We studied mixed cultures of Spirulina platensis and the
toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa using a 2(3) factorial design in which the three factors
were the initial biomass concentration of S. platensis and M. aeruginosa and the type of culture
medium (100% Zarrouk's medium or 80% Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium). The
highest S. platensis maximum specific growth rate (mu(max)) occurred in the culture with the highest
M. aeruginosa biomass concentration and when undiluted culture medium was used (micro(max) =
0.283 d(-1)). The highest M. aeruginosa specific death rate (k) was obtained in the presence of S.
platensis (k =0.555 d(-1)) and was independent of the initial M. aeruginosa biomass concentration
and culture medium, demonstrating that S. platensis cultures are not susceptible to contamination by
M. aeruginosa. The culture medium had no significant influence (p >0.05) on S. platensis micro(max)
values, indicating that production costs could be reduced by using a medium consisting of 80%
Mangueira Lagoon water plus 20% Zarrouk's medium.

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178: Costa J A, Colla LM, Duarte Filho PF.
Improving Spirulina platensis biomass yield using a fed-batch process.
Bioresour Technol. 2004 May;92(3):237-41.
PMID: 14766156
pdf: Costa J 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Factorial-design; $Fed-batch; $Fresh-water; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

Increasing interest is being shown in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis because of its nutritional
properties when used as food supplement and possible therapeutic effects. One of the most important
areas being studied is the development of alternative nutrient sources which can be used to decrease
the production costs of commercially produced S. platensis and obtain high productivity. Water from
Mangueira Lagoon (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) has high levels of carbonates and a high pH and
has the potential to be used as a culture medium for S. platensis, although some nutrient
supplementation may be required. We tested the effect of unsupplemented Mangueira Lagoon water
(MLW) or MLW supplemented with 1.125 or 2.250 mg/l of urea and/or 21 or 42 mg/l of sodium
bicarbonate on the growth of S. platensis in fed-batch culture using a 3(2) factorial design and found
that there the addition of 1.125 mg/l of urea resulted in a 2.67 fold increase times in the final biomass
concentration of S. platensis.

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72
179: Costa J A, Colla LM, Duarte Filho P.
Spirulina platensis growth in open raceway ponds using fresh water supplemented with carbon,
nitrogen and metal ions.
PMID: 12622231
pdf: Costa J 2003.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

To investigate the feasibility of using fresh water from Mangueira Lagoon (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
for biomass production in open raceway ponds (0.7 m long, 0.18 m wide, 0.075 m deep) we studied
the influence of nutrient addition (carbon as sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen as urea, phosphate, sulfate,
ferric iron, magnesium and potassium) on the growth rate of the cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis
using a 22 factorial design. In unsupplemented lagoon water production of S platensis was 0.78 +/-
0.01 g/l (dry weight basis) while the addition of 2.88 g/l of sodium bicarbonate (without added urea,
phosphate, sulfate or metal ions) resulted in 0.82 +/- 0.01 g/l after 400 hours of culture. The further
addition of phosphate and metal ions resulted in growth for up to 750 h and a final S. platensis
biomass of 1.23 +/- 0.04 to 1.34 +/- 0.03 g/l.

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180: Cozzone A, Busson F.
[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitler and Spirulina
geitleri J . de Toni].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1970 J un 8;270(23):2878-81.
PMID: 4987939
pdf: Cozzone A 1970.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en franais

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181: Cui J Y, Wakabayashi S, Wada K, Fukuyama K, Matsubara H.
Isolation and sequence studies of cysteinyl peptides from Spirulina glutathione reductase: comparison
of active site cysteine peptides with those of other flavoprotein disulfide oxidoreductases.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1989 Mar;105(3):390-4.
PMID: 2499573
pdf: Cui J 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The amino acid sequences of the cysteinyl peptides of Spirulina sp. glutathione reductase were
determined. Spirulina glutathione reductase was covalently bound to Thiopropyl-Sepharose 6B in the
presence of 8M urea through thiol-disulfide exchange. After tryptic digestion, 4 distinct cysteinyl
peptides were finally isolated from NADPH-reduced glutathione reductase and 2 from oxidized
glutathione reductase. The amino acid sequences of the two cysteinyl peptides which could not be
isolated from the oxidized glutathione reductase were very similar to those around the active site
disulfide of the other flavoprotein disulfide oxidoreductases and a unique replacement of asparagine
and valine by isoleucine and arginine between the two cysteine residues was found. The other two
peptides isolated from both oxidized and reduced glutathione reductase also show considerable
homology to the corresponding parts of human and Escherichia coli glutathione reductases.

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182: Cussiol J R, Alves SV, de Oliveira MA, Netto LE.
Organic hydroperoxide resistance gene encodes a thiol-dependent peroxidase.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 28;278(13):11570-8.
73
PMID: 12540833
pdf: Cussiol J 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

ohr (organic hydroperoxide resistance gene) is present in several species of bacteria, and its deletion
renders cells specifically sensitive to organic peroxides. The goal of this work was to determine the
biochemical function of Ohr from Xylella fastidiosa. All of the Ohr homologues possess two cysteine
residues, one of them located in a VCP motif, which is also present in all of the proteins from the
peroxiredoxin family. Therefore, we have investigated whether Ohr possesses thiol-dependent
peroxidase activity. The ohr gene from X. fastidiosa was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the
recombinant Ohr decomposed hydroperoxides in a dithiothreitol-dependent manner. Ohr was about
twenty times more efficient to remove organic hydroperoxides than to remove H(2)O(2). This result is
consistent with the organic hydroperoxide sensitivity of Delta ohr strains. The dependence of Ohr on
thiol compounds was ascertained by glutamine synthetase protection assays. Approximately two thiol
equivalents were consumed per peroxide removed indicating that Ohr catalyzes the following reaction:
2RSH +ROOH -->RSSR +ROH +H(2)O. Pretreatment of Ohr with N-ethyl maleimide and
substitution of cysteine residues by serines inhibited this peroxidase activity indicating that both of the
Ohr cysteines are important to the decomposition of peroxides. C125S still had a residual enzymatic
activity indicating that Cys-61 is directly involved in peroxide removal. Monothiol compounds do not
support the peroxidase activity of Ohr as well as thioredoxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from
Spirulina. Interestingly, dithiothreitol and dyhydrolipoic acid, which possess two sulfhydryl groups, do
support the peroxidase activity of Ohr. Taken together our results unequivocally demonstrated that
Ohr is a thiol-dependent peroxidase.

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183: da Costa AC, de Franca FP.
Cadmium interaction with microalgal cells, cyanobacterial cells, and seaweeds; toxicology and
biotechnological potential for wastewater treatment.
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2003 Mar-Apr;5(2):149-56.
PMID: 12876650
pdf: da Costa A 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cadmium; $cell-immobilization; $fixed-bed-bioreactor; $seaweeds; $Spirulina-
maxima; $Tetraselmis-chuii.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; toxicity; mtaux-lourds, B.
rsum:

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) by Tetraselmis chuii and Spirulina maxima was studied with dead
and growing cells. Results indicated that the 2 microorganisms accumulated Cd by 2 different means
according to the mechanisms involved-metabolism-dependent or metabolism-independent sorption.
The mechanism involved in Cd accumulation on Tetraselmis chuii was restricted to surface
phenomena, while in Spirulina maxima, Cd was accumulated on different layers of the cyanobacterium
surface. In order to select a suitable immobilization support for the cells, several seaweeds were
tested. Two types of seaweed were selected for experiments, using a small continuous pilot unit:
Sargassum sp., a strong Cd adsorber, and Ulva sp., a poor one. The column reactors of the
continuous system were filled with the algal supports and covered with dense microbial biofilms of
Tetraselmis chuii or Spirulina maxima. The results obtained proved the success of the association
between living microbial cells and dead seaweeds for operation of the continuous system.

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184: Dagan A, Gatt S, Cerbu-Karabat S, Maziere J C, Maziere C, Santus R, Engelhardt EL, Yeh KA,
Stobbe CC, Fenning MC, et al.
Uptake by cells and photosensitizing effectiveness of novel pheophorbide derivatives in vitro.
Int J Cancer. 1995 Dec 11;63(6):831-9.
PMID: 8847142
pdf: Dagan A 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
74
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; mtabolisme; processus-biophysiques.
rsum:

Pheophorbide a prepared from the algae Spirulina was derivatized at the C(7)-carboxylic group by
linking amino alkyls of various lengths and terminal functional groups. The compounds were purified
by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Solubilization of compounds by serum lipoproteins, the kinetics of compound uptake into mammalian
cells, and photosensitizing effectiveness when activated by 673 nm laser light have been studied.
Optimal photosensitizer uptake into cells and the greatest photosensitizing activity were observed with
compounds having side-chain lengths of 4-6 carbon atoms which terminated in -OH and -CH3 groups.
The most effective compounds were 3 orders of magnitude more potent than Photofrin in the degree
of photoinactivation of cultured EMT-6 tumor cells. HDL and LDL significantly promoted the efflux of
these photosensitizing drugs from cells, suggesting that their long-term retention in normal tissues in
vivo would be minimal and produce little phototoxicity.

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185: Dagnelie PC, van Staveren WA, van den Berg H.
Vitamin B-12 from algae appears not to be bioavailable.
Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:695-7.
PMID: 2000824
pdf: Dagnelie P 1991.pdf mais PAS l'erratum
mots-cls article:
rsum:

L'erratum au complet se lit ainsi: "Reference 15 on page 697 should be replaced with the following
reference: Miller DR, Specker BL, Ho ML, Norman EJ . Vitamin B-12 status in macrobiotic
communities. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:524-9.

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186: Dalay MC.
Arthrospira maxima (=Spirulina maxima (Stiz.) Geitl., 1930) Ac Lake Strain.
E.U. J ournal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 19, No 1-2 (2002) 241-245.
PMID: pas
pdf: Dalay M 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacteria, $Arthrospira-maxima, $Aci-Lake.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima, f, B.
rsum:

In this study, Cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (Stiz.) Geitl.; 1930 has been initially identified in Ac
Lake and its annual existence in the lake determined. For that purpose, phytoplanktonic composition
of the lake has searched with monthly qualitative and quantitative analyses. Chemical analyses have
been done in months that cyanobacteria has been found in lake to obtain the water conditions that the
organism prefers. Aci Lake is a shallow salt lake, 55.9% of whose chrystalized water contains
Na2SO4.10H2O. The sodium sulphate ratio in the lake rises up to 92,353 mg l^-1 and its salinity could
reach 117 . In view of these conditions, the number of euryhalin organisms living in the lake is
somewhat restricted. A. maxima has found only in April (67x 10^4 filament l^-1) and October (60x10^4
filament l^-1) as dominant organism in samples collected annually.

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187: Dang DK.
Outdoor mass culture of Spirulina platensis in Vietnam.
J Appl Phycol 2, No 2 (1990) 179-181.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kim D 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $health-food, $mass-culture.
75
rsum:

----------------------------

188: Darcas C.
Cultures artisanales de spiruline dans le Tiers monde pour lutter contre la malnutrition.
PMID: pas
pdf: Darcas C 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

189: Darcas C.
Spiruline et nutrition.
Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):466-7; author reply 467-8.
PMID: 15135439
pdf: Darcas C 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline; $Malnutrition; $Pays-en-voie-de-dveloppement.
Keywords: $Spiruline; $Developing-countries; $Nutrition-disorders; $Kwashiorkor, $Marasmus;
$Infant.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: voir aussi:

Branger B; Arch Pediatr. 2003 May;10(5):424-31.
Falquet J , von der Weid D; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465.
Fox R, Pagnon Y, Weber B; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465-6.


Publication Types:
* Comment
* Letter

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190: Dasgupta T, Banejee S, Yadav PK, Rao AR.
Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolising enzymes, antioxidant profiles and skin and forestomach
papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2001 Oct;226(1-2):27-38.
PMID: 11768236
pdf: Dasgupta T 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $chemoprevention, $Spirulina-platensis, $drug-metabolizing-enzymes, $antioxidant-
profile, $skin-and-forestomach-papillomas.
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **spirulina; **anticancer; **mouse.
rsum:

Numerous reports have revealed an inverse association between consumption of some selective
natural products and risk of developing cancer. In the present study the effect of 250 and 500 mg/kg
body wt. of Spirulina was examined on drug metabolising phase I and phase II enzymes, antioxidant
enzymes, glutathione content, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in the liver of 7-week-old
Swiss albino mice. The implications of these biochemical alterations have been further evaluated
adopting the protocol of benzo(a)pyrene induced forestomach and 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA) initiated and croton oil promoted skin papillomagenesis. Our primary findings reveal the
'Monofunctional' nature of Spirulina as deduced from its potential to induce only the phase II enzyme
activities associated mainly with carcinogen detoxification. The glutathione S-transferase and DT-
76
diaphorase specific activities were induced in hepatic and all the extrahepatic organs examined (lung,
kidney and forestomach) by Spirulina pretreatment (significance level being from p <0.05 to p <
0.005) except for the low dose treatment in forestomach. With reference to antioxidant enzymes viz.,
superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced
glutathione were increased significantly by both the chosen doses of Spirulina from p <0.01 to p <
0.005. Chemopreventive response was quantitated by the average number of papillomas per effective
mouse (tumor burden) as well as percentage of tumor bearing animals. There was a significant
inhibition of tumor burden as well as tumor incidence in both the tumor model systems studied. In the
skin tumor studies tumor burden was reduced from 4.86 to 1.20 and 1.15 by the low and high dose
treatment respectively. In stomach tumor studies tumor burden was 2.05 and 1.73 by the low and high
doses of Spirulina treatment against 3.73 that of control.

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191: de Alava D, Corra de Mello P, Wagener K.
The relevance of the CO2 partial pressure of sodium bicarbonate solutions for the mass cultivation of
the microalga Spirulina.
J Braz Chem Soc 8, No 5 (1997) 447-450.
PMID: pas
pdf: de Alava D 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $CO2, $sodium-bicarbonate.
mots-cls Antenna: ; m.
rsum :

It is demonstrated by experiments and calculations that the medium used for growing the microalga
Spirulina (prepared according to ZARROUK with a resulting pH of 8.7) is highly meta-stable in contact
with the atmosphere and is thus loosing considerable amounts of CO2. This economic problem can be
avoided by raising the pH of the culture medium to 10.2 whereits partial pressure of CO2 corresponds
to the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere. The pH shift has practically no influence on the
growth of the algae.

[O meio de cultivo na base de bicarbonato de sdio usado para produzir a microalga Spirulina em
massa e preparado seguinte ZARROUK meta-estvel em contato com a atmosfera. Este fato causa
uma grande perda de CO2. Com clculos e experincias foi determinada a relao entre a presso
parcial de CO2 de solues de bicarbonato de sdio e o pH da soluo. Com pH 10.2 existe um
equilbrio com a concentrao de CO2 no ar e desta maneira no h perda de CO2].

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192: Degbey H, Hamadou B, Oumarou H.
Evaluation de l'efficacit de la supplmentation en spiruline du rgime habituel des enfants atteints de
malnutrition svre.
PMID: pas
pdf: Degbey H 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

193: De Lara Andrade R, Castro Barrera T, Castro Mejia J , Castro Mejia G, Malpica Sanchez A,
Garcia Castillo V.
La importancia de Spirulina en la alimentacion acuicola.
Contactos 57 (2005) 13-16.
PMID: pas
pdf: De Lara Andrade R 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
77
rsum:

La cianoficea Spirulina que aparece en afloramientos de aguas con altos contenidos de sales, ha sido
aprovechada para el consumo humano, en Mxico en la poca prehispanica, los aztecas ya la
usaban como alimento. Se presenta su composicion bioquimica destacando los nutrientes que
contiene, en base a estos contenidos se senalan las venta jas que Spirulina puede aportar como
alimento a peces y crustaceos comerciales cultivados. Tambin se indica la importancia para
enriquecer a otros organismos que se utilizan en la alimentacion acuicola. Asimismo se senalan las
posibilidades de su aprovechamiento en aguas residuales y aguas con contenidos de sales que
actualmente no se utilizan.

[Cyanophyta, Spirulina that appears in blooming of waters with high contents of salts, has been taken
advantage of for the human consumption, in Mexico in the prehispanic time, the Aztecs already used it
like food. Their biochemical composition is presented emphasizing the nutrients that it contains, based
on these contents the advantages they are pointed out that Spirulina can contribute like food to fish
and cultivated commercial crustaceans. The importance is also indicated to enrich to other organisms
that are used in the aquaculture feeding. Also the possibilities of their use are pointed out in residual
waters and waters with contents of salts that at the moment they are not used].

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194: de Lima EC, Masini J C.
Caracterizao cido-base da superfcie de espcies mistas da alga Spirulina atravs de titulao
potenciomtrica e modelo de distribuio de stios discretos.
[Acid base characterization of the surface of mixed species of algae Spirulin by potentiometric titration
and discrete site distribution model].
Qum Nova 22, No 5 (1999) 10pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: de Lima E 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $algae-surface; $ionizable-groups; $potentiometric-titrations; $discrete-site-model.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **bioaccumulation.
rsum :

Acid base properties of mixed species of the microalgae Spirulina were studied by potentiometric
titration in medium of 0.01 and 0.10 mols L^-1 NaNO3 at 25.0.1 C using modified Gran functions or
nonlinear regression techniques for data fitting. The discrete site distribution model was used,
permitting the characterization of five classes of ionizable sites in both ionic media. This fact suggests
that the chemical heterogeneity of the ionizable sites on the cell surface plays a major role on the acid-
base properties of the suspension in comparison to electrostatic effects due to charge-charge
interactions. The total of ionizable sites were 1.750.1 and 1.860.2 mmolsg^-1 in ionic media of 0.01
and 0.10 mols L^-1 NaNO3, respectively. A major contribution of carboxylic groups was observed with
an average 34 and 22% of ionizable sites being titrated with conditional pcKa of 4.0 and 5.4,
respectively. The remaining 44% of ionizable sites were divided in three classes with averaged
conditional pcKa of 6.9, 8.7 and 10.12, which may be assigned respectively to imidazolic, aminic, and
phenolic functionalities.

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195: Delpeuch F, J oseph A, Cavelier C.
Consommation alimentaire et apport nutritionnel des algues bleues (Oscillatoris platensis) chez
quelques populations du Kanem (Tchad).
[Consumption and nutritional contribution of the blue algae (Oscillatoria platensis) among some
populations of Kanem (Tchad)].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):497-516.
PMID: 824994
pdf: Delpeuch F 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
78

Two food surveys determined the areas of consumption and the ethnic groups involved as well as the
way and motivations for using Spirulina algae (Oscillatoria platensis) in Chad. More than 400 homes
were visited in February (dry season) and October (end of the rainy season and period after the millet
harvest). Consumption is limited to a restricted proportion of the population in the Kanem region.
Among the Kanembu group (the leading consumers of Spirulina), frequencies of use vary between
one and six melas out of ten. The amounts consumed per person during a meal, in the sauce
accompanying millet, are between 9 and 13 g. Variations in consumption linked to ethnic, social and
seasonal factors are discussed. With regard to food value, the very high proportion of sand
considerably reduces the protein content in the product sold on the market. An average ration of
sauce containing "die" helps cover about 10 to 12 p. 100 of the protein requirements of an active adult
man, and the algae by themselves contribute 5 to 8 p. 100 of these requirements. A comparison with
the leading sauces consumed in Kanem reveals no superiority for Spirulina.

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196: del Valle Prez L, Macas Abraham C, Torres Leyva I, Socarrs Ferrer BB, Marsn Surez V,
Snchez Segura M.
Efecto in vitro de la espirulina sobre la respuesta inmune.
Rev Cubana Hematol Inmunol Hemoter 18, No 2 (2002) on-line.
PMID: pas
pdf: del Valle Prez L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacterias/inmunologia, $aditivos-alimentarios, $transformacion-linfocitica,
$formacion-de-roseta, $antigenos-HLA-DR.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, f.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **immune-system.
rsum:

La espirulina es un alga cianofcea que es utilizada como aditivo alimentario y por sus propiedades
medicinales. Se realiz este trabajo para evaluar el efecto in vitro de la espirulina (Spirel, Gnix,
Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba) en 14 donantes sanos del Instituto de Hematologa e Inmunologa
mediante las pruebas de transformacin linfoblstica con criterio de timidina tritiada; en la expresin
de los antgenos de activacin HLA-DR y CD-25 por el ultramicromtodo inmunocitoqumico
(UMICIQ) y la formacin de roseta activa. En la transformacin blstica no se hallaron diferencias
estadsticamente significativas entre las condiciones experimentales con y sin espirulina, mientras
que se hallaron diferencias estadsticamente significativas al aplicar la t de Student para muestras
pareadas entre las condiciones experimentales con y sin espirulina, tanto en la expresin de los
antgenos de activacin como en la formacin de roseta activa. Se concluye que la espirulina de
produccin nacional influye in vitro en el proceso de activacin de los linfocitos humanos.

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197: De Morais MG, Dalcaton F, Reichert CC, Durante AJ , Costa J AV, Marins LFF.
A novel strain of Spirulina from Southern Brazil with potential for cultivation.
PMID: pas
pdf: De Morais M 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

198: de Mule MCZ, de Caire GZ, de Cano MS, de Halperin DR, Cohen-Arazi S.
Cyanobacterias de alto valor proteico: efecto de Spirulina platensis sobre Carassius sp.
Int J Experiment Botany 55 (1994) 77-82.
PMID: pas
pdf: de Mule M 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
79
rsum : texte en espagnol

[Spirulina platensis can fully replace a commercial product as protein food for the fish Carassius sp.
From 36 autochthonous Cyanobacteria, 3 were selected as alternative protein source: Nostoc
muscorum 60a and 101: Anabaena variabilis var. ellipsospora 70a (52.26: 48.41; 48.74% protein
respectively)].

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199: de Olivera Rangel-Yagui C, Danesi ED, de Carvalho J C, Sato S.
Chlorophyll production from Spirulina platensis: cultivation with urea addition by fed-batch process.
Bioresour Technol. 2004 Apr;92(2):133-41.
PMID: 14693445
pdf: de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Biomass-production; $Chlorophyll; $Fed-batch-process;
$Urea; $Light-intensity.
rsum:

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is an attractive alternative source of the pigment chlorophyll,
which is used as a natural color in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. In this work, the
influence of the light intensity and urea supplementation as a nitrogen source using fed-batch
cultivation for S. platensis growth and chlorophyll content was examined. Cultivations were carried out
in 5 l open tanks, at 30+/-1 degrees C. Response surface methodology was utilized for analysis of the
results, and models were obtained for biomass productivity, nitrogen-cell conversion factor and
chlorophyll productivity. The best cellular growth was observed with 500 mg/l of urea at a light intensity
of 5600 lx, whereas the highest concentration of chlorophyll in the biomass was observed with 500
mg/l of urea at a light intensity of 1400 lx. Overall, the best chlorophyll productivity was observed with
500 mg/l of urea at a light intensity of 3500 lx, providing the optimal balance between the cellular
growth and the biomass chlorophyll content.

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200: De Philippis R, Sili C, Paperi R, Vincenzini M.
Exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria and their possible exploitation: A review.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 4 (2001) 293-299.
PMID: pas
pdf: De Philippis R 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacteria, $released-polysaccharides, $exocellular-polysaccharides, $capsule,
$slime, $uronic-acids, $metal-removal, $copper, $heavy-metal, $biomass-anion-density.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **activity.
rsum: article de revue.

Since the early 1950s, more than one hundred cyanobacterial strains, belonging to twenty different
genera, have been investigated with regard tothe production and the released exocellular
polysaccharides (RPS) into theculture medium. The chemical and rheological properties show that
such polysaccharides are complex anionic heteropolymers, in about 80% cases containing six to ten
different monosaccharides and in about 90% cases containing one or more uronic acids; almost all
have non-saccharidic components, such as peptidic moieties, acetyl, pyruvyl and/or sulphate groups.
Based on such ingredients, cyanobacterial RPSs show promise asthickening or suspending agents,
emulsifying or cation-chelating compounds and the residual capsulated cyanobacterial biomass,
following RPS extraction, could be an effective cation-chelating material. Indeed, when eleven
unicellular and filamentous RPS-producing cyanobacteria, selected on the basis of the anion density
of their RPSs and on the abundance of their outermost investments, were screened for their ability to
remove Cu2+from aqueous solutions, a quick and most effective heavy metal adsorption was
observed for the unicellular Cyanothece CE 4 and the filamentous Cyanospira capsulata. These
results suggest the possibilityto accomplish, through the exploitation of RPS-producing cyanobacteria,
a multiproduct strategy to procure a wide range of biopolymers suited tovarious industrial applications,
in addition to the residual biomass effective in the recovery of heavy metals from polluted waters.
80

-------------------------------

201: Derdour L, Desmorieux H.
A model for internal moisture diffusivity during the regular regime. Comparison with experimental data
obtained on plaster and spirulina.
In: Drying 2004, Proc 14th Int Drying Symposium (IDS 2004) Vol A, 718-725.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **drying.
PMID: pas
pdf: Derdour L 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $convective-drying, $moisture-diffusivity, $critical-moisture-content, $plaster,
$spirulina, $Ficks-law.
rsum :

In this paper, the receding evaporative front model is applied to derive new expressions for the local
moisture diffusivity and the mean moisture diffusivity for slabs during the regular regime. The model is
based on the assumption of heat transfer being the limiting mechanism. The models simulations
indicate a mean moisture diffusivity depending only on the products characteristics and on the
thickness of the dry zone. This finding permitted a comparison of the models predictions with
experimental moisture diffusivity obtained using the 2nd Ficks law and assuming a constant global
diffusivity during the early stages of the falling drying rate period. It was found that the model gives a
good estimate of the mean moisture diffusivity in two products with large structure differences, namely,
plaster and spirulina.

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202: Deshnium P, Paithoonrangsarid K, Suphatrakul A, Meesapyodsuk D, Tanticharoen M,
Cheevadhanarak S.
Temperature-independent and -dependent expression of desaturase genes in filamentous
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis strain C1 (Arthrospira sp. PCC 9438)
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000 Mar 15;184(2):207-13. Erratum in: FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000 J ul
1;188(1):109.
PMID: 10713422
pdf: Deshnium P 2000.pdf +Deshnium P 2000errata.pdf
mots-cls article: $Fatty-acid-desaturation; $Gene-regulation; $Temperature-stress; $Temperature-
adaptation.
rsum:

The alteration of the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in membrane lipids has been shown to be a key
mechanism in the tolerance to temperature stress of living organisms. The step that most influences
the physiology of membranes has been proposed to be the amount of di-unsaturated fatty acids in
membrane lipids. In this study, we found that the desaturation of fatty acid to yield the di-unsaturated
fatty acid 18:2(9,12), in Spirulina platensis strain C1, was not regulated by temperature. As shown by
the fatty acid composition and gene expression patterns, the levels of 18:1(9) and 18:2(9,12) remained
almost constant either when the cells were grown at 35 degrees C (normal growth temperature) or 22
and 40 degrees C. The expression of desC (Delta9) and desA (Delta12) genes, which are responsible
for the introduction of first and second double bonds into fatty acids, respectively, was not affected by
the temperature shift from 35 to 22 degrees C or to 40 degrees C. Only the expression and mRNA
stability of the desD gene (Delta6) that is responsible for the introduction of a third double bond into
fatty acids were enhanced by a temperature shift from 35 to 22 degrees C, but not the shift from 35 to
40 degrees C. The increase in the level of desD mRNA elevated the desaturation of fatty acid from
18:2(9,12) to 18:3(6,9,12) at 22 degrees C. However, the increased level of 18:3(6,9,12) was
observed after 36 h of incubation at 22 degrees C, indicating a slow response to temperature of fatty
acid desaturation in this cyanobacterium. These findings suggest that the desaturation of fatty acids
might not be a key mechanism in the response to the temperature change of S. platensis strain C1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

81
203: Desmorieux H, Decaen N.
Convective drying of Spirulina in thin layer.
J Food Engineering 77, No 1 (2006) 64-70.
PMID: pas
pdf: Desmorieux H 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Convective-drying; $Sorption-isotherm; $Thin-layer-drying.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **drying.
rsum:

ATTENTION: il s'agit d'une variante plus rcente et virtuellement identique l'article de mme titre
publi dans J Food Engineering 66, No 4 (2005) 497-503. Le rsum est le mme!

Spirulina is a microalgae with therapeutic and nutritional properties. It is now industrially produced and
dried by spray drying into a powder. The drying method of small productions facilities in addition to a
need for a different form of presentation, leads us to study the drying of Spirulina by convection. In this
study, Spirulina sorption isotherm is established through different methods at 25 and 40 C. The results
vary slightly in function of the method but do not vary in function of the temperature. A simple
Henderson model is proposed to represent the isotherm. The drying by convection is characterized by
the experimental drying kinetics in order to study the influences of temperature and air velocity. Under
conditions of temperature and air velocity of less than 40 C 2.5 m/s, a first drying phase appears on
the curves. By normalizing, the use of the drying characteristic curve allows the regrouping of curves
and the representation of thin layer Spirulina convective drying by a polynomial function.

-------------------------------------------

203bis: Desmorieux H, Decaen N.
Convective drying of Spirulina in thin layer.
J Food Engineering 66, No 4 (2005) 497-503.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Convective-drying; $Sorption-isotherm; $Thin-layer-drying.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **drying.
rsum:

Spirulina is a microalgae with therapeutic and nutritional properties. It is now industrially produced and
dried by spray drying into a powder. The drying method of small productions facilities in addition to a
need for a different form of presentation, leads us to study the drying of Spirulina by convection. In this
study, Spirulina sorption isotherm is established through different methods at 25 and 40 C. The results
vary slightly in function of the method but do not vary in function of the temperature. A simple
Henderson model is proposed to represent the isotherm. The drying by convection is characterized by
the experimental drying kinetics in order to study the influences of temperature and air velocity. Under
conditions of temperature and air velocity of less than 40 C 2.5 m/s, a first drying phase appears on
the curves. By normalizing, the use of the drying characteristic curve allows the regrouping of curves
and the representation of thin layer Spirulina convective drying by a polynomial function.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

204: Desmorieux H, Hernandez F.
Biochemical and physical criteria of spirulina after different drying processes.
In: Drying 2004, Proc 14th Int Drying Symposium (IDS 2004) Vol B, 900-907.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $pirulina, $protein, $sugar, $convective-drying, $freeze-drying, $infrared-drying,
$spray-drying.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **drying.
rsum :

82
The essential nutritional elements found in spirulina made this cyanobacteruim a potential food
product for the use of spatial crews. After culture and harvesting, the spirulina must be dried, usually
by spray drying in the big farms on the Earth. However, the obtained powder does not satisfy all
criteria for using the spirulina as food for human consumption. In this study, convective and oven
drying, infrared drying, spray and freeze-drying methods were selected to assess the best technology
to dry spirulina. Protein and sugar content were determined before and after drying. Freeze-drying
showed the highest retention of the analyzable proteins and sugars. Thin layers spreading out gave
better results compared to cylinders. The dried end-product ischaracterized by microscopy that
allowed to show damage because of the air dryingtemperature. The best drying method can be
selected by ranking of the drying processes using the studied parameters.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

205: Desmorieux H.
Le schage de la Spiruline utilise comme aliment.
In: C Kapseu, J Ngannou, M Parmentier, M. Dirand (eds), Sminaire dAnimation Rgionale du
Rseau GP3A de lAUF (Yaound, 2003) pp 148-159.
PMID: pas
Desmorieux H 2003.papier
mots-cls article: $transfert-de-technologie; $spiruline; $schage; $courbe-caractristique-de-
schage.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; m; B.
rsum :

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206: Devi MA, Subbulakshmi G, Devi KM, Venkataraman LV.
Studies on the proteins of mass-cultivated, blue-green alga (Spirulina platensis).
J Agric Food Chem. 1981 May-J un;29(3):522-5.
PMID: 6788823
pdf: Devi M 1981.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; B.
rsum:

The characteristics of the protein of fresh-water, mass-cultured Spirulina platensis have been studied.
The solubility of this algal protein in water and various aqueous solvents has been estimated. The total
protein content of the blue-green algae was around 50-45% of which nearly 9.9% was nonprotein
nitrogen. About 80% of the total protein nitrogen can be extracted by three successive extractions with
water. The isoelectric point of this algal protein is found to be 3.0. The total proteins were
characterized physicochemically by standard techniques. In the ultracentrifuge total proteins resolve
into two major components with s(20,w) values of 2.6 and 4.7 S. The polyacrylamide gel
electrophoretic pattern of the total protein showed seven bands including three prominent ones. The in
vitro digestibility of the total protein of fresh algae was found to be 85% when assayed with a pepsin
pancreatin system.

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207: DiBaise J K, Park FL, Lyden E, Brand RE, Brand RM.
Effects of low doses of erythromycin on the 13C Spirulina platensis gastric emptying breath test and
electrogastrogram: a controlled study in healthy volunteers.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 J ul;96(7):2041-50.
PMID: 11467630
pdf: DiBiaise J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

OBJ ECTIVE: Electrogastrography and stable isotope gastric emptying breath tests (GEBTs) are
relatively simple, noninvasive tests of gastric motor function that may be useful in monitoring the
83
effects of therapeutic interventions. It was our primary objective to examine the effects of low dose i.v.
erythromycin on the results of the 13C Spirulina platensis GEBT and electrogastrography. We were
also interested in evaluating the reproducibility of these tests.
METHODS: In 10 healthy subjects (five female, ages 23-37 yr), we simultaneously performed the
GEBT, using a prepackaged meal (340 kcal), and electrogastrography on each of four different
occasions separated by at least 1 wk. After performance of baseline studies, they were repeated in
random order after the infusion of 50 mg of erythromycin (Er50), 100 mg erythromycin (Er100), and a
placebo (saline). Breath samples were obtained at baseline and at 75, 90, and 180 min after the meal
and T1/2 and Tlag calculated. Electrogastrography recordings began 30 min before the test meal and
continued for 2 h after the meal.
RESULTS: Baseline and placebo T1/2 and Tlag were similar. Er50 resulted in a modest acceleration
of gastric emptying (T1/2 Er50 vs baseline vs placebo =104.0 vs 132.7 vs 125.5 min) and reduction in
lag time (Tlag Er50 vs baseline vs placebo =47.2 vs 61.5 vs 56.2 min). A similar decrease was seen
in response to Er100. The baseline and placebo fasting and fed electrogastrography parameters were
similar. After infusion of Er100, the percentage of normal slow waves in the first postprandial hour
decreased relative to baseline and placebo (percent normogastria Er100 vs baseline vs placebo =
64.1+/-7.5 vs 82.4+/-6.4 vs 79.7+/-5.5). This corresponded with an increase in percent tachygastria
during the same period and an overall decrease in the mean dominant frequency. Similar but less
striking changes were seen after administration of Er50. Replicate GEBTs showed a high degree of
reproducibility both within and between individuals for T1/2 and Tlag. In contrast, replicate
electrogastrograms revealed moderate to high variability for all parameters except the dominant
frequency.
CONCLUSION: The stable isotope GEBT utilizing 13C S. platensis demonstrates responsiveness to
the prokinetic effects of low dose i.v. erythromycin and good reproducibility.

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208: Dietzek B, Maksimenka R, Hermann G, Kiefer W, Popp J , Schmitt M.
The excited-state dynamics of phycocyanobilin in dependence on the excitation wavelength.
Chemphyschem. 2004 Aug 20;5(8):1171-7.
PMID: 15446739
pdf: Dietzek B 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $chromophores; $kinetics; $photochemistry; $phycocyanobilin; $time-resolved-
spectroscopy.
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; photosynthse.
rsum:

The primary light-induced processes of phycocyanobilin were studied by means of transient-grating
spectroscopy, whereby the excitation wavelength was varied over the spectral region of the ground-
state absorption. On the basis of the results obtained, both the rate of the photoreaction in
phycocyanobilin and the ratio of the decay of different excited-state species via two decay channels
depend on the excitation wavelength. Furthermore, the formation of the photoreaction product is also
dependent on the pump color. These data support a recently established model for the primary
photoprocesses in phycocyanobilin. In addition, phycocyanobilin protonated at the basic pyrrolenine-
type nitrogen atom was included in the transient absorption study. The decay behavior was found to
be almost unchanged when compared with the unprotonated form, and this suggests that protonation
of the tetrapyrrole ring structure has no effect on the overall photochemistry.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

209: Dillon J C, Phuc AP, Dubacq J P.
Nutritional value of the alga Spirulina.
World Rev Nutr Diet 1995;77:32-46.
PMID: 7732699
pdf: Dillon J 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------
84

210: Dillon J C, Phan PA.
Spirulina as a source of proteins in human nutrition.
PMID: pas
pdf: Dillon J 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Spirulina is an edible microorganism, useful in human nutrition due to the high quantity and quality of
its protein. Protein content of Spirulina varies from 60 to 71% crude protein according to strains. The
nutritive value of a protein is related to its amino acid composition, digestibility and bioavailability of its
essential amino acids. The essential amino acids comprise 47% of the protein. The methionine
deficiency, which is common in all types of single cell protein can be compensated for by blending the
algae with other conventional protein source. In vitro, the fresh algal samples are more digestible
(85%) than sun-dried or freeze-dried samples. Recently a J oint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation
recommended to express Protein Quality as Amino Acid Score Corrected for Digestibility (Di-Sco).
There are few and incomplete reports of experiments in humans to detailed evaluation regarding the
nutritional quality of Spirulina.

----------------------------------------------------------

211: Disyawongs G.
Accumulation of cooper, mercury and lead in Spirulina platensis studied in Zarrouk's medium.
J of KMITNB 12, No 4 (2002) 33-35.
PMID: pas
pdf: Disyawongs G 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $heavy-metal-absorption; $wastewater-treatment; $blue-green-algae; $spirulina-
platensis.
rsum :

Spirulina platensis can be cultivated in wastewater to improve water quality. (...)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

212: Doke J M.
An improved and efficient method for the extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina sp.
Int J Food Engineering 1, No 5 (2005) Article 2.
Available at: http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol1/iss5/art2
PMID: pas
pdf: Doke J 2005.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; f, B.
rsum:

This paper describes an improved drying method and efficient procedure for the optimum extraction of
phycocyanin from the Spirulina sp. We observed that, when Spirulina biomass is dried at 250C under
shadow by air circulation and extraction of phycocyanin at 40C for 24 h in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0
(0.1 M) yield maximum phycocyanin (80 mg/g). This also shows relatively highest purity ratio of 1.8.
When extraction of phycocyanin with other available methods were carried out, showed purity ratio of
0.45 to 1.34. The extraction of phycocyanin in hydrochloric acid (2.0 N to 10.0 N) showed the
contamination of chlorophyll in the phycocyanin extract. The proposed method of air-drying and
extraction suggested in this paper showed only 5 to 7% loss of phycocyanin during drying process.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

213: Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL.
85
Bioremediation potential of live and dead Spirulina: Spectroscopic, kinetics and SEM studies.
PMID: 17041959
pdf: Doshi H 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Biosorption; $Metal-uptake; $Bioremediation; $Kinetics; $IR-and-SEM.
rsum:

Metal binding by algae has enormous potential for environmental bioremediation targeting towards
detoxification of water bodies. The present work reports the use of live and dead Spirulina sp. for
sorption of metals like Cr(+3), Ni(+2), Cu(+2) and Cr(+6) in form of Cr(2)O(7) (-2). Preliminary
investigation shows that this biomass takes up substantial amount of metal ions indicated above. IR
spectroscopic study, kinetics models, Langmuir & Freundlich adsorption isotherms, SEM analysis and
fluorescence microscopic study of Spirulina sp. and the Spirulina sp. treated with different metal ions
have been employed to understand the sorption mechanism. It is hope that live Spirulina sp. will be a
strong candidate for management of industrial waste water.

--------------------------------------------------------

214: Dos Santos GC, Costa J AV.
Development of foods enriched with the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Dos Santos G 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

215: dos Santos GM, Verthein Tavares de Macedo R, Monte Alegre R.
Influncia do teor de nitrognio no cultivo de Spirulina maxima em duas temperaturas - Parte I:
Alterao da composio da biomassa.
[Influence of nitrogen concentration on the culture of Spirulina maxima grown at two temperatures -
Part I: Changes in biomass composition].
Cinc Tecnol Aliment 23 suppl (2003) on-line
PMID: pas
pdf: dos Santos 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $biomassa; $microalga; $composio-centesimal; $biomass;
$microalgae; $centesimal-composition.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **nitrogen.
rsum:

Spirulina maxima uma cianobactria de grande interesse para a produo de substncias nutritivas
e teraputicas. mesoflica, essencialmente fotoautotrfica, sendo suas principais fontes de
nitrognio os nitratos, uria ou sais de amnio em meios com alta alcalinidade [1, 2, 3, 10, 16].
Spirulina maxima foi cultivada em fermentadores, expostos a luz com intensidade de 2400lux,
contendo 3L do meio proposto por PAOLETTI, PUSHPARAJ & TOMASELLI com concentrao de
2,5g/L de KNO3, em meio modificado com 0,2g/L de KNO3 e em meio sem fonte de nitrognio,
denominados respectivamente meios 2,5N, 0,2N e SN, visando observar as alteraes provocadas
em sua composio final. Em culturas crescidas a 35C observou-se reduo do teor de protenas na
massa celular seca de 28,84% e de 32,87%, aumento do teor de carboidratos de 30,34% e de
54,21% e aumento dos lipdios totais de 287,90% e 277,37%, quando se utilizou os meios 0,2N e SN,
respectivamente, em comparao com o meio 2,5N. O teor de cinzas mostrou variao desprezvel.
Quando a temperatura de cultivo foi reduzida para 25C, ocorreu uma reduo do teor de protenas
da massa seca de 40,28% e 39,02%, aumento de teor de carboidratos de 88,90% e de 91,15% e
aumento do teor de lipdios totais em 321,25% e de 307,08%, quando se utilizou os meios 0,2N e SN
em comparao com o meio 2,5N, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram alteraes sensveis
86
na composio da biomassa seca, com a diminuio do teor de nitrognio e da temperatura de
cultivo, exceto no teor de cinzas que no foi significativo.

[Spirulina maxima is a cianobacter of great interest to the production of nutritious and therapeutic
substances. It is mesophilic, essentially fotoautotrophic and has preference for media with high
alkalinity. Its principal nitrogen source are nitrates and ammonium salts or urea [1, 2, 3, 10, 16].
Spirulina maxima was cultured in fermentors with 3 liters of medium proposed by PAOLETTI,
PUSHPARAJ & TOMASELLI exposed at light with intensity of 2400lux and in two other media in which
the KNO3 concentration was reduced from 2.5 to 0.2g/L KNO3 and zero, that were denominated 2.5N
and 0.2N and medium without KNO3 SN respectively. In cultures at 35C a reduction of the
percentage of proteins was observed, in the dry cellular mass, of 28.84% and 32.87%, an increased of
30.34% and of 54.21% in carbohydrates and total lipids of 287.90% and 277.37%, when it was used
the media 0.2N and SN instead the medium 2.5N respectively, except the percentage of ashes that
showed no significant variation. When the temperature was reduced from 35 to 25C, the percentage
of protein in the dry mass decreased 40.28% and 39.02%, while the percentage of carbohydrates
increased 88.9% and of 91.15% and percentage of total lipidic increased 321.25% and of 307.08%,
when it was used the media 0.2N and SN instead of the medium 2.5N respectively. The percentage of
ashes showed no significant variation. The data showed a sensitive alteration in the cellular mass
composition when the percentage of nitrogen and the cultivation temperature were decreased].

----------------------------------------------------------

216: F. Doumenge, H. Durand-Chastee, A. Toulemont (eds).
Spiruline, algue de vie / Spirulina, algae of life (Muse ocanographique, Monaco, 1993) 222 pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Doumenge F 1993.papier
mots-cls livre: $Spiruline, $taxonomie, $biochimie, $culture, $valeur-nutritive, $source-alimentaire.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; E, introduction+figures-pages-211-218.
rsum:

Reports of spirulina cultivation around the world presented at the Monaco Oceanographic Institute,
1993. Introduction of Spirulina, the algae of life by Hubert Durand Chastel. Reports on spirulina
production in Mexico, India, Spain, Myanmar, Chile and developing countries.

----------------------------------------------------------

217: Downham A, Collins P.
Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium.
Int J Food Sci Technol 35, No 1 (2000) 5-22.
PMID: pas
pdf: Downham A 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Functional-food-ingredients, $market-trends, $natural-pigments, $regulations.
rsum:

Colour in one form or another, has been added to our foods for centuries. It is known that the
Egyptians coloured candy, and wine was coloured as long ago as 400 bc. The developing food
industry had available a vast array of synthetic colours in the late 1800s. This led to colours being
added for decorative purposes and unfortunately to disguise low quality foods. (...).

----------------------------------------------------------

218: Duan M, Ma WX, Li L, Sun XT.
[Determination of micro-elements in natural spirulina using FAAS].
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2001 Dec;21(6):868-70.
PMID: 12958919
pdf: Duan M 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois
87

The analytic results show that the spirulina powder have a plenty of microelements(K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe,
Zn). Compared with that of rice, wheat flour, maize and soybean, the content of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and
Zn of it is respectively as from 4 to 10 times, from 10 to 80 times, from 25 to 70 times, from 3 to 15
times, from 4 to 36 times and from 4 to 24 times as theirs. The content of microelements of it
compared with vegetable is much higher. The spirulina has a certain inhibition from cancer, high blood
pressure, sugar diabetes and hasten body to absorb Se and Mo, and is of benefit to cardiac muscle.
The experimental result indicated that spirulina was good health care food with value of nourish and
medicinal.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

219: Dubacq J P, Pham-Quoc K.
Biotechnology of Spirulina lipids: a source of gamma-linolenic acid.
PMID: pas
pdf: Dubacq J 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

220: Dugad LB, La Mar GN, Banci L, Bertini I.
Identification of localized redox states in plant-type two-iron ferredoxins using the nuclear Overhauser
effect.
Biochemistry. 1990 Mar 6;29(9):2263-71.
PMID: 2110829
pdf: Dugad L 1990.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; ferredoxines.
rsum:

The homonuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), in conjunction with nonselective spin-lattice relaxation
measurements, has been employed to assign the contact-shifted resonances for the reduced form of
two typical plant-type two-iron ferredoxins from the algae Spirulina platensis and Porphyra umbilicalis.
These results demonstrate that the NOE should have broad general applicability for the assignments
and electronic structural elucidation of diverse subclasses of paramagnetic iron-sulfur cluster proteins.
NOE connectivities were detected only among sets of resonance exhibiting characteristically different
deviations from Curie behavior, providing strong support for the applicability of the spin Hamiltonian
formulation for the NMR properties of the antiferromagnetically coupled iron clusters [Dunham, W. R.,
Palmer, G., Sands, R. H., & Bearden, A. J . (1971) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 253, 373-384; Banci, L.,
Bertini, I., & Luchinat, C. (1989) Struct. Bonding (in press)]. The geminal beta-methylene protons for
the two cysteines bound to the iron(II) center were clearly identified, as well as the C alpha H and one
C beta H for each of the cysteines bound to the iron(III). The identification of the iron bound to
cysteines 41 and 46 as the iron(II) in the reduced protein was effected on the basis of dipolar contacts
between the bound cysteines, as predicted by crystal coordinates of S. platensis Fd [Tsukihara, T.,
Fukuyama, K., Nakamura, M., Katsube, Y., Tanaka, N., Kakudo, M., Wada, K., Hase, T., & Matsubara,
H. (1981) J . Biochem. (Tokyo) 90, 1763-1773]. Resolved labile proton contact-shifted resonances are
attributed to hydrogen bonding to the iron(II1) center, and it is concluded that the contact-shifted
resonances for the more numerous hydrogen bonds to the iron(I1) center are not resolved from the
diamagnetic envelope. The identification of the iron closer to the protein surface as the more reducible
one is consistent with predictions based on a larger number of hydrogen bonds to this center.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

221: Durand-Chastel H, Fox RD.
History of the Spirulina.
88
PMID: pas
pdf: Durand-Chastel H 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

222: Durand-Chastel H.
La spiruline, algue de vie.
PMID: pas
pdf: Durand-Chastel H 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
remarques: planche en couleur page 218.

----------------------------------------------------------

223: Egorova EA, Gmoshinskii IV, Zorin SI, Mazo VK.
[Studies of bioavailability of different food sources of selenium in experiment].
Vopr Pitan. 2006;75(3):45-9.
PMID: 16862955
pdf: Egorova E 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-platensis, spirulina-platensis, A.
rsum: en russe

The selenium bioavailability in selenium enriched Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), phycocyanin
containing (Se-PC) protein isolate, separated from this micro algae and in sodium selenite was studied
and compared in rats. The daily dose of selenium per one animal was 5 microgram in all experimental
groups. The average selenium levels in blood serum and liver of animals that received sodium selenite
during 14 days were the highest. The average selenium level in blood serum of animals fed with
selenium enriched Spirulina platensis after 14 days of receiving was the same with the control group,
but the average concentration of selenium in their liver was rather high and close to this parameter of
sodium selenite animal group. The animals which were fed with Se-PC showed better results. Their
average selenium level in blood serum was higher than in Spirulina group, but lower than in sodium
selenite group. The average concentration of selenium in the liver of these animals was the same with
sodium selenite animal group. As regards to animals that were fed with selenium enriched Spirulina,
Se-PC and sodium selenite for 21 days, the average selenium levels ratio in their blood serum and
liver was higher than in control group, but these results were not significantly different among each
other. The concentrations of selenium in seminal glands in all groups of animals including control
group both after 14 and 21 days feeding were close to each other.

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224: Engelmann E, Tagliabue T, Karapetyan NV, Garlaschi FM, Zucchelli G, J ennings RC.
CD spectroscopy provides evidence for excitonic interactions involving red-shifted chlorophyll forms in
photosystem I.
FEBS Lett. 2001 J un 15;499(1-2):112-5.
PMID: 11418123
pdf: Engelmann E 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $CD-spectroscopy; $Excitonic-interaction; $Photobleaching; $Red-chlorophyll-form.
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; photosystems.
rsum:

Selective destruction of the strongly dichroic red-shifted chlorophyll form (C709 nm) in photosystem I
(PSI) trimers from Spirulina, by either non-selective high intensity illumination (photobleaching) or
incubation with low concentrations of Triton X-100 is accompanied by changes in the circular
89
dichroism spectrum of the same amplitude and of opposite sign at 677 nm. The data are interpreted in
terms of a dimeric chlorophyll structure with excitonic bands at these two wavelengths. Similar
photobleaching experiments with PSI-200 from maize also suggest the presence of bulk antenna/red
form excitonic interactions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

225: Falquet J , von der Weid D.
Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465; author reply 467-8.
PMID: 15135437
pdf: Falquet J 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline; $Malnutrition; $Pays-en-voie-de-dveloppement; $Spiruline-et-nutrition;
$Spiruline; $Developing-countries; $Nutrition-disorders; $Kwashiorkor; $Infant.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: voir aussi:

Fox R, Pagnon Y, Weber B; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465-6.
Darcas C; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):466-7.

* Letter

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226: Farooq SM, Ebrahim AS, Subramhanya KH, Sakthivel R, Rajesh NG, Varalakshmi P.
Oxalate mediated nephronal impairment and its inhibition by c-phycocyanin: A study on urolithic rats.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Feb 14;:1-7
PMID: 16477383
pdf: Farooq S 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $antioxidant; $hyperoxaluria; $oxidative-stress; $phycocyanin.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; reins.
rsum:

The assumption of oxidative stress as a mechanism in oxalate induced renal damage suggests that
antioxidants might play a beneficial role against oxalate toxicity. An in vivo model was used to
investigate the effect of C-phycocyanin (from aquatic micro algae; Spirulina spp.), a known
antioxidant, against calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Hyperoxaluria was induced in two of the 4 groups of
Wistar albino rats (n =6 in each) by intraperitoneally injecting sodium oxalate (70,mg/kg body weight).
A pretreatment of phycocyanin (100,mg/kg body weight) as a single oral dosage was given, one hour
prior to oxalate challenge. An untreated control and drug control (phycocyanin alone) were employed.
Phycocyanin administration resulted in a significant improvement (p <0.001) in the thiol content of
renal tissue and RBC lysate via increasing glutathione and reducing malondialdehyde levels in the
plasma of oxalate induced rats (p <0.001), indicating phycocyanin's antioxidant effect on oxalate
mediated oxidative stress. Administering phycocyanin after oxalate treatment significantly increased
catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (p <0.001) in RBC lysate suggesting
phycocyanin as a free radical quencher. Assessing calcium oxalate crystal retention in renal tissue
using polarization microscopy and renal ultrastructure by electron microscopy reveals normal features
in phycocyanin - pretreated groups. Thus the study presents positive pharmacological implications of
phycocyanin against oxalate mediated nephronal impairment and warrants further work to tap this
potential aquatic resource for its medicinal application. (Mol Cell Biochem xxx: 1-7, 2004).

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227: Farooq SM, Ebrahim AS, Asokan D, Sakthivel R, Savitha S, Rajesh NG, Varalakshmi P.
Credentials of Spirulina diet on stability and flux related properties on the biomineralization process
during oxalate mediated renal calcification in rats.
90
Clin Nutr. 2005 Dec;24(6):932-42.
PMID: 16084629
pdf: Farooq S 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Urolithiasis; $Calcium-oxalate; $Free-radical; $Lipid-peroxidation; $Spirulina;
$Purine-diet; $Protein-diet.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; reins; B.
rsum:

BACKGROUND: High Spirulina diet is a potential risk factor for nephrolithiasis since it has the
capacity to increase urinary oxalate and uric acid level, facilitating lithogenesis. Our aim was to identify
the effect of Spirulina diet during hyperoxaluric condition in Wistar albino rats.
METHODS: The animals were divided into four groups: control (Gl, n=6); ethylene glycol (EG) induced
(G2, n=6); EG+Spirulina (G3, n=6); Spirulina alone (G4, n=6). EG at 0.75% was administered to G2
and G3 through drinking water for 4 weeks and Spirulina 1500 mg/kg feed was administered to G3
and G4.
RESULTS: Urinary parameters like oxalate, uric acid, calcium, urea, and creatinine (P<0.001) were
found increased after Spirulina diet under hyperoxaluric conditions compared to the same without
Spirulina diet. Similarly the BUN, plasma contents of uric acid, urea, creatinine (P<0.001) were found
to be raised in G3. The renal and RBC GSH levels, as estimated by HPLC, seemed decreased when
compared to G2.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that free radicals aid in the progression of nephrolithiasis.
The crystal deposition was found to be high in the renal cells of G3 than G2 and TEM revealed
damage in renal cell of G3 implying that the disease deteriorates by free radical injury. In contrast the
Spirulina diet alone (G4) did not induce any features relating to stone forming condition suggesting
that free radical release might have been suppressed due to enrichment of dietary antioxidants and
vitamins. Thus the present investigation demonstrates that during hyperoxaluric conditions the
Spirulina diet must possibly be avoided and can be considered in normal subjects checked for family
history of renal stone deposition.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

228: Farooq SM, Asokan D, Sakthivel R, Kalaiselvi P, Varalakshmi P.
Salubrious effect of C-phycocyanin against oxalate-mediated renal cell injury.
Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Oct;348(1-2):199-205.
PMID: 15369755
pdf: Farooq S 2004a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Antioxidant; $Calcium-oxalate; $Phycocyanin; $Phycocyanobilin; $Spirulina-
platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; reins.
rsum:

BACKGROUND: C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein pigment found in some blue green algae (Spirulina
platensis) with nutritional and medicinal properties, was investigated for its efficacy on sodium oxalate-
induced nephrotoxicity in experimentally induced urolithic rats.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Hyperoxaluria was induced in two of these
groups by intraperitoneal infusion of sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg), and a pretreatment of phycocyanin
(100 mg/kg) as a single oral dosage was given to one of these groups by 1 h prior to sodium oxalate
infusion challenges. The study also encompasses an untreated control group and a phycocyanin-
alone treated drug control group. The extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was evaluated in terms of
renal concentrations of MDA, conjugated diene and hydroperoxides. The following assay was
performed in the renal tissue (a) antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
catalase, (b) glutathione metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione
reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD),
(c) the low molecular weight antioxidants (GSH, vitamins E and C) and protein carbonyl content.
RESULTS: The increased concentrations of MDA, conjugated diene and hydroperoxide (index of the
lipid peroxidation) were controlled (P <0.001) in the phycocyanin-pretreated group. At the outset, the
low molecular weight antioxidants were appreciably increased (P <0.001), whereas the tissue protein
carbonyl concentration was decreased (P <0.001), suggesting that phycocyanin provides protection
to renal cell antioxidants. It was noticed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione
metabolizing enzymes were considerably stabilized in rats pretreated with phycocyanin.
91
CONCLUSION: We suggest that phycocyanin protects the integrity of the renal cell by stabilizing the
free radical mediated LPO and protein carbonyl, as well as low molecular weight antioxidants and
antioxidant enzymes in renal cells. Thus, the present analysis reveals that the antioxidant nature of C-
phycocyanin protects the renal cell against oxalate-induced injury and may be a nephroprotective
agent.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

229: Farooq SM, Asokan D, Kalaiselvi P, Sakthivel R, Varalakshmi P.
Prophylactic role of phycocyanin: a study of oxalate mediated renal cell injury.
Chem Biol Interact. 2004 Aug 10;149(1):1-7.
PMID: 15294440
pdf: Farooq S 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Antioxidant; $Calcium-oxalate; $Kidney-stone; $Oxalate; $Phycocyanin;
$Phycocyanobilin; $Spirulina-platensis; $Urolithiasis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; reins.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **kidney, **mouse.
rsum:

Oxalate induced renal calculi formation and the associated renal injury is thought to be caused by free
radical mediated mechanisms. An in vivo model was used to investigate the effect of phycocyanin
(from Spirulina platensis), a known antioxidant, against calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Male Wistar rats
were divided into four groups. Hyperoxaluria was induced in two of these groups by intraperitoneal
infusion of sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg) and a pretreatment of phycocyanin (100 mg/kg) as a single oral
dosage was given, 1h prior to sodium oxalate infusion. An untreated control and drug control
(phycocyanin alone) were also included in the study. We observed that phycocyanin significantly
controlled the early biochemical changes in calcium oxalate stone formation. The antiurolithic nature of
the drug was evaluated by the assessment of urinary risk factors and light microscopic observation of
urinary crystals. Renal tubular damage as divulged by urinary marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase,
acid phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) and histopathological observations such as
decreased tubulointerstitial, tubular dilatation and mononuclear inflammatory cells, indicated that renal
damage was minimised in drug-pretreated group. Oxalate levels (P <0.001) and lipid peroxidation (P
<0.001) in kidney tissue were significantly controlled by drug pretreatment, suggesting the ability of
phycocyanin to quench the free radicals, thereby preventing the lipid peroxidation mediated tissue
damage and oxalate entry. This accounts for the prevention of CaOx stones. Thus, the present
analysis revealed the antioxidant and antiurolithic potential of phycocyanin thereby projecting it as a
promising therapeutic agent against renal cell injury associated kidney stone formation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

230: Farrar WV.
Tecuitlatl; a glimpse of aztec food technology.
Nature 211 (1966) 341-342.
PMID: pas
pdf: Farrar W 1966.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-maxima.
rsum:

Traduction des premiers textes qui mentionnent la plus ancienne utilisation alimentaire par les
Aztques d'une algue commestible qui sera quelques annes plus tard identifie comme de la
spiruline (Spirulia maxima, une variante mexicaine de Spirulina platensis suggre par l'auteur).

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231: Fattom A, Shilo M.
Hydrophobicity as an adhesion mechanism of benthic cyanobacteria.
Appl Environ Microbiol 7 (1984) 135-143.
PMID: 16346453
pdf: Fattom A 1984.pdf
92
mots-cls article:
rsum :

The capacity of benthic cyanobacteria to adhere to solid substrates was examined in terms of their cell
surface properties. By using a biphasic water-hydrocarbon test system, it was demonstrated that
benthic cyanobacteria from divergent habitats were all hydrophobic, whereas all the planktonic
cyanobacteria tested were hydrophilic. Divalent cations were found more efficient than monovalent
cations in effecting the expression of hydrophobicity. Mechanical shearing of the cell surface, as well
as chemical removal of the cell wall, demonstrated that the hydrophobicity was confined to the outer
surface layers. The hydrophobic sites were distributed along the whole length of the cyanobacterial
filament. Hydrophilic hormogonia of benthic cyanobacteria became hydrophobic within 48 h when
grown in the light; chloramphenicol, 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)1,1 dimethylurea, or incubation in the dark
prevented this transition. Hydrophobicity of Phormidium filaments was masked in late stationary
phase; this effect was removed by gentle washing.

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232: Faucher O, Coupal B, Leduy A.
Utilization of seawater-urea as a culture medium for Spirulina maxima.
Can J Microbiol. 1979 J un;25(6):752-9.
PMID: 38896
pdf: Faucher O 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The possibilities of utilization of seawater enriched with ureas as the culture medium for a blue-green
alga, Spirulina maxima, were investigated. Pretreatment by precipitation with NaHCO3 and (or)
Na2CO3 was found essential to remove the excess amounts of Ca2+and Mg2+present in seawater
prior to cultivation. A culture medium as good as the synthetic medium reported in the literature for the
growth of S. maxima was obtained after treating seawater with NaHCO3 (19.2 g/L) at pH 9.2 and 35
degrees C for 2 h, filtering to remove precipitates, and enriching with K2HPO4 (0.5 g/L), NaNO3 (3.0
g/L), and FeSO4 (0.01 g/L). The same results were obtained by substituting a small amount (0.2 g/L or
less) of either crystalline or polymerized urea for the NaNO3 in the above medium. Growth of S.
maxima was inhibited at higher concentration of urea in the culture medium. The inhibition effect was
due to the partial decomposition of urea into ammonia in alkali medium. Tests conducted on the 130-L
cultivation open pond also confirmed that the seawater-urea medium supports growth of S. maxima as
well as the best known synthetic medium.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

233: Fedkovic Y, Astre C, Pinguet F, Gerber M, Ychou M, Pujol H.
Spiruline et cancer.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fedkovic Y 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

234: Feng DL, Wu ZC.
Culture of Spirulina platensis in human urine for biomass production and O(2) evolution.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2006 J an;7(1):34-7.
PMID: 16365923
pdf: Feng D 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
93
rsum:

Attempts were made to culture Spirulina platensis in human urine directly to achieve biomass
production and O(2) evolution, for potential application to nutrient regeneration and air revitalization in
life support system. The culture results showed that Spirulina platensis grows successfully in diluted
human urine, and yields maximal biomass at urine dilution ratios of 140 approximately 240.
Accumulation of lipid and decreasing of protein occurred due to N deficiency. O(2) release rate of
Spirulina platensis in diluted human urine was higher than that in Zarrouk medium.

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235: Fernandez-Cardenas T, Gonzalez-San Miguel H, Travieso L.
Determinacin de vitaminas del Complejo B en Arthrospira maxima por cromatografa lquida de alta
resolucin.
[The Determination of vitamin B-complex in Arthrospira maxima through high resolution liquid
chromatography].
Ars Pharmaceutica 42, No 3-4 (2001) 171-183.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fernandez-Cardenas T 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $vitaminas-del-complejo B. $Mtodos-de-extraccin. $Arthrospira-maxima,
$Cromatografa-liquida-de-alta-resolucin- $Extraction-methods, $B-complex-vitamins, $High-
performance-liquid-chromatography.
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-maxima, f.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **vitamin-B.
rsum: texte bilingue espagnol-anglais

Se disean dos mtodos para la extraccin de las vitaminas del complejo B en muestras de
Arthrospira maxima cubana. Para la determinacin, se emplea un sistema HPLC formado por una
columna de octadecilsilano y fases mviles de metanol - agua - cido fosfrico 0.1 mol/L (20:79.5:0.5)
para el anlisis de la cianocobalamina y (30:69.5:0.5) para el resto de las vitaminas, empleando
hexanosulfonato sdico 5 mM en ambos casos. Las velocidades de flujo son de 1 y 0.8 mL/min
respectivamente. La determinacin se realiza a 362 y 270 nm. Se observ que la Arthrospira maxima
cultivada en Cuba constituye una rica fuente de vitaminas del grupo B presentando un contenido
promedio de 3.1 mg/10g de tiamina, 4.0 mg/10g de riboflavina, 9.0 mg/10g de piridoxina, 0.29 mg/10g
de cianocobalamina, 21 mg/10g de cido nicotnico y 26 mg/10g de nicotinamida.

[Two methods for the extraction and determination of B-complex vitamins in Cuban Arthrospira
maxima samples are described. High performance liquid chromatography was employed using a
column of octadecylsilane and mobile phase containing metanol-agua-0.1M, orthofosforic acid
(20:79.5:0.5) were used in the analysis of cyanocobalamine and (30:69.5:0.5) for the remaining
vitamins. 5 mM sodium hexanosulfonate was used as ion pair. Flow rates were set at 1 mL/min and
0.8 mL/min and injection volumes at 20 and 100 mL. Vitamin determinations at 362 and 270 nm using
a diode array detector produced good results. High detection values for B-complex vitamins in Cuban
Arthrospira maxima were obtained].

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236: Feroci LT, Margheri MC, Pelosi E.
[Ultrastructure of Spirulina in comparison with Oscillatoria].
Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg. 1976;131(7):592-601.
PMID: 827871
pdf: Feroci L 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en allemand

The following filamentous blue-green algae: S. platensis, S. platensis f. minor and S. princeps were
observed under electronmicroscope and were compared with two species of the related genera
Oscillatoria: O. rubescens and O. chalybea. From our research it was resulted that Spirulina is
94
characterized by a more dense cellular content and by a more wide thylakoid system. The protoplasm
shows various types of inclusions: polyglucan granules, lipid droplets, eyanophycin granules,
polyhedral bodies, polyphosphate granules and gas vacuoles. In addition Sprulina presents few
aggregated membranes with non photosynthetic character and therefore can be compared with
""Memosome'' of bacteria. Spirulina contains more polyhedral bodies and cyanophycin granules and
more proteins than Oscillatoria.

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237: Ferrari SG, Italiano MC, Silva HJ .
Effect of a cyanobacterial community on calcium carbonate precipitation in Puente del Inca (Mendoza,
Argentina).
Acta Bot Croat 61, No 1 (2002) 19.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ferrari S 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacteria; $Spirulina; $Oscillatoria; $calcium-carbonate; $biomineralization;
$geothermal-spring; $Puente-del-Inca; $Argentina.
mots-cls Antenna: ; n.
rsum:

The involvement of cyanobacteria in the precipitation process forming calcium carbonate was studied
in samples collected at a geothermal spring located in an area close to Puente del Inca (Mendoza,
Argentina). In the summer season profuse cyanobacterial growth is observed at Puente del Inca in
areas exposed to sunlight and over which thermal water flows. Differences in cellular structure allowed
the recognition of strains of Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Plectonema, and Nostoc, Oscillatoria and Spirulina
being the dominant species. The mass cultivation of Oscillatoria sp. was obtained using a new culture
medium (BW 3) PI which was formulated according to the chemical composition of the thermal water.
On a dry-weight basis the biomass concentration was 0.88 g L^1 at pH 7.5 and 0.44 g L^1 with a
free pH evolution after 11 days of incubation. The increase of pH associated with Oscillatoria sp.
growth triggered calcium carbonate precipitation at values higher than 8.1. The events observed under
laboratory conditions are likely to occur in situ as a consequence of cyanobacterial growth in the
saturated thermal water of Puente del Inca.

----------------------------------------------------------------

238: Fevrier C, Seve B.
Essai dincorporation de Spiruline (Spirulina maxima) dans les aliments des porcins.
[Incorporation of a spiruline (Spirulina maxima) in swine food].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):625-50.
PMID: 825004
pdf: Fevrier C 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en franais

Two experiments on early weaned piglets and one experiment on sows during the first two
reproductive cycles were made to determine the nutritive value of Spirulina maxima algae in the pig,
taken as a "nutritional model" for man. The algae were introduced into the diets of the piglets, between
12 and 42 days of age, in a proportion representing 12 p. 100 of the total proteins. This level
corresponded to 12 p. 100 algae in the first age feed (up to 21 days) in replacement of skim milk, and
8 p. 100 of the second age feed in replacement of soyabean meal. For the overall experimental
period, from 12 to 42 days, the apparent digestibilities of the diets, measured by the chronium oxide
marking, decreased by 6.9 and 6.1 points, respectively, for energy and total crude proteins as
compared to the control diet. Replacement of the same raw materials by a soluble fish protein
concentrate only led to a reduction of 2.9 and 3.5 points for energy and proteins. However, during the
first week following weaning, the fish concentrate and spirulina gave identical results which were lower
than those of the control (fig. 1). In spite of this lowering in the apparent digestibility the growths of the
piglets were satisfactory and equivalent for all groups. Thus, the metabolic utilisation of the fraction of
feed absorbed was better for the spirulina group than for the control group, notably during the period
between 12 to 21 days, although the supply of lysine in the spirulina group was 12 p. 100 lower (tab.
95
VII). Consequently, this partially compensates for the low apparent digestibility of the algae in the
young animal. For the female, the spirulina algaes were continously administered in a proportion of 5
p. 100 of the diet from a live weight of 75 kg. This did not change either the age or the weight at onset
of puberty (tab IX). During the first reproductive cycle, the net weight gain of the sows receiving
spirulina was lower than that of the control sows, but the number of piglets and the weight of the litter
were higher (tab X). During the second cycle, performances were almost identical for the two groups,
but piglets from the spirulina sows were slightly heavier than those from the control sows, in corelation
with smaller litters (tab XI). During lactation, the lipid content of the milk was not substancially modified
by addition of spirulina to the diet (tab. XIII). At the end of the two reproductive cycle the
characteristics of the two groups of sows were identical, with a slightly higher culling rate for the
spirulina group, but without direct relationship with the use of algae. Furthermore, the productivity of
the sows was the same: 16.34 piglets weaned per sow and per year for the controls and 15.99 for the
spirulina sows. Thus, if considering spirulina as a protein supplement to traditional proteins, its use in
pig feeding does not seem to give rise to particular problem. However, it is advisable to restrict their
supply to a level not exceeding 25 p..

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239: Fica V, Andronescu D, Olteanu D.
[Comparative study of the efficacy of ranitidine, cimetidine (Asiloc), De-Nol and spirulina in the
treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer].
Rev Med Interna Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir Dermatovenerol Med Interna. 1987 J an-Mar;39(1):21-35.
PMID: 2884709
pdf: Fica V 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en roumain

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240: Fica V, Olteanu D, Oprescu S.
[Use of spirulina as an adjuvant nutrient factor in the therapy of the diseases accompanying a
nutritional deficiency (preliminary note)].
Rev Med Interna Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir Dermatovenerol Med Interna. 1984 May-J un;36(3):225-32.
PMID: 6151730
pdf: Fica V 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en roumain

--------------------------------------------------------------------

241: Filgueira DMVB, Pinto MH, Costa J AV, Trinidade GS.
Growth of Spirulina platensis under combined ultraviolet light (UV-A, B and C) or UV-A only.
PMID: pas
pdf: Filgueira D 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $light, $Spirulina-platensis, $ultraviolet.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

242: Fischer D, Schlsser UG, Pohl P.
Exopolysaccharide production by cyanobacteria grown in closed photobioreactors and immobilized
using white cotton towelling.
J ournal of Applied Phycology 9, No 3 (J une 1997) 205-213.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fischer D 1997.pdf
96
mots-cls article: $Exopolysaccharides, $immobilization, $photobioreactors, $Chroococcus-minutus,
$Nostoc-insulare.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina; O.
rsum:

Two exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing cyanobacteria, Croococcus minutus and Nostoc insulare,
were grown as batch cultures in closed cultivation systems (8-L flasks or 12-L and 250-L
photobioreactorswith internal illumination) at light intensities ranging between 25 and 150mol photon
m-2 s-1. Another batch of each organism was immobilized on white cotton towelling and grown in 470-
ml and17-L flat upright transparent chambers made of polycarbonate at light intensities of 0.51.5
mol photon m-2s-1. Both cultivation systems were compared with regard to EPS productivity and
technological feasibility. The EPS excreted by both cyanobacteria was separated into fractions which
had different molecular weights (5401600 kD) and analyzed for their sugar composition. Both
organisms produced acidic EPS, which contained, respectively, 4.2 and 25.3% uronic acids.

------------------------------------------------------------

243: Forin MC, Maume B, Baron C.
[Sterols and triterpene alcohols of a Cyanophyceae: Spirulina platensis Geitler].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1972 J an 3;274(1):133-6.
PMID: 4622029
pdf: Forin M 1972.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en franais

--------------------------------------------------------------------

244: Fox D.
Health benefits of Spirulina and proposal for a nutrition test on children suffering from kwashiorkor and
marasmus.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fox D 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

245: Fox RD.
Communication to the International committee on bacteriological nomenclature.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fox R 2004b.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

246: Fox RD.
Les cyanobactries pour la sant, la science et le dveloppement.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fox R 2004a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:
97

----------------------------------------------------------

247: Fox R, Pagnon Y, Weber B.
Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465-6; author reply 467-8.
PMID: 15135438
pdf: Fox R 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline; $Malnutrition; $Pays-en-voie-de-dveloppement; $Spirulina;
$Developing-countries; $Nutrition-disorders; $Kwashiorkor; $Infant.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

* Letter

voir aussi:

Falquet J , von der Weid D; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):465.
Darcas C; Arch Pediatr. 2004 May;11(5):466-7.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

248: Fox RD.
Construction of village-scale system integrating Spirulina production with sanitation and development.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fox R 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

249: Frese RN, Palacios MA, Azzizi A, van Stokkum IH, Kruip J , Rogner M, Karapetyan NV,
Schlodder E, van Grondelle R, Dekker J P.
Electric field effects on red chlorophylls, beta-carotenes and P700 in cyanobacterial Photosystem I
complexes.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 J ul 1;1554(3):180-91.
PMID: 12160991
pdf: Frese R 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Synechocystis-PCC-6803; $Synechococcus-elongatus; $Spirulina-platensis;
$Stark-spectroscopy; $Red-chlorophyll; $Photosystem-I; $Exciton-interaction.
rsum:

We have probed the absorption changes due to an externally applied electric field (Stark effect) of
Photosystem I (PSI) core complexes from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803,
Synechococcus elongatus and Spirulina platensis. The results reveal that the so-called C719
chlorophylls in S. elongatus and S. platensis are characterized by very large polarizability differences
between the ground and electronically excited states (with Tr(Deltaalpha) values up to about 1000
A(3) f(-2)) and by moderately high change in permanent dipole moments (with average Deltamu
values between 2 and 3 D f(-1)). The C740 chlorophylls in S. platensis and, in particular, the C708
chlorophylls in all three species give rise to smaller Stark shifts, which are, however, still significantly
larger than those found before for monomeric chlorophyll. The results confirm the hypothesis that
these states originate from strongly coupled chlorophyll a molecules. The absorption and Stark
98
spectra of the beta-carotene molecules are almost identical in all complexes and suggest similar or
slightly higher values for Tr(Deltaalpha) and Deltamu than for those of beta-carotene in solution.
Oxidation of P700 did not significantly change the Stark response of the carotenes and the red
antenna states C719 and C740, but revealed in all PSI complexes changes around 700-705 and 690-
693 nm, which we attribute to the change in permanent dipole moments of reduced P700 and the
chlorophylls responsible for the strong absorption band at 690 nm with oxidized P700, respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

250: Frontasyeva MV, Kirkesali EI, Aksenova NG, Mosulishvili LM, Belokobylsky AI, Khizanishvili AI.
Neutron activation analysis for development of mercury sorbent based on bluegreen alga Spirulina
platensis.
J ournal of Neutron Research 14, No 2 (2006) 131-137.
PMID: pas
pdf: Frontasyeva M 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Neutron-activation-analysis, $Spirulina-platensis, $Mercury-accumulatiom-and-
sorption, $Bluegreen-alga.
rsum:

Epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) was used to study the interaction of bluegreen alga
Spirulina platensis with toxic metal mercury. Various concentrations of Hg(II) were introduced into a
nutrient medium during the process of Spirulina biomass cultivation. The dynamics of Hg accumulation
by Spirulina biomass was investigated over several days. The process of Hg adsorption by Spirulina
biomass was studied in short-time experiments. The isotherm of adsorption based on the results
obtained was calculated. It was shown that live Spirulina biomass has the potential to be used for
sorption of mercury from solutions at concentrations of A 100500 microg/l.

--------------------------------------------------------

251: Fujimaki M.
Nutritional improvement of food proteins by enzymatic modification, especially by plastein synthesis
reaction.
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1978;32(2-3):233-41.
PMID: 360951
pdf: Fujimaki M 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The present paper reviews our recents studies on the plastein reaction applied to improve nutritional
quality of conventional and unconventional proteins, with special emphasis on the papaincatalyzed
incorporation of essential amino acids (used in ethyl ester form) into the proteins : L-methionine into
soybean protein, L-lysine into wheat gluten and L-tyrosine into fish protein (after removal of
phenylalanine). The paper deals also with an attempt to improve proteins extracted from the
photosynthetic microorganisms, Spirulina maxima (a blue-green alga), Rhodopseudomonas
capsulatus (a non-sulfur purple bacterium) and Trifolium repens L. (a type of white clover) by way of
incorporating simultaneously the three amino acids, L-methionine, L-lysine and L-tryptophan. This
process, when properly carried out, can produce plasteins whose essential amino acid patterns have
approximated the FAO/WHO suggested pattern (1973). Besides the plastein reaction, its novel
modification has been developed, which will be more conveniently applied to a larger-scale process
for the amino acid incorporation. A brief discussion is added in this regard.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

252: Fujishiro T, Ogawa T, Matsuoka M, Nagahama K, Takeshima Y, Hagiwara H.
Establishment of a pure culture of the hitherto uncultured unicellular cyanobacterium Aphanothece
sacrum, and phylogenetic position of the organism.
Appl Env Microbiol 70, No 6 (2004) 33383345.
PMID: pas
99
pdf: Fujishiro T 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Aphanothece sacrum, an edible freshwater unicellular cyanobacterium, was isolated by using novel
synthetic media (designated AST and AST-5xNP). The media were designed on the basis of the ratio
of inorganic elements contained in A. sacrum cells cultured in a natural pond. The isolated strain
exhibits unicellular rod-shaped cells 6 m in length that are scattered in an exopolysaccharide
matrix, a feature similar to that of natural A. sacrum. DNA analysis of the isolated strain revealed that it
carried two ferredoxin genes whose deduced amino acid sequences were almost identical to
previously published sequences of ferredoxins from natural A. sacrum. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene
and ferredoxin genes revealed that A. sacrum occupies a phylogenetically unique position among the
cyanobacteria.

--------------------------------------------------------

253: Fujitani N, Sakaki, Yamaguchi Y, Takenaka H.
Inhibitory effects of microalgae on the activation of hyaluronidase.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 6 (2001) 489-492.
PMID: pas
pdf: Fujitani N 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $anti-allergic-effect, $anti-hyaluronidase-activity, $microalgae, $water-extracts,
$ethanol-insoluble-fraction, $Nostoc-flagelliforme, $Spirulina, $Porphyridium, $Dunaliella,
$Pleurochrysis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; d; B.
rsum:

The inhibitory effects of seven microalgae, Nostoc flagelliforme, Spirulina platensis, Porphyridium
purpureum, Rhodosorus marinus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Dunaliella salina and Pleurochrysi scarterae
on the activation of hyaluronidase were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of the ethanol-insoluble
fraction of each water extract from microalgae was stronger than that of the ethanol-soluble fraction.
The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the ethanol-insolublefraction of S. platensis, P. purpureum,
R. marinus, C.pyrenoidosa, D. salina and P. carterae was 0.15, 0.18, 0.26, 0.94, 0.15 and 0.41 mg
mL^-1, respectively. The IC50 of N .flagelliforme was not calculated, because there was no detectable
inhibitory effect of this alga. The IC50 of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) used as the anti-allergic
medicine was 0.14 mg mL^-1. The IC50 of S. platensis, P. purpureum and D. salina were almost the
same as that of DSCG. This suggests that the ethanol-insoluble fraction of S. platensis, P. purpureum
and D. salina might be an anti-allergic substance. The ethanol-insoluble fraction of S. platensis and D.
salina was ultrafiltered through a membrane having a molecular exclusion limit of 20 kDa. The IC50 of
the residue was stronger than that of the filtrate. These results suggest that the anti-allergic
substance(s) of these microalgae may be polysaccharides.

----------------------------

254: Fukuyama K, Ueki N, Nakamura H, Tsukihara T, Matsubara H.
Tertiary structure of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis refined at 2.5 A resolution: structural
comparisons of plant-type ferredoxins and an electrostatic potential analysis.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1995 May;117(5):1017-23.
PMID: 8586613
pdf: Fukuyama K 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The structure of plant-type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin isolated from Spirulina platensis has been refined using
diffraction data to 2.5 A resolution by alternate cycles of simulated annealing and manual revision of
the model. The final R factor is 19.9% for 2,912 reflections with F >2 sigma F between 8.0 and 2.5 A
resolution. S. platensis ferredoxin, like other plant-type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins, has a major alpha-helix
flanking a sheet consisting of four beta strands. The present refinement revises the conformation of
100
residues 56-71, in which a one-turn helix was identified. Superposition of the Spirulina ferredoxin
structure on the structures of other ferredoxins that have been well refined showed structural
perturbation at a few residues on the amino and carboxyl termini and the turn between the first and
second beta-strands. The root-mean-square deviations of the corresponding C alpha atoms of the
pairs of ferredoxins range from 0.90 to 1.17 A for all the residues, but from 0.64 to 0.70 A if the few
perturbed residues are excluded. Therefore, it may be concluded that the main-chain foldings of all the
plant-type [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins are essentially the same. Electrostatic potential analysis showed that
the molecular surface around the cluster is negatively charged, whereas that of the beta-sheet of the
other side is positively charged. The interaction between ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+reductase
is discussed on the basis of the charge distributions of these molecules and biochemical data.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

255: Furuki T, Maeda S, Imajo S, Hiroi T, Amaya T, Hirokawa T, Ito K, Nozawa H.
Rapid and selective extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis with ultrasonic cell disruption.
J Appl Phycol 15, No 4 (2003) 319-324.
PMID: pas
pdf: Furuki T 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira; $Chromoprotein; $Extraction; $Phycocyanin; $Sonication; $Spirulina-
platensis; $Ultrasonic-cell-disruption.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-platensis; n.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **extraction.
rsum:

A study was conducted on the efficiency of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis
(Arthrospira platensis) cells disrupted by ultrasonic irradiation. Extraction followed first-order kinetics
with respect to the length of time for irradiation. The first-order rate constant increased linearly with the
output of ultrasonic irradiation. In order to extract phycocyanin there was an appropriate range of
ultrasonic frequency, f_u. In addition the most important finding is that the purity of phycocyanin in its
crude extract depended on fu. For example, phycocyanin was extracted with higher purity at f_u =28
kHz than at f_u =20 kHz. It is suggested that rapid and selective extraction of phycocyanin from S.
platensis may be possible if an optimized ultrasonic application is developed for a given suspension.

----------------------------------------------------------------

256: Gabbay-Azaria R, Tel-Or E, Schonfeld M.
Glycinebetaine as an osmoregulant and compatible solute in the marine cyanobacterium Spirulina
subsalsa.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 J ul;264(1):333-9.
PMID: 3134857
pdf: Gabbay-Azaria R 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; techniques-
d'analyses.
rsum:

Glycinebetaine was found to be the major organic substrate accumulating under hypersaline growth
conditions in the halotolerant cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa. In addition to its proposed role as
osmolite, glycinebetaine is shown to specifically protect enzymatic activity. Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase from S. subsalsa retained full activity in the presence of NaCl at concentrations as
high as 1.5 M, provided that comparable concentrations of glycinebetaine were also present in the
reaction mixture. A kinetic analysis indicated that glycinebetaine protected the enzyme against both
NaCl-induced decrease in Vmax and reduction in affinity to glucose 6-phosphate. The alternative
osmolites, glycerol and proline, protected the enzyme against the reduction in Vmax but not against
the reduction in affinity to glucose 6-phosphate.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

257: Gallegos AJ .
The past, present and future of algae in Mexicco.
101
PMID: pas
pdf: Gallegos A 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

258: Gan X, Tang X, Shi C, Wang B, Yuanyuan Cao Y, Zhao L.
Preparation and regeneration of spheroplasts from Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina).
J Appl Phycol 16, No 6 (2004) 513-517.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gan X 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis; $regeneration; $spheroplasts; $Spirulina; $ultrasonic.
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-platensis; n, B.
rsum:

Ultrasonic pretreatment, lysozyme, inorganic osmotics and bovine albumin were used to prepare the
spheroplasts of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis). The average cell number of the fragments
from the filaments of strain A9 was about 2.2 cells after 80-s ultrasonic pretreatment. These fragments
could regenerate and were suitable material for isolating spheroplasts, so the optimum conditions for
doing this were investigated. The best enzymolysis parameters were designed. During the isolation
process, gentle shaking of the enzymolysis sample for several times greatly enhanced the proportion
of spheroplasts. However, no spheroplasts were obtained when organic compounds were used as
osmotics. The spheroplasts could form typical colonies on plate of inorganic medium, with a
regeneration rate of about 3%. These spheroplasts might be used as competence cells to carry on the
research of genetic transformation.

----------------------------------------------------------------

259: Ganesh AB, Manoharan PT, Suraishkumar GK.
Responses of the photosynthetic machinery of Spirulina maxima to induced reactive oxygen species.
PMID: 17013943
pdf: Ganesh A 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-maxima; $siROS; $photosynthetic-efficiency; $PBS; $PSII; $PSI.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, ATF.
rsum:

The photosynthetic machinery of Spirulina maxima was studied when subjected to induced reactive
oxygen species (ROS) to examine the organism's responses to stress. Significant decreases in both
photosynthetic efficiency and growth rate were observed. Exposure to 0.01 mmol H(2)O(2)/(g cell),
which induced the lowest specific intracellular ROS level (siROS) led to a 15% decrease in specific
growth rate; an increase in siROS by 70 -fold led to a 25% decrease in specific growth rate. Similarly,
siROS induced by 0.01 mmol H(2)O(2)/(g cell) led to 15% inhibition in photosynthetic efficiency, while
an increase in siROS by 40- or 70- fold led to about 60% inhibition in photosynthetic efficiency. To
further understand the effects of induced ROS on photosynthetic machinery, we performed a detailed
pigmentation analysis as well as analyzed Phycobilisomes (PBS), Photosystem II (PSII) and
Photosystem I (PSI), the three important components of cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus. We
found carotenoids (beta carotene and lutein) to be most sensitive to siROS. Also, specific levels of
phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, which are important PBS pigments, decreased significantly in
response to H(2)O(2). Further, electron transport assays revealed that ROS cause damage primarily
to PSII, whereas they do not significantly affect PSI in comparison; siROS induced by 0.01 mmol
H(2)O(2)/(g cell) led to a 15% inhibition of PSII, and increase in siROS by 9-, 40- and 70-fold led to
22%, 36% and 46% inhibition respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------

102
260: Garcia-Pichel F, Mechling M, Castenholz RW.
Diel Migrations of Microorganisms within a Benthic, Hypersaline Mat Community.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994 May;60(5):1500-1511.
PMID: 16349251
pdf: Garcia-Pichel F 1994.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; fundamental-biology; biodiversity; ecology.
rsum:

We studied the diel migrations of several species of microorganisms in a hypersaline, layered
microbial mat. The migrations were quantified by repeated coring of the mat with glass capillary tubes.
The resulting minicores were microscopically analyzed by using bright-field and epifluorescence
(visible and infrared) microscopy to determine depths of coherent layers and were later dissected to
determine direct microscopic counts of microorganisms. Microelectrode measurements of oxygen
concentration, fiber optic microprobe measurements of light penetration within the mat, and incident
irradiance measurements accompanied the minicore sampling. In addition, pigment content,
photosynthesis and irradiance responses, the capacity for anoxygenic photosynthesis, and gliding
speeds were determined for the migrating cyanobacteria. Heavily pigmented Oscillatoria sp. and
Spirulina cf. subsalsa migrated downward into the mat during the early morning and remained deep
until dusk, when upward migration occurred. The mean depth of the migration (not more than 0.4 to
0.5 mm) was directly correlated with the incident irradiance over the mat surface. We estimated that
light intensity at the upper boundary of the migrating cyanobacteria was attenuated to such an extent
that photoinhibition was effectively avoided but that intensities which saturated photosynthesis were
maintained through most of the daylight hours. Light was a cue of paramount importance in triggering
and modulating the migration of the cyanobacteria, even though the migrating phenomenon could not
be explained solely in terms of a light response. We failed to detect diel migration patterns for other
cyanobacterial species and filamentous anoxyphotobacteria. The sulfide-oxidizing bacterium
Beggiatoa sp. migrated as a band that followed low oxygen concentrations within the mat during
daylight hours. During the nighttime, part of this population migrated toward the mat surface, but a
significant proportion remained deep.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

261: Garnier F, Dubacq J P, Thomas J C.
Evidence for a transient association of new proteins with the Spirulina maxima phycobilisome in
relation to light intensity.
Plant Physiol. 1994 Oct;106(2):747-754.
PMID: 12232367
pdf: Garnier F 1994.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, B.
rsum:

Environmental parameters are known to affect phycobilisomes. Variations of their structure and
relative composition in phycobiliproteins have been observed. We studied the effect of irradiance
variations on the phycobilisome structure in the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima and discovered the
appearance of new polypeptides associated with the phycobilisomes under an increased light
intensity. In high light, the six rods of phycocyanin associated with the central core of allophycocyanin
contained only one to two phycocyanin hexamers instead of the two to three they contained in low
light. The concomitant disappearance of a 33-kD linker polypeptide was observed. Moreover, in high
light three polypeptides of 29, 30, and 47 kD, clearly unrelated to linkers, were found to be associated
with the phycobilisome fraction: protein labeling showed that a specific association of these
polypeptides was induced by high light. One polypeptide, at least, would play the role of a chaperone
protein. Not only the synthesis of these proteins, which appeared slightly increased in high light, but
also their association with phycobilisome structure are light intensity dependent.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

262: Garnier F, Thomas J C.
Light regulation of phycobiliproteins in Spirulina maxima.
103
PMID: pas
pdf: Garnier F 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

263: Garnova ES, Zhilina TN, Tourova TP, Lysenko AM.
Anoxynatronum sibiricum gen.nov., sp.nov. alkaliphilic saccharolytic anaerobe from cellulolytic
community of Nizhnee Beloe (Transbaikal region).
Extremophiles. 2003 J un;7(3):213-20.
PMID: 12768452
pdf: Garnova E 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $16S-rDNA, $Alkaliphile, $Anaerobe, $Phylogeny, $Saccharolytic-bacterium, $Soda-
lake.
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; biodiversity.
rsum:

New alkaliphilic anaerobic fermentative bacteria, strains Z-7981 and Z-7981', with Gram-positive cell
walls, were isolated from the cellulolytic community from the soda lake Nizhnee Beloye, south-east of
Baikal. Cells were motile rods, which differed in dimensions but, according to 98% DNA/DNA
homology, belonged to the same species. Strain Z-7981 was chosen as the type and studied in detail.
It did not produce spores and its cells were non-thermoresistant. It was a true alkaliphile with a growth
range from pH 7.1 to pH 10.1 and optimal pH for growth at pH 9.1. It was obligately dependent on
Na(+) and carbonate ions but not on Cl(-). Growth occurred in media with total sodium content from
0.076 M to 1.27 M Na(+)with a broad optimum from 0.25 to 0.86 M Na(+). Growth showed an
optimum at 35 degrees C, with absence of growth above 46 degrees C. The organism was
aerotolerant and was capable of fermentation in non-reducing medium at less than 4.75% O(2) in the
gas phase. Strain Z-7981 fermented mono- and disaccharides, sugar alcohols, but only glutamate and
cysteine among the amino acids, and the proteinaceous substrates, chitin and dried Spirulina
biomass. Fermentation products were acetate and ethanol. Fe(3+) was reduced in a process that
yielded no energy. Phylogenetically the new organism belonged to cluster XI of the Gram-positive
bacteria with low G+C content and its closest neighboring taxon was Tindallia magadiensis. However,
according to its phenotypic and genotypic characters it did not belong to any known genus from this
group. We suggest a new genus and species with the name Anoxynatronum sibiricum and strain Z-
7981 as its type (=DSM15060).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

264: Gavrila L, Vladimirescu A, Ionescu MD, Gavrila VR, Gavrila LB, Rebedea I, Timus DM.
A particular structure associated to the nucleoid of cyanobacteria.
Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1999 J an-Mar;58(1):37-47.
PMID: 11845443
pdf: Gavrila L 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Regressive staining as well as beta-radiations or trypsin treatment on Synechocystis PCC6803 and
Spirulina platensis (Gom,-Geilteri.) whole cells or permeaplasts, respectively, have demonstrated the
presence of a particular structure associated to the nucleoid of cyanobacteria. This structure with a
tridimensional network aspect has been called scaffold-like. We presume that it represents the
cellular-molecular support for the supercoiling of the nucleoid of cyanobacteria.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

265: Gayda J P, Bertrand P, Deville A, More C, Roger G, Gibson J F, Cammack R.
104
Temperature dependence of the electronic spin-lattice relaxation time in a 2-iron-2-sulfur protein.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1979 Nov 23;581(1):15-26.
PMID: 228745
pdf: Gayda J 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The ferredoxins are characterized by a strong temperature dependence of the electronic spin-lattice
relaxation time T1. The measurement of this dependence above the liquid nitrogen temperature has
been presented in earlier work [1] for the 2-iron-2-sulfur ferredoxin of the blue green alga Spirulina
maxima. The different relaxation mechanisms which could be efficient in this range were briefly
discussed. In the present paper, we extend the measurement of the temperature dependence of T1 to
the low temperature range 1.25 to 30 K. From 1.25 K to 13 K, T1 is obtained by the saturating pulse
method, whereas the continuous saturation method is used from 8 K to 30 K. The experimental
conditions concerning these methods are discussed. The analysis of the temperature dependence
curve over the whole range 1.25 K to 133 K shows clearly that different regions must be distinguished.
For each region the possible relaxation processes and the corresponding vibrational modes are
discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

266: Gayda J P, Gibson J F, Cammack R, Hall DO, Mullinger R.
Spin lattice relaxation and exchange interaction in a 2-iron, 2-sulphur protein.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1976 May 20;434(1):154-63.
PMID: 181065
pdf: Gayda J 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; iron-sulphur-proteins.
rsum:

A two-iron-two-sulphur non-haem iron protein, the ferredoxin from Spirulina maxima, has been studied
by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in the range where the spectrum loses
resolution with increasing temperature. The spin-lattice relaxation times were deduced from linewidths
measured by spectral simulation and their variation as a function of temperature is interpreted in terms
of an Orbach mechanism. On this basis, the exchange integral between the two iron atoms, assuming
as antiferromagnetic interaction between them, is estimated to be - 83 cm-1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

267: Gaydou EM.
Les constituants alimentaires des cyanobactries.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gaydou E 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

268: Gelagutashvili ES, Belokobyl'skii AI, Rcheulishvili AN, Mosulishvili LM.
[Interaction of Pb(II) ions with C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: effect of ionic strength].
Biofizika. 2003 J ul-Aug;48(4):589-94.
PMID: 14515476
pdf: Gelagutashvili E 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

105
The effect of Pb(II) ions on C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis was studied by the method of
fluorescence spectroscopy. The efficiency of quenching was analyzed using the Stern-Volmer relation.
Isotherms of adsorption were constructed, and the constants of binding of Pb(II) ions to C-
phycocyanin in solutions of varying ionic strength were determined by equilibrium dialysis and atomic
absorption spectroscopy. The constants of binding of Pb(II) ions to C-phycocyanin in 2, 20, and 50
mM NaN03 solutions were estimated to be 4.79 x 10(5), 3.63 x 10(5) and 2.82 x 10(5), respectively. It
was found that the interaction of Pb(II) ions with C-phycocyanin has a cooperative character at all
values of ionic strengths studied.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

269: Gemma C, Mesches MH, Sepesi B, Choo K, Holmes DB, Bickford PC.
Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar
beta-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines.
J Neurosci. 2002 J ul 15;22(14):6114-20.
PMID: 12122072
pdf: Gemma C 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $aging; $cerebellum; $cytokines; $antioxidants; $nor-epinephrine; $inflammation.
rsum:

Antioxidants and diets supplemented with foods high in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)
reverse age-related decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor function. We examined whether
this effect was related to the antioxidant capacity of the food supplement and whether an antioxidant-
rich diet reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebellum. Aged male Fischer 344
rats were given apple (5 mg dry weight), spirulina (5 mg), or cucumber (5 mg) either in 0.5 ml water by
oral gavage or supplied in the rat chow daily for 14 d. Electrophysiologic techniques revealed a
significant decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged control rats. Spirulina reversed this
effect. Apple (a food with intermediate ORAC) had an intermediate effect on cerebellar beta-
adrenergic receptor physiology, and cucumber (low ORAC) had no effect, indicating that the reversal
of beta-adrenergic receptor function decreases might be related to the ORAC dose. The mRNA of the
proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta was also examined.
RNase protection assays revealed increased levels of these cytokines in the aged cerebellum.
Spirulina and apple significantly downregulated this age-related increase in proinflammatory cytokines,
whereas cucumber had no effect, suggesting that one mechanism by which these diets work is by
modulation of an age-related increase in inflammatory responses. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was
measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Apple and spirulina but not cucumber decreased MDA
levels in the aged rats. In summary, the improved beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged rats
induced by diets rich in antioxidants is related to the ORAC dose, and these diets reduce
proinflammatory cytokine levels.

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270: Ghoshal S, Mukhopadhyay MJ , Mukherjee A.
Clastogenic effects of dietary supplement--Spirulina alga, and some medicinal plant products from
Boswellia serrata, Withania somnifera on mice.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Oct;39(10):1068-70.
PMID: 11883518
pdf: Ghoshal S 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Pretreatment of aqueous extracts of Zyrulina (Spirulina), Aswagandha (Withania) and Nopane
(Boswellia) on colchicine induced chromosome damage showed weakness of clastogenic activity in
Swiss albino mice. None of the treatments increased significantly the number of chromosome
aberrations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

106
271: Ginturi EN, Akopov FKh, Rcheulishvili AN, Gelagutasvili ES, Efremova EY, Belokobilsky AI.
Effect of magnetic field gradient on biomass growth and Cd(II) binding process by S.platensis cells.
In: 7th International Conference on Pharmacy and Applied Physical Chemistry, Innsbruck, Austria,
2003. 1 page.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ginturi E 2003.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum :

--------------------------------------------------------------------

272: Girardin-Andrani C.
Spiruline: systme sanguin, systme immunitaire et cancer.
[Spirulina: Blood supply, immune system and cancer.]
Phytothrapie 3, No 4 (2005) 158-161.
PMID: pas
pdf: Girardin-Andrani C 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline; $Microalgue; $Cyanobactrie; $Protine; $Vitamine; $Oligolment;
$Phycocyanine; $EPO; $Cancer; $Systme-immunitaire; $Polysaccharide-membranaire; $Infection-
nosocomiale; $Nutrition; $Carence; $Spirulina; $Microalgae; $Cyanobacteria; $Protein; $Vitamin;
$Trace element; $Phycocyanin; $Immune system; $Membrane-polysaccaride; $Nosocomial-infection;
$Deficiency.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, arthrospira-maxima, D, B.
rsum:

La spiruline est une cyanobactrie faisant partie des plus anciennes formes de vie terrestres.
Consomme depuis des sicles par certains peuples primitifs dAfrique et dAmrique, elle intresse
les scientifiques depuis plusieurs dcennies par sa richesse nutritionnelle et ses multiples intrts
thrapeutiques. Riche en protines, vitamines, oligolments, molcules complexes, la spiruline
permet de couvrir de nombreuses carences nutritives. La recherche scientifique de multiples pays a
mis en vidence son intrt dans la lutte contre le cancer, le vieillissement cellulaire, les maladies
infectieuses et les baisses du systme immunitaire, ainsi quune action majeure dans le
fonctionnement de la moelle osseuse (stimulation de lrythropose).
La spiruline na pas encore livr tous ses secrets et il est fort probable que les chercheurs lui
dcouvrent encore prochainement de nouvelles applications thrapeutiques.

[Spirulina is a cyanobacteria which is among the oldest forms of life on earth. For centuries it has been
eaten by certain primitive populations from Africa and America and scientists have taken an interest in
it for several decades because of its nutritional wealth and therapeutic significance. Rich in proteins,
vitamins, trace elements and complex molecules, Spirulina helps to protect against certain nutritional
deficiencies. Scientific research from many countries has given prominence to the part it plays in the
prevention of cancer, cellular ageing, infectious diseases and reduced immune system, as well as
playing an important part in the functioning of the medulla (stimulation of the erythropoiesis). Spirulina
has not given away all its secrets yet and it is likely that further research will help to discover more
therapeutic uses in the near future].

--------------------------------------------------------

273: Gireesh T, Nair PP, Sudhakaran PR.
Studies on the bioavailability of the provitamin A carotenoid, beta-carotene, using human exfoliated
colonic epithelial cells.
Br J Nutr. 2004 Aug;92(2):241-5.
PMID: 15333155
pdf: Gireesh T 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Vitamin-A; $b-Carotene; $Colonic-epithelial-cells.
rsum:

107
The possibility of using exfoliated colonic epithelial cells for assessing the bioavailability of beta-
carotene was examined. Analysis of exfoliated colonic epithelial cells showed the presence of beta-
carotene and vitamin A. The beta-carotene content was significantly lower in cells from stool samples
of subjects on a beta-carotene-poor diet than those receiving a single dose of a beta-carotene
supplement. Colonic epithelial cells isolated from stool samples collected daily during a wash-out
period while the subjects were on a beta-carotene-poor diet showed a steady decrease in beta-
carotene content, reaching the lowest value on day 7. Kinetic analysis showed that a single dose of a
beta-carotene supplement in the form of spirulina (Spirulina platensis) or agathi (Sesbania grandiflora)
after the wash-out period caused an increase in the beta-carotene content after a lag period of 5-7 d,
but the vitamin A levels during these periods were not significantly affected. Analysis of plasma beta-
carotene concentration also showed similar changes, which correlated with those of exfoliated colonic
cells. A relationship between the beta-carotene content of the diet and that of the colonic epithelial
cells suggests that analysis of the beta-carotene content in exfoliated human colonic epithelial cells is
a useful non-invasive method to assess the bioavailability of provitamin A beta-carotene.

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274: Gitelson A, Qiuang H, Richmond A.
Photic volume in photobioreactors supporting ultrahigh population densities of the photoautotroph
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996 May;62(5):1570-1573.
PMID: 16535309
pdf: Gitelson A 1996.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Characterization of the photic zone and light penetration depth in cultures with ultrahigh cell densities
represents a major issue in mass cultures of phytoautotrophic microorganisms grown in enclosed
photobioreactors. In a study of the effect of underwater optical properties on the penetration depth of
photosynthetically active radiation, the inherent optical properties of algal suspensions, i.e., absorption
and scattering coefficients, as well as their apparent optical properties, i.e., the reflectance and the
vertical attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance, were determined by using high-spectral-
resolution radiometric measurements. The vertical attenuation coefficient was used to estimate
quantitatively the depth of light penetration into a reactor containing an ultrahigh cell density
(chlorophyll concentration, up to 300,000 mg m(sup-3)). For such a high cell density, the photic
volume in the reactor was found to be extremely small; nevertheless, it differed between the blue and
red light (less than 0.06 mm) and the green light (about 0.5 mm). This suggests a singular role for
green light under the unique circumstances existing in ultrahigh-cell-density cultures of
photoautotrophs.

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275: Gobets B, van Stokkum IHM, Rgner M, Kruip J , Schlodder, Karapetyan NV, Dekker J P, Van
Grondelle R.
Fluorescence kinetics of Photosystem I core particle with different low energy chlorophyll content: a
unified quantitative analysis.
In: PS2001 Proceedings of the 12th Int. Cong. on Photosynthesis (CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood,
2001).
PMID: pas
pdf: Gobets B 2001a.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina-platensis, $target-analysis, $streakcamera.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------

276: Gobets B, van Stokkum IH, Rogner M, Kruip J , Schlodder E, Karapetyan NV, Dekker J P, van
Grondelle R.
108
Time-resolved fluorescence emission measurements of photosystem I particles of various
cyanobacteria: a unified compartmental model.
Biophys J . 2001 J ul;81(1):407-24.
PMID: 11423424
pdf: Gobets B 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Photosystem I (PS-I) contains a small fraction of chlorophylls (Chls) that absorb at wavelengths longer
than the primary electron donor P700. The total number of these long wavelength Chls and their
spectral distribution are strongly species dependent. In this contribution we present room temperature
time-resolved fluorescence data of five PS-I core complexes that contain different amounts of these
long wavelength Chls, i.e., monomeric and trimeric photosystem I particles of the cyanobacteria
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus elongatus, and Spirulina platensis, which were
obtained using a synchroscan streak camera. Global analysis of the data reveals considerable
differences between the equilibration components (3.4-15 ps) and trapping components (23-50 ps) of
the various PS-I complexes. We show that a relatively simple compartmental model can be used to
reproduce all of the observed kinetics and demonstrate that the large kinetic differences are purely the
result of differences in the long wavelength Chl content. This procedure not only offers rate constants
of energy transfer between and of trapping from the compartments, but also well-defined room
temperature emission spectra of the individual Chl pools. A pool of red shifted Chls absorbing around
702 nm and emitting around 712 nm was found to be a common feature of all studied PS-I particles.
These red shifted Chls were found to be located neither very close to P700 nor very remote from
P700. In Synechococcus trimeric and Spirulina monomeric PS-I cores, a second pool of red Chls was
present which absorbs around 708 nm, and emits around 721 nm. In Spirulina trimeric PS-I cores an
even more red shifted second pool of red Chls was found, absorbing around 715 nm and emitting at
730 nm.

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277: Godia F, Albiol J , Montesinos J L, Perez J , Creus N, Cabello F, Mengual X, Montras A, Lasseur
Ch.
MELISSA: a loop of interconnected bioreactors to develop life support in space.
J Biotechnol. 2002 Nov 13;99(3):319-30.
PMID: 12385718
pdf: Godia F 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Advanced-life-support; $Closed-ecological-systems; $Packed-bed-bioreactors;
$Gas-lift-bioreactors; $Continuous-operation.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biocycles, bioreactors, B.
rsum:

The development of a loop of interconnected continuous bioreactors, aimed to provide life support in
space, is reported. The complete loop concept consists of four bioreactors and one higher plant
compartment. For its realization the continuous and controlled operation of the bioreactors is
characterized, up to the pilot scale level, first for each individual reactor, second for the interconnected
reactor operation. The results obtained with the two more advanced bioreactors in the Micro
Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELISSA) loop are described more specifically. These
reactors consist of a packed-bed reactor working with an immobilized co-culture of Nitrosomonas and
Nitrobacter cells, and an external loop gas-lift photobioreactor for the culture of the cyanobacteria
Spirulina platensis. Their individual operation for long duration runs has been achieved and
characterized, and their interconnected operation at pilot scale is reported.

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278: Golubkina NA, Mazo VK, Gmoshinskii IV, Zorin SN, Tambiev AKh, Kirikova NN.
[The selenium haemostasis during experimental anaphylaxis reaction in rats treated with reduced
glutathione and selenium enriched spirulina].
Vopr Med Khim. 2000 J an-Feb;46(1):22-7.
PMID: 10802882
109
pdf: Golubkina N 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

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279: Gomez-Coronado DJ , Ibanez E, Ruperez FJ , Barbas C.
Tocopherol measurement in edible products of vegetable origin.
J Chromatogr A. 2004 Oct 29;1054(1-2):227-33.
PMID: 15553148
pdf: Gomez-Coronado D 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Since natural antioxidants present increasing interest for food industry due to their beneficial effect on
health, new potential sources have been screened among edible aromatic plants and a microalgae,
Spirulina platensis. The determination was performed after optimising a previously validated method,
because important differences have been found among values described in literature for tocopherol
content in products of vegetable origin. Values obtained ranged from 3.42 mg alpha-tocopherol/100 g
of dill to 132.2 mg/100 g of fresh bay and from 0.14 mg gamma-tocopherol/100 g of spearmint to 3.45
mg/100 g of parsley. In all cases results were calculated from fresh leaves. Preliminary experiments
were developed with bay (Laurus nobilis) plant to devise the supercritical fluid extraction of
tocopherols, generating environmentally friendly processes to selectively extract fractions enriched
with antioxidant compounds while removing fractions corresponding to essential oils, that is, those that
correspond to the characteristic aroma of the plants. Another striking result has been the tocopherol
content in the microalgae, 1.3 mg alpha-tocopherol/100 g of dried commercial spirulina, which do not
justify the supposed source of antioxidant vitamins. Results suggest the need of more reliable
determinations of tocopherols in vegetable sources to be included in databases.

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280: Gomes de Lima Araujo K, Dumont Facchinetti A, Peireira dos Santos C.
Influncia da ingesto de biomassas de spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) sobre o peso corporal e consumo
de rao em ratos.
[Influence of consumption of spirulina (Arthrospira sp.) biomasses on body weight and food intake in
rats].
Cinc Tecnol Aliment 23, No 1 (2003) 6-9.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gomes de Lima Araujo K 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biomassa-de-spirulina; $peso-corporal; $dieta-de-emagrecimento; $Spirulina-
biomass; $body-weight; $slimming-diet.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; arthrospira-maxima; m.
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **spirulina; **mouse.
rsum :

Neste trabalho verificou-se a influncia do consumo de biomassas provenientes de trs diferentes
origens sobre o peso corporal e consumo de rao em ratos Wistar, machos e adultos. Grupos que
consumiram 5% ou 10% (p/p) da biomassa foram comparados comum controle. A biomassa I no
promoveu diferena significativa no consumo de rao ou peso corporal dos trs grupos. A biomassa
II no causou diferena significativa no peso corporal, mas sim no consumo de rao. A biomassa III
no causou diferena significativa no consumo de rao, nem no peso corporal, mas houve tendncia
de maior ganho de peso para o grupo que consumiu a rao contendo 10% de spirulina. Os
resultados obtidos indicam que diferentes biomassas podem apresentar diferentes propriedades, mas
no confirmam a alegao de que a spirulina pode levar a diminuio de peso ou de consumo de
alimento.

[In this work, it was verified the influence of the consumption of biomass from different origins on the
body weight gain and food consumption by adult male Wistar rats. Groups fed the biomasses in the
110
levels of 5% or 10% (w/w) were compared with a control. Biomass I did not promote significant
differences in food consumption or body weight. Biomass II did not cause significant difference in the
body weight, but it caused an increase in food consumption. Biomass III did not cause significant
differences in food consumption or body weight, but there was a tendency of increasing body weight
for the 10% spirulina group. The hypothesis that different biomasses may have different properties
was confirmed, but not the claim that spirulina may decrease body weight or food consumption].

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281: Gong R, Ding Y, Liu H, Chen Q, Liu Z.
Lead biosorption and desorption by intact and pretreated spirulina maxima biomass.
Chemosphere. 2005 J an;58(1):125-30.
PMID: 15522341
pdf: Gong R 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biosorption; $Desorption; $Lead; $Pretreatment; $Spirulina-maxima.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; puration; plomb; biosorption.
rsum:

In order to search for locally available and untried biomaterials in China with high removal capacity of
heavy metals from wastewater, the feasibility of Spirulina maxima as biosorbent for lead removal and
recovery from aqueous solution was investigated. The lead biosorption was studied by using intact
biomass and pretreated biomass of S. maxima. The effects of operational conditions (e.g. pH, contact
time, biomass concentration etc.) on lead biosorption were investigated. The biosorption was solution
pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was obtained at a solution pH of about 5.5. The
adsorption equilibrium was reached in 60 min. The biosorption followed the Freundlich isotherm
model. The maximum removal ratios of lead were about 84% in intact biomass and 92% in pretreated
biomass. The lead adsorbed could be desorbed effectively by 0.1 M nitric acid, EDTA and hydrochloric
acid. The results in this study indicated that pretreated biomass of S. maxima was a promising
candidate for removing lead from wastewater.

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282: Gonzalez R, Rodriguez S, Romay C, Gonzalez A, Armesto J , Remirez D, Merino N.
Anti-inflammatory activity of phycocyanin extract in acetic acid-indced colitis in rats.
Pharmacol Res 39, No 1, (1999) 1055-1059.
PMID: 10079148
pdf: Gonzalez R 1999.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , Arthrospira-maxima.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, *phycocyanin, **anti-inflammatory, **mouse.
rsum:

The anti-inflammatory effect of c-phycocyanin extract was studied in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats.
Phycocyanin (150, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 p.o.) was administered 30 min before induction of colitis with
enema of 1 ml of 4% acetic acid per rat. Twenty-four hours later myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was
determined as well as histopathological and ultrastructural studies were carried out in colonic tissue.
Phycocyanin substantially reduced MPO activity which was increased in the control colitis group. Also,
histopathological and ultrastructural studies showed inhibition in inflammatory cell infiltration and
reduction to some extent in colonic damage in rats treated with phycocyanin. The probable role of
antioxidative and the scavenging properties of phycocyanin against reactive oxygen species in the
anti-colitic effect is discussed in this paper. To our knowledge this is the first report on the anti-
inflammatory effect of phycocyanin in an experimental model of colitis.(c) 1999 The Italian
Pharmacological Society.

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283: Gonzalez Arroyo S, Luna Lagunes RM, Hernandez Velarde R, Soriano Lucio P, Torres Gallardo
J .
[Preliminary study of bacterial contamination in a seminatural culture of Spirulina].
111
Salud Publica Mex. 1976 J ul-Aug;18(4):705-10.
PMID: 1019769
pdf: Gonzalez Arroyo S 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en espagnol

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284: Gonzalez de Rivera C, Miranda-Zamora R, Diaz-Zagoya J C, et al.
Preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fatty liver induced by a fructose-rich diet inthe rat, a
preliminary report.
Life Sci 1993;53:57-61.
PMID: 8515682
pdf: Gonzalez de Rivera C 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; mdecine; organes; foie.
rsum:

Cyanobacteria Spirulina maxima from Texcoco Lake in Mexico was administered as a 5% component
of a purified diet, to Wistar rats together with a high percentage of fructose (60%) and its effect on
several lipid fractions of plasma and liver was studied and compared to those of rats fed purified diets
containing 60% of glucose or 60% of fructose. A preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fructose-
induced increase of the liver triglycerides level was observed together with an elevation of the
phospholipid concentration in this tissue. On the other hand Spirulina maxima produced a plasma
cholesterol level even lower than that observed in the control group.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

285: Gorban' EM, Orynchak MA, Virstiuk NG, Kuprash LP, Panteleimonova TM, Sharabura LB.
[Clinical and experimental study of spirulina efficacy in chronic diffuse liver diseases].
Lik Sprava. 2000 Sep;(6):89-93.
PMID: 11455931
pdf: Gorban' E 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; foie.
rsum: en ukrainien

--------------------------------------------------------------------

286: Gorban' EN, Kuprash LP, Gorban' NE.
[Spirulina: perspectives of the application in medicine].
Lik Sprava. 2003 Oct-Nov;(7):100-10. Review.
PMID: 14723150
pdf: Gorban' E 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

287: Gordillo FJ L, J imnez C, Figueroa FL, Xavier Niell F.
Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and N supply on photosynthesis, growth and cell composition of
the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira).
J Appl Phycol 10, No 5 (1998) 461-469.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gordillo F 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacterium, $Spirulina-platensis, $Arthrospira, $CO2, $organic-carbon,
$nitrogen, $photosynthesis, $batch-culture.
112
rsum:

The consequences of the addition of CO2 (1%) in cultures of S. platensis are examined in terms of
biomass yield, cell composition and external medium composition. CO2 enrichment was tested under
nitrogen saturating and nitrogen limiting conditions. Increasing CO2 levels did not cause any change
in maximum growth rate while it decreased maximum biomass yield. Protein and pigments were
decreased and carbohydrate increased by high CO2, but the capability to store carbohydrates was
saturated. C:N ratio remained unchanged while organic carbon released to the external medium was
enhanced, suggesting that organic carbon release in S. platensis is an efficient mechanism for the
maintenance of the metabolic integrity, balancing the cell C:N ratio in response to environmental CO2
changes. CO2 affected the pigment content: Phycocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced
in around 50%, but the photosynthetic parameters were slightly changed. We propose that in S.
platensis CO2 could act promoting degradation of pigments synthetised in excess in normal CO2
conditions, that are not necessary for light harvesting. Nitrogen assimilation was significantly not
affected by CO2, and it is proposed that the inability to stimulate N assimilation by CO2 enrichment
determined the lack of response in maximum growth rate.

----------------------------

288: Gorobets OB, Blinkova LP, Baturo AP.
[Action of Spirulina platensis on bacterial viruses].
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2002 Nov-Dec;(6):18-21.
PMID: 12506621
pdf: Gorobets O 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The impact of the biomass of the blue-green microalga (cyanobacterium) S. platensis on
bacteriophage T4 (bacterial virus) has been evaluated. The study revealed that the addition of S.
platensis biomass into the agar nutrient medium, followed by sterilization with 2% chloroform and
thermal treatment, produced an inhibiting or stimulating effect on the reproduction of the
bacteriophage in Escherichia coli B cells, depending on the concentration of S. platensis and the
multiplicity of phage infection, as well as on the fact whether the microalgae were added during the
first cycle of the development of the virus. The reproduction of the bacteriophage in E. coli B was
influenced by the method and duration of the sterilization of the nutrient medium with S. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

289: Gorobets OB, Blinkova LP, Baturo AP.
[Stimulating and inhibiting effect of Spirulina platensis on microorganisms].
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001 Nov-Dec;(6):20-4.
PMID: 11881488
pdf: Gorobets O 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The blue-green microalga (cyanobacterium) S. platensis and the complex of its metabolites in the
culture fluid being added into nutrient agar in doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 10 mg/ml, may produce a
stimulating and inhibiting effect on microorganisms. In Spirulina biomass and in culture fluid
substances which may be associated with the stimulation or inhibition of the growth of some
microorganisms are supposedly contained. The manifestation of stimulating or inhibiting properties
depended on the concentration of S. platensis and the complex of its metabolites, as well as on
sterilization methods of nutrient media supplemented with these substances.

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290: Gowda NK, Ramana J V, Prasad CS, Singh K.
113
Micronutrient content of certain tropical conventional and unconventional feed resources of Southern
India.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2004 J an;36(1):77-94.
PMID: 14979561
pdf: Gowda N 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and
unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry
roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and
wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the
other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-
leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-
1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg
and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders
(stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg
(0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and
moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were
good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/-
0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13
+/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/-
293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower
cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent
sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/-
10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds
screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds
contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana,
subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm)
and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber
seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and
Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the
micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to
alleviate local deficiencies.

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291: Grillet G, Villard C.
La formation la production artisanale de spiruline dans un Centre de formation dpartemental du
Ministre de l'agriculture et de la pche - France.
PMID: pas
pdf: Grillet G 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

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292: Gros J B, Poughon L, Lasseur C, Tikhomirov AA.
Recycling efficiencies of C, H, O, N, S, and P elements in a Biological Life Support System based on
microorganisms and higher plants.
Adv Space Res. 2003;31(1):195-9.
PMID: 12580171
pdf: Gros J 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; biocycles, bioreactors.
rsum:

114
MELiSSA is a microorganism based artificial ecosystem conceived as a tool for understanding the
behavior of ecosystems and developing the technology for future Manned Space Missions. MELiSSA
is composed of four compartments colonized by the microorganisms required by the function of this
ecosystem : breakdown of waste produced by men, regeneration of atmosphere and biosynthesis of
edible biomass. This paper reports the mass balance description of a Biological Life Support System
composed of the MELiSSA loop and of a Higher Plant Compartment working in parallel with the
photosynthetic Spirulina compartment producing edible biomass. The recycling efficiencies of the
system are determined and compared for various working conditions of the MELiSSA loop with or
without the HPC.

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293: Grzanna R, Polotsky A, Phan PV, Pugh N, Pasco D, Frondoza CG.
Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of spirulina, enhances chemokine
expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells.
J Altern Complement Med. 2006 J un;12(5):429-35.
PMID: 16813506
pdf: Grzanna R 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, A, B.
rsum:

INTRODUCTION: Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is a dietary supplement valued for its immune-
enhancing properties. We previously reported that the immunostimulatory effect of spirulina can be
traced to a high-molecular- weight polysaccharide fraction. This fraction, labeled Immolina, activates
nuclear factor kappa-B in human monocytic THP-1 cells and increases expression of proinflammatory
cytokines.
OBJ ECTIVE: To characterize further the immunostimulatory effects of Immolina on THP-1 cells, we
evaluated its effect on genes encoding the chemokines interleukin (IL)-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-
1beta, IP-10, the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1beta, and the enzyme cyclo-
oxygenase-2 (COX-2).
METHODS: THP-1 cells were exposed to concentrations of Immolina ranging from 1 ng/mL to 100
microg/mL and changes in gene expression were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR). For comparison, THP-1 cells were activated with 1 ng/mL of TNF-alpha, 10
ng/mL of IL-1beta, or 10 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide using the same assay conditions. To assess the
response of THP-1 cells to Immolina at the protein level, we probed culture supernatants using a
cytokine array immunoblot assay.
RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis revealed that Immolina dose-dependently increased the expression of all
5 chemokines tested as well as the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and COX-2. The cytokine array
immunoblot assay revealed an increase in the chemokines IL-8 and MIP-1beta. Thymidine uptake
experiments verified that Immolina did not affect the viability and growth rate of THP-1 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the experiments demonstrate that Immolina activates THP-1 cells in a
manner that is consistent with the recruitment of diverse populations of leukocytes in response to
inflammatory and infectious signals.

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294: Guan Y, Guo B.
[Inhibition activity of spirulina platensis proteins photo-immobilization biomaterial on proliferation of
cancer cells].
Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2002 J an;19(1):1-3.
PMID: 11951491
pdf: Guan Y 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

The bioactive protein-phycocyanin and all the proteins of Spirulina Platensis were isolated and
purified. Photo-reactive proteins were synthesized by coupling the proteins with (N-(4-
azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide) and were spread onto the 24-well cell culture polystyrene plate. Then
115
the coated surface was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation for chemical fixation of proteins via the
conversion of the phenylazido group to the highly reactive phenyl-nitrene which spontaneously formed
covalent bonds with neighboring hydrocarbons. On these proteins-immobilized polystyrene plates, the
liver cancer cells 7402 were cultured under the serum-free conditions, and the inhibition activity on
proliferation of liver cancer cells was investigated and analyzed.

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295: Gudin C, Chaumont D.
Cell fragility - The key problem of microalgae mass production in closed photobioreactors.
Bioresource Technol 38, No 2-3 (1991) 145-151.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gudin C 1991.papier
mots-cls article: $Microalgae; $cell-fragility; $hydrodynamic-stress; $pump; $photobioreactor;
$biomass-productivity; $Porphyridium-cruentum; $Haematococcus-pluvialis; $Dunaliella-bardawill;
$Chlamydomonas-reinhardi.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; m; B.
rsum :

The gap between the theoretical biological potential of microalgae and the biomass productivity
obtained with algal culture in tubular biophotoreactors is due to a reduced growth rate related to
hydrodynamic stress of pumping. High levels of mixing are necessary to reach a turbulent flow of the
culture, in order to optimize the light regime. The optimal conditions of pumping to produce this
significant liquid mixing may produce some cell damage. Factors affecting this hydrodynamic stress
(geometry of the bioreactor involved, type of pump utilized, morphology of algal cells, physiological
conditions of microalgae, etc.) are discussed.

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296: Gurin-Dumartrait E, Moyse A.
Caracteristiques biologiques des spirulines.
[Biological characteristics of the spirulines].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):489-96.
PMID: 824993
pdf: Guerin-Dumartrait E 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The biological characteristics of Spirulina are reported in this study. The cellular structure and
photosynthetic membrane structure of Spirulina (Cyanoschizophyta) were viewed by electron
microscopy after freeze-etching. Special characteristics of the alga, its ecological behavior in natural
carbonated water and its energetic behavior in the laboratory cultures are also reported.

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297: Guerrero R, Urmeneta J , Rampone G.
Distribution of types of microbial mats at the Ebro Delta, Spain.
Biosystems. 1993;31(2-3):135-44.
PMID: 8155846
pdf: Guerrero R 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; biodiversity; ecology.
rsum:

The distribution and types of microbial mats of the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain) are described. The
studied area is La Banya spit, formed by a narrow sand bar and a peninsula, located south of the main
body of the Ebro Delta. Sea water can penetrate into the back shore through channel inlets, cutting
the steeper coastal barrier of the open sea side of the spit or through the complex drainage channel
system of the low-energy beaches in the inner Alfacs Bay. Sea water can stay in the back shore
116
almost permanently, trapped in isolated depressions and lagoons. The surface distribution of microbial
mats in La Banya spit has been studied by means of a detailed interpretation of vertical aerial
photographs and field work consisting of mapping and sampling. The observed different ratios of
cyanobacteria, as well as the presence and thickness of the layers of anoxygenic sulfur phototrophic
bacteria, depend on the moisture content, the system stability, and the age of the microbial mat.
Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, and Spirulina are the first cyanobacteria able to colonize the bare sediment.
Lyngbya dominates in young microbial mats and in mats exposed to frequent desiccation. Microcoleus
is the second most important colonist in the microbial succession. In relation to water, the alternation
of emergence and submergence is optimal for the maximal development of Microcoleus-dominated
microbial mats. We classify the microbial mats of the Ebro Delta into five main types: (i) Lyngbya-
dominated type, in which the anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are absent and the black layer of
sulfate-reducers is very thin; (ii) Spirulina-dominated type; (iii) Oscillatoria-dominated type, which is
found only at one site and covers a small area--this type, like the Spirulina-type mat, is not common in
the Ebro Delta; (iv) Lyngbya/Microcoleus-transition type, in which Microcoleus and Lyngbya coexist in
similar proportions--in the more developed mats of this group a layer of purple bacteria is usually
present, and the black layer of sulfate-reducers is usually also well developed; and (v) Microcoleus-
dominated type--in La Banya spit, this type is found in localities with relatively stable conditions. These
areas are wet during most of the year. After appropriate conditions of diagenesis, the most highly
developed microbial mats may be preserved as laminated hard sediments. The field study has been
completed with cultivation, isolation, and identification of the main cyanobacterial genera under
laboratory conditions.

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298: Guglielmi G, Rippka R, Tandeau de Marsac.
Main properties that justify the different taxonomic position of Spirulina spp. and Arthrospira spp.
among cyanobacteria.
in F. Doumenge, H. Durand-Chastel, A. Toulemont, "Spiruline, algue de vie / Spirulina, algae of life",
PMID: pas
pdf: Guglielmi G 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
remarques: planches en couleur page 211

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299: Gupta R, Ahuja P, Khan S, Saxena RK, Mohapatra H.
Microbial biosorbents: Meeting challenges of heavy metal pollution in aqueous solutions.
Current Sci 78 (2000) 967-973.
PMID: pas
pdf: Gupta R 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic system has become a serious threat today. The chemical
processes that exist are not economical for treating a large volume of water bodies of dilute metal
concentration. In this endeavour, microbial biomass has emerged as an option for developing
economic and ecofriendly wastewater treatment processes. Non-living and dead microbial biomass
may passively sequester metal(s) by the process of biosorption from dilute solutions. This biosorption
technology has advantages of low operating cost, is effective in dilute solutions and generates
minimum effluent. Here the dead microbial biomass functions as an ion exchanger by virtue of various
reactive groups available on the cell surface such as carboxyl, amine, imidazole, phosphate,
sulfhydryl, sulfate and hydroxyl. The process can be made economical by procuring natural bulk
biomass or spent biomass from various fermentation industries. The performance of a biosorbent can
further be improved by various physical and chemical treatments. The pretreatments modify the cell
surface either by removing or masking the groups or exposing more metal binding sites. Immobilized
biomass of these microbes offers the continuous sorptiondesorption system in a fixed bed reactor.
117
Various commercial microbial biosorbents available are AlgaSorb, AMT-Bioclaim and Bio-fix. The
economics of these sorbents merit their commercialization, over chemical ion exchangers.

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300: Haldemann F, J ourdan J P.
Modle de simulation de production de spiruline: dmonstration et validation par comparaison avec
des rsultats d'exploitation.
PMID: pas
pdf: Haldemann F 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

301: Haldemann F.
Production industrielle en Equateur.
PMID: pas
pdf: Haldemann F 2004a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

302: Hall DO, Markov SA, Watanabe Y, Krishna Rao K.
The potential applications of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for clean technologies.
Photosynthesis Research 46, No 1-2 (1995) 159-167.
PMID: pas
pdf: Hall D 1995.papier
mots-cls article: $Anabea-Azolla-biofertiliser; $biocoil-photoreactors; $CO2-mitigation; $hydrogen-
production; $immobilised-cyanobacteria; $water-depollution.
rsum :

Natural photosynthesis may be adapted to advantage in the development of clean energy
technologies. Efficient biocatalysts that can be used in solar energy conversion technologies are the
cyanobacteria. Photobioreactors incorporating cyanobacteia have been used to demonstrate (a) the
production of hydrogen gas, (b) the assimilation of CO2 with the production of algal biomass, (c) the
excretion of ammonium, and (d) the removal of nitrate and phosphate from contamined waters.

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303: Hall DO, Rao KK, Cammack R.
A stable and easily extractable plant-type ferredoxin from the blue-green alga Spirulina maxima.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1972 May 26;47(4):798-802.
PMID: 4402074
pdf: Hall D 1972.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The 2Fe +2S plant-type ferredoxin from the blue-green alga can be easily extracted in high yield -35
mg ferredoxin/100 g dried cells. The cells can be stored as a dried powder which is readily obtainable.
The purified ferredoxin is very stable even aerobically at room temperature. It is much more stable
than the five other plant-type ferredoxins with which it was compared. The biological activity of all
ferredoxins was comparable.
118

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304: Hamadeh MJ , Hoffer LJ .
Effect of protein restriction on (15)N transfer from dietary [(15)N]alanine and [(15)N]Spirulina platensis
into urea.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;281(2):E349-56.
PMID: 11440912
pdf: Hamedeh M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $humans; $stable-isotope; $fed-state; $amino-acid-oxidation.
rsum:

Six normal men consumed a mixed test meal while adapted to high (1.5 g. kg(-1) x day(-1)) and low
(0.3 g. kg(-1) x day(-1)) protein intakes. They completed this protocol twice: when the test meals
included 3 mg/kg of [(15)N]alanine ([(15)N]Ala) and when they included 30 mg/kg of intrinsically
labeled [(15)N]Spirulina platensis ([(15)N]SPI). Six subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) receiving conventional insulin therapy consumed the test meal with added [(15)N]Ala while
adapted to their customary high-protein diet. Protein restriction increased serum alanine, glycine,
glutamine, and methionine concentrations and reduced those of leucine. Whether the previous diet
was high or low in protein, there was a similar increase in serum alanine, methionine, and branched-
chain amino acid concentrations after the test meal and a similar pattern of (15)N enrichment in serum
amino acids for a given tracer. When [(15)N]Ala was included in the test meal, (15)N appeared rapidly
in serum alanine and glutamine, to a minor degree in leucine and isoleucine, and not at all in other
circulating amino acids. With [(15)N]SPI, there was a slow appearance of the label in all serum amino
acids analyzed. Despite the different serum amino acid labeling, protein restriction reduced the
postmeal transfer of dietary (15)N in [(15)N]Ala or [(15)N]SPI into [(15)N]urea by similar amounts (38
and 43%, respectively, not significant). The response of the subjects with IDDM was similar to that of
the normal subjects. Information about adaptive reductions in dietary amino acid catabolism obtained
by adding [(15)N]Ala to a test meal appears to be equivalent to that obtained using an intrinsically
labeled protein tracer.

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305: Han LK, Li DX, Xiang L, Gong XJ , Kondo Y, Suzuki I, Okuda H.
[Isolation of pancreatic lipase activity-inhibitory component of spirulina platensis and it reduce
postprandial triacylglycerolemia].
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 J an;126(1):43-9.
PMID: 16394649
pdf: Han L 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $pancreatic-lipase-activity; $phycocyanin; $glycolipid-H-b2.
rsum: en japonais

In the process of investigating the hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina platensis, we found that the
aqueous extract of S. platensis may inhibit the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting
pancreatic lipase activity. The aqueous extract of S. platensis (500 m/kg) reduced the elevation of rat
plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of the lipid emulsion 2 h after administration. To
clarify the hypolipidemic effects of S. platensis, the active component was isolated and designated 1'-
O-(palmitonyl)-2'-O-(caprylonyl) glyceryl-beta-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (glycolipid H-b2). Glycolipid
H-b2 was found to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The fractions
containing glycolipid H-b2 (250 mg/kg) reduced the elevation of rat plasma triacylglycerol levels after
oral administration of the lipid emulsion 2 h after administration. Furthermore, we examined the effects
of phycocyanin isolated from S. platensis on pancreatic lipase activity. Phycocyanin inhibited the
pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the inhibitory
effects of S. platensis on postprandial triacylglycerolemia may be due in part to the inhibition of
pancreatic lipase activity by glycolipid H-b2 and phycocyanin.

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119
306: Hao H, Wu M, Chen Y, Tang J , Wu Q.
Cyanobacterial bloom control by ultrasonic irradiation at 20 kHz and 1.7 MHz.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2004 J un;39(6):1435-46.
PMID: 15244327
pdf: Hao H 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Ultrasonic-irradiation, $Cyanobacterial-bloom, $Chlorophyll-a (Chla), Phycocyanin
(PC), $Gas-vacuoles.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; toxicity; instrumentation.
rsum:

Ultrasonic irradiations at high frequency of 1.7 MHz and low frequency of 20 kHz were tested to
prevent cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis from bloom. The inhibition effectiveness at 1.7 MHz was
much greater than that at 20 kHz. The cyanobacteria biomass was reduced by 63% after 5 min
ultrasonic irradiation at 1.7 MHz, whereas three days were needed for the tested cyanobacteria to
recover its original density. However, longer exposure time did not significantly enhance the inhibition.
It was observed after ultrasonic irradiation that the gas vesicles in cells collapsed, which may result in
cyanobacterial precipitation and photosynthetic inhibition. The concentration of chlorophyll a (Chla)
was reduced and its biosynthesis was delayed in a 4-day continuous culture. The fluorescence
spectra at 77K of phycobilisome (PBS) and absorption spectra of intact cells in vivo showed that light
energy transfer in PBS was inhibited and phycocyanin (PC) was damaged much more acutely
compared with Chla. These results indicated that 5 min ultrasonic irradiation at 1.7 MHz every third
day might be an effective and economic operation mode for practical application.

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307: Haque SE, Gilani KM.
Effect of ambroxol, spirulina and vitamin-E in naphthalene induced cataract in female rats.
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 J an;49(1):57-64.
PMID: 15881859
pdf: Haque S 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Anticataract activity of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E was examined using the naphthalene
cataract model. Adult female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 180 and 220 grams were
taken and divided into eight groups. Group I received light liquid paraffin 5 ml/kg/ day p.o. for 6 weeks.
Group II received naphthalene solution 0.5 gm/kg/ day p.o. for first three days and 1 gm/kg/day p.o.
thereafter for six weeks. Group III received Ambroxol suspension in 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose
(CMC) at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group IV received Spirulina in
distilled water at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/ day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group V received Vitamin E
emulsion at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group VI received Ambroxol alone
at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. Group VII received Spirulina alone at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/day
p.o. Group VIII received vitamin E alone at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. Lens glutathione, soluble
protein and water content profiles revealed the preventive role of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E in
naphthalene-induced cataract in female rats.

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308: Hartig P, Grobbelaar J U, Soeder CJ , Groeneweg J .
On the mass culture of microalgae: Areal density as an important factor for achieving maximal
productivity.
Biomass 15, No 4 (1988) 211-221.
PMID: pas
pdf: Hartig P 1988.papier
mots-cls article: $Algal-productivity; $Scenedesmus; $areal-density; $photooxidation;
$photorespiration; $yields.
rsum :

120
Scenedesmus obliquus was grown in a bioreactor under constant light and at a temperature of 24 C.
From measurements of biomass production, it was possible to determine the influence of areal density
on productivity in open as well as closed cultures. Maximal productivity occurred at an areal density of
40 to 45 g(dw) M^-2, which was in good agreement with predicted values from a model. The optimal
areal density for maximal productivity was influenced by factors such as culture depth, algal species,
turbulence, available light, etc., and hence the establishment and maintenance of an optimal areal
density is seen as one of the most important operational procedures for the mass culture of algae.
Supersaturated concentrations of oxygen resulted in lower productivities due to photorespiration
and/or oxidation.

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309: Hase T, Wada K, Ohmiya M, Matsubara H.
Amino acid sequence of the major component of Nostoc muscorum ferredoxin.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1976 Nov;80(5):993-9.
PMID: 826526
pdf: Hase T 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; ferredoxines.
rsum:

The amino acid sequence of the major component of ferredoxin isolated from a blue-green alga,
Nostoc muscorum, grown under N2 as the sole nitrogen source has been studied. The use of a
combination of sequence analyzer, carboxypeptidases, and manual Edman degradations on tryptic
and chymotryptic peptides of carboxymethylferredoxin has established the amino acid seuqence,
which consists of 98 amino acid residues. Only four cysteine residues were present, located at
positions 41, 46, 49, and 79. These residues must fulfil the minimum requirement in this ferredoxin for
the chelation of two iron atoms, as postulated previously. The sequence is similar to those of Spirulina
ferredoxins in having two extra residues at positions 10 and 14 compared with other chloroplast-type
ferredoxins. Sequence comparison among blue-green algal ferredoxins suggests that Nostoc
muscorum ferredoxin is more closely related to Spirulina ferredoxins than to Aphanothece major
ferredoxin.

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310: Hatanaka H, Tanimura R, Katoh S, Inagaki F.
Solution structure of ferredoxin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus and
its thermostability.
J Mol Biol. 1997 May 23;268(5):922-33.
PMID: 9180381
pdf: Hatanaka H 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $distance-geometry; $ferredoxin; $nuclear-magnetic-resonance; $thermostability;
$three-dimensional-structure.
rsum:

The three-dimensional structure of ferredoxin, purified from the thermophilic cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus, was determined in aqueous solution by two-dimensional proton nuclear
magnetic resonance. In addition to the 946 distance constraints from nuclear Overhauser effect
connectivities, we added 241 distance constraints derived from the crystal structure of Spirulina
platensis ferredoxin to the 19 residues close to the [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur center, where crosspeaks
disappeared due to paramagnetic effects. The atomic root-mean-square difference of the ten
converged structures from the mean structure was 0.61(+/-0.12) A for backbone atoms (N, C(alpha),
C'). The main-chain structure was almost the same as the crystal structures of other mesophile
ferredoxins, but comparison of the side-chain structures revealed an extension of the hydrophobic
core, a unique hydrophobic patch on the surface of the large beta-sheet, and two unique charge
networks in this thermostable ferredoxin structure, some of which might contribute to thermostability.

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121
311: Hayakawa Y, Hirashima Y, Yamamoto H, Kurimoto M, Hayashi T, Lee J B, Endo S.
Mechanism of activation of heparin cofactor II by calcium spirulan.
Arch Biochem Biophys 416, No 1 (2003) 47-52.
PMID: 12859981
pdf: Hayakawa Y 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Serpin; $Heparin-cofactor-II; $Calcium-spirulan; $Aptamer; $Antithrombin;
$Thrombin.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, f, B.
rsum:

Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide, increases the rate of thrombin inhibition by
heparin cofactor II (HCII) more than 1000-fold through a mechanism not requiring the amino-terminal
acidic domain of HCII. Activation of HCII by Ca-SP was molecular-weight dependent. Furthermore,
HD22, an aptamer that binds exosite II of thrombin, produced a concentration-dependent, 15-fold
reduction at 5 microM in the rate of thrombin inhibition by HCII with Ca-SP, suggesting that Ca-SP
interacts with exosite II of thrombin. Mutations of Lys173 to Leu (K173L) and Arg189 to Leu (R189L) in
the HCII molecule resulted in large decreases in the rate of thrombin inhibition mediated by Ca-SP
and in the NaCl concentration needed for elution from Ca-SP-Toyopearl. Mutations of Lys173 to Arg
(K173R) and Arg189 to Lys (R189K) showed inhibition of thrombin similar to wild-type rHCII (wt-
rHCII). These results indicate that Ca-SP binds to the positive charges of Lys173 and Arg189 on the
HCII molecule. In the thrombin inhibitory process by HCII, Ca-SP appears to play as a template by
binding to both thrombin and HCII.

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312: Hayakawa Y, Hayashi T, Lee J B, Ozawa T, Sakuragawa N.
Activation of heparin cofactor II by calcium spirulan.
J Biol Chem 275, No 15 (2000) 11379-11382.
PMID: 10753952
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Heparin cofactor II (HCII) is a plasma serine protease inhibitor whose ability to inhibit alpha-thrombin
is accelerated by a variety of sulfated polysaccharides in addition to heparin and dermatan sulfate.
Previous investigations have indicated that calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide,
enhanced the rate of inhibition of alpha-thrombin by HCII. In this study, we investigated the
mechanism of the activation of HCII by Ca-SP. Interestingly, in the presence of Ca-SP, an N-terminal
deletion mutant of HCII (rHCII-Delta74) inhibited alpha-thrombin, as native recombinant HCII (native
rHCII) did. The second-order rate constant for the inhibition of alpha-thrombin by rHCII-Delta74 was
2.0 x 10(8) M(-1) min(-1) in the presence of 50 microgram/ml Ca-SP and 10, 000-fold higher than in
the absence of Ca-SP. The rates of native rHCII and rHCII-Delta74 for the inhibition of gamma-
thrombin were increased only 80- and 120-fold, respectively. Our results suggested that the anion-
binding exosite I of alpha-thrombin was essential for the rapid inhibition reaction by HCII in the
presence of Ca-SP and that the N-terminal acidic domain of HCII was not required. Therefore, we
proposed a mechanism by which HCII was activated allosterically by Ca-SP and could interact with
the anion-binding exosite I of thrombin not through the N-terminal acidic domain of HCII. The Arg(103)
-->Leu mutant bound to Ca-SP-Toyopearl with normal affinity and inhibited alpha-thrombin in a
manner similar to native rHCII. These results indicate that Arg(103) in HCII molecule is not critical for
the interaction with Ca-SP.

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313: Hayakawa Y, Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Ozawa T, Niiya K, Sakuragawa N.
Calcium spirulan as an inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator in human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Biochim Biophys Acta-Molecular Cell Res 1355, No 3 (1997) 241-7.
PMID: 9060995
122
mots-cls article: $Tissue-type-plasminogen-activator; $Sulfated-polysaccharide; $Calcium-spirulan;
$Lung-fibroblast; $Post-transcriptional-regulation; $(Human).
rsum:

Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis, has been found to have antiviral and heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin activities.
We have obtained evidence that Ca-SP is a potent inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)
production. The addition of Ca-SP to a culture of IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts increased t-PA
concentrations in the conditioned medium, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but in the cell
lysate, t-PA concentrations were unchanged, suggesting that t-PA induced by Ca-SP is easily
secreted into the conditioned medium. The amount of newly synthesized t-PA in IMR-90 cells, as
measured by labeling with [35S]methionine and subsequent immunoprecipitation of t-PA from
conditioned medium, was significantly increased by Ca-SP-stimulation. However, Ca-SP did not
increase the t-PA mRNA levels. As previously reported, thrombin stimulated t-PA gene transcription in
IMR-90 cells, and the simultaneous treatment with Ca-SP and thrombin caused further enhancement
of t-PA production, in a synergistic manner. It would thus appear that Ca-SP increases t-PA production
through post-transcriptional processes. IMR-90 cells also produce plasminogen activator inhibitor
type-1 (PAI-1), but Ca-SP showed little effect on the PAI-1 production. H-SP, which was obtained by
removing the calcium from Ca-SP, had no effect on the t-PA production. Na-SP, which was prepared
by replacement of the calcium with sodium, stimulated the t-PA production similarly to Ca-SP. Thus,
Ca-SP specifically induces t-PA production, and the molecular conformation of Ca-SP maintained by
Ca or Na may be essential for the stimulation of t-PA synthesis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

314: Hayakawa Y, Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Ozawa T, Niiya K, Sakuragawa N.
Heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin activity of calcium spirulan.
Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1996 J ul;7(5):554-60.
PMID: 8874866
pdf: Hayakawa Y 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis, enhanced the antithrombin activity of heparin cofactor II (HC II) more than 10000-fold. The
apparent second-order rate constant of thrombin inhibition by HC II was calculated to be 4.2 x 10(4)
M-1 min-1 in the absence of Ca-SP, and it increased in the presence of 50 micrograms/ml Ca-SP to
4.5 x 10(8) M-1 min-1. Ca-SP effectively induced the formation of a thrombin-HC II complex in plasma.
In the presence of Ca-SP, both the recombinant HC II variants Lys173-->Leu and Arg 189-->His,
which are defective in interactions with heparin and dermatan sulfate, respectively, inhibited thrombin
in a manner similar to native rHC II. This result indicates that the binding site of HC II for Ca-SP is
different from the heparin- or dermatan sulfate-binding site. When we removed the calcium from the
Ca-SP, the compound did not exert any antithrombin activity. Furthermore, Na-SP, which was
prepared by replacement of the calcium in Ca-SP with sodium, accelerated the antithrombin activity of
HC II as Ca-SP did. We therefore suggest that the molecular conformation maintained by Ca or Na is
indispensable to the antithrombin activity of Ca-SP. The HC II-dependent antithrombin activity of Ca-
SP was almost totally abolished by treatment with chondroitinase AC I, heparinase or heparitinase, but
not by treatment with chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC II, suggesting that a heparin- or
dermatan sulfate-like structure is not responsible for the activation of HC II by Ca-SP. Ca-SP is
therefore thought to be a unique sulfated polysaccharide which shows a strong antithrombin effect in
an exclusively HC II-dependent manner.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

315: Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Kojima I.
A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan, isolated from Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex
vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996 Oct 10;12(15):1463-71.
123
PMID: 8893054
pdf: Hayashi K 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) has been isolated from a sea alga,
Spirulina platensis, as an antiviral component. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activities of Ca-SP were compared with those of dextran
sulfate (DS) as a representative sulfated polysaccharide. Anti-HIV-1 activities of these agents were
measured by three different assays: viability of acutely infected CD4-positive cells, or a cytopathology
assay; determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen released into culture supernatants; and inhibition of HIV-
induced syncytium formation. Anti-HSV-1 activity was assessed by plaque yield reduction. In addition,
their effects on the blood coagulation processes and stability in the blood were evaluated. These data
indicate that Ca-SP is a potent antiviral agent against both HIV-1 and HSV-1. Furthermore, Ca-SP is
quite promising as an anti-HIV agent because even at low concentrations of Ca-SP an enhancement
of virus-induced syncytium formation was not observed, as was observed in DS-treated cultures, Ca-
SP had very low anticoagulant activity, and showed a much longer half-life in the blood of mice when
compared with that of DS. Thus, Ca-SP can be a candidate agent for an anti-HIV therapeutic drug that
might overcome the disadvantages observed in many sulfated polysaccharides. When the role of
chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was examined by removing calcium or its replacement by
sodium, the presence of calcium ion in the molecule was shown to be essential for the dose-
dependent inhibition of cytopathic effect and syncytium formation induced by HIV-1.

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316: Hayashi O, Ono S, Ishii K, Shi Y, Hirahashi T, Katoh T.
Enhancement of proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow hematopoietic cells by Spirulina
(Arthrospira) platensis in mice.
J Appl Phycol 18, No 1 (2006) 47-56.
PMID: pas
pdf: Hayashi O 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $cell-differentiation, $colony-stimulating-factor, $IL-3, $phycocyanin, $spirulina-
platensis.
rsum:

This study evaluates whether Spirulina, including its components such as phycocyanin, enhances or
sustains immune functions by promoting immune competent-cell proliferation or differentiation. The
effects of Spirulina of a hot-water extract (SpHW), phycocyanin (Phyc), and cell-wall component
extract (SpCW) on proliferation of bone marrow cells and induction of colony-forming activity in mice
were investigated. The Spirulina extracts, SpHW, Phyc, and SpCW, enhanced proliferation of bone-
marrow cells and induced colony-forming activity in the spleen-cell culture supernatant. Granulocyte
macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) were detected in the culture
supernatant of the spleen cells stimulated with the Spirulina extracts. Bone marrow-cell colony
formation in soft-agar assay was also significantly induced by the blood samples and the culture
supernatants of the spleen and Peyer's patch cells of the mice which ingested Spirulina extracts orally
for 5 weeks in in vivo study. Ratios of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and bone
marrow, consequently, increased in the mice.
Spirulina may have potential therapeutic benefits for improvement of weakened immune functions
caused by, for example, the use of anticancer drugs.

----------------------------

317: Hayashi O, Hirahashi T, Katoh T, Miyajima H, Hirano T, Okuwaki Y.
Class specific influence of dietary Spirulina platensis on antibody production in mice.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1998 Dec;44(6):841-51.
PMID: 10197315
pdf: Hayashi O 1998a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
124
rsum:

In the present study, we investigated antibody productions of IgA and other classes, such as IgE and
IgG1, in mice as possible evidence of the protective effects of Spirulina toward food allergy and
microbial infection. An increase of IgE antibody level in the serum was observed in the mice that were
orally immunized with crude shrimp extract as an antigen (Ag group). The antibody level, however,
was not further enhanced by treatment with Spirulina extract (SpHW). IgG1 antibody, on the other
hand, which was increased by antigen administration, was further enhanced by Spirulina extract. It
was noted that the IgA antibody level in the intestinal contents was significantly enhanced by
treatment with Spirulina extract concurrently ingested with shrimp antigen, in comparison with that of
the Ag group treated with shrimp antigen alone. An enhancement of IgA antibody production by
Spirulina extract was also observed in culture supernatant of lymphoid cells, especially in the spleen
and mesenteric lymph node from mice treated with Spirulina extract for 4 weeks before antigen
stimulation. These results suggest that Spirulina may at least neither induce nor enhance allergic
reaction such as food allergy dependent on an IgE antibody, and that when ingested both concurrently
with antigen and before antigen stimulation, it may significantly enhance the IgA antibody level to
protect against allergic reaction.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

318: Hayashi O, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y.
Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1994 Oct;40(5):431-41.
PMID: 7891204
pdf: Hayashi O 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **Antibody, **Mouse.
rsum:

Mice fed a Spirulina platensis diet showed increased numbers of splenic antibody-producing cells in
the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). However, immunoglobulin G (IgG)-
antibody production in the secondary immune response was hardly affected. The percentage of
phagocytic cells in peritoneal macrophages from the mice fed S. platensis diet, as well as the
proliferation of spleen cells by either concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was
significantly increased. Addition of a hot-water extract of S. platensis (SHW) to an in vitro culture of
spleen cells markedly increased proliferation of these cells, whereas culture of thymus cells was
scarcely affected. The Spirulina extract also significantly enhanced interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from
peritoneal macrophages. Addition to the in vitro spleen cell culture of SHW as well as the supernatant
of macrophages stimulated with SHW resulted in enhancement of antibody production, that is, an
increase of the number of PFC. These results suggest that Spirulina enhances the immune response,
particularly the primary response, by stimulating macrophage functions, phagocytosis, and IL-1
production.

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319: Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Maeda M, Kojima I.
Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis.
J Nat Prod. 1996 J an;59(1):83-7.
PMID: 8984158
pdf: Hayashi T 1996.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Bioactivity-directed fractionation of a hot H2O extract from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis led to
the isolation of a novel sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) as an antiviral
principle. This polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose,
125
xylose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, sulfate, and calcium. Ca-SP was found to inhibit
the replication of several enveloped viruses, including Herpes simplex virus type 1, human
cytomegalovirus, measles virus, mumps virus, influenza A virus, and HIV-1. It was revealed that Ca-
SP selectively inhibited the penetration of virus into host cells. Retention of molecular conformation by
chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was suggested to be indispensable to its antiviral effect.

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320: Helbling EW, Gao K, Ai H, Ma Z, Villafane VE.
Differential responses of Nostoc sphaeroides and Arthrospira platensis to solar ultraviolet radiation
exposure.
J Appl Phycol 18, No 1 (2006) 57-66.
PMID: pas
pdf: Helbling E 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis, $cyanobacteria, $Nostoc sphaeroides, $oxygen-evolution,
$photosynthesis, $Spirulina, $UVR.
rsum:

During October to December 2003 we carried out experiments to assess the impact of high solar
radiation levels (as normally occurring in a tropical region of Southern China) on the cyanobacteria
Nostoc sphaeroides and Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. Two types of experiments were done: a)
Short-term (i.e., 20 min) oxygen production of samples exposed to two radiation treatments (i.e.,
PAR+UVR280700 nm, and PAR only 400700 nm, PAB and P treatments, respectively), and b)
Long-term (i.e., 12 days) evaluation of photosynthetic quantum yield (Y) of samples exposed to three
radiation treatments (i.e., PAB; PA (PAR+UV-A, 320700 nm) and P treatments, respectively). N.
sphaeroides was resistant to UVR, with no significant differences (P>0.05) in oxygen production within
20 min of exposure, but with a slight inhibition of Y within hours. A fast recovery of Y was observed
after one day even in samples exposed to full solar radiation. A. platensis, on the other hand, was very
sensitive to solar radiation (mainly to UV-B), as determined by oxygen production and Y
measurements. A. platensis had a circadian rhythm of photosynthetic inhibition, and during the first six
days of exposure to solar radiation, it varied between 80 and 100% at local noon, but cells recovered
significantly during afternoon hours. There was a significant decrease in photosynthetic inhibition after
the first week of exposure with values less than 50% at local noon in samples receiving full solar
radiation. Samples exposed to PA and P treatments recovered much faster (within 23 days), and
there were no significant differences in Y between the three radiation treatments when irradiance was
low (late afternoon to early morning). Long-term acclimation seems to be important in A. platensis to
cope with high UVR levels however, it is not attained through the synthesis of UV-absorbing
compounds but it seems to be mostly related to adaptive morphological changes.

----------------------------

321: Herbert V, Drivas G.
Spirulina and vitamin B 12.
J AMA. 1982 Dec 17;248(23):3096-7.
PMID: 6815345
pdf: Herbert V 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Publication Types: Letter

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322: Hernandez E, Olguin EJ .
Biosorption of heavy metals influenced by the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira)
biomass.
Environ Technol. 2002 Dec;23(12):1369-77.
PMID: 12523508
126
pdf: Hernandez E 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $spirulina; $cyanobacteria; $heavy-metals; $biosorption; $chemical-composition.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mtaux-lourds; biosorption.
rsum:

The capacity of Spirulina sp. cells with different chemical composition for Pb (II), Cd (II) and Cr (VI)
sorption, was evaluated. Four different types of Spirulina biomass with a different chemical
composition were tested. Two of them contained a high percentage of protein (68.95 +/- 0.30 and
63.73 +/- 0.25%) as a result of being cultivated in Zarrouk medium and exposedat two light intensities
(66 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1) and 144 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1)) in batch cultures. A third type of
biomass, cultivated in a "Complex" medium and exposed at 66 micromol photon (m-2) s(-1), contained
a high percentage of lipids (30.08 +/- 1.92. Finally, the fourth type of biomass was enriched in
polysaccharides (25.54 +/- 0.51%) as a result of being cultivated in the "Complex" medium, but
exposed at 144 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1). It was found that the chemical composition of Spirulina
sp. cells did have a strong influence on their adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities
(q(max)) for Pb and Cd were highest (172.41 and 54.05 mg g(-1) of cells, at pH 5.0 and 4.5
respectively) when cells exhibited the higher polysaccharide content. In the case of Cr VI, the highest
q(max), was exhibited by cells cultivated in Zarrouk medium and showing the higher protein content
(at pH 2.0). pH did not affect the adsorption of Pb II in the range of 3 to 5.5, nor of Cd in the range of 4
to 7. For Cr VI, adsorption was observed only at a pH equal to 2 or lower.

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323: Hernandez-Corona A, Nieves I, Meckes M, Chamorro G, Barron BL.
Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2.
Antiviral Res. 2002 Dec;56(3):279-85.
PMID: 12406511
pdf: Hernandez-Corona A 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Inhibition; $HSV-2; $Hot-water-extract.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **spirulina, **antiviral, **IV.
rsum:

Spirulina has been used in a variety of practical applications in biotechnology and medical sciences.
This paper presents the antiviral activity found in a hot water extract (HWE) of a commercial
preparation of Spirulina maxima, studied by a microplate inhibition assay, using several viruses. The
HWE inhibited the infection for: herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), pseudorabies virus (PRV),
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and HSV-1, and the 50% effective inhibition doses (ED50) were
0.069, 0.103, 0.142, and 0.333 mg/ml for each virus, respectively. For adenovirus the inhibition was
less than 20%, and no inhibition was found for measles virus, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
virus (SSPE), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), poliovirus 1 and rotavirus SA-11, at concentrations of 2
mg/ml of the HWE. The highest antiviral activity was for HSV-2, with a selectivity index of 128. The
antiviral activity was not due to a virucidal effect. Herpesvirus infection was inhibited at the initial
events (adsorption and penetration) of the viral cycle. To initiate the isolation and identification of the
compound that exhibits the antiviral activity of S. maxima, some extracts made by using several
solvents with different polarity were evaluated by microplate inhibition assay using HSV-2. The highest
antiviral activity was detected in the methanolwater 3:1, which suggests that the antiviral activity is
probably due to highly polar compounds.

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324: Herrera A, Boussiba S, Napoleone V, Hohlberg A.
Recovery of c-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima.
J Appl Phycol 1, No 4 (1989) 325-331.
PMID: pas
pdf: Herrera A 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $microalgae, $Spirulina, $phycocyanin.
rsum:
127

Spirulina biomass was separated into two fractions which may have various uses. A phycocyanin
fraction may provide a food colourant and biomarkers, and a protein-rich leftover may be useful as
aquaculture feed. Activated charcoal adsorption, ultrafiltration and spray drying were used effectively
to produce a high quality colourant grade phycocyanin, while activated charcoal adsorption,
ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and chromatography were effective in preparing reagent
grade phycocyanin.

----------------------------

325: Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibanez E.
Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants,
food-by-products, algae and microalgae: A review.
PMID: pas
pdf: Herrero M 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Algae; $Antioxidant; $Food-by-products; $Functional-foods; $Microalgae;
$Nutraceuticals; $Subcritical-water-extraction; $Supercritical-fluid-extraction; $Plants.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima, spirulina-platensis, m; B.
rsum :

The increasing interest of consumers in functional foods has brought about a rise in demand for
functional ingredients obtained using natural processes. In this review, new environmentally clean
technologies for producing natural food ingredients are discussed. This work provides an updated
overview on the principal applications of two clean processes, supercritical fluid extraction and
subcritical water extraction, used to isolate natural products from different raw materials, such as
plants, food by-products, algae and microalgae. Although the extraction of some compounds with
antibacterial, antiviral or antifungical activity is discussed, special attention is paid to the extraction of
antioxidant compounds, due to their important role in food preservation and health promotion.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

326: Herrero M, Simo C, Ibanez E, Cifuentes A.
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of Spirulina platensis proteins obtained by pressurized
liquid extraction.
Electrophoresis. 2005 Nov;26(21):4215-24.
PMID: 16200528
mots-cls article: $Capillary-electrophoresis, $Cyanobacteria, $Electrospray, $Food-analysis, $Intact-
proteins, $Ion-trap, $Mass-spectrometry, $Microalgae.
rsum:

In this work, the usefulness of CE-MS to monitor and optimize the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)
of proteins from Spirulina platensis microalga is demonstrated. Crude and purified PLE extracts from
microalga were analyzed by CE-MS. It was observed that the use of purification protocols of
phycobiliproteins (namely, ultrafiltration or precipitation-dialysis-freeze drying) resulted in better CE
resolution and MS signals, demonstrating that sample matrix plays an important role in CE-MS of
proteins in real samples. Ultrafiltration was found less laborious and much faster than precipitation-
dialysis-freeze drying (1 vs. 48 h). Direct analysis of crude extracts was demonstrated to be also
possible by CE-MS, providing less-quality information but enough to characterize PLE extracts in a
much faster way. Therefore, the latter protocol was selected to monitor and optimize the extraction
process of phycobiliproteins from S. platensis. To do that, different extraction conditions were tested,
including time, temperature and pressure of extraction, nature of pressurized liquid, distribution of
microalga inside the extraction cell, type of packing, etc. It is demonstrated that the combined use of
PLE and CE-MS allows the attainment of extracts rich in phycobiliproteins in short extraction times
(namely, yields of 20% can be obtained in less than 2 h under the optimum PLE process in an
automatic way). To our knowledge, this work shows for the first time the usefulness of CE-MS for
monitoring and optimizing a PLE process.

128
--------------------------------------------------------------------

327: Herrero M, Martn-lvarez PJ , Seorns FJ , Cifuentes A, Ibez E.
Optimization of accelerated solvent extraction of antioxidants from Spirulina platensis microalga.
PMID: pas
pdf: Herrero M 2005a.pdf
mots-cls article: $ASE; $Antioxidant-compounds; $Alga; $Subcritical-water; $Experimental-design;
$Optimization.
rsum:

An experimental design has been used to optimize the extraction of antioxidants from the microalga
Spirulina platensis using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with four different solvents (hexane,
petroleum ether, ethanol and water). The optimization of the main variables involved in the ASE
process (extraction temperature and time) has been done by means of a full factorial (three levels)
design using, as responses, the extraction yield and the antioxidant activity of the extracts (determined
as EC50, i.e., efficient concentration, using an in vitro assay based on a free radical method). The
parameters of the model, for each response variable, were estimated by multiple linear regression
(MLR). The statistical analysis of the results provided mathematical models that allowed prediction of
the behaviour of the different responses selected, as a function of the main variables involved in the
process. It was observed that the optimum conditions that maximize yield and minimize EC50 depend
on the polarity of the solvent used to perform the extractions. Extraction temperature had an enormous
influence in both responses while the effect of extraction time was almost negligible.
Ethanol was finally selected as the extracting solvent for its GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe)
status and because it provides higher yields with medium antioxidant activities. The results presented
in this work show the possibility of using a fast and easy process to recover natural antioxidants from
natural sources such as microalgae.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

328: Herrero M, Ibanez E, Cifuentes A, Senorans J .
Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga. Determination of their antioxidant
activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
J Chromatogr A. 1047, No 2 (2004) 195-203.
PMID: 15460249
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In this work, different extracts from the microalga Spirulina platensis are obtained using pressurized
liquid extraction (PLE) and four different solvents (hexane, light petroleum, ethanol and water).
Different extraction temperatures (115 and 170 degrees C) were tested using extraction times ranging
from 9 to 15 min. The antioxidant activity of the different extracts is determined by means of an in vitro
assay using a free radical method. Moreover, a new and fast method is developed using micellar
electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detection (MEKC-DAD) to provide a preliminary
analysis on the composition of the extracts. This combined application (i.e., in vitro assays plus
MEKC-DAD) allowed the fast characterization of the extracts based on their antioxidant activity and
the UV-vis spectra of the different compounds found in the extracts. To our knowledge, this work
shows for the first time the great possibilities of the combined use of PLE-in vitro assay-MEKC-DAD to
investigate natural sources of antioxidants.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

329: Hicks DB, Yocum CF.
Properties of the cyanobacterial coupling factor ATPase from Spirulina platensis. II. Activity of the
purified and membrane-bound enzymes.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 Feb 15;245(1):230-7.
PMID: 2868695
129
pdf: Hicks D 1986a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Cyanobacterial (Spirulina platensis) photosynthetic membranes and isolated F1 ATPase were
characterized with respect to ATP activity. The following results indicate that the regulation of
expression of ATPase activity in Spirulina platensis is similar to that found in chloroplasts: the ATPase
activity of Spirulina membranes and isolated F1 ATPase is mostly latent, a characteristic of chloroplast
ATPase activity; treatments that elicit ATPase activity in higher plant chloroplast thylakoids and
isolated chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) greatly stimulate the activity of Spirulina membranes and F1,
and the cation specificity of chloroplast ATPase activity, e. g., light-induced membrane activity that is
magnesium dependent and trypsin-activated CF1 activity that is calcium dependent, is also observed
in Spirulina. Thus, an 8- to 15-fold increase in specific activity (to 13-15 mumol Pi min-1 mg chl-1) is
obtained when Spirulina membranes are treated with trypsin (CaATPase) or with methanol
(MgATPase): a light-induced, dithiothreitol-dependent MgATPase activity is also found in the
membranes. Purified Spirulina F1 is a CaATPase when activated with trypsin (endogenous activity
increases from 4 to 27-37 mumol Pi min-1 mg protein-1) or with dithiothreitol (5.6 mumol Pi min-1 mg-
1), but a MgATPase when assayed with methanol (18-20 mumol Pi min-1 mg-1). The effects of
varying calcium and ATP concentrations on the kinetics of trypsin-induced CaATPase activity of
Spirulina F1 were examined. When the calcium concentration is varied at constant ATP concentration,
the velocity plot shows a marked sigmoidicity. By varying Ca-ATP metal-nucleotide complex
concentration at constant concentrations of free calcium or ATP, it is shown that the sigmoidicity is
due to the effect of free ATP, which changes the Hill constant to 1.6 from 1.0 observed when the free
calcium concentration is kept constant at 5 mM. Therefore not only is ATP an inhibitor but it is also an
allosteric effector of Spirulina F1 ATPase activity. At 5 mM free calcium, the Km for teh Ca-ATP metal-
nucleotide complex is 0.42 mM.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

330: Hicks DB, Yocum CF.
Properties of the cyanobacterial coupling factor ATPase from Spirulina platensis. I. Electrophoretic
characterization and reconstitution of photophosphorylation.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 Feb 15;245(1):220-9.
PMID: 2868694
pdf: Hicks D 1986.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The coupling factor ATPase (F1) from photosynthetic membranes of the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis was purified to homogeneity by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose
density gradient centrifugation. The ATPase activity of purified Spirulina F1 is latent but can be elicited
by trypsin treatment, resulting in specific activities (CaATPase) of 27-37 mumol Pi min-1 mg protein-1.
On denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gels, Spirulina F1 is resolved into five
subunits with molecular weights of 53,400, 51,600, 36,000, 21,100, and 14,700, similar to the
molecular weights of the subunits of spinach chloroplast coupling factor (CF1). As determined by
native polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, the molecular weight of the Spirulina F1
holoenzyme was estimated to be 320,000, somewhat smaller than the estimated molecular weight of
spinach CF1 (392,000). Spirulina F1 was shown to be an active coupling factor by its ability to
reconstitute phenazine methosulfate-dependent cyclic photophosphorylation in membrane vesicles
which had been depleted of coupling factor content by 2 M NaBr treatment. We estimate the Spirulina
F1 content of membrane vesicles to be 1 F1 per 830 chlorophylls or 0.12 mol F1 mol P700(-1), based
on the specific ATPase activities of the membrane vesicles and the purified Spirulina F1, the
molecular weight of F1, and the P700 content of the vesicles.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

331: Hillier W, McConnell I, Badger MR, Boussac A, Klimov VV, Dismukes GC, Wydrzynski T.
130
Quantitative assessment of intrinsic carbonic anhydrase activity and the capacity for bicarbonate
oxidation in photosystem II.
Biochemistry. 2006 Feb 21;45(7):2094-102.
PMID: 16475798
pdf: Hillier W 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; O.
rsum:

On the basis of equilibrium isotopic distribution experiments using (18)O-labeled water, it is generally
accepted that water is the sole substrate for O(2) production by photosystem II (PSII). Nevertheless,
recent studies indicating a direct interaction between bicarbonate and the donor side of PSII have
been used to hypothesize that bicarbonate may have been a physiologically important substrate for
O(2) production during the evolution of PSII [Dismukes, G. C., Klimov, V. V., Baranov, S. V., Kozlov,
Y. N., DasGupta, J ., and Tyryshikin, A. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 2170-2175]. To test
out this hypothesis and to determine whether contemporary oxygenic organisms have the capacity to
oxidize bicarbonate, we employed special rapid-mixing isotopic experiments using (18)O/(13)C-
labeled bicarbonate to quantify the inherent carbonic anhydrase activity in PSII samples and the
potential flux of oxygen from bicarbonate into the photosynthetically produced O(2). The
measurements were made on PSII samples prepared from spinach, Thermosynechococcus
elongatus, and Arthrospira maxima. For the latter organism, a strain was used that grows naturally in
an alkaline, high (bi)carbonate soda lake in Africa. The results reveal that bicarbonate is not the
substrate for O(2) production in these contemporary oxygenic photoautotrophs when assayed under
single turnover conditions.

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332: Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T.
Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production
and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2002 Mar;2(4):423-34.
PMID: 11962722
pdf: Hirahashi T 2002.papier
mots-cls article: $IL-12; $IL-18; $toll-like-receptors; $IFN-gamma; $cyanobacteria; $macrophages.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **water-extract, **immune-system, **human.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterial species that is surmised to potentiate the immune system
leading to suppression of cancer development and viral infection. Here, we identified the molecular
mechanism of the human immune potentiating capacity of Spirulina by analyzing blood cells of
volunteers with pre and post oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina. NK functions
represented by IFN gamma production and cytolysis were enhanced after administration of Spirulina
in >50% subjects. IFN gamma was produced in an IL-12/IL-18-dependent fashion. In vitro stimulation
of blood cells with BCG cell wall skeleton (CWS) allowed more potent IL-12 p40 production in cells
from volunteers given Spirulina than in cells without pre-exposure to Spirulina. As BCG-CWS serves
as a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 to raise the maturation stage of
monocytes/macrophages, Spirulina may be involved in the signaling responses through Toll in blood
cells even when orally administered. These observations indicated that in humans Spirulina acts
directly on myeloid lineages and either directly or indirectly on NK cells. The presence of co-operative
IL-12 and IL-18 is critically important for NK-mediated IFN gamma production.

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333: Hirata K, Tanaka M, Ooike M, Tsunomura T, Sakaguchi M.
Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis.
J Appl Phycol 12, No 3-5 (2000) 435-439.
PMID: pas
pdf: Hirata T 2000.pdf
131
mots-cls article: $active-oxygen, $blue-green-alga, $cyanobacteria, $liposome, $oxidation,
$phycobilin, $phycobiliprotein, $phycocyanin, $radical.
rsum:

The antioxidative activity of phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis was evaluated against oxidation
of methyl linoleate in a hydrophobic system or with phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Phycocyanobilin as
well as phytochemicals including alpha-tocopherol, caffeic acid and zeaxanthin, effectively inhibited
the peroxidation of methyllinoleate and produced a prolonged induction period. Oxidation of
phosphatidylcholine liposomes was also controlled markedly by adding phycocyanobilin or alpha-
tocopherol. Phycocyanobilin was distributed outside in the liposomes to scavenge radicals from AAPH
and to prevent initiation of radical chain reactions. When the concentrations of phycocyanin and
phycocyanobilin in the reaction mixture were adjusted equally on a phycocyanobilin basis, the activity
of phycocyanobilin was almost the same as that of phycocyanin in the AAPH-containing reaction
mixture. The antioxidizing action of phycocyanin prepared from spray-dried Spirulina almost agreed
with that from fresh Spirulina in the AAPH-containing reaction mixture. These results suggest that
phycocyanobilin is responsible for the majority of the antioxidative activity of phycocyanin and may act
as an effective antioxidant in a living human body.

----------------------------

334: Ho KK, Krogmann DW.
Cytochrome f from spinach and cyanobacteria. Purification and characterization.
J Biol Chem. 1980 May 10;255(9):3855-61.
PMID: 6768742
pdf: Ho K 1980.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; cytochrome.
rsum:

Cytochrome f has been purified from spinach chloroplasts and from the photosynthetic membranes of
the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima. The spinach protein has an isoelectric point of 5.2 and gives a
single band on isoelectric focusing gels. The S. maxima cytochrome shows a major band with a pI of
4.01 and a minor band with a pI of 3.97. S. maxima cytochrome f has a molecular weight
approximately 38,000 and is monomeric, while the spinach protein is slightly smaller, approximately
36,000 daltons, and aggregates to form an octamer. S. maxima cytochrome f has an E'0 of +339 mV
which is close to that of cytochromes f from higher plants. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of
the cytochromes show striking similarities. Spinach cytochrome f shows a clear preference for
oxidation by spinach plastocyanin and S. maxima cytochrome f is more readily oxidized by its in vivo
reaction partner, cytochrome c553.

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335: Hongsthong A, Subudhi S, Sirijuntarut M, Kurdrid P, Cheevadhanarak S, Tanticharoen M.
Revealing the complementation of ferredoxin by cytochrome b (5) in the Spirulina- (6)-desaturation
reaction by N-terminal fusion and co-expression of the fungal-cytochrome b (5) domain and Spirulina-
(6)-acyl-lipid desaturase.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 72 (2006) 1192-1201.
PMID: 16575563
pdf: Hongsthong A 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Spirulina-acyl-lipid desaturases are integral membrane proteins found in thylakoid and plasma
membranes. These enzymes catalyze the fatty acid desaturation process of Spirulina to yield gamma-
linolenic acid (GLA) as the final desaturation product. It has been reported that the cyanobacterial
desaturases use ferredoxin as an electron donor, whereas the acyl-lipid desaturase in plant cytoplasm
and the acyl-CoA desaturase of animals and fungi use cytochrome b (5). The low level of ferredoxin
present in Escherichia coli cells leads to an inability to synthesize GLA when the cells are transformed
132
with the Spirulina-(6) desaturase, desD, and grown in the presence of the reaction substrate, linoleic
acid. In this study, Spirulina-(6) desaturase, encoded by the desD gene, was N-terminally fused and
co-expressed with the cytochrome b (5) domain from Mucor rouxii. The product, GLA, made
heterologously in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was then detected and analyzed. The results
revealed the production of GLA by Spirulina-(6) desaturase fused or co-expressed with cytochrome b
(5) in E. coli cells, in which GLA production by this gene cannot occur in the absence of cytochrome b
(5). Moreover, the GLA production ability in the E. coli host cells was lost after the single substitution
mutation was introduced to H52 in the HPGG motif of the cytochrome b (5) domain. These results
revealed the complementation of the ferredoxin requirement by the fusion or co-expression of the
fungal-cytochrome b (5) domain in the desaturation process of Spirulina-(6) desaturase. Furthermore,
the free form of cytochrome b (5) domain can also enhance GLA production by the Spirulina-desD
gene in yeast cells.

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336: Hongsthong A, Subudhi S, Sirijuntarat M, Cheevadhanarak S.
Mutation study of conserved amino acid residues of Spirulina delta 6-acyl-lipid desaturase showing
involvement of histidine 313 in the regioselectivity of the enzyme.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Nov;66(1):74-84.
PMID: 15241633
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, the desaturation process is carried out by three
desaturases: the Delta(9), Delta(12) and Delta(6) desaturases, encoded by desC, desA and desD,
respectively. The Delta(6) desaturase is responsible for the catalysis of linoleic acid, yielding gamma-
linolenic acid (18:3(Delta 9,12,6)), the end-product of the process. In this study, the desD gene was
expressed in Escherichia coli using a pTrcHisA expression system. In order to identify the amino acid
residues involved in the enzymatic activity, a sequence comparison was performed using various
organisms. The alignment revealed three conserved histidine clusters, a number of conserved
residues among all listed organisms and a few conserved residues among cyanobacterial species
possibly involved in the desaturation activity. A series of site-directed mutations were generated in the
desD gene to evaluate the role of these residues vis-a-vis the enzyme function. This approach
revealed that: (1) H313 is involved in the regioselectivity of the enzyme, (2) the three histidine clusters
together with H313, H315, D138 and E140 are required for enzymatic activity, most likely as providers
of the catalytic Fe center and (3) W294 is also essential for the activity of Delta(6) desaturase,
possibly by forming part of the substrate-binding pocket.

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337: Hongsthong A, Deshnium P, Paithoonrangsarid K, Cheevadhanarak S, Tanticharoen M.
Differential responses of three acyl-lipid desaturases to immediate temperature reduction occurring in
two lipid membranes of Spirulina platensis strain C1.
J Biosci Bioeng. 2003;96(6):519-24.
PMID: 16233567
mots-cls article: $desaturase; $fatty-acid-desaturation; $temperature-stress; $gene-translation;
$gene-regulation; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

In cyanobacteria, the elevation of unsaturated fatty acid levels in membrane lipids has been shown to
play a major role in the response to temperature change. The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
strain C1 contains three desaturases--delta9, delta12 and delta6 desaturases--which are encoded by
desC, desA and desD, respectively. In light of the above, a study was conducted of the regulation of
desaturase gene expression in response to temperature change in S. platensis strain C1. The two lipid
membranes, thylakoid and plasma, were separated, while the expressions of the desaturase genes to
the downward shift of growth temperature were studied in the translation level by Western blot
133
analysis. The results revealed that the expression of delta9 desaturase is independent of temperature.
In the case of delta12 desaturase, two forms of the enzyme were found, at 45 and 40 kDa. In terms of
correlation with the results in the transcription level, it is more likely that the 45 kDa-delta12
desaturase and the 40 kDa-delta12 desaturase are translated from 1.7 kb and 1.5 kb mRNA,
respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that the expression of the 40 kDa-delta12 desaturase
is temperature independent, whereas, the 45 kDa protein form demonstrates a response to the
immediate temperature reduction. Furthermore, the activity of delta6 desaturase in the two lipid
membranes is possibly regulated by temperature reduction. However, alteration in the level of gamma-
linolenic acid, the product synthesized by delta6 desaturase, was observed in the plasma membrane
prior to the thylakoid membrane.

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338: Hsiao G, Chou PH, Shen MY, Chou DS, Lin CH, Sheu J R.
C-phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis.
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Oct 5;53(20):7734-40.
PMID: 16190625
pdf: Hsiao G 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Blue-green-alga; $C-phycocyanin; $thromboxane-A2; $protein-kinase-C; $cyclic-
GMP; $vasodilator-stimulated-phosphoprotein; $hydroxyl-radical.
rsum:

The aim of this study was to systematically examine the inhibitory mechanisms of C-phycocyanin (C-
PC), one of the major phycobiliproteins of Spirulina platensis (a blue-green alga), in platelet activation.
In this study, C-PC concentration-dependently (0.5-10 nM) inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by
agonists. C-PC (4 and 8 nM) inhibited intracellular Ca2+mobilization and thromboxane A2 formation
but not phosphoinositide breakdown stimulated by collagen (1 microg/mL) in human platelets. In
addition, C-PC (4 and 8 nM) markedly increased levels of cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP-induced
vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation. Rapid phosphorylation of a
platelet protein of Mw 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by phorbol-
12,13-dibutyrate (150 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by C-PC (4 and 8 nM). In
addition, C-PC (4 and 8 nM) markedly reduced the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity of
hydroxyl radicals in collagen (1 microg/mL)-activated platelets. The present study reports on a novel
and very potent (in nanomolar concentrations) antiplatelet agent, C-PC, which is involved in the
following inhibitory pathways: (1) C-phycocyanin increases cyclic GMP/VASP Ser157 phosphorylation
and subsequently inhibits protein kinase C activity, resulting in inhibition of both P47 phosphorylation
and intracellular Ca2+mobilization, and (2) C-PC may inhibit free radicals (such as hydroxyl radicals)
released from activated platelets, which ultimately inhibits platelet aggregation. These results strongly
indicate that C-PC appears to represent a novel and potential antiplatelet agent for treatment of
arterial thromboembolism.

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339: Hu ZH, Liu ZL.
[Determination and purification of beta-carotene in Spirulina maximum].
Se Pu. 2001 J an;19(1):85-7.
PMID: 12541855
pdf: Hu Z 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima?.
rsum: en chinois

There are several kinds of nutritious materials in Spirulina maximum, and beta-carotene is one of the
most important materials. Because beta-carotene is of low polarity, for purification it was extracted
with the mixture of acetone and methanol in the ratio of 7:2 (V/V), then saponified, and extracted with
petroleum ether, purified with column packed with neutral Al2O3. Its content was determined by
reversed-phase HPLC. This method is accurate and the results are reproducible. The average
recovery was 96.8%.

134
Publication Types: English Abstract

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340: Huang GL, Zhihui S.
Immobilization of Spirulina subsalsa for removal of triphenyltin from water.
Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol. 2002 J ul;30(4):293-305.
PMID: 12227648
pdf: Huang G 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa.
rsum:

Spirulina subsalsa is immobilized with alginate, which increases the growth rate, chlorophyll content,
phycocyanin content and nitrate reductase activity. Immobilized Spirulina subsalsa with alginate
increases absorption of triphenyltin chloride (TPT). The phycocyanin of immobilized Spirulina subsalsa
is more sensitive to TPT then free alga. The immobilization enhances the toxic effect of TPT on nitrate
reductase activity of Spirulina subsalsa. Experimental results demonstrate that the immobilization of
Spirulina subsalsa is feasible. Removal of TPT by immobilized Spirulina subsalsa reaches 68%.
Biosorption mechanism of TPT by Spirulina subsalsa should be further studied.

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341: Huang J M, Bai SM, Hu ZX, Yang CL, Zhu DB, Shi J P.
[Effects of spirulina on serum lipids, erythrocyte membrane fluidity and vascular endothelial cells in
tail-suspended rats].
Space Med Med Eng (Beijing). 2003 J un;16(3):184-6.
PMID: 12934612
pdf: Huang J 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois

Objective: To study the changes of erythrocyte membrane fluidity, serum lipid and vascular endothelial
cell caused by simulated weightlessness in rats and the beneficial effect of spirulina.
Method: Thirty male SD rats were divided into 3 groups: free control group (group A) and two
simulated weightlessness groups (groups B, C). Rats in group A and B were fed with normal forage,
and the rats in group C were fed with normal forage supplemented with 5% (W/W) spirulina. Water
was taken ad libitum.
Result: Levels of serum CHO, HDL, TG, HDL-C/CHO and erythrocyte membrane fluidity decreased
significantly, and number of vascular endothelial cells in plasma increased markedly in group B as
compared with those in group A; The ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C, and atherosclerosis index (AI) decreased,
number of vascular endothelial cells significantly lowered; level of CHO, HDL-C and value of the
IDmax of plasma as well as erythrocyte membrane fluidity remarkedly increased in group C compared
with those in group B.
Conclusion: Spirulina can improve the physiological conditions of erythrocyte membrane fluidity,
serum lipid and vascular endothelial cell caused by simulated weightlessness in rats.

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342: Huang Z, Guo BJ , Wong RNS, J iang Y.
Characterization and antioxidant activity of selenium-containing phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina
platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Huang Z 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Selenium; $Phycocyanin; $Antioxidant-activity.
rsum:

135
Selenium-containing phycocyanin (SePC) and its different aggregates monomer (alpha beta),
trimer (alpha beta)3 and hexamer (alpha beta)6, which are represented as SePC1, SePC2 and Se
PC3, as well as their alpha and beta subunits, were prepared and purified from selenium-rich Spirulina
platensis. The Se speciation in SePC, its aggregates and subunits, as well as the antioxidant
activities of these compounds against free radicals of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) were investigated. By gel filtration on SephadexG-200 column and
SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of SePC1, 2, and 3 were determined to be 38.5, 116 and 247 kDa,
respectively, and these of alpha and beta subunits were 17.8 and 19.5 kDa, respectively. Se
concentrations of SePC1, 2 and 3 were of 197, 289 and 422 micro-g/g protein, respectively, and
those of alpha and beta subunits were 126 and 187 micro-g/g protein, respectively, which suggested
that the Se content of SePC was decreased in the dissociation process of SePC and highly
associated with its aggregation state. The antioxidant activities of SePC, its aggregates and subunits
against different free radicals were found to be variable. Compared with phycocyanin without bound
Se, although there were no differences among the DPPH-scavenging activities of SePC, its alpha
and beta subunits and the pure phycocyanin, the superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radical-
scavenging activities of SePC, as well as SePC2 and SePC3, were significantly higher and proved
to be positively correlated with their Se contents.

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343: Huang Z, Yang F, Zheng WJ .
[Purification and properties of Se-containing allophycocyanins from selenium rich Spirulina platensis].
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2006 J un 4;46(3):401-5.
PMID: 16933609
pdf: Huang Z 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

Three Se-containing allophycocyanins (Se-APC) with high purity were purified from Se rich Spirulina
platensis (Se-sp.) by hydroxyapatite chromatography, DEAE-52 anion-exchange chromatography and
native gel preparative electrophoresis. Their biochemicial properties were explored by spectral
scanning and electrophoresis analysis of Native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and IEF on thin slab gel. Protein
molecular weight (MW) of APC aggregation was determined by gel filter on Sephadex G-200 column.
Se content of native and denatured Se-APC was detected by 2, 3-DAN fluorocence method.
According to visible and fluorescence spectral character, three purified fractions of APC were
identified to be APCI, APCII and APCIII. Native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that they all
shaped trimer (alphabeta) 3 of alpha and beta subunit with molecular mass of 18.3kDa and 15.7kDa,
whereas APCI contains gamma subunit (about 32kDa) visibly and APCIII maybe contain the linker
peptide of L(C)(8 - 10 kDa) based on their MW to be determined of 130.9, 98.1 and 106.30 kDa. IEF
detection showed that the pl of Se-APCs was 4.76, 4.85 and 5.02 respectively. Se content of three
purified Se-APCs were 316, 273 and 408 microg/g, which decreased about 25% after deaggregation
treatment by 0.50 mol/L NaSCN and decreased more than 50% after denaturation treatment by 2-
mercaptoethanol and reached to a steady content of 132 microg/g on average. These results indicated
that Se incorporation into APC had no influence on function of energy transfer as well as biochemical
property of APCs, and Se binding with APCs was highly relevant to its aggregation states whereas Se
integrated steadily with its subunits.

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344: Huang Z, Zheng WJ , Guo BJ .
[Optimization of cultivation conditions in se-enriched Spirulina platensis].
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2002 May;18(3):373-6.
PMID: 12192878
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

136
Orthogonal combination design was adopted in examining the Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) yield
and the influence of four factors (Se content, Se-adding method, S content and NaHCO3 content) on
algae growth. The results showed that Se content, Se-adding method and NaHCO3 content were key
factors in cultivation conditions of Se-enriched S. platensis with the optimal combination being Se at
300 mg/L, Se-adding amount equally divided into three times and NaHCO3 at 16.8 g/L. Algae yield
had a remarkable correlation with OD560 and floating rate by linear regression analysis. There was a
corresponding relationship between effects of the four factors on algae yield and on OD560, floating
rate too. In conclusion, OD560 and floating rate could be served as yield-forming factors.

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345: Huang ZX, Mei XT, Xu DH, Xu SB, Lv J Y.
[Protective effects of polysacchride of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum thunbeergii on vascular of
alloxan induced diabetic rats].
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Feb;30(3):211-5.
PMID: 15719643
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

OBJ ECTIVE: To study the protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum
thunbeergii on vascular of alloxan (ALX) induced diabetic rats.
METHOD: With the doses of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis (PSP) and Sargassum thunbeergii
(PST) compound (1:1) 12.261, 36.783, 110.349 mg x kg(-1) by i.g. administration to alloxan induced
diabetic rats respectively for 6 weeks. Then the blood glucose and the TC, HDL-C, TG, NO, ET in
serum were detected. The contraction and relaxation response to NE and ACh in aortic rings of the
alloxan induced diabetic rats has been studied.
RESULT: The results showed the compound of PSP and PST could decrease the blood glucose and
the TC, TG, NO, ET in serum and increase HDL-C than in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. The
contraction responses to NE in aortic rings of the alloxan induced diabetic rats were significantly
elevated in the normal rats, and the responses to ACh were significantly lower. PSP and PST
compound could significantly lower the responses to NE and significantly elevate the responses to
ACh in aortic rings of the alloxan induced diabetic rats.
CONCLUSION: PSP and PST compound could decrease blood glucose and could protect the
vascular of alloxan induced diabetic rats.

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346: Hudson BJ , Karis IG.
The lipids of the alga Spirulina.
J Sci Food Agric. 1974 J ul;25(7):759-63.
PMID: 4369323
pdf: Hudson B 1974.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

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347: Huq MA, Parveen F, Choudhury SR.
A cheap and convenient modification of arsine generator used for arsenic estimation.
Mymensingh Med J . 2003 J an;12(1):30-2.
PMID: 12715639
pdf: Huq M 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

137
In a study observing the effect of spirulina in the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning quantitative
estimation of arsenic in the urine of the patients was necessary. It was decided to try a modification of
the arsine generator in the process. An alternative apparatus was designed following the structure of
arsine generator by White (1976) using a 50-ml conical flask with rubber cork, 4-ml injection vial, two
3" long glass tubes and a glass test tube. An experiment was carried out with solutions containing
known amounts of arsenic. The alternative arsine generator was tried in the estimation of arsenic
content in those solutions. The results revealed that the apparatus permitted correct measurement of
arsenic concentration. The alternative arsine generator was cheap easy to use and provided authentic
results in estimation of arsenic concentration in the urine of patients with chronic arsenic poisoning.

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348: Iltis A.
Ecologie de Spirulina platensis dans le milieux natrons d'Afrique sahlienne.
[Ecologila di Spirulina platensis negli ambienti ad alcalinit sodica dellAfrfrica Saheliana].
In : Prospettive della coltura di spirulina in Italia. Florence : Tipografia Coppini, 1981, p. 41-48.
Prospettive della Coltura di Spirulina in Italia : Convegno, Florence (IT), 1980/11/20-21.
PMID: pas
pdf: Iltis A 1981.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

S. platensis (Nordstedt) Geitler est une espce ayant un large distribution gographique. Elle est
signale en Asie (Pakistan, Indes, Ceylon, Thailandie, Isral), en Amrique du Sud (Uruguay, Prou)
et en Afrique (Kenya, Egypte, Zaire, Zambie, Ethiopie, Soudan, Tchad, Lybie). Elle est considre
comme une forme des rgions tropicales et sub-tropicales. Une espce voisine, S. geitleri est signale
au Mexique et en Californie. Les milieux o elle se dveloppe massivement de faon naturelle, se
situent dans la zone soudano-sahlienne dAfrique: cette zone semi-dsertique est caractrise par
une pluviomtrie faible (moins de 30 mm annuels) rpartie sur 3 mois de l'anne, avec des carts
interannuels importants (minimum 4 m/m, max. 700 m/m sur 29 ans), des temps dinsolation levs
plus de 9 h par jour en moyenne) et des fortes tempratures (temprature annuelle moyenne de leau
entre 25 et 26 degrs). Les eaux des lacs spirulines ont des transparences faibles, un pH elev (9,5
11) et des teneurs en sels dissous variant entre 8,5 et 200 g/l, les dveloppements les plus
importants de spirulines se produisant entre 22 et 60 g/l. Au point de vue de la composition chimique
des eaux, le sodium est le mieux reprsent parmi les cations, le potassium est prsent, calcium et
magnsium sont inexistants ou en faibles quantits; parmi les anions, carbonates et bicarbonates sont
fortement dominants; dans certains milieux, chlorures et sulfates peuvent prsenter des proportions
apprciables. La densit des peuplements S. platensis est fonction de la salinit; plus cette dernire
est leve, plus la densit, lintrieur des limites de salinit tolres, est importante. Le pourcentage
d'organismes trangcrs coexistant avec les spirulines est dautan: plus faible que la teneur en sels
dissous est leve. Dans les mares temporaires la teneur en S. platensis est fonction de la salinit
moyenne et de la longuer de la priode en eau. La vitesse dinstallation des peuplements y est plus
rapide que dans les lacs permanents.

[S. platensis (Nord.) Geitler una specie a larga distribuzione geografica segnalata in Asia (Pakistan,
India, Ceylon, Tailandia, Israele), in America del Sud (Uruguay, Per) e in Africa (Kenya, Egitto, Zaire,
Zambia, Etiopia, Sudan, Tchad, Libia), la specie considerata come una forma delle regioni tropicali e
subtropicali. Una specie vicina, S. geitler, segnalata in Messico e in California. Gli ambienti in cui S.
platensis si sviluppa massivamente in condizioni naturali si trovano nella zona sudano-saheliana
dellAfrica: questa zona semidesertica caratterizzata da debole piovosit (meno di 300 mm annui),
ripartita in 3 mesi dellanno, con scarti fra un anno e un altro rilevanti (minimi di 46 mm, massimi di
700 mm su 29 anni), da tempi di insolazione elevati (pi di 9 ore al giorno in media) e da elevate
temperature (temperatura media annua dellacqua fra 25 e 26 C). Le acque dei laghi a Spirulina sono
di debole trasparenza, hanno un pH elevato (9,5-11) e tenori in sali disciolti Che variano da 8,5 a 200
g/l, con le produzioni pi importanti di Spirulina alle concentrazioni di 22-60 g/l. Dal punto di vista della
composizione chimica delle acque, il sodio maggiormente rappresentato fra i cationi; presente il
potassio; calcio e magnesio sono inesistenti o in deboli quantit; fra gli anioni, carbonati e bicarbonati
sono nettamente dominanti, in alcuni ambienti possono essere presenti in quantit apprezzabili cloruri
e solfati. La densiti dei popolamenti a S. platensis funzione della salinit: pi questa elevata, pi la
138
densit, nellambito dei limiti tollerati di salinit, importante. La percentuale di organismi estranei,
coesistenti con la Spirulina, tanto pi bassa, quanto pi alto il tenore di sali disciolti. Nei laghi
temporanei la densit di S. platensis funzione della salinit media e della durata del periodo di
acqua. La velocit dinsediamento di Spirulina pi rapida che nei laghi permanenti].

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349: Iltis A.
Peuplements phytoplanctoniques du lac Tchad. I-Stade Tchad normal (fvrier 1971) et janvier 1972).
Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Hydrobiol 9, No 1, 1977, 33-52.
PMID: pas
pdf: Iltis A 1977a.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , j.
rsum:

La densit du phytoplancton prsent dans le lac Tchad varie entre 0,005 et 12 mg/l en fvrier 1971 et
entre 0,05 et 10,5 mg/l en janvier 1972. Les Cyanophytes, les Chlorophytes, les Diatomophyces et,
un degr moindre, les Pyrrhophytes sont les groupes qui interviennent dans la composition de la
biomasse. La diversit spcifique est maximale dans les eaux libres du nord.
Ltude de la structure des peuplements et des groupements spcifiques confirme le partage du lac
en quatre grandes zones cologiques : eaux libres et archipel de la cuvette nord, eaux libres et
archipel de la cuvette sud. Des peuplements phytoplanctoniques types ont t dfinis pour chacune
de ces grandres zones.
Les espces prsentes sont identiques en 1971 et 1972 mais on note en 1972 un sensible
accroissement de la biomasse moyenne accompagn dune diminution des valeurs de lindice de
diversit spcifique et de la constante de milieu. Des diffrences dans la distribution du phytoplancton
dans larchipel sud-est apparaissent comme les premires perturbations dues la baisse de niveau
qui entrainera durant les annes suivantes le partage du lac en plusieurs nappes deau.

[The phytoplankton biomass in Chad lake ranges from 0,005 to 12 mg/l in february 1971 und from
0,O5 to 20,5 mg/l in january 1972. Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Diatoms and, for a smaller degree,
Pyrrhophyta are the components of the present biomass. Specific diversity is maximal in the open
waters of the northern part of the lake. The partition of the lake in four ecological zones - open waters
and archipelago of the nosthern part and open waters and archipelago of the southern part - is
confirmed by the study of the structure of algal populations and the specific associations. Typical
phytoplanktonic populations are defined for each of these ecological zones. The species composition
is the same in 1971 and 1972 but an evident growth of the phytoplanktonic biomass occurs between
1971 and 1972 correlated with a decrease of the values of the specific diversity and of the constant of
milieu (or Motomuras constant). Differences in the phytoplankton distribution in the south-eastern
archipelago seem to be the first perturbations owing to the subsidence of the water levell that will bring
abaout during the following years the partition of the lake in several isolated sheets of mater].

--------------------------------------------------------

350: Iltis A.
Peuplements phytoplanctoniques du lac Tchad. II-Stade petit Tchad (avril 1974, novembre 1974 et
fvrier 1975).
PMID: pas
pdf: Iltis A 1977b.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Le phytoplancton des trois nappes deau qui constituent le lac Tchad durant la priode de scheresse
de 1973 1975 volue de faon indpendante dans chacune delles, mme si des communications
temporaires existent entre ces zones. La cuvette sud reste fortement perturbe par la crue du Chari
tandis que la cuvette nord qui ne reoit que des apports deau trs limits volue vers lasschement.
La biomasse algale reste comparable celle des annes prcdentes dans les eaux libres du sud
139
(0,1 13 mg/l) avec de fortes variations saisonnires, les Diatomes tant le plus souvent dominantes
associes des Cyanophyces. Dans larchipel de la cuvette sud, les biomasses sont en moyenne de
8,2 mg/l en avril 1974, 0,4 en novembre 1974 et 7,6 en fvrier 1975 : les Euglniens constituent le
groupe dominant. Dans la nappe deau subsistant dans la cuvette nord, les densits dalgues sont trs
leves (25 179 mg/l en moyenne suivant les priodes tudies), les Diatomes et les
Chlorophyces tant les plus abondantes. Des espces caractristiques des mares natrones
(Oscillatoria platensis f. minor par exemple) apparaissent en novembre 1971 alors que la conductivit
lectrique atteint 4.000 micromhos. Ltude de la structure des populations et lanalyse factorielle
confirment labsence de relations entre les phytoplanctons existant dans les trois nappes deau; des
peuplements phytoplanctoniques types ont t dfinis pour chacune delles.

[The phytoplankton of the three sheets of water constituting the Chad lake during the drought from
1973 to 1975 changes independently even if temporary communications exist between these waters.
The southern part of the lake remains very disturbed by the flood of the Chari river while the northern
part, receiving only very limited water-contributions, evolves into drying. In the open waters of the
southern part, the algal biomass remains comparable (0,1 to 13 mg/l) with that of the previous years,
the Diatoms associated to the Cyanophyta being the most frequently dominating. In the archipelago of
the southern part, biomass is on an average 8,2 mg/l in april 1974, 0,4 in november 1974 and 7,6 in
february 1975; Euglenophyta are dominating. In the waters staying in the northern part, the algal
density is verg high (average 25 to 179 mg/l according to the periods), Diatoms and Chlorophyta being
the most abundant, Characteristic species of natroned pools (Oscillatoria platensis f. minor for
example) appear in november 1974 when the electric conductivity of waters reaches 4.000
micromhos. The study of structure of the algal populations and the factorial analysis confirm the lack
of relations between the phytoplanktons existing in the three parts of the lake; typical phytoplanktonic
populations are defined for each of them].

--------------------------------------------------------

351: Iltis A.
Peuplements phytoplanctoniques du lac Tchad. III-Remarques gnrales.
PMID: pas
pdf: Iltis A 1977c.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Les observations effectues en priode de rgression lacustre, de 1971 1975, sur les peuplements
dalgues du lac Tchad permettent de considrer deux phases dans lvolution et la rpartition du
phytoplancton. Dans la premire, le lac constitue encore une unit hydrologiquze (Tchad normal) ;
daprs la densit algale, les valeurs de lindice de diversit spcifique et de la constante de milieu, les
groupes dalgues dominants et limportance des variations saisonires, on observe une zonation
stable quatre rgions cologiques distinctes.
Dans la seconde phase (petit Tchad), la partie nord du lac toute entire vers un facis de mare
natrone, larchipel de la cuvette sud se transforme en un marcage Euglnophytes et enfin les
eaux libres du sud voluent vers un facis fluvial marqu par lalternance dune priode de crue trs
pauvre en plancton et dun tiage plus riche.
Le tonnage dalgues planctoniques prsent dans le lac est de lordre de 45'O00 tonnes pour un stade
Tchad normal. Au stade petit Tchad, pour une superficie bien infrieure, les quantifs dalgues sont
quatre cinq fois suprieures. Ces estimations ne concernent que le plancton vgtal de pleine eau
et nincluent pas le phytobenthon et le priphyton. Ce dernier subit probablement une volution
quantitative inverse de celle du limnoplancton par suite des variations rapides de niveau (surtouf dans
la cuvette sud) et de lasschement de nombreuses zones d'herbiers, mais il nexiste pas jusqu
prsent dobservations pour apprcier la valeur de cettesupposition.

[The investigations made from 1971 to 1975 on the algal populations of Chad lake show two phases in
the evolution of the phytoplankton. In the first, the lake still maintains an hydrologic unity (Tchad
normal) and from the algal density, from the dominance of algal orders, from the values of the specific
diversity and the constant of milieu and from the importance of seasonal variations, a stable zonation
with four ecological distinct zones may be defined.
140
In the second phase (petit Tchad), the northern part of the lake evolves to a facies of natroned pool,
the archipelago of the southern part to a facies of wamp and the open waters of fhe southern part fo a
facies of river marked by the alternation of a flood nearly wifhout plankton and of rich lom water period.
The stock of phytoplankton staying in the lake is about 45.000 t for a Tchad normal phase. In the
second phase, the weight of algae is four fo five times higher although the flooded areas are smaller.
Only the limnoplankton is concerned in these estimations und phytobenthon and periphyton are not
examined. Probably periphyton evolves quantitatively inversely on account of the rapid variations of
the water level (mainly in the southern part) and of the drying of many areas of aquatic vegetation. But
the value of this supposition is not appreciable owing to the lack of investigations on this kind of
plankton].

--------------------------------------------------------

352: Iltis A.
Note sur Oscillatoria (sous-genre Spirulina) platensis (Nordst.) Bourrelly (Cyanophyta) au Tchad.
Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Hydrobiol., vol. 5, No 1, 1971, 53-72.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , S, B.
rsum:

Oscillatoria platensis a t trouv au Tchad dans des milieux natrons temporaires ou permanents
situs dune part directement au nord-est du lac Tchad (Kanem), dautre part au nord-est de Largeau
(Borkou). Les peuplements de cette algue atteignent de fortes densits, surtout dans les lacs
permanents qui possdent une teneur en sels leve (30 40 g/l). Dans les mares temporaires
restant en eau plus de 3 4 mois, 0. platensis se dveloppe mais les densits sont plus faibles et la
proportion dorganismes trangers est en gnral plus importante.
Une partie trs localise de la population tchadienne rcolte et utilise dans son alimentation cette
Cyanophyce. Celle-ci entre dans la confection de sauces et les quantits consommes par une
personne durant un repas sont assez rduites. Daprs les analyses effectues par diffrents
organismes scientifiques, la teneur en protines gale et mme dpasse 50 % du poids de matire
sche.
Les connaissances actuelles sont encore trs incompltes particulirement en ce qui concerne la
biologie de cette espce ef ses capacits de production dans les diffrents milieux naiurels natrons
existant au Tchad.

[Oscillatoria plalensis is found in Chad in the temporary or permanent natroned waters located on the
one hand directly at the nort east of the Chad lake (Kanem), on the other hand at the north east of
Largeau (Borkou). This alga reaches great densities, particularly in permanent lakes having a high
saline concenfraton (30 to 40 g/l). In the temporary ponds, flooded during over three or four months, 0.
platensis develops but the densities are more slight and the proportion of alien organismes is
generally more important].

--------------------------------------------------------

353: Iltis A.
Tolrance de salinit de Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitl., (Cyanophyta) dans les mares natrones du
Kanem /Tchad).
Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., sr. Hydrobiol., vol. 2, No 3-4, 1968, 119-125.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article:
rsum:

La cyanophyce S. platensis a t trouve dans des milieux ayant une concentration de 8,5 270
grammes de sel par litre. La zone optimale de dveloppement se situe entre 22 et 62 grammes de sel
par litre. Au point de vue concentration du milieu, le seuil dapparition de cette espce est plus lev
en milieu naturel quen cultures pures.
141

[Spirulina platensis occurs in alkaline waters with concentrations between 8,5 and 270 g/l. Optimal
zone is located between 22 and 62 g/l. In pure Cultures, this algae is able to grow in less alkaline
media].

--------------------------------------------------------

354: Ionov VA, Basova MM.
[Use of blue-green micro-seaweed Spirulina platensis for the correction of lipid and hemostatic
disturbances in patients with ischemic heart disease].
Vopr Pitan. 2003;72(6):28-31.
PMID: 14870586
pdf: Ionov V 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; coeur.
rsum: en russe

Changing in lipid spectrum, immunological state and coagulation in the 68 patients with IHD and
atherogenic dyslipidemia who were taking biomass microalga Spirulina platensis was investigated.
Modification of traditional plan of therapy of IHD when adding microalga Spirulina p. influences
correcting effect to cascade procoagulation and immunopathological reactions, characteristic of
atherosclerosis process.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

355: Ipata PL, Gualerzi C, Scolozzi C, Tozzi MG, Trinei M, Barsacchi D.
Occurrence of inosine kinase as a distinct enzyme in Spirulina platensis.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Apr 17;209(2):547-53.
PMID: 7733924
pdf: Ipata P 1995.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Among a series of purine nucleosides, inosine was found to be phosphorylated at the highest rate by
crude extracts of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The inosine phosphorylating activity could be
separated from hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. This result shows that IMP
formation may occur via the direct phosphorylation of inosine at its 5'-position, rather than via inosine
phosphorolysis, followed by hypoxanthine phosphoribosylation, and provides unequivocal evidence for
the occurrence of inosine kinase in nature.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

356: Ishida T, Yokota A, Sugiyama J .
Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous cyanobacterial taxa inferred from 16S rRNA sequence
divergence.
J Gen Appl Microbiol. 1997 Aug;43(4):237-241.
PMID: 12501325
pdf: Ishida T 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $filamentous-cyanobacteria, $molecular-phylogeny, $Oscillatoriales, $16S-rRNA.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; spirulina-major; f.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

357: Ishii N, Uchida S.
Removal of Technetium from Solution by Algal Flagellate Euglena gracilis.
J Environ Qual. 2006 Oct 27;35(6):2017-20.
PMID: 17071870
pdf: Ishii N 2006.pdf PAS
142
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Based on limited data for the removal of radioactive (99)Tc by freshwater phytoplankton, it has been
thought that phytoplankton are unsuitable for remediation of (99)Tc-contaminated waters. This work
sought to verify the validity of this assumption by studying the removal of (99)TcO(4)(-) by freshwater
and brackish water phytoplankton. The phytoplankton used were Euglena gracilis, Chlamydomonas
pulsatilla, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina platensis. Each of them was incubated for 63 d, and the
removal of (99)Tc from solution was periodically determined. Significant removal of (99)Tc was
observed only for E. gracilis, and the maximum removal was 70% of the total (99)Tc added. The killed
cells of E. gracilis, however, removed hardly any (99)Tc. When E. gracilis cells were washed with
fresh culture medium, only 13% of the total (99)Tc was desorbed. These results suggested that
intracellular uptake of (99)Tc by E. gracilis occurred. These results are the first documented example
of significant removal of (99)Tc by planktonic microalgae.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

358: Ishimi Y, Sugiyama F, Ezaki J , Fujioka M, Wu J .
Effects of spirulina, a blue-green alga, on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats and hindlimb-
unloaded mice.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Feb;70(2):363-8.
PMID: 16495651
pdf: Ishimi Y 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina; $osteoporosis; $hindlimb-unloading; $bone; $health-food.
rsum:

The safety and effectiveness were examined of the spirulina alga on bone metabolism in
ovariectomized estrogen-deficient rats and hindlimb-unloaded mice. The dosage range was from an
amount equal to that recommended in so-called health foods for humans (0.08 g/kg BW/day) to a 100-
fold higher dose. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole femur and tibia of ovariectomized rats
in the any spirulina-treated groups was not significantly different from that of the ovariectomized group,
although BMD of the distal femur and proximal tibia was significantly lower in the spirulina-treated
groups than in the ovariectomized group after a 6 week-experimental period. BMD of the femur and
tibia was not affected by treatment with any dose of spirulina in hindlimb-unloaded mice. These results
suggest that the intake of spirulina decreased BMD in the trabecular bone of rodents under estrogen-
deficient conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

359: Iteman I.
Cyanobactries et toxicit.
PMID: pas
pdf: Iteman I 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

360: Itoh T, Yano K, Inada Y, Fukushima Y.
Photostabilized chlorophyll a in mesoporous silica: adsorption properties and photoreduction activity of
chlorophyll a.
J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Nov 13;124(45):13437-41.
PMID: 12418895
pdf: Itoh T 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
143
rsum:

Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to mesoporous silica (FSM, folded-sheet mesoporous material) to form a
chlorophyll-FSM conjugate, in which a nanometer-scale interaction between chlorophyll a molecules
resembles a living plant leaf. The mesopores of FSM acted as nanoscale spaces not only for an
interaction between chlorophyll molecules and the silica support but also for a nanoscale interaction
between the absorbed chlorophyll molecules. These interactions contribute to photostability. An
increase in the amount of chlorophyll adsorbed to the pores of FSM leads to an enhancement of the
photostability accompanied by a shift in the absorbance maximum to a longer wavelength. The
physiological function of the chlorophyll-FSM conjugate was explored as chlorophyll-FSM exhibited
the photoinduced ability to catalyze the reduction of methyl viologen (an electron carrier). The
evolution of hydrogen gas was observed for 14 h without deterioration when an aqueous suspension
containing chlorophyll-FSM, methyl viologen, 2-mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and platinum
was illuminated with visible light.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

361: Itoh T, Ishii A, Kodera Y, Matsushima A, Hiroto M, Nishimura H, Tsuzuki T, Kamachi T, Okura I,
Inada Y.
Photostable chlorophyll a conjugated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-smectite catalyzes photoreduction
and hydrogen gas evolution by visible light.
Bioconjug Chem. 1998 May-J un;9(3):409-12.
PMID: 9576817
pdf: Itoh T 1998.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Chlorophyll a was adsorbed to a synthetic smectite intercalated by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to
form the chlorophyll-PVP-smectite conjugate (Chl-PVP-SME) having an absorption maximum at 677
nm. The conjugate was found to be stable toward light illumination in comparison with chlorophyll-
smectite, chlorophyll-PVP, and free chlorophyll a. Chl-PVP-SME had a photoinduced activity for
catalyzing the reduction of methyl viologen. Furthermore, the evolution of hydrogen gas was observed
when an aqueous suspension containing Chl-PVP-SME, methyl viologen (an electron carrier), 2-
mercaptoethanol (an electron donor), and hydrogenase was illuminated by visible light.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

362: Iwasa M, Yamamoto M, Tanaka Y, Kaito M, Adachi Y.
Spirulina-associated hepatotoxicity.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Dec;97(12):3212-3.
PMID: 12492223
pdf: Iwasa M 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; systme-hpatique; toxicity. B.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

363: Iwata K, Inayama T, Kato T.
Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic
rats.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1990 Apr;36(2):165-71.
PMID: 2117648
pdf: Iwata K 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

144
The effects of Spirulina platensis on lipoprotein lipase activity and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity in
post-heparin plasma were studied in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Male Wistar rats aged 3
weeks old (body weight, 54 g) were fed on the high-fructose diet (68%) or the high-fructose diets
containing Spirulina at the level of 5, 10, and 15%, respectively, for 4 weeks. The dietary
hyperlipidemia caused by the high-fructose diet was improved by Spirulina feeding, accompanied by a
significant increase in the lipoprotein lipase activity in post-heparin plasma.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

364: J agiello M, Minta E, Chojnacka K, Kafarski P.
Mode of biosorption of chromium(III) by Spirulina species cells from aqueous solutions.
Water Environ Res. 2006 J ul;78(7):740-3.
PMID: 16929645
pdf: J agiello M 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , A, B.
rsum:

The ability of commercial Spirulina species to remove chromium(III) [Cr(III)] from an aqueous
environment was studied under photoautotrophic conditions. Biomass displayed high adsorptive
capacity, with recorded sorption rates up to 99% at a concentration range of 0.02 to 0.18 mg
chromium ions/mL of medium. Using isolated cell wall preparations, it was shown that Cr(III) is mainly
sorbed onto the surface of cell walls and that the sorption capacity of the walls is enormously high.
Living cells of cyanobacteria show the tendency to form multilayer sorption systems, as indicated
electron microscopy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

365: J aime L, Mendiola J A, Herrero M, Soler-Rivas C, Santoyo S, Senorans FJ , Cifuentes A, Ibanez
E.
Separation and characterization of antioxidants from Spirulina platensis microalga combining
pressurized liquid extraction, TLC, and HPLC-DAD.
J Separation Sci. 2005 Nov;28(16):2111-9.
PMID: 16318207
pdf: J aime L 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Antioxidant-activity; $HPLC-diode-array-detector; $Pressurized-liquid-extraction;
$Spirulina-platensis; $TLC.
rsum:

A new procedure has been developed to separate and characterize antioxidant compounds from
Spirulina platensis microalga based on the combination of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and
different chromatographic procedures, such as TLC, at preparative scale, and HPLC with a diode
array detector (DAD). Different solvents were tested for PLE extraction of antioxidants from S.
platensis microalga. An optimized PLE process using ethanol (generally recognized as safe, GRAS)
as extraction solvent has been obtained that provides natural extracts with high yields and good
antioxidant properties. TLC analysis of this ethanolic extract obtained at 115 degrees C for 15 min was
carried out and the silica layer was stained with a DPPH (diphenyl-pycril-hydrazyl) radical solution to
determine the antioxidant activity of different chromatographic bands. Next, these colored bands were
collected for their subsequent analysis by HPLC-DAD, revealing that the compounds with the most
important antioxidant activity present in Spirulina extracts were carotenoids, as well as phenolic
compounds and degradation products of chlorophylls.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

366: J aime-Ceballos B, Villareal-Colmenares H, Garcia-Galano T, Civera-Cerecedo R, Gaxiola-
Cortes G.
Empleo del polvo de Spirulina platensis en la alimentacion de zoeas y mysis de Litopenaeus Schmitti
(Perez-Farfante y Kensley, 1997).
145
In: Cruz Suarez LE, et al. (eds.), 7th International symposium on aquaculture nutrition [VII Simposio
Internacional de Nutrition Acuicola] Nov. 16-19, 2004. Centro de las Artes, Universidad de Sonora
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
PMID: pas
pdf: J aime-Ceballos B 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------

367: J ansen T, Reilander H, Steppuhn J , Herrmann RG.
Analysis of cDNA clones encoding the entire precursor-polypeptide for ferredoxin:NADP+
oxidoreductase from spinach.
Curr Genet. 1988 J un;13(6):517-22.
PMID: 2969782
pdf: J ansen T 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; gnomique; ADN.
rsum:

In this paper, we report the structural characterization of several spinach ferredoxin-NADP+
oxidoreductase (FNR) cDNAs ranging in size from 0.9 to 1.5 kilobases. A comparison of the deduced
amino acid sequence with the known amino acid sequence determined for the spinach protein
establishes that 1.4-1.5 kpb inserts span the full length of the mature protein (314 amino acid
residues; Mr =35,382). These also include an N-terminal 55 amino acid transit peptide as well as
maximally 171 and 214 nucleotide 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, respectively. Evidence has been
obtained that various forms of FNR arise from at least two similar genes. The FNR precursor (369
amino acid residues) has a calculated molecular mass of 41.2 kDa. Comparison of the transit peptide
with transit peptides from two other stromal proteins shows little similarity at the level of primary
sequence but some common features in secondary structure predictions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

368: J aouen P, Lpine B, Rossignol N, Royer R, Qumneur F.
Clarification and concentration with membrane technology of a phycocyanin solution extracted from
J Biotechnol Techniques 13, No 12 (1999) 877-881.
PMID: pas
pdf: J aouen P 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $membrane-technology, $nanofiltration, $phycocyanin, $Spirulina-platensis.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **extraction.
rsum:

Membrane technologies were investigated with the aim to improve stability of C-Phycocyanin extracts
resulting from ultrasonic breakage of Spirulina platensis. Five membranes, ranging from microfiltration
to reverse osmosis, were utilized both for clarification and concentration steps. Nanofiltration with
tubular organic membranes exhibited good performances: pigment recovery was 100%, mean
permeation flux was 85 l h^1 m^2 for achieving a concentration factor of 7 with 30x105 Pa pressure
and 1.5 m s^1 tangential velocity (turbulent flow).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

369: J arisoa T, Charpy L, Vincente N, Langlade MJ .
Adaptation des souches de spiruline du Sud de Madagascar la culture en eau de mer.
PMID: pas
pdf: J arisoa T 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $spirulina, $seawater, $culture.
146
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

370: J assey Y, Berlot J P, Baron C.
[Comparative study of the nucleic acids of 2 species of Spirulina: Spirulina platensis Geitler and
Spirulina maxima Geitler].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1971 Dec 8;273(23):2365-8.
PMID: 5003405
pdf: J assey Y 1971.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

371: J au MH, Yew SP, Toh PS, Chong AS, Chu WL, Phang SM, Najimudin N, Sudesh K.
Biosynthesis and mobilization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] by Spirulina platensis.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2005 Aug;36(3):144-51.
PMID: 16005060
pdf: J au M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Polyhydroxyalkanoates-(PHAs); $Spirulina-platensis; $pH; $Illumination;
$Mobilization.
rsum:

Three strains of Spirulina platensis isolated from different locations showed capability of synthesizing
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] under nitrogen-starved conditions with a maximum accumulation of
up to 10 wt.% of the cell dry weight (CDW) under mixotrophic culture conditions. Intracellular
degradation (mobilization) of P(3HB) granules by S. platensis was initiated by the restoration of
nitrogen source. This mobilization process was affected by both illumination and culture pH. The
mobilization of P(3HB) was better under illumination (80% degradation) than in dark conditions (40%
degradation) over a period of 4 days. Alkaline conditions (pH 10-11) were optimal for both
biosynthesis and mobilization of P(3HB) at which 90% of the accumulated P(3HB) was mobilized.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the mobilization of P(3HB) involved changes in
granule quantity and morphology. The P(3HB) granules became irregular in shape and the boundary
region was less defined. In contrast to bacteria, in S. platensis the intracellular mobilization of P(3HB)
seems to be faster than the biosynthesis process. This is because in cyanobacteria chlorosis delays
the P(3HB) accumulation process.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

372: J eeji Bai N, Seshadri CV.
Small scale culture of Spirulina (Arthrospira) as a food supplement for rural households - technology
development and transfer.
Arch Hydrobiol Suppl 80, No 1-4 (1988) 565-572.
PMID: pas
pdf: J eeji Bai N 1988.papier
mots-cls article: $cyanophyta, $cyanobacteria, $mass-cultivation, $technology, $mass-culture-
practice, $pot-culture, $yields of-biomass, $food-utilization.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis; f.
rsum:

A simple technology of growing Spirulina (Arthrospira) fusiformis in mud pots to provide nutritive food
supplement for a familly has been developped. The technique of pot culture, its advantages, nutritive
value of the product, cost analysis etc. have appeared already in earlier reports (J EEJ I BAI &
SESHADRI 1986a, b). Here preliminary testing for comparative yields of a few strains, monitoring for
healthy and optimum yields and adaptability of this method as a familly enterprise have been
147
considered. The successful transfer of this technology to a village near Madras through training given
to women has been briefly reported.

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373: J enkins MY, Sheikh NM, Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Blakely SR, Carter CJ .
Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in adult male rats fed a
choline-deficient diet.
Nutr Cancer. 1993;19(1):55-65.
PMID: 8446515
pdf: J enkins M 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

In a study of the effects of carotenoids, canthaxanthin (CA), beta-apo-8'-carotenal (BA), or beta-
carotene in an extract of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae (AE) was fed at 0%, 0.1%, or 0.2% in a choline-
deficient (CD) diet. In each of eight groups, 10 adult male Fischer 344 rats were fed diets with
designated carotenoid sources and levels or a choline-sufficient diet for 12 weeks. Carotenoids altered
some of the changes induced by the CD diet. Increases in enlargement of fatty livers and low plasma
cholesterol levels occurred in rats fed 0.2% BA. Plasma retinol was further reduced 35% by BA or AE.
BA and AE increased liver total vitamin A about 80% and 305%, respectively. Liver lipid peroxidation
was enhanced and plasma alpha-tocopherol was reduced further by 1.0% AE. AE, BA, and CA (mg/g
fat) depressed liver alpha-tocopherol about 49%, 67%, and 78%, respectively. The decreased liver
alpha-tocopherol was concurrent with an increase in carotenoid stores of CA >BA >AE.
Histopathological examination of sections of liver tissue by light microscopy showed fatty and cirrhotic
changes in all rats fed CD diets. Histochemical evaluation based on a semiquantitative assay revealed
a marked increase in peroxisome enzyme activity in the livers of all CD rats. None of the carotenoids
appeared to have any effect on the development of morphological changes in the liver. Although
carotenoids can function as antioxidants, they did not prevent changes observed in rats fed CD diets.

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374: J ensen GS, Ginsberg DI, Drapeau C.
Blue-green algae as an immuno-enhancerand biomodulator.
J ANA 3, No 4 (2001) 24-30.
PMID: pas
pdf: J ensen G 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , spirulina-fusiformis; m; B.
rsum :
article de revue

--------------------------------------------------------------------

375: J ensen GS, Ginsberg DI, Huerta P, Citton M, Drapeau C.
Consumption of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae has rapid effects on the circulation and function of
immune cells in humans.
J ANA 2, No 3 (2000) 50-58.
PMID: pas
pdf: J ensen G 2000.papier
mots-cls article: $Lymphocyte-trafficking, $natural-killer-cells, $phagocytes.
rsum :

Objective: To examine the short-term effects of consumption of a moderate amount (1.5 grams) of the
blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA), on the immune system.
Methods: Using a crossover, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind design, 21 volunteers
were studied, including 5 long-term AFA consumers.
148
Results: Consumption of a moderate amount (1.5 grams) of the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon
flos-aquae results in rapid changes in immune cell trafficking. Two hours after AFA consumption, a
generalized mobilization of lymphocytes and monocytes, but not polymorph nucleated cells, was
observed. This included increases in CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+T cell subsets and CDl9+B cells. In
addition, the relative proportions and absolute numbers of natural killer (NK) cells were reduced after
AFA consumption. No changes were observed in the relative proportions of naive versus memory T
cells, neither in the CD4 nor the CD8 fractions. A mild but significant reduction in phagocytic activity
was observed for polymorph nucleated cells. When freshly purified lymphocytes were exposed to AFA
extract in vitro, direct activation was not induced, as evaluated by tyrosine phosphorylation and
proliferative activity.
Discussion: The changes in immune cell trafficking displayed a high degree of cell specificity. Long-
term consumers responded stronger with respect to altered immune cell trafficking. In vitro, AFA did
not induce a direct activation of lymphocytes. These data support a signaling pathway from gut to CNS
to lymphoid tissue. The signals from CNS may be crucial for the rapid changes in the general
distribution and specific recruitment we observed. Moderate anti-inflammatory modulation may
account for the modification of phagocytic activity.
Conclusion: Consumption of AFA leads to rapid changes in immune cell trafficking, but not direct
activation of lymphocytes. Thus, AFA increases the immune surveillance without directly stimulating
the immune system.

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376: J etley UK, Choudhary M, Fatma T.
The impact of physical stresses on the growth of cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis-S5.
J Environ Sci Eng. 2004 Oct;46(4):303-11.
PMID: 16649630
pdf: J etley U 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Cyanobacterium Spirulina is in ever increasing demand internationally due to its high value bio-
chemical constituents which find application in areas like health foods and therapeutics, especially for
its high protein content. The Spirulina protein is superior to practically all proteins including those from
legumes, and is comparable to milk proteins for that matter. Moreover, interest in its phycocyanin, b-
carotene, polyunsaturated acids (PUFA) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) contents has attracted the
attention of researchers the world over towards protecting, promoting and preserving the production of
this useful micro-organism. The present investigation deals with examining the impact of various
physical stresses viz. intensity and photo-period of light, varying chromatic regimes, temperature, pH,
etc., on the growth of Spirulina platensis-S5 to spell the appropriate conditions for raising the strain in
laboratory. No earlier report of this kind is available, so far, to our knowledge. The experimental results
suggested that 16 : 8 hours light : dark regime at light intensity of 2000 +/- 200 lux, temperature of 30
+/- 1 degrees C and pH of 9.1 are the optimal growth conditions for the test micro-organisim. The
growth under different chromatic regimes observed the order yellow>red>green>blue.

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377: J eyaprakash K, Chinnaswamy P.
Effect of spirulina and Liv-52 on cadmium induced toxicity in albino rats.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Sep;43(9):773-81.
PMID: 16187527
pdf: J eyaprakash K 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Oral administration of cadmium (6mg/kg body weight/day) as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for 30 days
resulted in a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level and a
decrease in the levels of copper, zinc, iron, selenium, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase,
glutathione peroxidase when compared to normal control. Administration of either Liv-52 alone or in
149
combination with spirulina produced a well pronounced protective effect in respect to these
parameters in cadmium intoxicated rats. The protective effect of spirulina and Liv-52 in respect to
biochemical changes were also confirmed by histopathological study in the liver and kidney sections.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

378: J ohnson PE, Elliot Shubert L.
Availability of iron to rats from Spirulina, a blue-green alga.
Nutrition Research 6, No 1 (1986) 85-94.
PMID: pas
pdf: J ohnson P 1986.papier
mots-cls article: $algae; $iron-availability; $mercury; $Spirulina.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **iron, **Mouse.
rsum:

Both cultured Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl,a blue-green alga, and commercially available dried
Spirulina contained high levels of iron, 300400 ppm on a dry weight basis. Iron availability to rats
from cultured S. platensis and from commercial Spirulina equaled that of FeSO4. Ingestion of the daily
dose of Spirulina (10 g) recommended for human consumption by the commercial source would
provide up to 1.52 mg absorbed iron. However, both cultured and commercial Spirulina contained
approximately 9.5 ppm Hg, so that chronic use may lead to mercury intakes above prudent levels.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

379: J ohnson MK, Thomson AJ , Robinson AE, Rao KK, Hall DO.
Low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra and magnetisation curves of 4Fe clusters in
iron-sulphur proteins from Chromatium and Clostridium pasteurianum.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Feb 27;667(2):433-51.
PMID: 6260220
pdf: J ohnson M 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of the 4Fe clusters in the iron-sulphur proteins high-
potential iron protein from Chromatium and the 8Fe ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum have
been measured over the wavelength range 300-800 nm at temperatures between approx. 1.5 and 50
K and at magnetic fields up to 5 tesla. In both cases the proteins have been studied in the oxidized
and reduced states. The reduced state of high-potential iron protein gives a temperature-independent
MCD spectrum up to 20 K, confirming the diamagetism of this state at low temperature. The MCD
spectrum of samples of oxidized ferredoxin invariably show the presence of a low concentration of a
paramagnetic species, in agreement with the observation that the EPR spectrum always shows a
signal at g =2.01. The paramagnetic MCD spectrum runs across the whole of the wavelength range
studied and therefore most probably originates from an iron-sulphur centre. The diamagnetic
component of the MCD spectrum of oxidized ferredoxin is very similar to that of reduced high-potential
iron protein. The low-temperature MCD spectra of oxidized high-potential iron protein and reduced
ferredoxin reveal intense, temperature-dependent bands. The spectra are highly structured with that of
high-potential iron protein showing a large number of electronic transitions across the visible region.
The MCD spectra of the two different oxidation levels are quite distinctive and should provide a means
of establishing the identity of these state of 4Fe clusters in more complex proteins. MCD
magnetisation curves have been constructed from detailed studies of the field and temperature
dependence of the MCD spectra of the two paramagnetic oxidation states. These plots can be
satisfactorily fitted to the theoretically computed curves for an S =1/2 ground state with the g factors
experimentally determined by EPR spectroscopy. The low-temperature MCD spectra of the reduced
2Fe-2S ferredoxin from Spirulina maxima are also presented and MCD magnetisation curves plotted
and fitted to the experimentally determined g factors.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

150
380: J ones MP, Shah D, Ebert CC.
Effects of rabeprazole sodium on gastric emptying, electrogastrography, and fullness.
Digest Dis Sci. 2003 J an;48(1):69-73.
PMID: 12645792
pdf: J ones M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $rabeprazole; $gastric-emptying; $electrogastrography; $drink-test.
rsum:

Proton pump inhibitors have been reported to delay gastric emptying, but this effect is controversial.
Our aim was to determine the effect of rabeprazole sodium on several parameters of gastric function
including gastric emptying, myoelectrical activity and ingested water volume required to produce
fullness. Fifteen healthy males underwent assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying with the [13C]
Spirulina platensis breath test as well as electrogastrography and satiety testing using a 5-min water
load. Subjects were evaluated at baseline, after administration of placebo, and after rabeprazole
sodium 20 mg daily for one week. No significant differences were seen between groups with respect
to solid-phase gastric emptying as measured by T1/2 or T(lag). No differences were seen between
baseline, placebo, and rabeprazole with respect to the number of normal electrogastrograms and the
volume of water required to produce fullness. In conclusion, one week of therapy with rabeprazole
sodium does not significantly alter gastric emptying, myoelectrical activity or threshold to fullness.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

381: J ourdan J P.
Solarium Spirulina farm in the Atacama desert (North Chile).
PMID: pas
pdf: J ourdan J 1993a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

382: J ung TM, Dailey MO.
A novel and inexpensive source of allophycocyanin for multicolor flow cytometry.
J Immunol Methods. 1989 J ul 6;121(1):9-18.
PMID: 2502578
pdf: J ung T 1989.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Allophycocyanin (APC) belongs to a family of phycobiliproteins that are well suited as fluorescent
reagents for flow cytometric analysis, since they have a broad excitation spectrum, a large Stoke's
shift and they fluoresce with a high quantum yield. The widespread use of APC has been limited by
the availability of raw material and high cost of the purified phycobiliprotein. We have assessed the
suitability of dry, powdered Spirulina platensis, available at health food stores, as an inexpensive
source of APC. APC was extracted from Spirulina platensis by overnight treatment with lysozyme,
followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. APC was then separated from phycocyanin (the only
other major phycobiliprotein in Spirulina) by elution of bound material from an hydroxylapatite column
using an increasing continuous phosphate gradient. APC isolated in this manner retained its normal
trimeric structure. The absorbance and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the purified
phycobiliproteins were identical to those previously shown for C-PC and APC. APC can be stored
concentrated at 4 degrees C, frozen at -70 degrees C, or as a saturated ammonium sulfate
precipitate, with no subunit dissociation or change in spectral properties. Moreover, APC has been
conjugated to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for use in multicolor FACS analysis, with the
conjugated antibody activity remaining stable for at least 2 years. Thus, this procedure is a simple,
cost-effective method for preparing reagents for multicolor immunofluorescence and flow cytometry.
151

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383: Kaji T, Okabe M, Shimada S, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Lee J B, Hayashi T.
Sodium spirulan as a potent inhibitor of arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro.
Life Sci. 2004 Mar 26;74(19):2431-9.
PMID: 14998720
pdf: Kaji T 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Atherosclerosis; $Polysaccharide; $Smooth-muscle-cell; $Sodium-spirulan;
$Vascular.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; systme-vasculaire; B.
rsum:

Sodium spirulan (Na-SP) is a sulfated polysaccharide with M(r) approximately 220,000 isolated from
the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. The polysaccharide consists of two types of disaccharide
repeating units, O-hexuronosyl-rhamnose (aldobiuronic acid) and O-rhamnosyl-3-O-methylrhamnose
(acofriose) with sulfate groups, other minor saccharides and sodium ion. Since vascular smooth
muscle cell proliferation is a crucial event in the progression of atherosclerosis, we investigated the
effect of Na-SP on the proliferation of bovine arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. It was found that
Na-SP markedly inhibits the proliferation without nonspecific cell damage. Either replacement of
sodium ion with calcium ion or depolymerization of the Na-SP molecule to M(r) approximately 14,700
maintained the inhibitory activity, however, removal of sodium ion or desulfation markedly reduced the
activity. Heparin and heparan sulfate also inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell growth but their effect
was weaker than that of Na-SP; dextran sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and hyaluronan
failed to inhibit the cell growth. The present data suggest that Na-SP is a potent inhibitor of arterial
smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the inhibitory effect requires a certain minimum sequence of
polysaccharide structure whose molecular conformation is maintained by sodium ion bound to sulfate
group.

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384: Kaji T, Fujiwara Y, Hamada C, Yamamoto C, Shimada S, Lee J B, Hayashi T.
Inhibition of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell proliferation by sodium spirulan, a new sulfated
polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis.
Planta Med. 2002 J un;68(6):505-9.
PMID: 12094292
pdf: Kaji T 2002b.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Endothelial-cell, $polysaccharide, $proliferation, $sodium-spirulan, $Spirulina-
platensis, $blue-green-alga.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; systme-vasculaire.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **IV.
rsum:

Sodium spirulan (Na-SP) is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis, which consists of two types of disaccharide repeating units, O-hexuronosyl-rhamnose
(aldobiuronic acid) and O-rhamnosyl-3-O-methylrhamnose (acofriose) with sulfate groups, other minor
saccharides and sodium ion. Vascular endothelial cells are present on the inner surface of blood
vessels in a monolayer and have anticoagulant properties. To address the question whether Na-SP
influences the maintenance of endothelial cell monolayers, we investigated the proliferation of cultured
bovine aortic endothelial cells treated with Na-SP. It was found that Na-SP has an inhibitory activity on
endothelial cell proliferation accompanied with suppression of whole protein synthesis but without non-
specific cell damage. The inhibitory activity of Na-SP was the strongest when compared to that of
heparan sulfate, heparin, dextran sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A/C and hyaluronan.
Furthermore, it was shown that the inhibitory activity of Na-SP disappeared by either desulfation or
depolymerization. The present data suggest that Na-SP is a unique sulfated polysaccharide that
strongly inhibits vascular endothelial cell proliferation, and the inhibitory activity requires
polymerization of sulfated O-rhamnosyl-acofriose repeating units.

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152
385: Kaji T, Shimada S, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Lee J B, Hayashi T.
Inhibition of the association of proteoglycans with cultured vascular endothelial cell layers by calcium
and sodium spirulan.
J Health Sci 48, No 3 (2002) 250-255.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kaji T 2002a.pdf
mots-cls article: $calcium-spirulan, $endothelial-cell, $proteoglycan, $sodium-spirulan, $extracellular-
matrix, $vascular.
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **polysaccharides, **IV.
rsum :

Vascular endothelial proteoglycans exhibit an antithrombogenic activity by activating antithrombin III
and heparin cofactor II on the luminal surface of the vascular wall. Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) is a novel
sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Since Ca-SP exhibits
antithrombin activity by activation of heparin cofactor II, we hypothesized that the polysaccharide may
influence the metabolism of anticoagulant proteoglycans synthesized by endothelial cells. When
cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were treated with Ca-SP (50 microg/ml or less) in the presence
of [S-35]sulfate for 24 hr, the accumulation of labeled proteoglycans in the cell layer was decreased
but that in the conditioned medium was significantly increased, indicating that Ca-SP inhibits the
association of proteoglycans with vascular endothelial cell layers. Na-SP, which was prepared by
replacement of calcium ion with sodium ion, showed an equal effect. When the endothelial cells were
labeled with [S-35]sulfate and then treated with Ca-SP (5 microg/ml or more) for 1 hr in the absence of
[S-35]sulfate, the percentage of [S-35]sulfate-labeled proteoglycans released into the medium was
markedly increased by Ca-SP. DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography of [S-35]sulfate-labeled
proteoglycans released into the medium from Na-SP-treated cells indicated that Na-SP stimulates the
release of both heparan and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans from the cell layer. Taking
these results together it is suggested that Ca-SP and Na-SP promote the release of proteoglycans
from vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the association of the macromolecules with the cell layer.

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386: Kaji T, Fujiwara Y, Inomata Y, Hamada C, Yamamoto C, Shimada S, Lee J B, Hayashi T.
Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells is inhibited by calcium
spirulan, a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis.
Life Sci. 2002 Mar 8;70(16):1841-8.
PMID: 12005170
pdf: Kaji T 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; systme-vasculaire; B.
rsum:

Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) is a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from a blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis. Ca-SP inhibits thrombin by activation of heparin cofactor II. Therefore, it could serve as an
origin of anti-atherogenic medicines. Since maintenance of vascular endothelial cell monolayers is
important for prevention of vascular lesions such as atherosclerosis, the effect of Ca-SP at 20
microg/ml or less on the repair of wounded bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers in culture was
investigated in the present study. When the monolayers were wounded and cultured in the presence
of Ca-SP, the polysaccharide inhibited the appearance of the cells in the wounded area. The inhibition
was also observed even when the repair was promoted by excess basic fibroblast growth factor, which
is one of the autocrine growth factors that are involved in the endothelial cell monolayer maintenance.
On the other hand, Ca-SP inhibited the cell growth and the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the
acid-insoluble fraction of proliferating endothelial cells, suggesting that Ca-SP inhibits endothelial cell
proliferation. From these results, it is concluded that Ca-SP may retard the repair process of damaged
vascular endothelium through inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation by induction of a lower
ability to respond to stimulation by endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor.

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387: Kaplan A.
153
Photoinhibition in Spirulina platensis: Response of photosynthesis and HCO3 uptake capability to CO2
depleted conditions.
J Exp Botany 32(4) 1981:669-677.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kaplan A 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The apparent photosynthetic affinity-for inorganic carbon in Spirulina is severely reduced by exposing
the cells to CO2-depleted conditions in the light. The extent of reduction depends on the length of
exposure, the light intensity, and the O2 concentration. The photosynthetic dependence on inorganic
carbon (CInorg) concentration, however, is similar at 3% O2 and at 25% O2 but in the presence of
catalase. The amount of O2 released following the addition of catalase to the cell suspension also
depends on the O2 and CO2 concentrations. The addition of H2O2 either to the cell suspension or by
a treatment with methyl viologen caused a severe inhibition of the capability of the cells to accumulate
inorganic carbon internally. It is suggested that the reduction of the photosynthetic apparent affinity to
CInorg upon subjecting the cells to photoinhibitory conditions is caused by an alteration of their ability
to accumulate CInorg due to the accumulation of H2O2.

--------------------------------------------------------

388: Kapoor R, Mehta U.
Supplementary effect of spirulina on hematological status of rats during pregnancy and lactation.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1998;52(4):315-24.
PMID: 10426118
pdf: Kapoor R 1998.papier
mots-cls article: $Blue-green-alga; $Hematological-response; $Protein; $Spirulina;
$Supplementation; $Wheat-gluten.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The effect of Spirulina on iron status was assessed based on hemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum
iron, total iron binding capacity and ferritin levels of rats during pregnancy and lactation. Rats were fed
5 different kinds of diets (casein, Spirulina, wheat gluten, Spirulina +wheat gluten, Spirulina without
additional vitamins and minerals) each providing 22 percent protein. Diets containing Spirulina alone
or in combination with wheat gluten resulted in significantly higher iron storage and hemoglobin
contents than casein and wheat gluten diets during the first half of pregnancy and lactation. Wheat
gluten diet result in the smallest increase in hemoglobin levels and iron stores compared to other
diets. The values of serum iron and iron binding capacity remained unchanged with different diets.
Spirulina appears to be effective in improving the iron status of rats during pregnancy and lactation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Iron status and growth of rats fed different dietary iron sources.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1993 J ul;44(1):29-34.
PMID: 8332584
pdf: Kapoor R 1993b.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The present study was carried out to investigate the availability of iron from spirulina, whole wheat,
whole egg and standard ferrous sulphate in terms of haemoglobin formation, serum and tissue iron
levels. Male albino Wistar rats were first depleted of iron by giving low-iron diet (9 ppm) and bleeding
1-2 ml blood at weekly intervals for a period of 21 days. The anaemic rats were repleted with iron
sources at a level of 35 ppm for 21 days. Rats receiving whole egg gained significantly (p <0.01)
154
higher weight than the rest of the three groups. The increase in haemoglobin was significantly higher
with ferrous sulphate than with whole wheat (p <0.05), spirulina and whole egg (p <0.01). Feeding of
ferrous sulphate, whole egg and spirulina produced significantly higher tissue iron levels than feeding
of whole wheat. Thus, availability of iron from spirulina and whole egg were found to be comparable to
that of the standard.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Effect of supplementation of blue green alga (Spirulina) on outcome of pregnancy in rats.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1993;43:29-35.
PMID: 8464842
pdf: Kapoor R 1993a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

To study the supplementary effect of Spirulina, pregnant rats were fed 5 different kinds of diets
(casein, Spirulina, wheat gluten, Spirulina +wheat gluten, Spirulina without additional vitamins and
minerals), each providing 22% protein during the period of pregnancy. The outcome of the pregnancy
was assessed from litter and dams weight and litter size. Maternal weight gain was found to be
maximum with Spirulina+wheat gluten and least with the wheat glutehn diet. Rats receiving Spirulina
containing diets produced significantly (p<0.05) higher litter size than those receiving casein and
wheat gluten. In spite of having higher litter size, Spirulina containing diet groups produced pups with
birth weights comparable to those of casein. Spirulina appears to be a good dietary supplement during
pregnancy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Utilization of beta-carotene from Spirulina platensis by rats.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1993 J an;43(1):1-7.
PMID: 8464841
pdf: Kapoor R 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The availability of beta-carotene from Spirulina as compared to standard all trans beta-carotene was
studied by the liver and kidney vitamin A storage method. After 21 days of vitamin A depletion, the rats
were repleted with beta-carotene from Spirulina and a standard source at two dietary levels (60 and
120 micrograms/day) for a 10 day period. At lower levels, the liver storage levels of vitamin A and the
percent of beta-carotene absorption were comparable to those of the standard. At higher levels both
these parameters of the Spirulina fed group were significantly (P <0.01) inferior to the standard
source fed group. However, the Spirulina fed group showed better (P <0.05) growth than the standard
fed group did at both low and high levels of feeding.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Iron bioavailability from Spirulina platensis, whole egg and whole wheat.
PMID: 1293017
pdf: Kapoor R 1992.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

155
Bioavailability of iron from Spirulina was assessed in comparison with whole egg, whole wheat and
standard ferrous sulphate using haemoglobin depletion repletion assay. Haemoglobin regeneration
efficiency of Spirulina and whole egg was similar and significantly higher than that of whole wheat. The
absorption of iron from Spirulina was significantly lower than that of ferrous sulphate and whole egg
but significantly greater than that from whole wheat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

393: Karaca T, Nejdet Simsek.
Effects of spirulina on the number of ovary mast cells in lead-induced toxicity in rats.
Phytother Res 21, No 1 (2007) 44-46.
PMID: pas
pdf: Karaca T 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $lead, $mast cell, $ovary, $rat.
rsum:

The present study investigated the protective effect of Spirulina against the lead-induced increase in
mast cells in the ovary during the oestrous cycle of rats. In the ovary cortex and medulla of lead-
exposed animals, there was a significant increase in the number of mast cells; however, when also
treated with Spirulina, a decrease was observed. The number of mast cells when Spirulina (300
mg/kg) was used alone was not significantly different from that of the control group. These results
indicate that Spirulina decreases the number of mast cells induced by lead in the cortex and medulla
of rat ovary.

--------------------------------------------------------

394: Karapetyan NV.
Organization and role of the long-wave chlorophylls in the photosystem I of the Cyanobacterium
spirulina.
Membr Cell Biol. 1998;12(5):571-84.
PMID: 10379641
pdf: Karapetyan N 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The data on the organization and function of the photosystem I pigment-protein complexes of the
cyanobacterium Spirulina and the characteristics of pigment antenna of the photosystem I monomeric
and trimeric core complexes are presented and discussed. We proved that the photosystem I
complexes in the cyanobacterial membrane pre-exist mainly as trimers, though both types of
complexes contribute to the photosynthetic electron transport. In contrast to monomers, the antenna of
the photosystem I trimeric complexes of Spirulina contains the extreme long-wave chlorophyll form
absorbing at 735 nm and emitting at 760 nm (77 K). The intensity of fluorescence at 760 nm depends
strongly on the P700 redox state: it is maximum with the reduced P700 and strongly decreased with
the oxidized P700 which is the most efficient quencher of fluorescence at 760 nm. The energy
absorbed by the extreme long-wave chlorophyll form is active in the photooxidation of P700 in the
trimeric complex. The data obtained indicate that the long-wave form of chlorophyll originates from
interaction of the chlorophyll molecules localized on monomeric subunits forming the photosystem I
trimer. Kinetic analysis of the P700 photooxidation and light-induced quenching of fluorescence at 760
nm (77 K) allows the suggestion that the excess energy absorbed by the antenna monomeric subunits
within the trimer migrates via the extreme long-wave chlorophyll to the P700 cation radical and is
quenched, which prevents the photodestruction of the pigment-protein complex.


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395: Karapetyan NV, Dorra D, Schweitzer G, Bezsmertnaya IN, Holzwarth AR.
156
Fluorescence spectroscopy of the longwave chlorophylls in trimeric and monomeric photosystem I
core complexes from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Biochemistry. 1997 Nov 11;36(45):13830-7.
PMID: 9374860
pdf: Karapetyan N 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The organization and interaction of chlorophylls (Chl) and the kinetics of the energy transfer in the
core antenna of photosystem I (PSI) trimeric and monomeric complexes, isolated from Spirulina
platensis with Triton X-100 have been studied by stationary and time-resolved fluorescence. At 295 K
both complexes show an unusually intense long-wavelength emission band with prominent peaks at
730 nm (trimers) or 715 nm (monomers), whose intensity is independent of the redox state of P700. A
broad band extending from 710 to 740 nm in the absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra of
trimers also indicates the existence of the longwave Chls at 295 K. The 77 K fluorescence emission of
PSI trimers frozen after addition of dithionite under illumination (P700 and the PSI acceptor side
reduced) shows an intense band at 760 (F760) and a smaller one at 725 nm (F725); when P700 is
oxidized, the intensity of F760 decreases about 15 times. In the 77 K spectrum of monomers only
F725 is present in the longwave region, and its intensity does not depend on the redox state of P700.
Bands of Chls with maxima near 680, 710, and 738 nm were found in the 77 K excitation spectrum of
trimers, and bands near 680 and 710 nm were seen in the spectrum of monomers. Five spectrally
different red Chl forms in PSI trimers and three red Chl in monomers have been resolved by
deconvolution of their 77 K absorption spectra. The difference absorption spectrum, trimers-minus-
monomers, shows that the appearance of the 735 nm band in trimers is accompanied by a decrease
of 708, 698, and 688 nm bands present in monomers. The reversible changes of F760 intensity of
Spirulina membranes as a result of their salt treatment confirm the idea that the most longwave Chl
form originates from an interaction of Chls bound to different monomeric PSI subunits forming the
trimer. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra of PSI trimers and monomers, measured at 287 K in
the region 680-770 nm, are substantially different, although a set of similar lifetimes (9, approximately
30, approximately 66, and 1400-2200 ps) was necessary for a good fit. No effect of P700 redox state
was observed on the fluorescence kinetics of both complexes at 287 K.

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396: Karpov LM, Brown II, Poltavtseva NV, Ershova ON, Karakis SG, Vasil'eva TV, Chaban IuL.
[The postradiation use of vitamin-containing complexes and a phycocyanin extract in a radiation lesion
in rats].
Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 May-J un;40(3):310-4.
PMID: 10907410
pdf: Karpov L 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

Wistar rats have been exposed to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy. Significant decrease in dehydrogenase
activity, energy-rich phosphate level and efficiency of antioxidant defence and significant increase in
pyruvate amount were observed within 4 weeks. It was also found that the feeding of exposed rats
with phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis lead to correcting effect. The same
result was observed after injections of tocopherol or complex of six water-soluble vitamins. The
combination of above mentioned compounds had more marked effect, especially at the presence
unitiole and Na2Se.

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397: Kasahara M, Unno T, Yashiro K, Ohmori M.
CyaG, a novel cyanobacterial adenylyl cyclase and a possible ancestor of mammalian guanylyl
cyclases.
J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 30;276(13):10564-9.
PMID: 11134014
157
pdf: Kasahara M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; protides-
cyclases.
rsum:

A novel gene encoding an adenylyl cyclase, designated cyaG, was identified in the filamentous
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The predicted amino acid sequence of the C-terminal region of
cyaG was similar to the catalytic domains of Class III adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases. The N-terminal
region next to the catalytic domain of CyaG was similar to the dimerization domain, which is highly
conserved among guanylyl cyclases. As a whole, CyaG is more closely related to guanylyl cyclases
than to adenylyl cyclases in its primary structure. The catalytic domain of CyaG was expressed in
Escherichia coli and partially purified. CyaG showed adenylyl cyclase (but not guanylyl cyclase)
activity. By site-directed mutagenesis of three amino acid residues (Lys(533), Ile(603), and Asp(605))
within the purine ring recognition site of CyaG to Glu, Arg, and Cys, respectively, CyaG was
transformed to a guanylyl cyclase that produced cGMP instead of cAMP. Thus having properties of
both cyclases, CyaG may therefore represent a critical position in the evolution of Class III adenylyl
and guanylyl cyclases.

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398: Kasahara M, Yashiro K, Sakamoto T, Ohmori M.
The Spirulina platensis adenylate cyclase gene, cyaC, encodes a novel signal transduction protein.
Plant Cell Physiol. 1997 J ul;38(7):828-36.
PMID: 9297847
pdf: Kasahara M 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Adenylate-cyclase, $Bacterial-two-component-regulatory-system,
$Cyanobacterium, $Response-regulator, $Sensory-kinase.
rsum:

A cyaC gene encoding an adenylate cyclase of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
was sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of the C-terminal region of cyaC is similar to the
catalytic domains of adenylate cyclases in other cyanobacteria and eukaryotes. The sequences of
other regions are similar to those of proteins consisting of the bacterial two-component signal
transduction system: the sensory kinase and the response regulator. The predicted gene product of
cyaC contains, from the N-terminal end, a receiver domain of the response regulator protein (R1), a
domain similar to the ETR1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, a transmitter domain of the sensory kinase
protein, a receiver domain of the response regulator protein (R2), and a catalytic domain of adenylate
cyclase. The cyaC gene was expressed as an affinity-tagged protein in Escherichia coli, and the
recombinant protein was purified. The purified protein had adenylate cyclase activity which was
activated by Mu2+. The results of Western blotting using an anti-CyaC antiserum and the S.platensis
cell extract confirmed that cyaC gene is expressed in S. platensis.

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399: Kaushik T, Shyam R, Vats P, Suri S, Kumria MML, Sharma PC, Nath Sing SN.
Glutathione metabolism in rats exposed to high-fluoride water and effect of spirulina treatment.
Fluoride 34, No 2 (2001) 132-138.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kaushik T 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Albino-rats, $Enzyme-activities, $Fluorosis, $Glutathione-metabolism, $Lipid-
peroxidation, $Spirulina.
B: **Toxicology, **Spirulina, **fluorosis, **mouse.
rsum:

Effects of high fluoride intake through water on glutathione and related enzymatic activities in blood
and liver of albino rats were studied. Twenty four rats were divided into three groups of 8 each. Group
I was given normal municipal supply water (fluoride content 0.55 ppm), Groups II and III were exposed
158
to 12 ppm fluoride in water for 15 days. Group III was treated orally with Spirulina (200 mg/kg bwt), a
functional food rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, for study of protective effects. After 15 days of
exposure reduced and oxidised glutathione (GSH and GSSG), lipid peroxidation and enzymes, i.e.
glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) activities were measured in blood/erythrocytes and
liver. There was a significant rise in blood GSSG level and a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio, with
increased lipid peroxidation in fluoride-exposed animals. A marked decrease in GR and GST activities
and an increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were also noted in blood of fluoride
exposed animals. In the liver no significant changes in these variables were observed. Results
indicate oxidative stress during fluoride exposure. Spirulina treatment was beneficial to some extent as
a rich source of the antioxidant vitamin beta-carotene.

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400: Kawamura M, Sakakibara M, Watanabe T, Kita K, Hiraoka N, Obayashi A, Takagi M, Yano K.
A new restriction endonuclease from Spirulina platensis.
Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Mar 11;14(5):1985-9.
PMID: 3008081
pdf: Kawamura M 1986.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Three restriction endonucleases, Sp1I, Sp1II and Sp1III have been purified partially from Spirulina
platensis subspecies siamese and named. Sp1I cleaves bacteriophage lambda DNA at one site, phi X
174 RF DNA at two sites, but does not cleave pBR322 DNA. This enzyme recognizes the sequence
5'CGTACG3' 3'GCATCG5' and cuts the site indicated by the arrows. Sp1II is an isoschizomer of
Tth111I and Sp1III is an isoschizomer of HaeIII.

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401: Kawata Y, Yano S, Kojima H, Toyomizu M.
Transformation of Spirulina platensis strain C1 (Arthrospira sp. PCC9438) with Tn5 transposase-
transposon DNA-cation liposome complex.
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2004 J ul-Aug;6(4):355-63.
PMID: 15136915
pdf: Kawata Y 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Arthrospira; $transformation; $electroporation; $transposase;
$Tn5-transposon; $cation-liposome.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis is one of the most commercially important species of microalgae. Thus, it is an
attractive candidate for genetic manipulation and the development of novel practical applications.
However, this process is hampered by the absence of a stable gene transfer system, specifically the
limited number of suitable vectors and transformation methods available for this organism. Artificial
transposon systems developed by extracting the essential elements from natural transposons have
been extensively studied, and recently a mutated transposase and transposon system was reported to
improve transformation efficiency by electroporation. We applied a modified transformation strategy
using a natural Tn5 transposon, transposase, and cation liposome complex by electroporation to
improve the transformation efficiency for Spirulina platensis strain C1 (Arthrospira sp. PCC9438).
Aggregation of cells became visible after 3 weeks during 2.0 microg/ml chloramphenicol selection, and
growth continued for more than 12 months. Transfected chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)
genes were detected in the genomic DNA by Southern hybridization. Transformed cells demonstrated
CAT activity, but non-transformed cells did not.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

402: Kawata Y, Yano S, Thankappan AK, Daniel EC, Kojima H.
Preparation of a genomic library using a TA vector.
159
Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 1999 Feb;29(1):91-100.
PMID: 10069436
pdf: Kawata Y 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; gnomique; ADN.
rsum:

An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library is presented using a TA cloning
vector. It is based on sonication cleavage of genomic DNA, blunting of the fragment ends with mung
bean nuclease, and addition of a single 3'-deoxyadenylate with Taq DNA polymerase, followed by
ligation with a TA vector. This method is useful for improving the quality of genomic libraries for
organisms whose genomic DNA is not well digested with restriction enzymes owing to the presence of
polysaccharides and/or DNA methylation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

403: Kawata Y, Yano S, Kojima H.
Efficient library construction with a TA vector and its application to cloning of the phytoene synthase
gene from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Curr Microbiol. 1998 Oct;37(4):289-91.
PMID: 9732538
pdf: Kawata Y 1998.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

An efficient and simple method for constructing a genomic DNA library is presented by use of a TA
cloning vector. It is based on sonicative cleavage of genomic DNA and modification of the fragment
ends with Taq DNA polymerase, followed by ligation with a TA vector. This method was successfully
applied to cloning of the phytoene synthase gene crtB from Spirulina platensis. The method is useful
when the genomic DNA is not well digested with restriction enzymes owing to methylation or other
reasons.

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404: Kay RA.
Microalgae as food and supplement.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1991;30(6):555-73.
PMID: 1741951
pdf: Kay R 1991.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The microalgae Chlorella spp., Dunaliella spp., and Scenedesmus spp., and the cyanobacteria
Spirulina spp., and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, are being used as nutrient-dense foods and sources
of fine chemicals. They have significant amounts of lipid, protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids, vitamins,
minerals, and unique pigments. They may also have potent probiotic compounds that enhance health.
Their historical and current use are reviewed in this article.


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405: Kebede E.
Response of Spirulina platensis (=Arthrospira fusiformis) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia, to salinity stress
from sodium salts.
J ournal of Applied Phycology 9, No 6 (December 1997) 551-558.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kebede E 1997.pdf
160
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Arthrospira; $growth; $salinity; $quantum-yield; $nutrient-status; $Chitu;
$Ethiopia.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; arthrospira-fusiformis; O.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis (=Arthrospira fusiformis) was isolated from Lake Chitu, a soda crater lake in the
Ethiopian Rift Valley, where it formsa dense and almost unialgal population. Growth experiments were
run in turbidostats under constant light, to assess growth response and tolerance to salinity, as well as
to the component anions. Salinity was tested over the range 1388 g L^-1 using additions of NaHCO3,
NaCl or Na2SO4. A maximum specific growth rate (mu_max d^-1) of 2.14 was achieved at the lowest
salinity, but quantum yield (phi %) was highest between 33 to 51 g L^-1. Increasing salinity of the
medium reduced the specific growth rate (mu) to a minimum of 0.33 d^-1, and phi to <0.5%. Growth
response in terms of mu and phi was best in HCO3^, less in Cl^-, and least in SO4^2- series. Cultures
showed obvious differences in cellular morphology, pigment, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in
response to treatment with the different anions. Results indicate that the species has a wide range of
tolerance to salinity from NaHCO3. Some degree of tolerance is also shown to high concentrations of
Cl^- and SO4^2- , but with an overall lower performance of cells in terms of growth rate, light utilization
efficiency, and nutrient status to cells grown in high HCO3^- concentrations and the same levels of
salinity and light.

------------------------------------------------------------

406: Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Bottin H, Tran KT, Sugiura M, Cascio D, Desbois A, Yeates TO,
Kirilovsky D, Boussac A.
Structural and EPR characterization of the soluble form of cytochrome c-550 and of the psbV2 gene
product from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus.
Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 J ul;44(7):697-706.
PMID: 12881497
pdf: Kerfeld C 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Crystal structure, $EPR, $Resonance-Raman, $Photosystem-II, $Thermophile,
$Cytochrome.
rsum :

First, the crystal structure of cytochrome c-550 (the psbV1 gene product) from the thermophilic
cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus has been determined to a resolution of 1.8 A. A
comparison of the T. elongatus cytochrome c-550 structure to its counterparts from mesophilic
organisms, Synechocystis 6803 and Arthrospira maxima, suggests that increased numbers of
hydrogen bonds may play a role in the structural basis of thermostability. The cytochrome c-550 in T.
elongatus also differs from that in Synechocystis 6803 and Arthrospira maxima in its lack of
dimerization and the presence of a trigonal planar molecule, possibly bicarbonate, tightly bound to the
heme propionate oxygen atoms. Cytochromes c-550 from T. elongatus, Synechocystis 6803 and
Arthrospira maxima exhibit different EPR spectra. A correlation has been done between the heme-
axial ligands geometries and the rhombicity calculated from the EPR spectra. This correlation
indicates that binding of cytochrome c-550 to Photosystem II is accompanied by structural changes in
the heme vicinity. Second, the psbV2 gene product has been found and purified. The UV-visible, EPR
and Raman spectra are reported. From the spectroscopic data and from a theoretical structural model
based on the cytochrome c-550 structure it is proposed that the 6th ligand of the heme-iron is the
Tyr86.


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407: Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Brahmandam V, Cascio D, Ho KK, Trevithick-Sutton CC, Krogmann
DW, Yeates TO.
The crystal structure of a cyanobacterial water-soluble carotenoid binding protein.
Structure 11, No 1 (2003):55-65.
PMID: 12517340
pdf: Kerfeld C 2003a.pdf
161
mots-cls article: $carotenoid; $methionine; $photoprotection; $photosynthesis; $pigment-protein.
rsum :

Carotenoids undergo a wide range of photochemical reactions in animal, plant, and microbial systems.
In photosynthetic organisms, in addition to light harvesting, they perform an essential role in protecting
against light-induced damage by quenching singlet oxygen, superoxide anion radicals, or triplet-state
chlorophyll. We have determined the crystal structure of a water-soluble orange carotenoid protein
(OCP) isolated from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima at a resolution of 2.1 A. OCP forms a
homodimer with one carotenoid molecule per monomer. The carotenoid binding site is lined by a
striking number of methionine residues. The structure reveals several possible ways in which the
protein environment influences the spectral properties of the pigment and provides insight into how the
OCP carries out its putative functions in photoprotection.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

408: Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Krogmann DW, Yeates TO.
Structure of cytochrome c6 from Arthrospira maxima: an assembly of 24 subunits in a nearly
symmetric shell.
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2002 J ul;58(Pt 7):1104-10.
PMID: 12077429
mots-cls article: $cages; $protein-self-assembly; $electron-transfer; $cytochrome-c6.
rsum :

Cytochrome c(6) from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima is present in isoforms that can be
resolved by size-exclusion chromatography. One isoform crystallized in space group I4(1)32 with eight
protein molecules in the asymmetric unit and a total of 384 molecules in the unit cell. Within the
crystal, the molecules are arranged as clusters of 24 cytochrome c(6) molecules. Each cluster is a
hollow shell with approximate octahedral (432) symmetry. Structural and biochemical studies of
cytochrome c(6) isolated from other cyanobacteria and algae have led to the suggestion that
cytochrome c(6) forms oligomers. The cytochrome c(6) complex described here is the largest
assembly of cytochrome c(6) molecules observed thus far.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

409: Kerfeld CA, Wu YP, Chan C, Krogmann DW, Yeates TO.
Crystals of the carotenoid protein from Arthrospira maxima containing uniformly oriented pigment
molecules.
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1997 Nov 1;53(Pt 6):720-3.
PMID: 15299860
rsum :

Crystals of a carotenoid protein from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima have been grown in
space group C2 with unit-cell dimensions a =219.6, b =40.3, c =75.5 A and beta =95.5 degrees.
The crystals diffract X-rays to 2.3 A resolution and display unusual optical properties in polarized light
that suggest that all of the carotenoid molecules in the crystals are oriented similarly. A slight increase
in the concentration of a crystallization additive in the mother liquor induces macroscopic twinning,
which is also visible when the crystals are illuminated with polarized light.

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410: Khan M, Shobha J C, Mohan IK, Rao Naidu MU, Prayag A, Kutala VK.
Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
J Appl Toxicol. 2006 Sep-Oct;26(5):444-51.
PMID: 16858688
162
pdf: Khan M 2006a.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyclosporine; $nephrotoxicity; $Spirulina; $oxidative-stress; $antioxidant.
rsum:

Cyclosporine (CsA) causes a dose-related decrease in renal function in experimental animals and
humans. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in CsA-induced
nephrotoxicity. It was previously shown that Spirulina, a blue-green algae, with antioxidant properties
effectively attenuated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and cisplatin-induced
nephrotoxicity in rat. The present study investigated the nephroprotective role of Spirulina against
CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Spirulina (500 mg kg(-1) b.w.) was administered orally for 3 days
before and 14 days concurrently with CsA (50 mg kg-1 b.w.). Rats treated with CsA showed
nephrotoxicity as evidenced from a significant elevation in plasma urea, creatinine, urinary N-acetyl-
beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) and a decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance. Pretreatment
with Spirulina protected the rats from CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. The CsA-induced rise in plasma
urea and creatinine and the decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance were attenuated by Spirulina.
There was a significant increase in plasma and kidney tissue MDA with CsA. Spirulina prevented the
rise in plasma and kidney tissue MDA. Histopathology of the kidney from CsA-treated rats showed
severe isometric vacuolization and widening of the interstitium. However, pretreatment with Spirulina
prevented such changes, and the kidney morphology was comparable to that of the control. Spirulina
treatment did not alter the blood CsA levels. These results suggest that Spirulina has a protective
effect against nephrotoxicity induced by CsA. This study further supports the crucial role of the
antioxidant nature of Spirulina in protecting against CsA-induced oxidative stress.

--------------------------------------------------------

411: Khan M, Varadharaj S, Shobha J C, Naidu MU, Parinandi NL, Kutala VK, Kuppusamy P.
C-phycocyanin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in adult rat
cardiomyocytes.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006 J an;47(1):9-20.
PMID: 16424780
pdf: Khan M 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $apoptosis; $biliprotein; $cardiotoxicity; $C-phycocyanin; $doxorubicin; $oxidative-
stress; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: ; spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; coeur.
rsum:

Doxorubicin (DOX), a potent antineoplastic agent, poses limitations for its therapeutic use due to the
associated risk of developing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. The cardiotoxicity of
doxorubicin is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. We have recently shown that Spirulina,
a blue-green alga with potent antioxidant properties, offered significant protection against doxorubicin-
induced cardiotoxicity in mice. The aim of the present study was to establish the possible protective
role of C-phycocyanin, one of the active ingredients of Spirulina, against doxorubicin-induced oxidative
stress and apoptosis. The study was carried out using cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rat hearts.
Doxorubicin significantly enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells as
measured by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium fluorescence. The
doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species formation was significantly attenuated in cells pretreated
with C-phycocyanin. It was further observed that the doxorubicin-induced DNA fragmentation and
apoptosis, as assayed by TUNEL assay and flow cytometry coupled with BrdU-FITC/propidium iodide
staining, were markedly attenuated by C-phycocyanin. C-phycocyanin also significantly attenuated the
doxorubicin-induced increase in the expression of Bax protein, release of cytochrome c, and increase
in the activity of caspase-3 in cells. In summary, C-phycocyanin ameliorated doxorubicin-induced
oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. This study further supports the crucial role of the
antioxidant nature of C-phycocyanin in its cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced oxidative
stress and apoptosis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

412: Khan M, Varadharaj S, Ganesan LP, Shobha J C, Naidu MU, Parinandi NL, Tridandapani S,
Kutala VK, Kuppusamy P.
163
C-phycocyanin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart through involvement of p38 MAPK
and ERK signaling.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 290 (2006) H2136-H2145.
PMID: 16373583
pdf: Khan M 2006b.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; coeur.
rsum:

Earlier, we have shown that C-phycocyanin (PC), an antioxidant biliprotein pigment of Spirulina
platensis (a blue-green alga), effectively inhibited doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis
in cardiomyocytes. Here, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of PC against ischemia-
reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury in an isolated perfused Langendorff heart model. Rat
hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia at 37 degrees C followed by 45 min of reperfusion.
Hearts were perfused with PC (10 microM) or Spirulina preparation (SP, 50 mg/l) for 15 min before the
onset of ischemia and continued throughout reperfusion period. Untreated (control) hearts, at the end
of 45 min of reperfusion, showed a significant decrease in the recovery of coronary flow (44%), left-
ventricular-developed pressure (21%) and rate-pressure product (24%), increased release of lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) in the coronary effluent, significant myocardial
infarction (44%, of risk area), and TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells as compared to the pre-ischemic
state. Treatment with PC or SP significantly enhanced the recovery of heart function and decreased
the infarct size, attenuated LDH and CK release, and suppressed I/R-induced free radical generation.
PC treatment reverted back the I/R-induced activation of p38 MAPK, Bax, and caspase-3, suppression
of Bcl-2, and increase in TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. However, I/R also induced the activation of
ERK1/2 that was enhanced by PC treatment. Overall, these results for the first time showed that PC
attenuated the I/R-induced cardiac dysfunction through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic actions and
modulation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

413: Khan M, Shobha J C, Mohan IK, Naidu MU, Sundaram C, Singh S, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK.
Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Phytother Res. 2005 Dec;19(12):1030-7.
PMID: 16372368
pdf: Khan M 2005a.pdf
mots-cls article: $doxorubicin, $Spirulina, $cardiotoxicity, $free-radicals, $antioxidant.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; coeur; B.
rsum:

The generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in
doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether
Spirulina, a blue-green algae, could serve as a cardioprotective agent during DOX treatment in a
mouse model. Mice were treated with DOX (4 mg/kg bw, intraperitoneally), weekly, for 4 weeks.
Spirulina was administered orally for 3 days twice daily, then for 7 weeks along with the four equal
injections of DOX. Cardiotoxicity was assessed, at 3 weeks after the end of the DOX-treatment period,
by mortality, volume of ascites, liver congestion, oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes of heart
tissue. The DOX-treated animals showed higher mortality (53%) and more ascites. Myocardial
damage, as assessed by ultrastructural changes, showed loss of myofibrils, cytoplasmic vacuolization
and mitochondrial swelling. Myocardial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities
were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased. Pretreatment with Spirulina significantly
protected the mice from DOX-induced cardiotoxic effects as evidenced from lower mortality (26%),
less ascites, lower levels of lipid peroxidation, normalization of antioxidant enzymes and ultrastructural
studies showing minimal damage to the heart. In vitro cytotoxic studies using ovarian cancer cells
demonstrated that Spirulina did not compromise the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin. These results
suggest that Spirulina has a protective effect against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX and it may,
therefore, improve the therapeutic index of DOX.

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414: Khan Z, Bhadouria P, Bisen PS.
164
Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2005 Oct;6(5):373-9.
PMID: 16248810
pdf: Khan Z 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $spirulina-platensis; $ca-sp; $sulpholipid; $cyanovirin-n; $phycocyanin; $beta-
carotene; $HIV; $immunomodulatory.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Spirulina, a filamentous cyanobacterium, possesses diverse biological activities and nutritional
significance due to high concentration of natural nutrients, having bio-modulatory and immuno-
modulatory functions. Different Spirulina preparations influence immune system viz. increase
phagocytic activity of macrophages, stimulating the production of antibodies and cytokines, increase
accumulation of NK cells into tissue and activation and mobilization of T and B cells. Spirulina have
also shown to perform regulatory role on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by exhibiting glucose and
lipid profile correcting activity in experimental animals and in diabetic patients. Preparations have been
found to be active against several enveloped viruses including herpes virus, cytomegalovirus,
influenza virus and HIV. They are capable to inhibit carcinogenesis due to anti-oxidant properties that
protect tissues and also reduce toxicity of liver, kidney and testes.


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415: Kihara H.
Comparison of the redox reactions of various types of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanides.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 J an 14;634(1):93-104.
PMID: 6258647
pdf: Kihara H 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; cytochrome.
rsum:

The dynamic behavior of various types of cytochromes c in the redox reaction with iron hexacyanides
was studied using a temperature-jump method in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the
redox reaction of cytochromes with their oxidoreductants. Transmittance after the temperature jump
changed through a single exponential decay for all cytochromes investigated. Under a constant
concentration of anion, the redox reaction of various types of cytochrome c with iron hexacyanides
was analyzed according to the scheme: (see formula in text) where C(III) and C(II) are ferric and
ferrous cytochromes, respectively, Fe(III) and Fe(II) are ferri- and ferrocyanides, respectively, C(III) .
Fe(II) is the ferricytochrome-ferrocyanide complex and C(II) . Fe(III) is the ferrocytochrome-
ferricyanide complex. When step B is slower than the other two steps A and C, tau-1 can be
represented approximately as (see formula in text) where the bar over the variables denotes the
equilibrium value. In a large excess of ferrocyanide against cytochrome, we can estimate kappa 2,
kappa-2, K1 and K3 independently. In the case of horse cytochrome c at 18 degrees C in 0.1 M
phosphate buffer at pH 7 with 0.3 M KNO3, the estimated parameters are kappa 2 =100 +/- 50 S-1,
kappa-2 =(3.5 +/- 1.0) . 10(3) S-1, K1 =15 +/- 7 M-1 and K3 =(8.5 +/- 1.5). 10(-4) M. From the same
experiments for seven cytochromes (cytochrome c from horse, tuna, Candida krusei, Saccharomyces
oviformis, Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c2, Spirulina platensis cytochrome c-554 and Thermus
thermophilus cytochrome c-552), the following results can be deduced. (1) Each parameter defined in
the scheme above (kappa 2, kappa-2, K1, K3) diverged beyond the error range. Above all, kappa 2
values of cytochromes c-554 and c-552 are as large as 1 . 10(4) S-1 and much larger than those for
the other cytochromes (to 50 approx. 700 S-1). (2) The variance of kappa 2K1 and kappa-2/K3 are
relatively less than the variances of individual parameters (kappa 2, kappa-2, K1 and K3), which
suggests that the values of kappa 2K1 and kappa-2/K3 have been conserved during the course of
evolution.

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416: Kim DY, Myung SJ , Camilleri M.
165
Novel testing of human gastric motor and sensory functions: rationale, methods, and potential
applications in clinical practice.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Dec;95(12):3365-73.
PMID: 11151863
pdf: Kim D 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; instrumentation; gastric-monitoring.
rsum:

Sensitive and reproducible tests are essential to investigate the mechanisms of gastric motility and
sensation in healthy humans and patients with unexplained upper gastrointestinal symptoms.
Electrogastrography, manometry, scintigraphic emptying, and barostat studies with an intragastric
balloon were initially used to understand physiology and pathophysiology of gastric motility. However,
manometry and barostat studies are time-consuming, costly, and invasive, thus reducing their
widespread clinical application. To overcome these shortcomings, several novel approaches have
been proposed: water/nutrient drink test, paracetamol absorption test, 13C-octanoic acid or spirulina
breath tests, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT), and tensostat. The water/nutrient (satiety) test is a noninvasive test proposed
as an alternative to sensory studies performed with an intragastric balloon. The satiety test cannot
measure gastric accommodation; interpretation of sensory tests usually has required independent
assessment of accommodation or compliance. The tensostat can be used as a gastric sensation test
because it measures gastric wall tension, which is related to the perception of gastric distention. To
measure gastric emptying, the paracetamol absorption test, 13C breath tests, ultrasound, or MRI can
be used. The paracetamol absorption test can measure the gastric emptying of liquids. 13C breath
test can measure the gastric emptying of solids or liquids and can achieve accuracy comparable with
gastric scintigraphy. Ultrasonography requires special skills, and MRI requires costly equipment. To
measure gastric accommodation to a meal, ultrasound, MRI, and SPECT have been proposed. The
recently introduced SPECT requires an intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate, which the
gastric mucosa specifically takes up, and specialized imaging and analysis, which have potential to be
automated. Thus, novel, noninvasive approaches assess different dimensions of gastric motility and
sensation testing. With further development of these techniques, refinement of their conduct and
analysis, and validation of clinical usefulness, they are likely to be applicable in clinical practice to
enhance cost-effective, evidence-based management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Such
applications may provide an alternative to sequential empirical trials for symptoms.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

417: Kim HM, Lee EH, Cho HH, Moon YH.
Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina.
Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55:1071-6.
PMID: 9605430
pdf: Kim H 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

We investigated the effect of spirulina on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions.
Spirulina dose-dependently inhibited the systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in
rats. Spirulina inhibited compound 48/80-induced allergic reaction 100% with doses of 100-1000
microg/g body weight, i.p. Spirulina (10-1000 microg/g body weight, i.p.) also significantly inhibited
local allergic reaction activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. When rats were pretreated with
spirulina at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 1000 microg/g body weight, i.p., the serum histamine
levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Spirulina (0.001 to 10 microg/mL) dose-
dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound
48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. The level of cyclic AMP in RPMC, when spirulina (10 microg/mL) was added,
transiently and significantly increased about 70-fold at 10 sec compared with that of control cells.
Moreover, spirulina (10 microg/mL) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumor
166
necrosis factor-alpha production. These results indicate that spirulina inhibits mast cell-mediated
immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

418: Kim SG, Choi A, Ahn CY, Park CS, Park YH, Oh HM.
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis by cellular flotation and growth stage determination.
Lett Appl Microbiol. 2005;40(3):190-4.
PMID: 15715643
pdf: Kim S 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacteria, $flotation, $gas-vesicle, $harvesting, $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

AIM: To investigate an effective harvesting method for Spirulina platensis.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty per cent of S. platensis cells in the logarithmic growth phase were
harvested by flotation when the cells were set in a static condition for 2 h. The optimum harvesting
time was about day 6 of cultivation. The flotation activity of S. platensis cells was enhanced by the
addition of NaCl.
CONCLUSIONS: The harvesting of S. platensis by flotation is a cost-effective and straightforward
method that can retain the algal quality. The optimum harvesting time of S. platensis can be predicted
by the cellular protein to carbon ratio.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Flotation harvesting is also applicable to other
cyanobacteria with gas vesicles.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

419: King GM.
Methanogenesis from methylated amines in a hypersaline algal mat.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 J an;54(1):130-136.
PMID: 16347519
pdf: King G 1988.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; techniques-d'analyses.
rsum:

Methane ebullition and high rates of methane production were observed in sediments of a hypersaline
pond (180 per thousand) which contained sulfate in excess of 100 mM. The highest rates of methane
production were observed in surface sediments associated with an algal mat dominated by a Spirulina
sp. The mat contained a methylated amine, glycine betaine (GBT), at levels which accounted for up to
20% of the total mat nitrogen. GBT was apparently the source of trimethylamine (TMA), which was
also present in the sediment at relatively high concentrations. Patterns of substrate metabolism by the
methanogenic populations in sediment slurries suggested that TMA was a major methane precursor.
Neither exogenous hydrogen nor acetate stimulated methanogenesis, while addition of a variety of
amines including TMA, trimethylamine oxide, GBT, and choline resulted in substantial increases with
yields of >70%. The temperature optimum for methanogenesis in this system was 45 to 55 degrees C,
which coincided with the observed sediment temperature. Patterns and rates of methane production in
this and other hypersaline algal mats may be determined by a complex interaction between salinity,
the use of methylated amines for osmoregulation by algae, and the formation of TMA by fermentation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

420: Klingler W, Kreja L, Nothdurft W, Selig C.
Influence of different radioprotective compounds on radiotolerance and cell cycle distribution of human
progenitor cells of granulocytopoiesis in vitro.
Br J Haematol. 2002 Oct;119(1):244-54.
PMID: 12358931
pdf: Klingler W 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
167
rsum:

Ficoll-separated mononuclear cells (MNC) of cryopreserved human bone marrow were incubated with
isotoxic doses of diltiazem, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glycopolysaccharide extract of spirulina platensis
(SPE), tempol, thiopental, WR2721 and WR1065. After irradiation with a single dose of 0.73 Gy,
survival of granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) was determined at d 10-14, using
an agar culture system. Diltiazem, NAC, tempol and WR1065 significantly improved radiotolerance
with protection factors (PF) between 1.21 and 1.36 (n =5, P <0.05) at 0.73 Gy (PF-0.73 Gy). The
survival curves of diltiazem (D0 =0.88 Gy, n =1.00), NAC (D0 =0.92 Gy, n =1.10), tempol (D0 =0.99
Gy, n =1.10), WR1065 (D0 =0.89 Gy, n =1.16) and control (D0 =0.78 Gy, n =1.00) over 0.36-2.91
Gy showed a significant radioprotective effect for D0 only for tempol (P =0.018) and for the
extrapolation number 'n' only in the case of NAC (P =0.023). Cell cycle analysis of the CD34+cell
subpopulation (control-0 h: G1 =82.7%, S =13.7%, G2/M =3.6%) revealed that all compounds with a
significant PF-0.73 Gy also caused a significant increase in CD34+cells in S phase up to 48 h. Within
the first 24 h, only NAC (26.7 +/- 4.1%), tempol (14.3 +/- 1.0%) and possibly WR1065 (15.5 +/- 1.6%)
had higher fractions of CD34+S-phase cells compared with controls. This observation and the
improvement of GM-CFC cloning efficiency indicated that only NAC was able to recruit progenitor cells
in the cell cycle, whereas tempol and WR1065 possibly inhibited cell cycle progression by S and G2/M
arrest. Of the radioprotectors tested, NAC, tempol and WR1065 may be suitable to support, alone or
combined with cytokine therapy, accelerated haematopoietic recovery after irradiation.

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421: Knutsen G, Skjanes K.
Simple growth chambers for culturing microalgae with precision at different temperatures and
irradiance.
J Appl Phycol 11, No 6 (1999) 487-491.
PMID: pas
pdf: Knutsen G 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacterium, $growth-chambers, $microalgae, $Spirulina.
rsum:

Profiles describing the relationships between growth, irradiance and temperature are important in the
evaluation of microalgae and cyanobacteria for biomass production, as well as for their general
characterization. To get correct results culturing chambers with plane parallel optical faces are
needed. Only these give a defined light climate in the culture, but such devices are not found
commercially. We here describe the testing of thermostated growth chambers with 200-mL culture
volumes, easily constructed from disposable 144-mm diameter plastic Petri dishes. Their properties
were examined by growing Spirulina platensis concurrently in 15 parallel cultures under identical
conditions of illumination and temperature, showing efficient and reproducible growth between them.
The chambers are naturally also very suitable for growing microalgae in general.

----------------------------

422: Kodentsova VM, Gmoshinskii IV, Vrzhesinskaia OA, Beketova NA, Kharitonchik LA, Nizov AA,
Mazo VK.
[Use of the microalgae Spirulina platensis and its selenium-containing form in nutrition of patients with
nonspecific ulcerative colitis].
Vopr Pitan. 2001;70(5):17-21.
PMID: 11715692
pdf: Kodentsova V 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The vitamin security and selenium status were measured in the patients with unspecific ulcerative
colitis. There were used food microalgae Spirulina platensis and it's preparation enriched with
selenium as auxiliary tools of dietetic treatment for these patients. It's shown that there is a combined
deficiency of beta-carotene and selenium and occasionally some other micronutrients in a significant
168
part of the patients. The doses used of said food supplements were not enough sufficient for a dietary
correction of deficiency of micronutrients with antioxidative properties.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

423: Koehne B, Trissl HW.
The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis contains a long wavelength-absorbing pigment C738
(F76077K) at room temperature.
Biochemistry. 1998 Apr 21;37(16):5494-500.
PMID: 9548932
pdf: Koehne B 1998.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterium which usually lives under high-light conditions. Nonetheless, it
is thought to contain the most red-shifted antenna pigment of all known Chl a-containing phototrophic
organisms, as shown by its 77 K fluorescence peaking at 760 nm. To exclude preparation artifacts and
to exclude the possibility that long wavelength-absorbing pigments form only when the temperature is
lowered to 77 K, we carried out experiments with whole cells at room temperature. The combined
analysis of stationary absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence induction and time-
resolved fluorescence decays shows that the pigment responsible for the 77 K fluorescence at 760 nm
(i) has the oscillator strength of approximately one Chl a molecule, (ii) absorbs maximally at 738 nm (),
(iii) is present only in the antenna system of PS I, (iv) participates in light collection, and (v) does not
entail a low photochemical quantum yield. Other, more abundant but less red-shifted Chl a antenna
pigments lead to a significantly larger absorption cross section of the photosynthetic unit of PS I above
700 nm compared to units that would not possess these long wavelength-absorbing pigments. These
results support the hypothesis that the physiological role of long wavelength-absorbing pigments is to
increase the absorption cross section at wavelengths of >700 nm when in densely populated mats the
spectrally filtered light is relatively more intense at these wavelengths [Trissl, H.-W. (1993)
Photosynth. Res. 35, 247-263].

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424: Kol'chugina IB, Markarova EN.
Role of sodium ions and their uptake by cells of cultured blue-green algae, Spirulina platensis and
Spirulina maxima.
Microbiology 74, No 6 (2005) 646-649.
PMID: pas
pdf: Kol'chugina I 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $Spirulina-maxima, $Zarouk-medium-with-altered-sodium-
content, $optical-density-of-cells, $Na+transport.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-platensis; Spirulina-maxima; N.
rsum:

The growth of the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, cultured in complete
mineral Zarouk medium containing Na+or Na+-deficient medium, was studied over a period of 24 h.
The optical densities of S. platensis and S. maxima cells, determined during the last hour of exposure
to sodium deficiency, amounted to 55.6 and 32.6%, respectively, of the optical densities of the same
cells grown in complete Zarouk medium. Moreover, the cultures grown in Na+-deficient medium
exhibited increased ability to take up sodium (which was low in S. platensis and S. maxima cells
cultured in complete mineral medium). It is concluded that the two species studied are characterized
by periodic, on the order of minutes, changes in the cellular uptake and release of sodium.

Translated from Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 74, No. 6, 2005, pp. 745749.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

425: Kol'chugina IB, Makarova EN.
169
[Role of sodium ions and their uptake by cells of cultured blue-green algae, Spirulina platensis and
Spirulina maxima].
Mikrobiologiia. 2005 Nov-Dec;74(6):745-9.
PMID: 16400983
pdf: Kol'chugina I 2005a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

Translated in english in Microbiology 74, No 6 (2005) 646-649.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

426: Kolli BK, Sah J F, Mohanty P.
Studies on electron donation to photosystem I sites by exogenous donors in Spirulina thylakoids.
Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1996 Dec;33(6):465-70.
PMID: 9219431
pdf: Kolli B 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The kinetic parameters of different sites of electron donation to photosystem I (PS I) were evaluated in
Spirulina platensis thylakoids. Reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIPH2) exhibited two sites of
electron donation, with apparent K(m) values of 8 and 40 microM each. The corresponding value for
reduced N-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPDH2) and diaminodurene (DADH2) which donate
electrons at a single site to PS I were 103 and 48 microM, respectively. The electron donation by
these three exogenous donors were differentially inhibited by KCN (70 mM) affecting the apparent
K(m) and Rmax values to varying extent. This cyanide inhibition of PS I catalyzed electron transport
suggests the presence of plastocyanin in the photosynthetic electron transport chain of Spirulina
platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

427: Komarova IuM, Terekhova IV, Doman NG, Al'bitskaia ON.
[Carbonic anhydrase of blue-green alga Spirulina platensis].
Biokhimiia. 1976 J an;41(1):183-7.
PMID: 6073
pdf: Komarova I 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

Carboanhydrase (carbonate-hydroliase EC 4.2.1.1.) is found in the extract of Spirulina platensis cells.
A linear dependency of the enzyme activity on the protein concentration; pH optimum is found to be
8.0. Specific activity of carboanhydrase is 3 muM/min-mg of protein under the concentration of CO2 of
4-10(-3) M, appearing Michelis constant being 4.9-10(-3) M. The enzyme was stabilized with 10 mM of
cisteine, its activity was inhibited by 50% with sulphanylamide (1-10(-5) M), acetazolamide (8--10(-7)
M) and Cl- ions (5-10(-2) M). The activity of carboanhydrase, as well as the rate of NaH14CO3
fixation, depended on the pH value of cultural medium.

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428: Korsunskii OF, Smolygina LD, Laurinavichene TV, Gogotov IN.
[Low potential c-type cytochrome of Thiocapsa roseopersicina].
Biokhimiia. 1982 Mar;47(3):355-60.
PMID: 6280782
pdf: Korsunskii O 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
170
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima; fundamental-biology; photosynthse;
cytochrome.

The low potential c-type cytochrome from the phototrophic purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa
roseopersicina, strain BBS was isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous state. The bulk of the
cytochrome (approximately 90%) after disruption of the cells remained in the membrane fraction. The
absorption spectrum of the cytochrome was characterized by the maxima at 420, 523 and 552 nm in
the reduced state and at 408 nm in the oxidized one. The cytochrome interacted with CO in the
reduced state. The molecular weight of the cytochrome is 50 000. The cytochrome contains great
amounts of phenylalanine, leucine, valine, aspartic and glutamic acids and can be reduced by
dithionite but not by cysteine, sulfide or ascorbate. Besides, the cytochrome can also be reduced by
NAD(P)H in the presence of NAD(P)-reductases of T. roseopersicina, when ferredoxin of Spirulina
platensis or benzyl viologen are added to the reaction mixture. The cytochrome can act as an electron
donor (acceptor) for T. roseopersicina hydrogenase.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

429: Kostromina VP, Derkach OV, Symonenkova NV, Riechkina OO, Otroshchenko AO.
[Evaluation of the efficacy of a plant adaptogen (spirulina) in the pathognic therapy of primary
tuberculosis in children].
Lik Sprava. 2003 J ul-Aug;(5-6):102-5.
PMID: 14618819
pdf: Kostromina V 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en ukrainien

The use of spirulina and its efficiency have been studied in a comparative aspect as a systemic
biocorrector, in a combined treatment of tuberculosis in 26 children. It has been ascertained that
application of spirulina as a pathogenetic means of remediation permits shortening the intoxication
syndrome regression time, reducing the frequency of adverse reactions in administering
antituberculous preparations.

Publication Types: Clinical Trial; Comparative Study

--------------------------------------------------------------------

430: Kotinskii AV, Chernukhina LA, Donchenko GV, Palivoda OM, Kostenko IuV, Stepanenko SP,
Palivoda KO.
[Effect of iodine and cobalt salts on content of biologically active substances in spirulina biomass].
Ukr Biokhim Zh. 2004 Mar-Apr;76(2):112-6.
PMID: 15915721
pdf: Kotinskii A 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

Production technology of iodinized spirulina biomass at vertical panel airlifted photobioreactor has
been developed. The influence of different concentrations of iodine ions at certain combinations with
cobalt ions on iodine-accumulative properties of spirulina has been studied. It has been shown that it
is possible to obtain spirulina biomass containing certain amount of organically bound iodine by
varying cobalt and iodine ions combinations and by staged addition of ions to incubation medium. This
technique of staged addition of iodine and cobalt salt allowed to adopt spirulina to their high amount in
the incubation medium, to increase spirulina productivity during growth, and to produce biomass with
large iodine content.

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431: Kruatrachue M, Rangsayatorn N, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham ES, Singhakaew S.
171
Histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract of fish, Puntius gonionotus, fed on dietary
cadmium.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2003 Sep;71(3):561-9.
PMID: 14567583
pdf: Kruatrachue M 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

432: Kruip J , Karapetyan NV, Terekhova IV, Rogner M.
In vitro oligomerization of a membrane protein complex. Liposome-based reconstitution of trimeric
photosystem I from isolated monomers.
J Biol Chem. 1999 J un 25;274(26):18181-8.
PMID: 10373417
pdf: Kruip J 1999.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Many membrane proteins can be isolated in different oligomeric forms. Photosystem I (PSI), for
example, exists in cyanobacteria either as a monomeric or as a trimeric complex. Neither the factors
responsible for the specific trimerization process nor its biological role are known at present. In the
filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, trimers in contrast to monomers show chlorophyll
fluorescence emission at 760 nm. To investigate the oligomerization process as well as the nature of
the long wavelength chlorophylls, we describe here an in vitro reconstitution procedure to assemble
trimeric PS I from isolated purified PS I monomers. Monomers (and trimers) were extracted from S.
platensis with n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside and further purified by perfusion chromatography steps.
The isolated complexes had the same polypeptide composition as other cyanobacteria (PsaA-PsaF
and PsaI-PsaM), as determined from high resolution gels and immunoblotting. They were incorporated
into proteoliposomes, which had been prepared by the detergent absorption method, starting from a
phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidic acid mixture solubilized by octylglucoside. After the addition of
monomeric PS I (lipid:chlorophyll, 25:1), octylglucoside was gradually removed by the stepwise
addition of Biobeads. The 77 K fluorescence emission spectrum of these proteoliposomes displays a
long wavelength emission at 760 nm that is characteristic of PS I trimers, which indicates for the first
time the successful in vitro reconstitution of PS I trimers. In addition, a high performance liquid
chromatography analysis of complexes extracted from these proteoliposomes confirms the formation
of structural trimers. We also could show with this system 1) that at least one of the stromal subunits
PsaC, -D, and -E is necessary for trimer formation and 2) that the extreme long wavelength emitting
chlorophyll is formed as a result of trimer formation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

433: Kufer W, Scheer H.
Chemical modification of biliprotein chromophores.
Z Naturforsch [C]. 1979 Sep-Oct;34(9-10):776-81.
PMID: 160702
pdf: Kufer W 1979a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biochimie; biliprotine.
rsum:

The reaction of biliproteins with sodium dithionite has been studied. The reagent is selective towards
the chromophores. In denatured phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis, all three chromophores react to
form yellow "phycorubin", whereas only 1/3 of the chromophores react in native phycocyanin in a non-
statistical manner. From reversion experiments, it can be shown, that the thermodynamic stability of
the chromophores towards reaction with dithionite is increased in the native pigment. Similarly, native
phytochrome in its Pr form reacts only partially to a pigment absorbing at both 420 and 660 nm. The
same product is formed from native Pfr, indicating both a reversion to Pr and a partial reduction.
172

--------------------------------------------------------------------

434: Kufer W, Scheer H.
Studies on plant bile pigments, VII. Preparation and characterization of phycobiliproteins with
chromophores chemically modified by reduction.
Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1979 J ul;360(7):935-56.
PMID: 488917
pdf: Kufer W 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biochimie; biliprotine.
rsum:

The reversible denaturation and reduction with dithionite has been studied for the phycobiliproteins, C-
phycocyanin (1) and allophycocyanin (2) from Spirulina platensis, and C-phycoerythrin (4) from
Fremyella diplosiphon (both cyanobacteria). By treatment with sodium dithionite, the chromophores
are selectively reduced at the central (C-10) methine bridge, producing pigments with bilirubinoid
(lambda max =418 nm from 1 and 2), and vinylpyrroloc (lambda max=300 nm from 4) chromophores.
The extent of reduction is dependent on the state of the protein. The chromophores of denatured
biliproteins are completely reduced at 0.5 mM dithionite. In the native pigments, dithionite
concentrations up to 0.5 mM lead only to partial reduction, thus forming products containing both
reduced and oxidized chromophores (e.g. "phycocyanorubins" from 1 and 2). The reduction is non-
statistical with respect to the different chromophores present in 1 and 4, the chromophores absorbing
at shorter wavelengths being preferentially reduced. Renaturation of the proteins containing reduced
chromophores is accompanied by their reoxidation. This oxidation is complete in the absence of
dithionite or at concentrations up to 0.5 mM. At higher dithionite concentrations, the reoxidation is
incomplete, and the products are spectroscopically identical to those obtained by reduction of the
native pigments at similar concentrations of reductant. The results are interpreted by a model in which
the protein is "transparent" to the reducing agent, dithionite. The difference in the extent of reduction of
the native and denatured pigments can only be due to thermodynamic (viz. stability) differences in the
susceptibility of the chromophores to reduction. Specifically, the (extended) chromophore present in
the native pigment is much more difficult to reduce than the chromophore (present in a cyclic
conformation) in the denatured pigment. The energetics of the process of refolding both the protein
and the chromophores are discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

435: Kuhad A, Tirkey N, Pilkhwal S, Chopra K.
Effect of Spirulina, a blue green algae, on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in
rats.
Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Apr;20(2):121-8.
PMID: 16573712
pdf: Kuhad A 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis; mdecine; organes; reins; B.
rsum:

Gentamicin (GM), an aminoglycoside, is widely employed in clinical practice for the treatment of
serious Gram-negative infections. The clinical utility of GM is limited by the frequent incidence of acute
renal failure. Experimental evidences suggest that oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important
role in GM nephrotoxicity. Spirulina fusiformis is a blue green algae with potent free radical scavenging
properties. The present study was designed to investigate renoprotective potential of S. fusiformis,
against GM-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction. Spirulina fusiformis (500, 1000, 1500
mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 2 days before and 8 days concurrently with GM (100 mg/kg, i.p.). Renal
injury was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine clearance and
serum nitrite levels. Renal oxidative stress was determined by renal malondialdehyde levels, reduced
glutathione levels and by enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Chronic GM
administration resulted in marked renal oxidative and nitrosative stress and significantly deranged
renal functions. Treatment with S. fusiformis significantly and dose-dependently restored renal
functions, reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced reduced glutathione levels, SOD and catalase
173
activities. The results of present study clearly demonstrate the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species
and their relation to renal dysfunction and point to the therapeutic potential of S. fusiformis in GM-
induced nephrotoxicity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

436: Kulakova SM, Gogotov IN.
[Effect of oxygen and substrates for growth on the superoxide dismutase and catalase activity of
microorganisms].
PMID: 6803110
pdf: Kulakova S 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; enzyme.
rsum: en russe

The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in Azotobacter vinelandii, Citrobacter
freundii, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, Thiocapsa roseopersicina and Spirulina platensis is far
higher when the cultures are grown under the aerobic conditions. The activities of SOD and catalase
are higher in R. capsulata cells cultivated in a medium with glucose in the dark under the aerobic
conditions than in cells grown under the same conditions but in the light. R. capsulata grown in a
medium with glucose and T. roseopersicina cultivated in a medium with formate or pyruvate had
higher activities of SOD and catalase than R. capsulata grown in a medium with acetate and T.
roseopersicina cultivated in a medium with glucose. Irrespective of the growth conditions, the highest
activity of SOD was manifested by C. freundii while that of catalase by A. vinelandii 1. C. freundii and
T. roseopersicina contained both Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD whereas A. vinelandii and Rh. capsulata
contained only Mn-SOD. The SOD from R. capsulata was purified to a homogeneous state. Its
molecular weight is about 40,000 and it contains 1 Mn mole per mole of the enzyme.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

437: Kumar HD.
Management of nutritional and health needs of malnourished and vegetarian people in India.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;546:311-21.
PMID: 15584384
pdf: Kumar H 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .

--------------------------------------------------------------------

438: Kumar M, Kumar sharma M, Kumar A.
Spirulina fusiformis: a food supplement against mercury induced hepatic toxicity.
J Health Science 51(4) 424-430 (2005).
PMID: pas
pdf: Kumar M 2005.pdf
Key words: $liver, $mercuric-chlorid, $Spirulina-fusiformis, $lipid-reroxidation, $gluthione.
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------

439: Kurdrid P, Subudhi S, Hongsthong A, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Tanticharoen M.
Functional expression of Spirulina-Delta6 desaturase gene in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Mol Biol Rep. 2005 Dec;32(4):215-26.
PMID: 16328883
pdf: Kurdrid P 2005.pdf PAS
174
mots-cls article: $enzyme-reconstitution; $Saccharomyces-cerevisiae; $site-directed-mutagenesis;
$Spirulina-6-desaturase.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Spirulina-acyl-lipid desaturases are membrane-bound enzymes found in thylakoid and plasma
membranes. These enzymes carry out the fatty acid desaturation process of Spirulina to yield gamma-
linolenic acid (GLA) as the final desaturation product. In this study, Spirulina-Delta(6) desaturase
encoded by the desD gene was heterologously expressed and characterized in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. We then conducted site-directed mutagenesis of the histidine residues in the three
histidine boxes to determine the role of these amino acid residues in the enzyme function. Our results
showed that while four mutants showed complete loss of Delta(6)-desaturase activity and two mutants
showed only trace of the activity, the enzyme activity could be partially restored by chemical rescue
using exogenously provided imidazole. This study reveals that the histidine residues (which have
imidazole as their functional group) in the conserved clusters play a critical role in Delta(6)-desaturase
activity, possibly by providing a di-iron catalytic center. In our previous study, this enzyme was
expressed in Escherichia coli. The results reveal that the enzyme can function only in the presence of
an exogenous cofactor, ferredoxin, provided in vitro. This evidence suggests that baker's yeast has a
cofactor that can complement ferredoxin, thought to act as an electron donor for the Delta(6)
desaturation in cyanobacteria, including Spirulina. The electron donor of the Spirulina-Delta(6)
desaturation in yeast is more likely to be cytochrome b(5), which is absent in E. coli. This means that
the enzyme expressed in S. cerevisiae can catalyze the biosynthesis of the product, GLA, in vivo.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

440: Lahitova N, Doupovcova M, Zvonar J , Chandoga J , Hocman G.
Antimutagenic properties of fresh-water blue-green algae.
Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1994;39(4):301-3.
PMID: 7729766
pdf: Lahitova N 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The antimutagenic properties of whole fresh-water blue-green algae Aphanisomenon flos-aquae,
marketed under the commercial name "Alpha Sun" were tested using the Ames test. Simultaneous
addition of both algae and Nitrovin (a mutagen) to the test medium did not reduce the mutagenic
activity. On the other hand, addition of freeze-dried blue-green algae to the test medium 2-24 h before
the application of mutagen reduced its mutagenic activity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

441: Lanfaloni L, Cappanna E, Gualerzi CO.
Isolation and characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Spirulina platensis.
New Microbiol. 1994 Apr;17(2):133-40.
PMID: 8065270
pdf: Lanfaloni L 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Three chlorate-resistant mutants of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were obtained by UV
irradiation and one of them (LL1) was further characterized for its nutritional requirements and for the
capacity to reduce nitrate in vivo and in vitro. The results indicate that mutation leading to chlorate
resistance is not due to inactivation of nitrate reductase but is most likely due to the loss of
permeability to chlorate and nitrate. The other two mutants seem to have properties similar to those of
LL1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

175
442: Lanfaloni L, Trinei M, Russo M, Gualerzi CO.
Mutagenesis of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis by UV and nitrosoguanidine treatment.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991 Sep 15;67(1):85-90.
PMID: 1778426
pdf: Lanfaloni L 1991.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The production of Spirulina platensis cells resistant to 8-azaguanine or beta-(2-thienyl)-DL-alanine
following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and UV-irradiation is
described. The conditions for the mutagenesis were determined by monitoring cell viability and the
appearance of the two types of mutants as a function of the stage of growth of the tricomes and the
length and the conditions of the treatment. The optimal conditions for UV and MNNG mutagenesis
were found to be 1-3 min irradiation and 30 min incubation with 50 micrograms MNNG/ml of tricomes
derived from cultures entering stationary phase sonicated for 10 s and 5 s respectively. Under these
conditions beta-(2-thienyl)-DL-alanine-resistant mutants appeared at a frequency greater than or equal
to 10(-4) and greater than or equal to 10(-5) following UV- and MNNG-mutagenesis, respectively.
Mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine were found at a frequency approx. 10(-5) only after MNNG
mutagenesis. A few chlorate-resistant mutants were also obtained following UV treatment.

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443: Laquerbe B, Busson F, Maigrot M.
[Composition in mineral elements of 2 Cyanophycea, Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitler and Sp.
geitleri J . de Toni].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1970 Apr 27;270(17):2130-2.
PMID: 4987003
pdf: Laquerbe B 1970.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en franais

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444: Lawrence J F, Niedzwiadek B, Menard C, Lau BP, Lewis D, Kuper-Goodman T, Carbone S,
Holmes C.
Comparison of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, ELISA, and phosphatase assay for the
determination of microcystins in blue-green algae products.
J AOAC Int. 2001 J ul-Aug;84(4):1035-44.
PMID: 11501902
pdf: Lawrence J 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; enzyme..
rsum:

More than 100 samples of blue-green algae products (consisting of Aphanizomenon, Spirulina, and
unidentified blue-green algae) in the form of pills, capsules, and powders were collected from retail
outlets from across Canada. The samples were extracted with 75% methanol in water and centrifuged
to remove solids. Aliquots of the extracts along with spiked blank sample extracts were sent to each
participating laboratory and independently analyzed for microcystins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA), protein phosphatase inhibition assay, and by liquid chromatography-tandem mass
spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after sample cleanup using C18 solid-phase extraction. The results
obtained by ELISA and LC-MS/MS agreed very well over a concentration range of about 0.5-35
microg/g. The colorimetric phosphatase results generally agreed with the other 2 methods. While the 2
biochemical assays measured total microcystin content compared with a standard of microcystin LR,
the LC-MS/MS method measured specific microcystins (LA, LR, RR, YR) using external standards of
these for identification and quantitation. Microcystin LR was found in all positive samples by LC-
MS/MS. Microcystin LA was the only other microcystin found in the samples analyzed. These 2
microcystins represent essentially all the microcystins that were present in the extracts. Otherwise, the
176
LC-MS/MS results would have been significantly lower than the results of the biochemical assays had
other unknown microcystins been present.

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445: Lee AN, Werth VP.
Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements.
Arch Dermatol. 2004 J un;140(6):723-7.
PMID: 15210464
pdf: Lee A 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Evidence for the scientific basis of purported therapeutic effects and adverse effects
of herbal supplements continues to grow. Many herbal supplements are touted for their
immunostimulatory properties, and both in vitro and in vivo experiments have supported this claim.
Although this explains their beneficial effects in preventing or curtailing disease, to our knowledge, no
immunostimulatory herbal supplements have been reported to exacerbate disorders of immune
system overactivity.
OBSERVATIONS: We describe 3 patients whose autoimmune disease onset and/or flares correlated
with ingestion of herbal supplements with proven immunostimulatory effects. Echinacea and the alga
Spirulina platensis are implicated in 2 patients' flares of pemphigus vulgaris, and a supplement
containing the algae Spirulina platensis and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was ingested by a third
patient days before both onset and a severe flare of dermatomyositis. The third patient showed
heterozygosity for a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter polymorphism (-308A), leading
to increased production of TNF-alpha, which may have predisposed her to developing
dermatomyositis.
CONCLUSIONS: Immunostimulatory herbal supplements may exacerbate preexisting autoimmune
disease or precipitate autoimmune disease in persons genetically predisposed to such disorders.
Increased production of TNF-alpha may play a role, although more research is needed to clarify the
mechanisms of such phenomena.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

446: Lee J B, Srisomporn P, Hayashi K, Tanaka T, Sankawa U, Hayashi T.
Effects of structural modification of calcium spirulan, a sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina
platensis, on antiviral activity.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2001 J an;49(1):108-10.
PMID: 11201213
pdf: Lee J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $calcium-spirulan; $sulfated-polysaccharide; $antiviral-activity; $HSV-1; $metal-
cation; $depolymerization.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **antiviral, **IV.
rsum:

Calcium ion binding with the anionic part of a molecule was replaced with various metal cations and
their inhibitory effects on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 were evaluated. Replacement
of calcium ion with sodium and potassium ions maintained the antiviral activity while divalent and
trivalent metal cations reduced the activity. Depolymerization of sodium spirulan with hydrogen
peroxide decreased in antiviral activity as its molecular weight decreased.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

447: Lee J B, Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Sankawa U, Maeda M, Nemoto T, Nakanishi H.
Further purification and structural analysis of calcium spirulan from Spirulina platensis.
J Nat Prod. 1998 Sep;61(9):1101-4.
PMID: 9748374
pdf: Lee J 1998.pdf
177
mots-cls article:
rsum:

An antiviral sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), isolated from Spirulina platensis, was
subjected to further purification. Ca-SP was found to be composed of rhamnose, 3-O-methylrhamnose
(acofriose), 2,3-di-O-methylrhamnose, 3-O-methylxylose, uronic acids, and sulfate. The backbone of
Ca-SP consisted of 1,3-linked rhamnose and 1,2-linked 3-O-methylrhamnose units with some sulfate
substitution at the 4-position. The polymer was terminated at the nonreducing end by 2,3-di-O-
methylrhamnose and 3-O-methylxylose residues.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

448: Lee J S, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Burton DD, Kost LJ , Klein PD.
A valid, accurate, office based non-radioactive test for gastric emptying of solids.
Gut. 2000 J un;46(6):768-73.
PMID: 10807886
pdf: Lee J 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $stable-isotope; $breath-test; $gastric-emptying.
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Current breath tests for measurement of gastric emptying of solids are expensive,
possibly inaccurate, and require cumbersome calculations.
AIMS: We wished to validate a simplified solid gastric emptying test using a [(13)C]Spirulina platensis
breath test for accurate results relative to scintigraphy.
SUBJ ECTS: Thirty healthy volunteers.
METHODS: We measured gastric emptying of egg containing [(13)C]S platensis and (99m)Tc sulphur
colloid by breath (13)CO(2) and scintigraphy over six hours. A generalised linear regression model
was used to predict t(1/2) and t(LAG) by scintigraphy from breath (13)CO(2) data. The model was
cross validated and normative data calculated for a prepacked [(13)C]meal.
RESULTS: Regression models using all breath data over six hours, for the first three hours, and for
samples at 75, 90, and 180 minutes ("reduced model") predicted t(1/2) and t(LAG) values similar to
scintigraphy (t(LAG) 43 (SD 12) min; t(1/2) 100 (20) min). Standard deviations of differences in t(1/2)
and t(LAG) between scintigraphy and the "reduced model" were both 10 minutes. Gastric t(1/2) for the
prepacked [(13)C]meal was 91 (15) min (10-90% range: 74-118).
CONCLUSION: The [(13)C]S platensis breath test and a simple formula using breath (13)CO(2) at
baseline, 90, and 180 minutes measured gastric emptying t(1/2) for solids with results that were
comparable with scintigraphy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

449: Lee YK, Chew PF, Soh BS, Tham LY.
Enhancing phagocytic activity of hemocytes and disease resistance in the prawn Penaeus
merguiensis by feeding Spirulina platensis.
J Appl Phycol 15, No 4 (2003) 279-287.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lee Y 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Disease-resistance, $E-coli, $Hemocyte, $Immune-enhancement, $Penaeus-
merguiensis, $Prawn, $Salmonella-typhimurium, $Spirulina-platensis, $Vibrio-harveyi.
rsum:

Exposing the prawn Penaeus merguiensis to the bacteria Vibrio harveyi and Escherichia coli for an
hour or feeding the prawns with Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis (0.3% w/w feed) enhanced the
phagocytic activity of their hemocytes. Improvement of the phagocytic activity was primarily through
the activation of the hemocytes. The activated phagocytic hemocytes had a higher capacity to engulf
foreign agents, such as bacteria, and a higher rate of phagocytosis. The phagocytic enhancement
effect peaked on the fourth day of feeding with Spirulina. In the in vitro study, the granular cells from
prawns took 4560 min to complete the process of degranulation. Pre-exposure to Salmonella
178
typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis did not result in enhancement of phagocytic activity of hemocytes.
Only 10% prawns fed with Spirulina died in the first 14 days when challenged by V. harveyi at a
concentration of 1 x 10^4 CFUs mL1, while all control prawns (basal feed without Spirulina) died
within 14 days.

----------------------------

450: Lee YK.
Commercial production of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific rim.
J Appl Phycol 9, No 5 (1997) 403-411.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lee Y 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Asia-Pacific, $microalgae, $producers, $locations, $production-area, $annual-
production, $products.
rsum:

There are around 110 commercial producers of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific region, with annual
production capacity ranging from 3 to 500 T. About nine-tenth of the algal cultivation plants are located
in Asia. The commercially cultivated microalgae include Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, Nannochloris,
Nitzschia, Crypthecodinium, Schizochytrium, Tetraselmis, Skeletonema, Isochrysisand Chaetoceros.
Most of the commercially produced algal biomass is being marketed as health food, in the forms of
tablets and capsules. Algae and their extract are also included in noodles, wine, beverages, breakfast
cereals and cosmetics.

----------------------------

451: Lehto KM, Lehto HJ , Kanervo EA.
Suitability of different photosynthetic organisms for an extraterrestrial biological life support system.
Res Microbiol. 2006 J an-Feb;157(1):69-76.
PMID: 16439102
pdf: Lehto K 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Life-support-system; $Photosynthesis; $Mars; $Microalgae; $Higher-plants.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospia-platensis, j.

In the present era of intensive space and planetary research, efficient life support systems (LSSs) are
needed to maintain suitable living conditions when humans move into space, i.e. away from the
Earth's atmosphere. Thus far, such suitable conditions on various space flights and on the space
stations (Mir and the International Space Station) have been maintained solely via physical and
chemical means (transport of O2, H2O and food from the Earth, cleaning and recycling of air and
water). However, for long-duration missions to distant destinations, such as exploratory missions to
Mars, biological life support systems (BLSSs) may be needed to convert local CO2 and H2O to O2,
and to food. As on earth, this conversion process would need to be based on photosynthesis. Use of
higher plants and microalgae as BLSS organisms has been intensively studied. Here we review the
growth requirements of these two types of photosynthetic organisms, with particular attention to their
suitability for use in harsh Martian conditions, i.e. low temperatures, low atmospheric pressure, high
CO2 concentration, high UV radiation and dryness.

--------------------------------------------------------

452: Lemoine Y, Dang DK, Phan PA, Zabulon G, Thomas J C.
Influence of salinity on the growth rates and on pigment and protein contents of Spirulina maxima and
PMID: pas
pdf: Lemoine Y 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
179
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

453: Lonard J .
The 1964-65 belgian trans-saharan expedition.
Nature 1966 J an; 209: 126-128.
PMID: pas
Lonard J 1966.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Premire mention de la spiruline comme algue comestible riche en protine, connue sur les bords du
lac Tchad sous le nom de Dih.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

454: Levert J M, Xia J .
Modeling the growth curve for Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima, a versatile microalga for producing
uniformly labelled compounds with stable isotopes.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 4 (2001) 359-367.
PMID: pas
pdf: Levert J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $cyanobacterium, $labelled-compounds, $microalga, $modeling-
growth-curve, $nitrogen, $Spirulina-maxima, $sulfur.
rsum:

The paper presents a five-phase model to describe batch culture of Spirulina maxima under limitations
of light and nutrients nitrogen and sulfur. The general equation for the exponential, linear, decelerating
and stationary phases of the growth curve took into account that (i) the specific growth rate was
proportional to the local light intensity in the photobioreactor; (ii) light attenuation was due to cell's
absorption and reflection and observed the Lambert-Beer's law with a total absorption coefficient
(epsilon_T) that was the sum of absorption coefficient (epsilon_a) and reflection coefficient (epsilon_r);
(iii) the composition of the alga and its absorption epsilon_a changed with time and (iv) the specific
growth rate was influenced by nutrients of nitrogen and sulfur in the culture medium according to a
Monod's law. Two successive equations describing the death phase were proposed based on the
hypothesis that the death rate accelerated with the % PSC until it reached its maximum. From that
point the %PSC decreased and the death rate reduced. Our model fitted very well the cultures grown
in the photobioreactor developed in our laboratory.

----------------------------

455: Li B, Gao MH, Zhang XC, Chu XM.
Molecular immune mechanism of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis induces apoptosis in HeLa
cells in vitro.
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2006 Apr;43(Pt 3):155-64.
PMID: 16316316
pdf: Li B 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a water-soluble protein pigment, isolated from Spirulina platensis, is of great
importance because of its various medical and pharmacological properties. In the present study, we
first investigated the effect of highly purified C-PC on growth and proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro.
The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in the number of cells that survived for
HeLa cells treated with C-PC compared with control cells untreated with C-PC. Further electron-
microscopic studies revealed that C-PC could induce characteristic apoptotic features, including cell
180
shrinkage, membrane blebbing, microvilli loss, chromatin margination and condensation into dense
granules or blocks. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of HeLa cells treated with C-PC showed
fragmentation pattern (DNA ladder of oligomers of 180-200 bp) typical for apoptotic cells. Flow-
cytometric analysis of HeLa cells treated with different concentrations of C-PC demonstrated an
increasing percentage of cells in sub-G(0)/G(1) phase. In addition, we found that C-PC could promote
the expression of Fas and ICAM-1 (intercellular cell-adhesion molecule 1) protein, while it held back
the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphocytic-leukaemia proto-oncogene 2) protein expression. This suggested that C-
PC could induce the activation of pro-apoptotic gene and downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene
expression and then facilitate the transduction of tumoural apoptosis signals that resulted in the
apoptosis of HeLa cells in vitro. Caspases 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 were activated in C-PC-treated HeLa
cells, which suggested that C-PC-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent. C-PC treatment of
HeLa cells also resulted in release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol that was
related to apoptosis of C-PC-treated HeLa cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

456: Li B, Zhang X, Gao M, Chu X.
Effects of CD59 on antitumoral activities of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 Dec;59(10):551-60.
PMID: 16271846
pdf: Li B 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Phycocyanin; $CD59; $Hela-cells.
rsum:

The regulatory effect of phycocyanin (PC) from Spirulina platensis on cluster of differentiation 59
(CD59) gene expression of Hela cells and antitumoral mechanism of PC was investigated in this
study. PC was purified by hydroxylapatite (HA) and sephacrylHR-200 gel-filtration columns
chromatography. The molecular weight of PC was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The
CD59 cDNA was inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pALTER-MAX, and the recombinant
vector pALTER-MAX-CD59 was successfully constructed. By using cationic liposome (Lipfectamine-
2000)-mediated transfection method, the recombinant plasmid pALTER-MAX-CD59 and the selective
marker PcDNA were cotransfected into Hela cells and normal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
Stable positive cell clones were sorted out and disposed with different concentrates of PC. The
expression of CD59 protein was determined by in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence and enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effect of PC on the proliferation of Hela cells
was determined by MTT method and the expression of Fas protein was by immunohistochemistry.
Results showed that PC can promote the expression of CD59 protein in Hela cells, hold back it is
reproductions of Hela cells, and moreover, a dosage effect was found between them. Namely, with the
ascendance of PC concentration, the expression quantities of CD59 protein and apoptosis-inducing
Fas protein increased and the multiplication activity of Hela cells declined, whereas PC was of no use
to CD59 and Fas protein expression, and reproduction of normal CHO cells as well. Besides an
imaginable antitumoral molecular immune mechanism of PC was brought forward and discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

457: Li D, Xie J , Zhao J , Xia A, Li D, Gong Y.
Light-induced excitation energy redistribution in Spirulina platensis cells: "spillover" or "mobile PBSs"?
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Feb 15;1608(2-3):114-21.
PMID: 14871488
pdf: Li D 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-PC; $APC; $PSI; $PSII; $State-transition; $Energy-transfer.
rsum:

State transitions induced by light and redox were investigated by observing the 77 K fluorescence
spectra for the intact cells of Spirulina platensis. To clarify if phycobilisomes (PBSs) take part in the
state transition, the contributions of PBSs to light-induced state transition were studied in untreated
cells and the cells treated by betaine which fixed PBSs firmly on the thylakoid membranes. It was
observed that the betaine-treated cells did not show any light-induced state transition. This result
181
definitely confirmed that the light-induced excitation energy regulation between the two photosystems
is mainly dependent on a spatial movement of PBSs on the thylakoid membranes, which makes PBS
cores partially decoupled from photosystem II (PSII) while PBS rods more strongly coupled with
photosystem I (PSI) during the transition from state 1 to state 2. On the other hand, an energy
exchange between the two photosystems was observed in both untreated and betaine-treated cells
during redox-induced state transition. These observations suggested that two different mechanisms
were involved in the light-induced state transition and the redox-induced one. The former involves only
a physical movement of PBSs, while the latter involves not only the movement of PBS but also energy
spillover from PSII to PSI. A model for light-induced state transition was proposed based on the
current results as well as well known knowledge.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

458: Li D, Xie J , Zhao Y, Zhao J .
Probing connection of PBS with the photosystems in intact cells of Spirulina platensis by temperature-
induced fluorescence fluctuation.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Mar 6;1557(1-3):35-40.
PMID: 12615346
pdf: Li D 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin; $Allophycocyanin; $Photosystem; $Thylakoid-membrane.
rsum:

Temperature-dependent fluorescence for intact cells of cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was
detected to search for the connection of the phycobilisome (PBS) with Photosystem I (PSI) and
Photosystem II (PSII). Some interesting results were obtained from the deconvoluted fluorescence
components of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC), PSI and PSII as well as the
fluorescence spectra of the intact cells at room temperature (RT=25 degrees C) and 0 degrees C. It
was observed that, compared to those at RT, both of the fluorescence components for PSI and APC
increased, whereas those for PSII and C-PC decreased at 0 degrees C with excitation at 580 nm, that
is, the fluorescence for C-PC is not synchronous with that for APC, and the fluorescence fluctuation for
PSI is not synchronous with that for PSII. On the other hand, the decrease in C-PC fluorescence is
synchronous with the increase in PSI fluorescence, and the increase in APC fluorescence is
synchronous with the decrease in PSII fluorescence. Therefore, it can be readily deduced that PBS
should be coupled not only with PSII through the terminal acceptors in the APC core but also with PSI
through C-PC in PBS rods at physiological condition, while at 0 degrees C, a migration of a PBS
makes the APC partially detached from PSII but the C-PC more efficiently coupled with PSI. The
results provide good evidences for "mobile PBS" model and "parallel connection" model but not for the
"spillover" model.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

459: Li DM, Qi YZ.
Spirulina industry in China: Present status and future prospects.
J Appl Phycol 9, No 1 (1997) 25-28.
PMID: pas
pdf: Li D 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $industrial-production, $China.
mots-cls Antenna: , d, B.
rsum:

The Spirulina industry in China is developing rapidly as a national strategic programme. Currently,
there are more than 80 production factories, with a total annual production of more than 350 t dry
powder and total production area of over 10^6 m^2. Spirulina products are being used as food, forage
and medicine. The low unit area output and non-consistent product quality call for further research on
photosynthesis, strain selection and photobioreactor development, as well as product standardization
and quality assurance.

----------------------------

182
460: Li H, Li D, Yang S, Xie J , Zhao J .
The state transition mechanism-simply depending on light-on and -off in Spirulina platensis.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1757(11):1512-1519.
PMID: 17014821
pdf: Li H 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Energy-spillover; $Mobile-phycobilisome; $Oligomerization; $Photosystem-I;
$Photosystem-II; $State-transition.
rsum:

The state transition in cyanobacteria is a long-discussed topic of how the photosynthetic machine
regulates the excitation energy distribution in balance between the two photosystems. In the current
work, whether the state transition is realized by "mobile phycobilisome (PBS)" or "energy spillover"
has been clearly answered by monitoring the spectral responses of the intact cells of the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Firstly, light-induced state transition depends completely on a
movement of PBSs toward PSI or PSII while the redox-induced one on not only the "mobile PBS" but
also an "energy spillover". Secondly, the "energy spillover" is triggered by dissociation of PSI trimers
into the monomers which specially occurs under a case from light to dark, while the PSI monomers will
re-aggregate into the trimers under a case from dark to light, i.e., the PSI oligomerization is reversibly
regulated by light switch on and off. Thirdly, PSI oligomerization is regulated by the local H(+)
concentration on the cytosol side of the thylakoid membranes, which in turn is regulated by light switch
on and off. Fourthly, PSI oligomerization change is the only mechanism for the "energy spillover".
Thus, it can be concluded that the "mobile PBS" is a common rule for light-induced state transition
while the "energy spillover" is only a special case when dark condition is involved.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

461: Li J H.
Recherches sur les applications et fonctions cliniques de la spiruline en Chine.
PMID: pas
pdf: Li J 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $spirulina, $clinical-function, $polysaccharide, $China.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

462: Li Y, Wang B, Ai XC, Zhang XK, Zhao J Q, J iang LJ .
Spectroscopic investigation on the energy transfer process in photosynthetic apparatus of
cyanobacteria.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2004 J un;60(7):1543-7.
PMID: 15147696
pdf: Li Y 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Energy-transfer; $Photosystem-II; $Phycobilisome; $Cyanobacteria.
rsum:

In this work, we employ cyanobacteria, Spirulina platensis, and separate their photosynthetic
apparatus, phycobilisome (PBS), thylakoid membrane and phycobilisome-thylakoid membrane
complex. The steady state absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and corresponding deconvoluted
spectra and picosecond time-resolved spectra are used to investigate the energy transfer process in
phycobilisome-thylakoid membrane complex. The results on steady state spectra show chlorophylls of
the photosystem II are able to transfer excitation energy to phycobilisome with Chla molecules
selectively excited. The decomposition of the steady state spectra further suggest the uphill energy
transfer originate from chlorophylls of photosystem II to cores of phycobilisome, while rods and cores
of phycobilisome cannot receive energy from the chlorophylls of photosystem I. The time constant for
the back energy transfer process is 18 ps.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
183

463: Li ZY, Guo SY, Li L, Cai MY.
Effects of electromagnetic field on the batch cultivation and nutritional composition of Spirulina
platensis in an air-lift photobioreactor.
Bioresour Technol. 2007 Feb;98(3):700-705.
PMID: 16581244
pdf: Li Z 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Electromagnetic-field (EMF); $Air-lift-photobioreactor; $Batch-
cultivation; $Mechanism.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis was batch cultivated in a novel 3.5l magnetic air-lift photobioreactor with external-
loop on which 0-0.55T electromagnetic field (EMF) was imposed to investigate the EMF effects on the
algal growth and nutrition composition. At the same time, the correlative mechanism was discussed
mainly based on C, N, P uptake. It was found that, EMF has double-side effects on S. platensis
cultivation depend on EMF intensity. 0.25T EMF stress was found to be suitable for the algal
cultivation enhancement increasing the maximum cell dry weight by 22% in a time period two days
less than that of the control at 35 degrees C and 252 micromol photons m(-2)S(-1). In addition, the
nutritional composition of S. platensis was improved in both essential amino acids such as histidine
and trace elements Ni, Sr, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, Co and V. It was suggested it was possible to optimize
the cultivation process of S. platensis by imposing suitable weak EMF which may enhance the
nutrition assimilation e.g. C, N, P and minerals by S. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

464: Li ZY, Guo SY, Li L.
Bioeffects of selenite on the growth of Spirulina platensis and its biotransformation.
Bioresour Technol. 2003 Sep;89(2):171-6.
PMID: 12699937
pdf: Li Z 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Selenium; $Biotransformation; $Batch-culture.
rsum:

The bioeffects of selenium on the growth of Spirulina platensis and the selenium distribution were
investigated. S. platensis was batch cultured in Zarrouk medium containing increasing concentrations
of sodium selenite. The biotransformation characteristic of selenium was analysed by the
determination of the detailed selenium distribution forms. At 35 degrees C, 315.2 microEm(-2) x s(-1),
sodium selenite concentrations below 400 mg x l(-1) were found to stimulate algal growth, especially
in the range of 0.5-40 mg x l(-1). However, above 500 mg x l(-1) sodium selenite was toxic to this alga
with the toxicity being related to the sulfite level in the medium. S. platensis was found to resist higher
selenite by reducing toxic Se(IV) to nonsoluble Se(0). Selenium was accumulated efficiently in S.
platensis during cultivation with accumulated selenium increasing with selenite concentration in the
medium. It was demonstrated that inorganic selenite could be transformed into organic forms through
binding with protein, lipids and polysaccharides and other cell components. The organic selenium
accounted for 85.1% of the total accumulated selenium and was comprised of 25.2% water-soluble
protein-bound, 10.6% lipids-bound and 2.1% polysaccharides-bound selenium. Among the organic
fractions lipid possessed the strongest ability to accumulate Se (6.47 mg x kg(-1)). The 14.9%
inorganic selenium in S. platensis was composed of Se(IV) (13.7%) and Se(VI) (1.2%).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

465: Li ZY, Li YG, Guo SY, Li L, Zhang SL.
[Study of the factors of Cr(III) bioaccumulation on Spirulina platensis].
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2000 J an;16(1):108-12.
PMID: 10883289
pdf: Li Z 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biochimie; bioaccumulation.
184
rsum: en chinois

Some factors of Cr(III) bioaccumulation on Spirulina platensis were studied in detail. It was found that
the bioaccumulation of Cr(III) on Spirulina platensis involved two steps: rapid adsorption and slow
absorption. Chromic(III) compounds with weaker chemical bond had higher bioaccumulation
efficiency. Under the same algal cell concentration, Cr(III) bioaccumulation rosed up with Cr(III)
concentration. On the other hand, with Cr(III) concentration not changed, the total bioaccumulation of
Cr(III) on Spirulina platensis increased with algal cell concentration, but the Cr(III) bioaccumulation on
unit algae reduced. The study also showed that Spirulina platensis powder could bioaccumulate more
Cr(III) than fresh Spirulina platensis, pH is a quite important factor and more suitable pH for Cr(III)
bioaccumulation is 7. It was also proved that Cr(III) bioaccumulation benefited from the increase of
temperature and light intensity. Cations had either stimulation or inhibition effects on the Cr(III)
bioaccumulation on Spirulina platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

466: Liber'Terre.
Spiruline au Mali (Tacharane) 2004.
PMID: pas
pdf: Liber'Terre 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

467: Lightner DV.
Possible toxic effects of the marine blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa, on the blue shrimp, Penaeus
stylirostris.
J Invertebr Pathol. 1978 Sep;32(2):139-50. .
PMID: 103972
pdf: Lightner D 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; toxicologie.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

468: Lignon O.
La production de phytoplancton: l'exprience de la socit Micro algues Provence.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lignon O 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

469: Lincoln EP, Crawford J J W, Wilkie AC.
Spirulina in animal agriculture.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lincoln E 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:
185

----------------------------------------------------------

470: Liu B, Qian L.
[Determination of trace selenium in spirulina by continuous-flow hydride generation atomic absorption
spectrometry].
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 1999 Aug;19(4):610-2.
PMID: 15818972
pdf: Liu B 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois

--------------------------------------------------------------------

471: Liu J , Zhang X, Sui Z, Xiaohui Zhang X, Mao Y.
Cloning and characterization of c-phycocyanin operon from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis
FACHB341.
J Appl Phycol 17, No 2 (2005) 181-185.
PMID: pas
pdf: Liu J 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $cpc-operon, $in-vitro-PCR, $promoter-sequence, $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, d.
rsum:

By using in vitro PCR method, C-phycocyanin operon of Arthrospira platensis FACHB341 was cloned
and characterized. The operon consists of 427 bp ussB, 519 bp cpcB gene, 111 bp igsB-A region, 489
bp cpcA gene, 184 bp ussH region and 357 bp cpcH gene. Promoter prediction and signal scan show
that there are putative promoter sequences and regulatory elements in ussB and ussH sequences.

---------------------------------

472: Liu XM, Zhang HQ.
[Effect of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on hematopoietic cells proliferation, apoptosis and
Bcl-2 expression in mice bearing tumor treated with chemotherapy].
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2002 Aug;37(8):616-20.
PMID: 12567775
pdf: Liu X 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

AIM: To evaluate the effect of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis (PSP) on hematopoietic cell
proliferation, apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in mice bearing tumor treated with chemotherapy.
METHODS: The model of chemotherapy for transplant solid tumor in mice was established. The
hematopoietic cell proliferation, apoptosis, Bcl2 expression and related cytokines were assayed by the
technique of culture of hematopoietic progenitor cell, fluoromicroscope and light microscope,
immunohistochemical method, and double antibody sandwich ELISA.
RESULTS: PSP significantly ameliorated CFU-GM proliferation inhibition and hematopietic cells
apoptosis induced by CTX. Moreover, PSP evidently increased the content of IL-1, IL-3, GM-CSF and
TNF-alpha in serum and Bcl-2 expression of hematopoietic cells.
CONCLUSION: PSP indirectly upregulated Bcl-2 expression of hematopoietic cells by promoting
endogenous cytokines secretion which may be one of the mechanisms, by which PSP enhanced
hematopoietic cell proliferation and inhibited its apoptosis in mice bearing tumor treated with
chemotherapy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

473: Liu Y, Xu L, Cheng N, Lin L, Zhang C.
Inhibitory effect of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on the growth of human leukemia K562 cells.
186
J Appl Phycol 12, No 2 (2000) 125-130.
PMID: pas
pdf: Liu Y 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Bcl-2, $C-myc, $growth-inhibition, $G1-arrest, $K562-cells, $Phycocyanin,
$Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

The effect of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on the growth of human chronic myelogenous
leukemia-blast crisis K562 cells was studied bysemi-solid agar assay and cell viability measurement.
Phycocyanin significantly inhibited the growth of K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50
value ofthe phycocyanin was 72.5 mg L^-1. After the K562 cells were cultured with phycocyanin for 6
days, flow cytometric assays showed that more K562 cells were blocked to progress through S-phase
and arrested at G1 phase. DNA fragmentation assay indicated that there was no ladder of DNA
fragments of approximately 200-bp multiples, indicating that apoptosis had not occurred. Western blot
analysis showed that Bcl-2 protein was expressed, but its level remained unchanged, whereas the
expression level of c-myc increased. These findings suggest that phycocyanin may be able to inhibit
the growth of K562 cells by pathways other than apoptosis, and that changed a expression pattern of
the c-myc protein may be involved in such inhibition.

----------------------------

474: Llama MJ , Serra J L, Rao KK, Hall DO.
Isolation and characterization of the hydrogenase activity from the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium
Spirulina maxima.
FEBS Lett. 1979 Feb 15;98(2):342-6.
PMID: 105936
pdf: Llama M 1979.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; instrumentation; contrle.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

475: Lodi A, Binaghi L, Solisio C, Converti A, Del Borghi M.
Nitrate and phosphate removal by Spirulina platensis.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003 Nov;30(11):656-60.
PMID: 14610655
pdf: Lodi A 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biological-nitrogen-removal, $Abiotic-phosphorus-precipitation, $Spirulina-
platensis, $Thermodynamics.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; puration; organic-remouval.
rsum:

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was used to verify the possibility of employing microalgal
biomass to reduce the contents of nitrate and phosphate in wastewaters. Batch tests were carried out
in 0.5 dm3 Erlenmeyer flasks under conditions of light limitation (40 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1)) at a
starting biomass level of 0.50 g/dm3 and varying temperature in the range 23-40 degrees C. In this
way, the best temperature for the growth of this microalga (30 degrees C) was determined and the
related thermodynamic parameters were estimated. All removed nitrate was used for biomass growth
(biotic removal), whereas phosphate appeared to be removed mainly by chemical precipitation (abiotic
removal). The best results in terms of specific and volumetric growth rates (mu=0.044 day(-1),
Qx=33.2 mg dm(-3) day(-1)) as well as volumetric rate and final yield of nitrogen removal (Q(N-NO3-
)=3.26 mg dm(-3) day(-1), Y(N-NO3-)=0.739) were obtained at 30 degrees C, whereas phosphorus
was more effectively removed at a lower temperature. In order to simulate full-scale studies, batch
tests of nitrate and phosphate removal were also performed in 5.0 dm3 vessels (mini-ponds) at the
optimum temperature (30 degrees C) but increasing the photon fluence rate to 80 micromol quanta
m(-2) s(-1) and varying the initial biomass concentration from 0.25 to 0.86 g/dm3. These additional
tests demonstrated that an increase in the inoculum level up to 0.75 g/dm3 enhanced both NO3- and
PO4(3-) removal, confirming a strict dependence of these processes on biomass activity. In addition,
187
the larger surface area of the ponds and the higher light intensity improved removal yields and kinetics
compared to the flasks, particularly concerning phosphorus removal (mu=0.032-0.050 day(-1),
Qx=34.7-42.4 mg dm(-3) day(-1), Q(N-NO3-)=3.24-4.06 mg dm(-3) day(-1), Y(N-NO3-)=0.750-0.879,
Q(P-PO4(3-))=0.312-0.623 mg dm(-3) day(-1), and Y(P-PO4(3-))=0.224-0.440).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

476: Lopes TM, Costa J AV, Trindage GS.
Differences in the sensibility of multi-drugs resistant (MDR) and non-MDR human tumor cells to
different concentrations of Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lopes T 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $human-tumor-cell, $P-glycoprotein, $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

477: Lu C, Vonshak A.
Effects of salinity stress on photosystem II function in cyanobacterial Spirulina platensis cells.
Physiol Plant. 2002 Mar;114(3):405-413.
PMID: 12060263
pdf: Lu C 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The changes in PSII photochemistry in Spirulina platensis cells exposed to salinity stress (0-0.8 M
NaCl) for 12 h were studied. Salinity stress induced a decrease in oxygen evolution activity, which
correlated with the decrease in the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (PhiPSII). Phycocyanin
content decreased significantly while chlorophyll content remained unchanged in salt-stressed cells.
Salinity stress induced an increase in non-photochemical quenching (qN) and a decrease in
photochemical quenching (qP). Analyses of the polyphasic fluorescence transients (OJ IP) showed that
with the increase in salt concentration, the fluorescence yield at the phases J , I and P declined sharply
and the transient almost levelled off at salt concentration of 0.8 M NaCl. The effects of DCMU on the
polyphasic rise of fluorescence transients decreased significantly. Salinity stress resulted in a
decrease in the efficiency of electron transfer from QA- to QB. The slope at the origin of the relative
variable fluorescence curves (dV/dto) and the relative variable fluorescence at phase J (VJ ) increased
in the absence of DCMU, but decreased in the presence of DCMU. The shape of the relative variable
fluorescence transients in salt-stressed cells was comparable to that of the control cells incubated with
DCMU. The results in this study suggest that salt stress inhibited the electron transport at both donor
and acceptor sides of PSII, resulted in damage to phycobilisome and shifted the distribution of
excitation energy in favour of PSI.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

478: Lu C, Zhang J .
Role of light in the response of PSII photochemistry to salt stress in the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis.
J Exp Bot. 2000 May;51(346):911-7.
PMID: 10948217
pdf: Lu C 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The role of light in the effect of salt stress on PSII photochemistry in the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis grown at 50 micromol m(-2) s(-1) was investigated. The time-course of changes in PSII
photochemistry in response to high salinity (0.8 M NaCl) incubated in the dark and at 30, 50 and 100
188
micromol m(-2) s(-1) was composed of two phases. The first phase, which was independent of light,
was characterized by a rapid decrease (20-50%) in the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry
(F:(v)/F:(m)), the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centres
(F(1)(v)/F(1)(m)), photochemical quenching (q(P)), and the quantum yield of PSII electron transport
(Phi(PSII)) in the first 15 min, followed by a recovery of up to about 86-92% of their initial levels after 4
h of incubation. The second phase took place after 4 h, in which a further decline in the above
parameters occurred only in the light but not in the dark, reaching levels as low as 32-56% of their
initial levels after 12 h. Moreover, the higher incubation light intensity, the greater the decrease in the
above parameters. At the same time, Q(B)-non-reducing PSII reaction centres increased significantly
in the first 15 min and then recovered to the initial level during the first phase, but increased again in
the light in the second phase. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution activity decreased sharply by 70% in
the first 5 min, and then kept largely constant until 12 h. The changes in oxygen evolution activity were
independent of light intensity during both phases.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

479: Lu C, Vonshak A.
Photoinhibition in outdoor Spirulina platensis cultures assessed by polyphasic chlorophyll fluorescence
transients.
J Appl Phycol 11, No 4 (1999) 355-359.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lu C 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacterium, $photoinhibition, $photosystem-II, $polyphasic-fluorescence-
transient, $Spirulina platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, d, B.
rsum:

Photoinhibition in outdoor cultures of Spirulina platensis was studied by measuring the polyphasic rise
of chlorophyll fluorescence transients, which provide information on the primary photochemistry of
PSII. The maximum efficiency of PSII photochemustry (Fv/Fm) declined in response to daily
increasing irradiance and recovered as daily irradiance decreased. The greatest inhibition (15%) in
Fv/Fm was observed at 12:00 hr which responded to the highest irradiance. The absorption flux, the
trapping flux, and the electron transport flux per PSII reaction center increased in response to daily
increasing irradiance and decreased as irradiance decreased. The daily change in the concentration
of PSII reaction centers followed the same pattern as Fv/Fm. However, no significant changes in the
probability of electron transport beyond QA (psi_o) were observed during the day. The results suggest
that the decrease in Fv/Fm induced by photoinhibition in outdoor Spirulina cultures was a result of the
inactivation of PSII reaction centers. The results also suggest that the measurement of polyphasic
fluorescence transients is a powerful tool to study the mechanism of photoinhibition in outdoor
Spirulina cultures and to screen strains for photoinhibition tolerance.

----------------------------

480: Lu C, Zhang J , Vonshak A.
Inhibition of quantum yield of PS II electron transport in Spirulina platensis by osmotic stress may be
explained mainly by an increase in the proportion of the QB-non-reducing PS II reaction centres.
Australian J ournal of Plant Physiology 25(6) 689-694.
PMID: pas
pdf: Lu C 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $chlorophyll-fluorescence; $cyanobacterium; $osmotic-stress; $PS-II; $QB-non-
reducing-PS-II-reaction-centres; $Spirulina-platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, D.
rsum:

Modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and fluorescence induction kinetics were used to evaluate the PS
II photochemistry in Spirulina platensis exposed to osmotic stress (00.8 M mannitol). Osmotic stress
decreased the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PS II reaction centres (F_v/F_m) and
more significantly, decreased photochemical quenching (q_P). Osmotic stress also decreased the
maximal efficiency of PS II photochemistry (F_v/_Fm). There was no significant change in non-
photochemical quenching (q_N), indicating that the decreased F_/F_m was not due to an increase in
189
q_N. Analyses of the fast fluorescence induction kinetics indicated that osmotic stress caused a
significant increase in the proportion of the QB-non-reducing PS II reaction centres. Based on the
results in this study, we suggest that a substantial increase in the proportion of the QB-non-reducing
PS II reaction centres may be responsible for the decrease in q_P and F_'/F_m', of which both
resulted in the decrease in the quantum yield of PS II electron transport (\psi_PSII ).

--------------------------------------------------------

481: Lu HK, Hsieh CC, Hsu J J , Yang YK, Chou HN.
Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative
stress.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Sep;98(2):220-226.
PMID: 16944194
pdf: Lu H 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Algae; $Antioxidant; $Lactate-dehydrogenase; $Fatigue; $Malondialdehyde.
rsum:

The effects of spirulina supplementation on preventing skeletal muscle damage on untrained human
beings were examined. Sixteen students volunteered to take Spirulina platensis in addition to their
normal diet for 3-weeks. Blood samples were taken after finishing the Bruce incremental treadmill
exercise before and after treatment. The results showed that plasma concentrations of
malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased after supplementation with spirulina (P <0.05).
The activity of blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly raised after supplementation with
spirulina or soy protein (P <0.05). Both of the blood glutathione peroxidaes (GPx) and lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were significantly different between spirulina and soy protein
supplementation by an ANCOVA analysis (P <0.05). In addition, the lactate (LA) concentration was
higher and the time to exhaustion (TE) was significantly extended in the spirulina trail (P <0.05).
These results suggest that ingestion of S. platensis showed preventive effect of the skeletal muscle
damage and that probably led to postponement of the time of exhaustion during the all-out exercise.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

482: Lumsden J , Cammack R, Hall DO.
Purification and physicochemical properties of superoxide dismutase from two photosynthetic
microorganisms.
PMID: 1085167
pdf: Lumsden J 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) has been isolated and characterised from the blue-green alga
Spirulina platensis and from aerobically-grown Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, a purple, non-sulphur
bacterium. The former enzyme contains 1 gatom of iron and the latter 1 gatom of manganese per mol;
both enzymes have a molecular weight of 37 000-38 000, being composed of two non-covalently
joined subunits of equal size. Various spectral studies have been carried out including absorbance,
circular dichroism and electron spin resonance. Catalytic activity has been studied as a function of pH
and shows a decrease at alkaline pH values. The manganoenzyme is generally more stable to various
potentially denaturing conditions and is resistant to inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. Amino acid
compositions and N-terminal residue determinations are presented.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

483: Lumsden J , Hall DO.
Soluble & membrane-bound superoxide dismutases in a blue-green algae (Spirulina) and spinach.
PMID: 4364622
pdf: Lumsden J 1974.pdf PAS
190
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

484: Lyra C, Halme T, Torsti AM, Tenkanen T, Sivonen K.
Site-specific restriction endonucleases in cyanobacteria.
J Appl Microbiol. 2000 Dec;89(6):979-91.
PMID: 11123471
pdf: Lyra C 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

AIM: Planktic cyanobacteria were screened for endodeoxyribonucleases. Principal component
analysis (PCA) was employed to demonstrate a potential relationship between certain enzymes and a
group of cyanobacteria. The data were obtained from a data bank and this study.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Enzymes were partially purified using column chromatography.
Anabaena strains contained Asp83/1I (5'-TTCGAA-3'), Asp83/1II (5'-GGCC-3'), Asp90I (5'-ACRYGT-
3') and five isoschizomeric enzymes (5'-ATCGAT-3'). Aphanizomenon and Microcystis strains
contained ApcTR183I (5'-TGCGCA-3') and Msp199I (5'-CCGG-3'), respectively.
Planktothrix strains possessed Psc2I (5'-GAANNNNTTC-3'), Psc27I and Psc28I (5'-TTCGAA-3'). PCA
showed that the most common cyanobacterial endonuclease types were AvaII, AvaI and AsuII.
CONCLUSIONS: All planktic cyanobacteria studied contained restriction endonucleases. The defined
restriction endonucleases were isoschizomers of known enzymes. The Nostoc and the Spirulina
genera had an association, while the majority of the genera had no association with certain
endonuclease type(s).
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The defined enzymes in this study and the estimated
trend in the endonuclease type distribution allow more efficient avoidance of cyanobacterial restriction
barriers.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

485: Madhavi Sekharam K, Venkataraman LV, Salimath PV.
Structural studies of a glucan isolated from blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Madhavi Sekharam K 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The acid-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina contained glucose, principally, with small
amounts of sulphate. The latter was removed by passing through a DEAE-cellulose column.
Methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, chromium trioxide oxidation, oligosaccharide and enzymatic
studies revealed the polymer to have an alpha-1,4 linked glucan backbone with frequent side chains
through alpha-1,6 linked glucosyl residues.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

486: Madhyastha HK, Radha KS, Sugiki M, Omura S, Maruyama M.
Purification of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its effect on the induction of urokinase-type
plasminogen activator from calf pulmonary endothelial cells.
Phytomedicine. 2006 Sep;13(8):564-9.
PMID: 16920511
pdf: Madhyastha H 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-fusiformis; $Blue-green-alga; $c-phycocyanin; $alpha-and-beta-subunits;
$uPA; $Fibrinolysis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis, A.
191
rsum:

c-Phycocyanin (c-pc), a blue coloured, fluorescent protein was purified from blue-green alga, Spirulina
fusiformis and its effect on fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells was investigated.The c-pc
consisted of two subunits, alpha and beta, whose molecular masses were 16 and 17kDa, respectively.
N-terminal sequences of both subunits were well conserved compared with other blue green algal
phycobiliproteins. Fibrinolytic activity in the medium conditioned by calf pulmonary arterial endothelial
cells was measured by the fibrin plate method.The c-pc increased the fibrinolytic activity in dose- and
time-dependent manners. Fibrin zymographic studies indicated that c-pc-induced urokinase-type
plasminogen activator in the cells. These in vitro results suggest that c-pc from S. fusiformis is a
potent profibrinolytic protein in the vascular endothelial system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

487: Madrid Y, Barrio-Cordoba E, Cmara C.
Biosorption of antimony and chromium species by Spirulina platensis and Phaseolus. Applications to
bioextract antimony and chromium from natural and industrial waters.
Analyst 123 (1998) 15931598.
PMID: pas
pdf: Madrid Y 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Chromium; $antimony; $Spirulina-platensis, $Phaseolus, $biosorption; $waters;
$atomic-absorption-spectrometry.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-platensis; N; B.
rsum:

The ability of the two biological substrates, Spirulina platensis (a cyanobacterium) and Phaseolus (a
plant-derived material) to accumulate Sb and Cr species (SbIII, SbV, CrIII and CrVI) was evaluated.
Different parameters affecting accumulation were tested: pH, temperature, incubation time, amount of
biomass and analyte, presence of foreign ions and the influence of the oxidation state. The
experimental data were modeled using sorption isotherms and the corresponding sorption coefficients
of each species were calculated for both substrates. S. platensis and Phaseolus were suitable for the
accumulation of Sb and Cr species over a wide variety of experimental conditions and the
accumulation depended on the oxidation state of the analyte. S. platensis was applied to
preconcentrate Sb and Cr in river and sea-water samples. The detection limits of the electrothermal
atomic absorption spectrometric procedures obtained for Sb in river water (preconcentration factor 4)
and sea-water samples (preconcentration factor 40) were 0.9 and 0.09 mg/l, respectively, and those
for Cr were 0.1 mg/1 (preconcentration factor 10) and 0.05 mg/l (preconcentration factor 20),
respectively. The removal of chromium ions from a leather industrial waste water was also examined
using this substrate. S. platensiswas able to remove 97% of Cr from the waste water and therefore
proved to be an alternative for the reclamation and remediation of contaminated waters. The
vegetable substrate Phaseolus, is highly promising for speciation purposes at low analyte
concentrations.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

488: Masojidek J , Papacek S, Sergejevova M, J irka V, Cerveny J , Kunc J , Korecko J , Verbovikova
O, Kopecky J , Stys D, Torzillo G.
A closed solar photobioreactor for cultivation of microalgae under supra-high irradiance: basic design
and performance.
J Appl Phycol 15, No 2-3 (2003) 239-248.
PMID: pas
pdf: Masojidek J 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Chlorophyll-fluorescence, $Cyanobacterium, $Spirulina, $Heat-exchange, $High-
irradiance, $Linear-Fresnel-lense, $Non-photochemical-quenching, $Photoinhibition, $Productivity.
rsum:

An account is given of the setting up and use of a novel type of closed tubular photobioreactor at the
Academic and University Centre in Nove Hrady, Czech Republic. This "penthouse-roof"
photobioreactor was based on solar concentrators (linear Fresnel lenses) mounted in a climate-
192
controlled greenhouse on top of the laboratory complex combining features of indoor and outdoor
cultivation units. The dual-purpose system was designed for algal biomass production in temperate
climate zone under well-controlled cultivation conditions and with surplus solar energy being used for
heating service water. The system was used to study the strategy of microalgal acclimation to supra-
high solar irradiance, with values as much as 3.5 times the ambient value, making the approach
unique. The cultivation system proved to be fully functional with sufficient mixing and cooling, efficient
oxygen stripping and light tracking. Experimental results (measurement of the maximum
photochemical yield of PSII and non-photochemical quenching) showed that the cyanobacterium
Spirulina (=Arthrospira) platensis cultivated under sufficient turbulence and biomass density was able
to acclimate to irradiance values as high as 7 mmol photon m^2 s^1. The optimal biomass
concentration of Spirulina cultures in September ranged between 1.2 to 2.2 g L^1, which resulted in a
net productivity of about 0.5 g L^1 d^1 corresponding to a biomass yield of 32.5 g m^2 d^1
(based on the minimum illuminated surface area of the photobioreactor).

----------------------------

489: Makovkina LE, Mestechkina NM, Kuzhetsov EA, Mytuskii AA, Pshenova KV.
[Redox potentials of some metalloproteins].
Biokhimiia. 1978 Mar;43(3):564-7.
PMID: 207361
pdf: Makovkina L 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

490: Manen J F, Falquet J .
The cpcB-cpcA locus as a tool for the genetic characterization of the genus Arthrospira
(Cyanobacteria): evidence for horizontal transfer.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2002 May;52(Pt 3):861-7.
PMID: 12054250
pdf: Manen J 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $cpcB-cpcA, $horizontal-transfer, $molecular-phylogeny.
rsum:

To investigate the genetic diversity of the genus Arthrospira and to compare it with other
cyanobacteria, sequences of 670 nt from the phycocyanin operon were determined for 23 natural,
cultivated or commercial strains of Arthrospira and compared with sequences from 20 other non-
Arthrospira cyanobacterial strains. The sequenced DNA fragment comprises the last 255 nt of cpcB,
the cpcB-cpcA spacer and the first 304 nt of cpcA. The resulting phylogenetic tree confirms that the
genus Arthrospira is not related to Spirulina. So far, cpcB-cpcA data suggest that the closest relative
of Arthrospira is Planktothrix. Based on this locus, the genus Arthrospira consists of three genetically
clustered lineages. However, the distribution of nucleotide substitutions indicates that these three
lineages are not the result of a simple cladogenesis characterized by the accumulation of independent
substitutions. Instead, the observed clustering is the result of horizontal transfers of blocks of
sequences. Analysis of the distribution of substitutions in the sequenced fragment indicates a point of
intragenic recombination close to the stop codon of cpcB. The capacity of exchange of genetic
material among strains probably explains why morphology and geographical origin do not correlate
with the cpcB-cpcA clusters. Nevertheless, this study shows for the first time that the genus
Arthrospira, represented here by cultivated and wild specimens, is clearly monophyletic. Moreover, the
cpcB-cpcA DNA fragment, comprising both highly and moderately variable regions, allows (1) a strict
differentiation of the taxon Arthrospira from other cyanobacteria (using the coding regions only) and
(2) the study of relationships inside Arthrospira (using both the coding and non-coding regions).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

491: Mani U, Sadliwala A, Iyer U, Parikh P.
The effect of Spirulina supplementation on blood haemoglobin levels of anaemic adult girls.
193
J Food Science Technol 37 (2000) 642-644.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mani U 2000.papier
mots-cls article: $spirulina, $haemoglobin, $anaemia.
rsum :

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of supplementation of spray dried Spirulina
powder on blood haemoglobin levels in young anaemic girls of ages ranging from 18-22 years. They
were screened for their anthropometric measurements, clinical signs and symptoms related to
anaemia and blood haemoglobin levels. Blood haemoglobin levels less than 12 g/dl were used to find
the prevalence of anaemia. Diets of 20 anaemic girls were supplemented with 5 g of spray dried
Spirulina powder daily for a period of 30 days and the blood haemoglobin levels were estimated at the
end of the study period. Supplementation was carried out in two forms - in the form of syrup and in the
form of parathas. The prevalence of anaemia in the girls was 28.2%. The diets of these girls revealed
deficit intakes of calories and iron while the intakes of phytates and oxalates were found to be high. A
mean increase of 1.17 g/dl i.e., 10.33% in the blood haemoglobin levels was seen in all the anaemic
subjects after supplementing Spirulina tor 30 days. A mean increase in the blood haemoglobin levels
by 1.32 g/dl i.e., 11.65% was seen in those girls supplemented with Spirulina in the form of syrup,
while a mean increase of 0.88 g/dl i.e., 7.72% was seen in those supplemented with Spirulina as
parathas. This increase could be due to the absence of inhibitors of iron absorption - oxalates and
phytates in the syrup, which were otherwise present in the parathas. It was concluded that
supplementation of Spirulina had beneficial effect on the haemoglobin levels and could be effectively
used to combat iron deficiency anaemia.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

492: Maniu H.
The mutagenesis and temporal partial genetic mapping in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol. 1985 J ul-Sep;44(3):255-63.
PMID: 3938946
pdf: Maniu H 1985.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

493: Manzini I, Peters F, Schild D.
Odorant responses of Xenopus laevis tadpole olfactory neurons: a comparison between preparations.
J Neurosci Methods. 2002 Dec 15;121(2):159-67.
PMID: 12468006
pdf: Manzini I 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Xenopus-laevis; $Olfactory-receptor-neurons; $Olfactory-mucosa-slice.
rsum:

We used a slice preparation of the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to record odorant
responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and compared these to odorant responses recorded
in isolated ORNs. The maximum recording time in the slice was considerably longer than in isolated
ORNs, which is essential when many odorants are to be tested. No odorant-induced responses could
be obtained from isolated ORNs recorded in the on-cell mode, while recordings in the slice (on-cell
and whole-cell) as well as previously reported perforated-patch recordings in isolated ORNs of the
same species () were successful, though qualitatively different. In the slice preparation, amino acids
as well as an extract from Spirulina algae always induced excitatory responses, while, in a previous
study on isolated ORNs, responses were either excitatory or inhibitory. The results of this study show
that ORNs obtained using different preparation techniques can give markedly different responses
upon the application of odorants. Our experiments indicate that the slice preparation combined with
the on-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique is the method of choice for testing many
odorants on individual ORNs.
194

--------------------------------------------------------------------

494: Mao TK, Van de Water J , Gershwin ME.
Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients.
J Med Food. 2005 Spring;8(1):27-30.
PMID: 15857205
pdf: Mao T 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $antioxidants; $blue-green-algae; $interleukin-4; $Spirulina.
rsum:

Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary
supplement for modulating immune functions, as well as ameliorating a variety of diseases. We have
previously shown that the in vitro culture of Spirulina with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs) modulated the production of cytokines. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of a
Spirulina-based dietary supplement (Earthrise Nutritionals, Inc., Irvine, CA) on patients with allergic
rhinitis by assessing the production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-2]
critical in regulating immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy. In a randomized double-blinded crossover
study versus placebo, allergic individuals were fed daily with either placebo or Spirulina, at 1,000 mg
or 2,000 mg, for 12 weeks. PBMCs isolated before and after the Spirulina feeding were stimulated with
phytohemagglutinin (PHA) prior to determining the levels of cytokine from cell culture supernatants.
Although Spirulina seemed to be ineffective at modulating the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma
and IL-2), we discovered that Spirulina, administered at 2,000 mg/day, significantly reduced IL-4 levels
by 32% from PHA-stimulated cells. These results indicate that Spirulina can modulate the Th profile in
patients with allergic rhinitis by suppressing the differentiation of Th2 cells mediated, in part, by
inhibiting the production of IL-4. To our knowledge, this is the first human feeding study that
demonstrates the protective effects of Spirulina towards allergic rhinitis.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

495: Maranesi M, Barzanti V, Carenini G, Gentili P.
Nutritional studies on Spirulina maxima.
Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1984;6(4):295-304.
PMID: 6442827
pdf: Maranesi M 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

This study was designed to explore the nutritional value of proteins derived from algal biomasses of
genus Spirulina maxima, with a view to the possible use of such proteins in human alimentation.
Recently the use of such biomasses has commanded attention both as an alternative source of
alimentary protein and as a coadjuvant in diet treatment requiring a reduced caloric intake - this
because these substances seem to prolong gastric transit time and so produce a feeling of satiety.
Our research was conducted in young growing rats; it provided confirmation of the validity of Spirulina
as a protein source in terms of good weight gains by the test animals and freedom from adverse
effects; the same research, on the other hand, failed to confirm the effectiveness of these protein
materials in reducing caloric intake: throughout the test period, indeed, feed consumption (hence
caloric intake) was practically the same in the control lot and in animals receiving Spirulina protein.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

496: Margheri MC, Piccardi R, Ventura S, Viti C, Giovannetti L.
Genotypic diversity of oscillatoriacean strains belonging to the genera Geitlerinema and Spirulina
determined by 16S rDNA restriction analysis.
Curr Microbiol. 2003 May;46(5):359-64.
195
PMID: 12732964
pdf: Margheri M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Genotypic diversity of several cyanobacterial strains mostly isolated from marine or brackish waters,
belonging to the genera Geitlerinema and Spirulina, was investigated by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA
restriction analysis and compared with morphological features and response to salinity. Cluster
analysis was performed on amplified 16S rDNA restriction profiles of these strains along with profiles
obtained from sequence data of five Spirulina-like strains, including three representatives of the new
genus Halospirulina. Our strains with tightly coiled trichomes from hypersaline waters could be
assigned to the Halospirulina genus. Among the uncoiled strains, the two strains of hypersaline origin
clustered together and were found to be distant from their counterparts of marine and freshwater
habitat. Moreover, another cluster, formed by alkali-tolerant strains with tightly coiled trichomes, was
well delineated.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

497: Marquez FJ , Sasaki K, Nishio N, Nagai S.
Inhibitory effect of oxygen accumulation on the growth of Spirulina platensis.
Biotechnology Letters 17, No 2 (1995) 225-228
PMID: pas
pdf: Marquez F 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The growth of Spirulina platensis was studied in a light-limited culture under various dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentrations. At high DO concentration, e.g. at 1.25 mM DO, the growth rate was decreased
up to 36 % compared with that of 0.063 mM DO. The retarded growth rate at high DO concentrations
seemed to be coupled with the degeneration of photosynthetic activity in terms of O2 evolution. Under
higher DO concentrations, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activities tended to
increase, while the contents of photosynthetic pigment, such phycocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll-
a decreased distinctly.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

498: Marquez FJ , Nishio N, Nagai S, Sasaki K.
Enhancement of biomass and pigment production during growth of Spirulina platensis in mixotrophic
culture.
J Chem Technol & Biotechnol 62, No 2 (1995) 159-164.
PMID: pas
pdf: Marquez F 1995a.papier
mots-cls article: $heterotrophic-growth, $mixotrophic-growth, $glucose-consumption, $biomass-and
pigment-enhancement, $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis grew mixotrophically on glucose in the light, ehancing biomass and pigment
production. Under light-limited conditions, biomass production was enhanced by supplemental
microbial synthesis from heterotrophic metabolism of glucose. Biomass and photosynthetic pigment
production were increased 15-20-fold compared with those in autotrophic growth.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

499: Marty F, Coulon J , Busson F.
Incorporations de thymidine-3H, uridine-3H et leucine-3H dans lalgue bleue Spirulina platensis
(Gom.) geitler.
196
[Incorporation of 3H-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 3H-leucine in the blue alga Spirulina platensis (Gom.)
geitler].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1971 Apr 14;272(15):2021-4.
PMID: 4995635
pdf: Marty F 1971.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

500: Masaki R, Wada K, Matsubara H.
Isolation and characterization of two ferredoxin-NADP+reductases from Spirulina platensis.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1979 Oct;86(4):951-62.
PMID: 500589
pdf: Masaki R 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Two ferredoxin-NADP+reductases (FNRs I and II) [EC 1.6.7.1] were purified from a blue-green alga,
Spirulina platensis, by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-
Sephadex A-50 chromatography. FNRs I and II were both FAD-containing enzymes with molecular
weights of 33,000, and could photochemically reduce NADP+to the same extent in the presence of S.
platensis ferredoxin, using FNR-depleted membrane fragments of S. platensis. They had similar
physical and enzymatic properties, except for chemical properties such as the amino (N)-terminal
sequences and the patterns of their peptide maps. The significance of the presence of two FNRs in S.
platensis as as of the multiple forms found in other organisms is discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

501: Mascher D, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Torres-Duran PV, Zamora-Gonzalez J , Diaz-Zagoya J C,
J uarez-Oropeza MA.
Ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima alters the vasomotor reactivity of aortic rings from obese rats.
Arch Med Res. 2006 J an;37(1):50-7.
PMID: 16314186
pdf: Mascher D 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Aortic-rings; $Sucrose-fed-rats; $Endothelium; $Nitric-oxide; $Indomethacin; $L-
NAME.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; mdecine; organes; coeur; systme-cardio-vasculaire;
B.
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Aortic rings with endothelium excised from fructose-fed obese rats develop more
tension in response to phenylephrine and relax less in response to carbachol than corresponding rings
from lean rats. This altered vascular reactivity is prevented when Spirulina maxima is added to the
fructose-rich diet. In the present study the effects of a raw ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on the
vasomotor responses of aorta rings from sucrose-fed obese hypertensive rats were analyzed.
METHODS: The experiments were performed on aorta rings from sucrose-fed obese male rats. For
each experiment, a pair of rings from the same aorta (one with intact endothelium, the other without a
functional endothelium) was used. In this study we analyzed, in vitro, the effects of the ethanolic
extract of Spirulina maxima on the reactivity of the aortic rings to phenylephrine and to carbachol.
RESULTS: On rings with endothelium, the extract produced the following effects: a) a concentration-
dependent (0.06-1.0 mg/mL) decrease of the contractile response to phenylephrine; b) a rightward
shift and a decrease in maximal developed tension, of the concentration-response curve to
phenylephrine; c) a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted rings. These
effects persisted in the presence of indomethacin but were prevented by L-NAME. The extract had no
effect on the concentration-response curve of phenylephrine-precontracted rings to carbachol. On
endothelium-denuded rings the extract caused a significant rightward shift of the concentration
response curve to phenylephrine without any effect on maximal tension development.
197
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, in rings from obese rats, the extract, in addition to
increasing the synthesis/release of NO, also inhibits the synthesis/release of a cyclooxygenase-
dependent vasoconstrictor metabolite of arachidonic acid, which is increased in obesity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

502: Materassi R, Tredici M, Balloni W.
Spirulina culture in sea-water.
J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 19, No 6 (J une 1984) 384-386.
PMID: pas
pdf: Materassi R 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; O.
rsum:

Laboratory experiments using small raceway ponds have shown that Spirulina maxima can be
adapted easily to grow in sea-water supplemented with nitrate, phosphate, bicarbonate, and Fe-
EDTA. To prevent precipitate formation, phosphate was supplied by diffusion through a dialysis
membrane; the amount of Na-bicarbonate added was low (100 ppm) and the pH was kept in the range
8.68.8 by bubbling CO2 into the culture. No significant differences have been noticed in productivity
or in the chemical composition of the biomass between cultures in sea-water and in the standard
bicarbonate medium. Cultures subjected to light/dark cycles of 12/12 h showed a higher respiration
rate in sea-water than in the bicarbonate medium. The higher weight loss in the sea-water medium in
the dark was counterbalanced by an increased synthesis of carbohydrates during the light period.

------------------------------------------------------------

503: Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varghese C, Somanathan T, Amma BP, Amma NS,
Nair MK.
Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis.
Nutr Cancer. 1995;24(2):197-202.
PMID: 8584455
pdf: Mathew B 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The blue-green microalgae Spirulina, used in daily diets of natives in Africa and America, have been
found to be a rich natural source of proteins, carotenoids, and other micronutrients. Experimental
studies in animal models have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Spirulina algae on oral
carcinogenesis. Studies among preschool children in India have demonstrated Spirulina fusiformis
(SF) to be an effective source of dietary vitamin A. We evaluated the chemopreventive activity of SF (1
g/day for 12 mos) in reversing oral leukoplakia in pan tobacco chewers in Kerala, India. Complete
regression of lesions was observed in 20 of 44 (45%) evaluable subjects supplemented with SF, as
opposed to 3 of 43 (7%) in the placebo arm (p <0.0001). When stratified by type of leukoplakia, the
response was more pronounced in homogeneous lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28
(57%) subjects with homogeneous leukoplakia, 2 of 8 with erythroplakia, 2 of 4 with verrucous
leukoplakia, and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions. Within one year of discontinuing
supplements, 9 of 20 (45%) complete responders with SF developed recurrent lesions.
Supplementation with SF did not result in increased serum concentration of retinol or beta-carotene,
nor was it associated with toxicity. This is the first human study evaluating the chemopreventive
potential of SF. More studies in different settings and different populations are needed for further
evaluation.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

504: Matsubara H, Wada K, Masaki R.
198
Structure and function of chloroplast-type ferredoxins.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 1976;74:1-15.
PMID: 785973
pdf: Matsubara H 1976.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; ferredoxines.
rsum:

Comparison of various chloroplast-type ferredoxin sequences, chemical and enzymic modifications,
reconstitution experiments, and fluorescence measurement of chloroplast-type ferredoxins have led to
the following conclusions.
1. Tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan residues are not directly involved in the oxidation-reduction
mechanism of ferredoxins. The four indispensible cysteine residues in spinach ferredoxin which
constitutes a part of the iron-sulfur cluster are located at residues 39, 44. 47 and 77. Two out of six
cysteine residues in Spirulina ferredoxin could be easily modified with vinylpyridine without the loss of
reconstitutive ability i.e. the apoferredoxin could be converted to the holoform by the addition of iron
and sulfide.
2. Spinach ferredoxin was digested with carboxypeptidase A and the terminal alanine could be
removed without loss of the spectral properties of native ferredoxin. However, the removal of the
terminal three residues gave rise to the loss of reconstitutive ability.
3. The amino groups of spinach ferredoxin were modified by acetic anhydride and four residues were
acetylated. The acetylated preparation of ferredoxin had an unique spectrum. Upon the addition of
high concentration of ions the spectrum of this derivative resembled the spectrum of native ferredoxin.
Acetylferredoxin did not combine with ferredoxin-NADP reductase, but upon the addition of moderate
concentrations of cations, it did bind to this enzyme.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

505: Mazo VK, Gmoshinskii IV, Zilova IS.
[Microalgae Spirulina in human nutrition].
Vopr Pitan. 2004;73(1):45-53.
PMID: 15049159
pdf: Mazo V 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, spirulina-fusiformis.
rsum: en russe, article de revue

Spirulina microalgae (Spirulina platensis, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina fusiformis) is considered as a
valuable additional food source of some macro- and micronutrients including high quality protein, iron,
gamma-linolenic fatty acid, carotenoids, vitamins B1 and B2. In spite of Spirulina chemical
composition varies widely when grown in open reservoirs its efficiency as an additional remedy in
treatment and prophylaxis of different diseases is proved in a variety of experimental and clinical trials.
During Spirulina cultivation in open reservoirs and especially in closed photobioreactors its biomass
may be additionally enriched with some trace elements such as iron, iodine, selenium, zinc, copper,
manganese and chromium in high bioavailable form. Said biomass is considered as a constituent of
new bioactive food supplements.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

506: Mazo VK, Gmoshinskii IV, Sokolova AG, Zorin SN, Danilina LL, Litvinova AV, Radchenko SN.
[Effect of biologically active food additives containing autolysate of baker's yeast and spirulina on
intestinal permeability in an experiment].
Vopr Pitan. 1999;68(1):17-9.
PMID: 10198958
pdf: Mazo V 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe
199

Influence of bioactive food supplements (BFA) intake on intestinal barrier permeability to
macromolecules of polyethylene glycol 4000 was studied in rats with intestinal anaphylaxis and after
external gamma-irradiation. BFA studied included autolysed baker's yeast ("Vitasil") and edible algae
Spirulina platensis. Intake of complex additive Vitasil +Spirulina resulted in significant diminution of
permeability before irradiation and its partial normalization (24% decrease) after irradiation. Spirulina
additive intake led to practically complete normalization of permeability (1.84 times decrease) in
anaphylactic rats. It is concluded that Spirulina and Vitasil are promising BFA for organism general
resistance elevation.

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507: Medina M, Lara MA.
Eficiencia global en la conversin de energa solar en biomasa de una planta productora de
Arthrospira platensis (spirulina)
Avances en Energias Renovables y Medio Ambiente 9 (2005) pp 06.11-06.16.
PMID: pas
pdf: Medina M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina, $estanques-de-produccion,$eficienca-fotosintetica.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, S.
rsum:

La spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) es una microalga que se utiliza como un suplemento dietario en
alimentacin humana y animal. En el presente trabajo se calcula la eficiencia global de una planta de
produccin de spirulina, definiendo eficiencia global como el cociente entre la radiacin solar recibida
y la energa de la biomasa seca recolectada durante un perodo de 16 meses.

--------------------------------------------------------

508: Meesapyodsuk D, Reed DW, Cheevadhanarak S, Deshnium P, Covello PS.
Probing the mechanism of a cyanobacterial Delta9 fatty acid desaturase from Spirulina platensis C1
(Arthrospira sp. PCC 9438).
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 J ul;129(4):831-5.
PMID: 11435137
pdf: Meesapyodsuk D 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Fatty-acid-desaturase; $Kinetic-isotope-effect; $Mechanism; $Cyanobacterium;
$Spirulina.
rsum:

The initial and rate determining step in the mechanism of fatty acid desaturases has been proposed to
be breakage of one of the C-H bonds at the site of the incipient double bond. This has been
investigated and supported for a number of eukaryotic fatty acid desaturases through the use of
kinetic isotope effect experiments with deuterated substrates. In order to probe the reaction catalyzed
by the cyanobacterial Delta9 desaturase and compare it to the eukaryotic desaturases, the desC gene
of Spirulina platensis, strain C1 (Arthrospira sp. PCC 9438) was expressed in a desaturase mutant of
baker's yeast. Kinetic isotope effects were performed by culturing yeast transformants with deuterated
thia-substituted stearic acids. A large kinetic isotope effect was found for the 9 position, in qualitative
agreement with results from eukaryotic desaturases.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

509: Mendes RL, Reis AD, Palavra AF.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of gamma-linolenic acid and other lipids from Arthrospira (Spirulina)
maxima: Comparison with organic solvent extraction.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mendes R 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Gamma-Linolenic; $GLA; $Supercritical-fluid-extraction; $Arthrospira-maxima;
$Spirulina-maxima; $Carbon-dioxide.
200
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-maxima; N.
rsum:

Freeze-dried biomass of Arthrospira maxima Setchell & Gardner was submitted to supercritical CO2
extraction using a flow type apparatus at a temperature of 50 C and a pressure of 250 bar. To
increase the yield in either lipids or GLA (gamma-linolenic acid), which is mostly contained in the
glycolipid fractions, a polar co-solvent (ethanol) was added to the CO2 and the corresponding
supercritical fluid extraction was carried out at temperatures of 50 and 60 C and at 250 and 350 bar.
The use of the co-solvent increased both lipid and GLA yields relative to the extraction with pure CO2.
On the other hand, the increase of pressure and temperature also had a positive effect on the
extraction of GLA. Supercritical extraction was compared with organic solvent extraction, regarding
lipid yields, fatty acid composition of total lipids and lipid classes, as well as the distribution of lipids by
their classes (neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids).

-----------------------------------------------------------------

510: Mendiola J A, J aime L, Santoyo S, Reglero G, Cifuentes A, Ibaez E, and Seorns FJ .
Screening of functional compounds in supercritical fluid extracts from Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mendiola J 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Supercritical-fluid-extraction; $Antioxidant-activity;
$Antimicrobial-activity; $DPPH; beta-Carotene-bleaching.
rsum:

Supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of Spirulina platensis were carried out in order to obtain
functional extracts with antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activities. The b-carotene bleaching method
and DPPH_ free radical-scavenging assay were used to determine the optimal extraction conditions
for antioxidant compounds. The best antioxidant extract was obtained in the first fraction when using
intermediate pressures and temperatures (220320 bar, 55 C), with CO2 plus 10% ethanol as
cosolvent, whereas higher pressures and temperatures (320 bar, 75 C) were needed when pure CO2
was used. Besides, antimicrobial activities of micro-algae extracts were tested against four different
microbial species, including a gram positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), a gram negative
bacterium (Escherichia coli), a yeast (Candida albicans) and a fungus (Aspergillus niger). The most
active fraction against all the microorganisms tested, was the one collected in the second fraction in
the experiment performed at 220 bar and 26.7 C with 10% of ethanol.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

511: Mendiola J A, Marin FR, Hernandez SF, Arredondo BO, Senorans FJ , Ibanez E, Reglero G.
Characterization via liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and tandem mass
spectrometry of supercritical fluid antioxidant extracts of Spirulina platensis microalga.
J Separation Sci. 2005 J un;28(9-10):1031-8.
PMID: 16013830
pdf: Mendiola J 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $SFE; $Antioxidants; $Spirulina-platensis; $LC-DAD; $LC-MS.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis microalga has been extracted on a pilot scale plant using supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE) under various extraction conditions. The extraction yield and the antioxidant activity
of the extracts were evaluated in order to select those extracts with both the highest antioxidant
capacity and a good extraction yield. These extracts were characterized using LC coupled to diode
array detection (DAD) and LC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with two different interfaces,
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray (ESI) which allowed us to perform
tandem MS by using an ion trap analyzer. The best extraction conditions were as follows: CO2 with
10% of modifier (ethanol) as extraction solvent, 55 degrees C (extraction temperature) and 220 bar
(extraction pressure). Fractionation was achieved by cascade depressurization providing two extracts
with different activity and chemical composition. Several compounds have been identified in the
201
extracts, corresponding to different carotenoids previously identified in Spirulina platensis microalga
along with chlorophyll a and some degradation products. Also, the structure of some phenolic
compounds could be tentatively identified. The antioxidant activity of the extracts could be attributed to
some of the above mentioned compounds.

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512: Mendzhul MI, Lysenko TG, Shainskaia OA, Busakhina IV.
[Activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis].
Mikrobiol Z. 2000 J an-Feb;62(1):3-10.
PMID: 11300083
pdf: Mendzhul M 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The activity level and some physico-chemical properties of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
(TCA cycle) and the associated enzymes isocitrate lyase and glutamate dehydrogenase of
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis grown under illumination of 5000 lk in batch conditions, have been
studied. High activities of most of the studied enzymes except for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
(alpha-KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase have been estimated. In some cases the activities were
by an order higher than that of similar enzymes in other cyanobacteria. This reflects the
microorganism ability to synthesize intensively organic substances and first of all protein. Absence of
alpha-KGDH activity proves that TCA cycle of spirulina has a limited value for energy generation and
mainly performs the biosynthetic function.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

513: Menon VK, Varma AK.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate sulphurylase from Spirulina platensis.
Experientia. 1979 J ul 15;35(7):854-5.
PMID: 113245
pdf: Menon V 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

ATP-sulphurylase from an unicellular blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis was localized in the soluble
fractions of cell-free homogenate, and it was stable for over 3 weeks at -6 degrees C.

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514: Miao J ian Ren.
Novel and high productivity photobioreactor, specifically designed for the commercial production of
cyanobacterium Spirulina, green alga Haematococcus and other photophilic microalgae in general.
PMID: pas
pdf: Miao J 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

515: Mikheiskaya LV, Ovodova RG, Ovodov YuS.
Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis.
Chemistry of Natural Compounds 19, No 2 (1983) 127-131.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mikheiskaya L 1983.papier
mots-cls article:
202
rsum :

A lipoglucan and a lipopolysaccharide have been isolated from an aqueous phenol extract of the cells
ofSpirulina platensis. The carbohydrate moiety of the lipopolysaccharide consists of residues of
rhamnose, glucose, 2-keto-3-deoxymanno-octanic acid, and glucosamine. A 2,3-di-O-methylpentose
and a 2-O-methyl-6-deoxyhexose have been detected as minor components, and the presence of
galactose, mannose, and xylose residues in trace amounts is possible. The lipid component of the
biopolymers includes residues of glucosamine and of fatty acids: myristic, palmitic, and stearic. The
carbohydrate chain of the lipoglucan is constructed of 1,4-bound glucose residues. The side chains
are attached to the main chain by 1,6-glycosidic bonds. The polysaccharide component of the
liposaccharide is constructed mainly of rhamnose residues linked by 1,3- and 1,2-bonds and of
glucose residues linked by 1,4-bonds.

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516: Miladius K, Peiukonien M, Dadelien R.
Effect ofspirulina food supplement on blood morphological and biochemical composition in sportsmen.
Acta Medica Lituanica 11, No 1 (2004) 47-51.
PMID: pas
pdf: Miladius K 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $sportsmen, $blood-picture, $food-supplements, $Spirulina.
rsum:

Objective: Highly active food supplements find an ever-growing application in sportsmens nutrition. Of
highest biological value are natural concentrates of optimally combined substances produced by
nature. One of the food supplements of this kind is dietary Spirulina produced by the Tianshi firm
(China). It is a most rationally balanced food supplement of a high biological value; it satisfies the
needs of the whole body and improves its immune system.
The aim of the current work was to assess the effect of the multicomponent natural food supplement
Spirulina on the physical development, blood morphological and biochemical picture of sportsmen.
Materials and methods: Investigations carried out on endurance-training sportsmen showed that a
14-d administration of Spirulina exerted a positive effect on blood morphological composition indices
and biochemical changes. Erythrocyte increment was more significant for the sportsmen whose initial
indices were low. Throughout the experiment, blood haemoglobin level increased on average by 1.42
g/l, white blood hematocrit showed a decreasing tendency. Spirulina administration was accompanied
by a leucocyte count upregulation tendency and positive changes in leukocyte formula. Leucograms
showed a marked leveling of the agranulocytesgranulocytes ratio.
Results and discussion: Analysis of the biochemical indices showed that during the whole
experimental period the mean values of the indices were within the recommended limits. Under the
effect of Spirulina intake, blood creatinine-kinase levels tended to increase and creatinine levels
showed a decreasing tendency (on average from 93.99 to 90.45 mmol/l); also, triglyceride and
bilirubin levels tended to decrease, while those of urea and uric acid increased. Most of the positive
changes in blood morphological and biochemical indices were still present two weeks after the
Spirulina intake was interrupted.

----------------------------------------------------------

517: Milano A, De Rossi E, Zanaria E, Barbierato L, Ciferri O, Riccardi G.
Molecular characterization of the genes encoding acetohydroxy acid synthase in the cyanobacterium
J Gen Microbiol. 1992 J ul;138(7):1399-408.
PMID: 1512571
pdf: Milano A 1992.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna:
rsum: spirulina-platensis

203
The enzyme acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHS), which catalyses the first common step in the
biosynthesis of isoleucine, leucine and valine, has been demonstrated to be present in Spirulina
platensis in two isoenzymic forms. The complete nucleotide sequences of the genes ilvX and ilvW
encoding these two enzymes have been determined. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two
open reading frames, of 1836 and 1737 nucleotides for ilvX and ilvW, respectively. The predicted
amino acid sequences of the two isoenzymes, compared with the Synechococcus PCC 7942 AHS
enzyme and the large subunits of the Escherichia coli AHSI, II, III isoenzymes, revealed a notable
degree of similarity. A small subunit has not been identified for either of the S. platensis AHS
isoenzymes. Analysis by Northern blot hybridization demonstrated that the ilvX and ilvW genes are
transcribed to give mRNA species of approximately 2.15 kb and 1.95 kb, respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

518: Minea R, Brasoveanu M, Grecu M, Nemtanu MR.
Preliminary studies on irradiated spirulina.
Rom J Phys Bucharest 51(12) 141145, 2006.
PMID: pas
pdf: Minea R 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $irradiation, $EPR, $UV-Vis-spectroscopy, $antioxidant-activity.
rsum:

In the last decades, a special attention is given to study different algae, especially to microscopic
ones. Spirulina is one of them being used both nutritive supplement and medicine. The aim of the
paper is to study the electron beam irradiated Spirulina by physical and biochemical methods. The
UV-Vis and EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectra and antioxidant activity are presented for
Spirulina irradiated up to 80 kGy.

--------------------------------------------------------

519: Minkova KM, Tchernov AA, Tchorbadjieva MI, Fournadjieva ST, Antova RE, Busheva MCh.
Purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina (Arthrospira) fusiformis.
J Biotechnol. 2003 Apr 10;102(1):55-9.
PMID: 12668314
pdf: Minkova K 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-(Arthrospira)-fusiformis; $C-phycocyanin; $Rivanol; $Purification.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis, arthrospira-fusiformis, arthrospira-maxima, spirulina-
maxima, B.
rsum:

C-phycocyanin was purified from Spirulina (Arthrospira) fusiformis by a multi-step treatment of the
crude extract with rivanol in a ratio 10:1 (v/v), followed by 40% saturation with ammonium sulfate. After
removal of rivanol by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-25, the pigment solution was saturated to 70% with
ammonium sulfate. After the last step of purification, C-phycocyanin had an emission and absorption
maxima at 620 and 650 nm, respectively and absorbance ratio A(620)/A(280) of 4.3, which are
specific for the pure biliprotein. Its homogeneity was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, yielding two bands of molecular masses 19500 and 21500 kDa,
corresponding to alpha and beta subunits of the pigment, respectively. The yield of C-phycocyanin
was approximately 46% from its content in the crude extract.


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520: Mino Y, Loehr TM, Wada K, Matsubara H, Sanders-Loehr J .
Hydrogen bonding of sulfur ligands in blue copper and iron-sulfur proteins: detection by resonance
Raman spectroscopy.
Biochemistry. 1987 Dec 15;26(25):8059-65.
PMID: 3442645
204
pdf: Mino Y 1987.pdf
mots-cls article:
proteins.
rsum:

The resonance Raman spectrum of the blue copper protein azurin from Alcaligenes denitrificans
exhibits nine vibrational modes between 330 and 460 cm-1, seven of which shift 0.4-3.0 cm-1 to lower
energy after incubation of the protein in D2O. These deuterium-dependent shifts have been previously
ascribed to exchangeable protons on imidazole ligands [Nestor, L., Larrabee, J . A., Woolery, G.,
Reinhammar, B., & Spiro, T. G. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 1084] or to exchangeable protons on amide
groups which are hydrogen bonded to the cysteine thiolate ligands (a feature common to all blue
copper proteins of known structure). In order to distinguish between these two possibilities, a
systematic investigation of Fe2S2(Cys)4-containing proteins was undertaken. Extensive hydrogen
bonding between sulfur ligands and the polypeptide backbone had been observed in the crystal
structure of ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis. The resonance Raman spectrum of this protein is
typical of a chloroplast-type ferredoxin and exhibits deuterium-dependent shifts of -0.3 to -0.5 cm-1 in
the Fe-S modes at 283, 367, and 394 cm-1 (assigned to the bridging sulfurs) and -0.6 to -0.8 cm-1 in
the Fe-S modes at 328 and 341 cm-1 (assigned to the terminal cysteine thiolates). Considerably
greater deuterium sensitivity is observed in the Raman spectra of spinach ferredoxin and bovine
adrenodoxin, particularly for the symmetric stretching vibration of the Fe2S2 moiety at approximately
390 cm-1. This feature decreases by 0.8 and 1.1 cm-1, respectively, for the two oxidized proteins in
D2O and by 1.8 cm-1 for reduced adrenodoxin in D2O.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

--------------------------------------------------------------------

521: Min Thein.
Production of Spirulina in Myanmar (Burma).
PMID: pas
pdf: Min T 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
remarques: planches en couleur page 216-217.

----------------------------------------------------------

522: Miranda MS, Cintra RG, Barros SB, Mancini Filho J .
Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima.
Braz J Med Biol Res 1998;31:1075-9
PMID: 9777014
pdf: Miranda M 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Microalgae, $Antioxidant-activity, $Spirulina-maxima, $Phenolic-compounds,
$beta-carotene, $alpha-tocopherol.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **Carotenods, **activity, **antioxidant.
rsum:

Spirulina maxima, which is used as a food additive, is a microalga rich in protein and other essential
nutrients. Spirulina contains phenolic acids, tocopherols and beta-carotene which are known to exhibit
antioxidant properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of a
Spirulina extract. The antioxidant activity of a methanolic extract of Spirulina was determined in vitro
and in vivo. The in vitro antioxidant capacity was tested on a brain homogenate incubated with and
without the extract at 37 degrees C. The IC50 (concentration which causes a 50% reduction of
oxidation) of the extract in this system was 0.18 mg/ml. The in vivo antioxidant capacity was evaluated
in plasma and liver of animals receiving a daily dose of 5 mg for 2 and 7 weeks. Plasma antioxidant
capacity was measured in brain homogenate incubated for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The production of
oxidized compounds in liver after 2 h of incubation at 37 degrees C was measured in terms of
thiobarbituric acid reactant substances (TBARS) in control and experimental groups. Upon treatment,
205
the antioxidant capacity of plasma was 71% for the experimental group and 54% for the control group.
Data from liver spontaneous peroxidation studies were not significantly different between groups. The
amounts of phenolic acids, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were determined in Spirulina extracts.
The results obtained indicate that Spirulina provides some antioxidant protection for both in vitro and
in vivo systems.

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523: Misbahuddin M, Islam AZ, Khandker S, Ifthaker-Al-Mahmud, Islam N, Anjumanara.
Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-
controlled study.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(2):135-41.
PMID: 16615668
pdf: Misbahuddin M 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Millions of people in Bangladesh, India, Taiwan, and Chile are consuming high
concentration of arsenic through drinking water, and thousands of them have already developed
chronic arsenic poisoning. There is no specific treatment. Some authors suggest the use of vitamins
and minerals for more than 6 months. The present placebo-controlled double-blind study was
conducted to evaluate effectiveness of spirulina extract plus zinc in the treatment of chronic arsenic
poisoning.
METHODS: Forty-one patients of chronic arsenic poisoning were randomly treated orally by either
placebo (17 patients) or spirulina extract (250 mg) plus zinc (2 mg) (24 patients) twice daily for 16
weeks. Each patient was supplied with arsenic-safe drinking water by installing a locally made water
filter at household level. Effectiveness of spirulina extract plus zinc was evaluated by comparing
changes in skin manifestations (clinical scores), arsenic contents in urine and hair, between the
placebo- and spirulina extract plus zinc-treated groups.
RESULTS: The concentrations of total arsenic in water (without filtration) of placebo- and spirulina
extract plus zinc-treated groups were 150.1 +/- 18.3 and 161.7 +/- 23.9 microg/l, respectively. Intake of
these high concentrations of arsenic lead to increased excretion of arsenic in urine (72.1 +/- 14.5
microg/l in placebo-treated group and 78.4 +/- 19.1 microg/l in spirulina plus zinc-treated group). After
2 weeks of using filtered water, there were significant reduction of both arsenic intake through water
and urinary arsenic excretion (8.3 +/- 3.6 microg/l and 18.4 +/- 7.3 microg/l in placebo group; 9.7 +/-
5.4 microg/l and 21.6 +/- 5.8 microg/l) in spirulina extract plus zinc-treated group. There was a sharp
increase in urinary excretion of arsenic (138 +/- 43.6 microg/l) at 4 weeks following spirulina plus zinc
administration and the effect was continued for another 2 weeks. Spirulina extract plus zinc removed
47.1% arsenic from scalp hair. Spirulina extract had no major adverse effect that required physician's
attention. The clinical scores (median) for melanosis before and after treatment with placebo was not
statistically significant (p >0.05), whereas in spirulina extract plus zinc-treated group it was statistically
significant (p <0.01). In cases of keratosis, the median clinical scores before and after treatment was
not statistically significant (p >0.05) in placebo-treated group. In spirulina extract plus zinc-treated
group, the clinical scores for keratosis before and after treatment was statistically significant (p <
0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Results show that spirulina extract (250 mg) plus zinc (2 mg) twice daily for 16
weeks may be useful for the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning with melanosis and keratosis.

Publication Types: Randomized Controlled Trial

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524: Mishima T, Murata J , Toyoshima M, Fujii H, Nakajima M, Hayashi T, Kato T, Saiki I.
Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated
polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis.
Clin Exp Metastasis. 1998 Aug;16(6):541-50.
PMID: 9872601
pdf: Mishima T 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $adhesion; $calcium-spirulan; $invasion; $laminin; $metastasis.
206
rsum:

We have investigated the effect of calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) isolated from a blue-green alga, Spirulina
platensis, which is a sulfated polysaccharide chelating calcium and mainly composed of rhamnose, on
invasion of B16-BL6 melanoma, Colon 26 M3.1 carcinoma and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells through
reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). Ca-SP significantly inhibited the invasion of these tumor
cells through Matrigel/fibronectin-coated filters. Ca-SP also inhibited the haptotactic migration of tumor
cells to laminin, but it had no effect on that to fibronectin. Ca-SP prevented the adhesion of B16-BL6
cells to Matrigel and laminin substrates but did not affect the adhesion to fibronectin. The pretreatment
of tumor cells with Ca-SP inhibited the adhesion to laminin, while the pretreatment of laminin
substrates did not. Ca-SP had no effect on the production and activation of type IV collagenase in
gelatin zymography. In contrast, Ca-SP significantly inhibited degradation of heparan sulfate by
purified heparanase. The experimental lung metastasis was significantly reduced by co-injection of
B16-BL6 cells with Ca-SP. Seven intermittent i.v. injections of 100 microg of Ca-SP caused a marked
decrease of lung tumor colonization of B16-BL6 cells in a spontaneous lung metastasis model. These
results suggest that Ca-SP, a novel sulfated polysaccharide, could reduce the lung metastasis of B16-
BL6 melanoma cells, by inhibiting the tumor invasion of basement membrane probably through the
prevention of the adhesion and migration of tumor cells to laminin substrate and of the heparanase
activity.

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525: Misset O, Opperdoes FR.
The phosphoglycerate kinases from Trypanosoma brucei. A comparison of the glycosomal and the
cytosolic isoenzymes and their sensitivity towards suramin.
Eur J Biochem. 1987 Feb 2;162(3):493-500.
PMID: 3830152
pdf: Misset O 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Trypanosoma brucei has two phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) isoenzymes, one is particle-bound and
localized in glycosomes while the other is present in the cytosol. The cytosolic isoenzyme (cPGK) was
900-fold purified from cultured procyclic trypanosomes by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on
phenyl-Sepharose followed by affinity chromatography on 2',3'-ATP-Sepharose and had a specific
activity of 275 units/mg protein. cPGK was compared with the purified glycosomal isoenzyme (gPGK)
from bloodstream-form trypanosomes as well as with the commercially available PGKs from yeast,
rabbit muscle and Spirulina platensis, a blue-green alga. Like all other PGKs, cPGK was a monomeric
protein with a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa similar to that of the PGKs from other
organisms but 2 kDa smaller than that of gPGK. Despite this difference in length and a great
difference in isoelectric point, the two trypanosome isoenzymes strongly resembled each other in
several respects. The kinetic parameters did not differ significantly from each other or from the PGKs
of other organisms. Both trypanosome enzymes resembled the enzyme from S. platensis in that they
had an almost absolute requirement for ATP, contrary to the enzymes from yeast and rabbit muscle,
which were capable of utilizing GTP and ITP also. This difference in substrate specificity may be
related to the amino acid substitutions, Trp 308----His and Ala 306----Glu in the adenine-binding site,
which are only found in the two Trypanosoma isoenzymes. Kinetic analysis showed that these
substitutions do not prevent binding of the ATP analogues, but probably prevent phosphoryl-group
transfer. Both isoenzymes displayed an activity optimum at pH 6.0-9.0 similar to that for the enzyme of
yeast. Both gPGK and cPGK were inhibited by the trypanocidal drug Suramin. This inhibition could be
described as competitive both with ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate with two inhibitor molecules binding
to one molecule of enzyme. The gPGK, however, was much more sensitive (Ki app. =8.0 microM) to
Suramin than either the cPGK (Ki app. =20 microM) or the enzymes from rabbit muscle (Ki app. =55
microM), yeast (Ki app. =167 microM) or S. platensis (Ki app. =250 microM). It is suggested that
positive charges on the enzyme's surface may play an important role in the potentiation of the binding
of the negatively charged Suramin molecule.

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207

526: Mitchell GV, Grundel E, J enkins M, Blakely SR.
Effects of graded dietary levels of Spirulina maxima on vitamins A and E in male rats.
J Nutr. 1990 Oct;120(10):1235-40.
PMID: 2213251
pdf: Mitchell G 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The effects of ingesting the alga Spirulina maxima on the storage and utilization of vitamins A and E
were investigated by feeding diets containing 0, 2.7, 10.7, 18.7 and 26.7% S. maxima to male rats for
6 wk. All diets contained 18% protein, which was contributed by S. maxima or by casein or by a
mixture of them. Growth results indicated that rats did not utilize the diets containing S. maxima as
well as the casein control diet (0% S. maxima) when levels were 10.7% or more of the diet. The
ingestion of S. maxima caused a significant increase in dry matter and chloroform-extractable crude
fat in the feces. A low level of 2.7% S. maxima caused a significant reduction in plasma, liver and
heart alpha-tocopherol levels. The concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in these tissues showed a
marked decline with 10.7% S. maxima in the diet, followed by a lesser decline at higher levels. Liver
retinoid levels of rats increased when S. maxima was added to the diet, suggesting conversion of the
naturally occurring carotenoids in S. maxima to vitamin A. However, the plasma levels of retinol
decreased when S. maxima was fed at 10.7% or more. These data demonstrate that S. maxima can
significantly alter the storage and utilization of vitamins A and E.

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527: Mitsuhashi S, Fujimoto M, Muramatsu H, Tanishita K.
Effect of simple shear flow on photosynthesis rate and morphology of micro algae.
Acta Astronaut. 1994 J ul;33:179-87.
PMID: 11539519
pdf: Mitsuhashi S 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The convective motion of micro algal suspension gives an advantageous effect on the photosynthetic
rate in the bioreactor, however, the nature of convective effect on the photosynthesis has not been
fully understood. The purpose of this study concerns the nature of photosynthetic rate in a well-defined
hydrodynamic shear flow of Spirulina platensis suspension, generated in a double rotating coaxial
cylinders. The double rotating coaxial cylinders was installed in the incubator chamber with the
controlled illumination intensity and temperature. Two kind of experiments, short and long term
experiments, were performed to evaluate the direct effect of shear flow on the photosynthetic rate. The
short term experiment indicates that the simple shear flow enables to augment the photosynthesis of
Spirulina suspension and simultaneously causes the cell destruction due to the excessive shear
stress. The long term experiment for 100 hours reveals that the growth rate and the morphology of
Spirulina is sensitive to the external fluid mechanical stimulus. The long term application of mechanical
stress on the algae may result in the adaptation of the photosynthetic function and morphology.

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528: Mittal A, Kumar PV, Banerjee S, Rao AR, Kumar A.
Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in Swiss albino mice.
Phytother Res. 1999 Mar;13(2):111-4.
PMID: 10190182
pdf: Mittal A 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

208
The modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis was observed on the hepatic and extrahepatic
carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in Swiss albino mice at a dose of 800 mg/kg b.w. given orally. A
significant reduction in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 content was observed in the group treated with
Spirulina in comparison with the control group. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity was
induced significantly by Spirulina treatment. There was no change in the extrahepatic glutathione S-
transferase activity after the animals were fed with Spirulina.

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529: Mittal A, Kumar A, Rao AR.
Modulatory influence of Spirulina fusiformis on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced
papillomagenesis in the skin of mice.
Pharmaceutical Biology 36, No 5 (December 1998) 341-346.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mittal A 1998.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fudiformis, S.
rsum:

The chemopreventive properties of a Spirulina fusiformis (blue green algae) suspension in olive oil on
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin papillomagenesis in female Swiss albino mice
are being reported. A significant reduction in the values of tumor incidence, tumor burden and
cumulative number of papillomas was observed in mice treated orally with Spirulina fusiformis
suspension continuously at pre-, peri- and post-initiation stages of papillomagenesis as compared to
the control group. Treatment of Spirulina fusiformis suspension by oral gavage for 15 days resulted in
a significant decrease in the cytochrome P-450 content of the liver ( p <0.01). Conversely, glutathione
S-transferase activity was observed to be significantly elevated as compared with the control group ( p
<0.1) following treatment with Spirulina fusiformis suspension.

--------------------------------------------------------

530: Miura S, Ichikawa Y.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of adrenodoxin. Assignment of aromatic resonances
and evidence for a conformational similarity with ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis.
Eur J Biochem. 1991 May 8;197(3):747-57.
PMID: 2029904
pdf: Miura S 1991.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Bovine, porcine and sheep adrenodoxin, and the trypsin-resistant form of bovine adrenodoxin have
been studied by one- and two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Assignment of the resonances for
all the aromatic amino acids with resolved aromatic resonances have been made by correlating NMR
spectra with the amino acid sequences from various species. Slowly exchanging amide protons and
downfield shifted alpha-protons of His10 and Phe11 suggest possible involvement in beta-sheet
structure. The effects on the assigned resonances due to the specific spin-label with a nitroxide radical
at Cys95 have been analyzed on a two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectrum. The present results provide
evidence for a structural similarity with a model for the structure of adrenodoxin based on a sequence
alignment with that of Spirulina platensis ferredoxin, for which X-ray crystallographic data is available.
epsilon-Methyl groups of Met120 and Met122 have been assigned by comparing 1H-NMR spectra of
adrenodoxin with those of the trypsin-resistant form of adrenodoxin which is specifically cleaved at
Arg115. epsilon-Methyl groups of Met120 and Met122 have an exceptionally long longitudinal
relaxation time compared with those of valyl and leucyl methyl groups, suggesting that the COOH-
terminal peptide spanning over 13 amino acids rotates rather freely in the solvent.

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531: Miyake M, Takase K, Narato M, Khatipov E, Schnackenberg J , Shirai M, Kurane R, Asada Y.
Polyhydroxybutyrate production from carbon dioxide by cyanobacteria.
209
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2000 Spring;84-86:991-1002.
PMID: 10849853
pdf: Miyake M 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; mtabolisme; processus-
biophysiques.
rsum:

Genetic characterization and enhancement of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation in
cyanobacteria were investigated for efficient PHB production from CO2. The genome DNAs in the
PHB-accumulating strains Synechococcus sp. MA19 and Spirulina platensis NIES46 retained the
highly homologous region to phaC of Synechocystis PCC6803, whereas low homology was detected
in the nonaccumulating strains Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 and Anabaena cylindrica NIES19.
Synechococcus sp. MA19, which accumulates PHB up to 30% of dry cell weight from CO2 as the sole
carbon source, was mutated by insertion of transposon Tn5 to enhance the PHB accumulation.
Genetic and physiological analysis of the mutant indicated that decreased phosphotransacetylase
activity could trigger an increase of acetyl coenzyme A leading to enhancement of PHB accumulation.
PHB synthase in Synechococcus sp. MA19 was probably attached to thylakoid membrane since PHB
granules were associated with pigments. A genetically engineered cyanobacteria retaining soluble
PHB synthase from Ralstonia eutropha accumulated pigment-free PHB granules, which is an
advantage for the purification of PHB.

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532: Mohan IK, Khan M, Shobha J C, Naidu MU, Prayag A, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK.
Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in rats.
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2006;58:802-808.
PMID: 16552571
pdf: Mohan I 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cisplatin; $Nephrotoxicity; $Spirulina; $C-phycocyanin; $Antioxidant.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; reins; B.
rsum:

Purpose: Cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with the increased generation of reactive
oxygen metabolites and lipid peroxidation in kidney, caused by the decreased levels of antioxidants
and antioxidant enzymes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Spirulina, blue-green
alga with antioxidant properties, in the protection of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Methods:
Rats were treated with CP (6 mg/kg bw, single dose, intraperitoneally). Spirulina (1,000 mg/kg) was
administered orally for 8 days and CP treatment was given on day 4. Nephrotoxicity was assessed, 6
days after the CP treatment, by measuring plasma urea, creatinine, urinary N-acetyl-(D: -glucose-
aminidase) (beta-NAG) and histopathology of kidney. Results: Rats treated with CP showed marked
nephrotoxicity as evidenced from the significant elevation in plasma urea, creatinine and urinary beta-
NAG. Histological assessment revealed marked proximal tubular necrosis and extensive epithelial
vacuolization in the kidney of CP-treated rats. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione
peroxidase were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased in kidney tissue. Pretreatment with
Spirulina protected the rats from CP-induced nephrotoxicity. The rise in plasma urea, creatinine,
urinary beta-NAG, plasma and kidney tissue MDA and histomorphological changes were significantly
attenuated by Spirulina. In vitro studies using human ovarian cancer cells revealed that Spirulina did
not interfere with the cytotoxic effects of CP on tumor cells. Conclusions: In summary, Spirulina
significantly protected the CP-induced nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant properties.

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533: Momotaj H, Iftikhar Hussain AZM.
Effect of Spirulina on Arsenicosis Patients in Bangladesh.
Presentation prepared for Arsenic in Drinking Water: An International Conference at Columbia
University, New York, November 26-27, 2001.
PMID: pas
pdf: Momotaj H 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
210
rsum: article non publi?

A double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out among Arsenicosis patients of Sonargaon
thana of Narayanganj district, to see the effect of Spirulina on Arsenicosis disease resulting from
drinking arsenic contaminated ground water through hand pump tubewells in many parts of
Bangladesh. Spirulina is a microscopic blue green algae, used as a food supplement but it has some
therapeutic value in treating some ailments. It is rich in protein, amino acid, beta-carotene, vitamins
etc. 50 arsenicosis patients has been identified through simple random sampling from 185 arsenicosis
patients of three villages, who had been diagnosed as cases of arsenicosis by the physicians,
depending on the presence of visible signs. The patients included male and female of different age. A
double blind method was followed during the drug distribution. It was found after distribution that 33
patient got Spirulina and 17 patient got placebo. 3 gm Spirulina per day per person and same dose of
placebo was used as drugs for three-month duration and consumption of arsenic free safe water was
ensured for both the group (Spirulina and placebo) during the total duration of study. Physical
examinations of these patients were done carefully at every fifteen days interval during the
intervention using a structured checklist.
After three month it was found that 27 (81.81%) patient showed evidence of improvement by
diminishing the visible manifestation among 33 patients who got Spirulina. Statistical analysis showed
significant correlation between Spirulina intake and diminishing of visible skin manifestation of chronic
arsenicosis (P<0.001).

-----------------------------------------------------------------

534: Monaselidze D, Barbakadze Sh, Madzhagaladze G, Topchishvili L.
[Microcalorimetric study of native cells of the microalgae Spirulina platensis in the temperature range
(2-55) C].
Biofizika. 2002 J an-Feb;47(1):51-4.
PMID: 11855291
pdf: Monaselidze D 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

Thermal effects occurring upon heating a culture of blue-green microalgae Spirulina platensis in the
temperature range 5-55 degrees C were studied. Under these conditions, an intensive heat evolution
was observed. The heat evolution-versus-temperature curve has a peak with a maximum at
approximately 45 degrees C and two distinct shoulders at approximately 25 and 40 degrees C. It was
found that heat evolution Q at heating rates below 0.083 degree C/min does not change and is (381
+/- 20) J /g of dry biomass. It was concluded that this value is optimal for maintaining the cell viability
(in particular, respiration) under anaerobic conditions, in the dark and in the stationary regime.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

535: Monaselidze J , Barbakadze Sh, Kvirikashvili Sh, Majagaladze G, Khachidze D, Topchishvili L.
Thermal characteristics of Spirulina platensis cells under nongrowing conditions at various values of
pH medium.
Biomacromolecules. 2002 J ul-Aug;3(4):783-6.
PMID: 12099823
pdf: Monaselidze J 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The total value of heat (-Q) evolved by green-blue microalgae Spirulina platensis cells in a dark and
stationary regime in the range of pH values 8.0-11.6 was determined. It was established that (-Q)
reaches its maximum value at 360 +/- 40 J /g of dry biomass in the pH range 9.3-10.3 and then sharply
dropped relative to these values and reached zero at pH 7.5 +/- 0.2 and 11.8 +/- 0.2. It is affirmed that
an optimum regime for preservation of Spirulina platensis cell viability in a dark and stationary regime
is pH range 9.3-10.3. It was also shown that the peak of heat evolution with maximum about 45
211
degrees C, reflecting mainly the respiration of cells (oxygen absorption rate), did not displace along
the temperature scale at a change of pH from 9.3 to 10.4 and slightly displaced lower and higher of
these values of pH. It is supposed that the thermostability of biomacromolecules and their complexes
responsible for cell respiration does not depend on pH medium in pH range 9.3-10.3.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

536: Moore A.
Blooming prospects?
EMBO Reports 21, No 6 (2001) 462-464.
PMID: 11415973
pdf: Moore A 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-pacifica; m; B.
rsum :

Humans have eaten seaweed for millenia; now microalgae are to be served up in a variety of novel
health supplements, medicaments and preparations.

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537: Moreno A, Bermejo R, Talavera E, Alvarez-Pez J M, Sanz-Aparicio J , Romero-Garrido A.
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of C-phycocyanin and
allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 1997 May 1;53(Pt 3):321-6.
PMID: 15299936
pdf: Moreno A 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from the green alga Spirulina platensis were isolated and
crystallized by gel-acupuncture techniques. A novel two-step chromatographic procedure was used for
purification. Blue hexagonal crystals were obtained by diffusing magnesium chloride into the protein
solution for a week, followed by diffusion of PEG 6000 in order to complete the reduction of the
solubility of the protein in the capillary tube used as a growth cell. In the case of allophycocyanin,
crystals with a size of 0.4 x 0.3 x 0.3 mm were characterized by X-ray diffraction. They belong to
space group P6(3)22 with unit-cell parameters a =b =102.04, c =131.22 A. The crystals of C-
phycocyanin belong to either space group P6 or P6(3) with unit-cell constants a =b =182.38, c =
60.87 A, alpha =beta =90, gamma =120 degrees. The crystals diffract beyond 2.4 and 2.5 A
resolution, respectively, using a rotating anode as an X-ray source.

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538: Morigasaki S, J in T, Wada K.
Comparative studies on ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductase isoenzymes derived from different organs
by antibodies specific for the radish root- and leaf-enzymes.
PMID: 12231952
pdf: Morigasaki S 1993.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Determination of the prosthetic group and titration of sulfhydryl group of ferredoxin-NADP+
oxidoreductase (FNR) from roots of radish (Raphanus sativus var acanthiformis cv Miyashige)
confirmed its similarity to leaf-FNR. Antisera directed against radish root-FNR and leaf-FNR
distinguished the enzyme forms from roots and leaves of radish as well as other flowering plants. The
FNR isoenzymes showed organ-specific distributions. In horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) and cultured
liverwort cells (Marchantia polymorpha), at least two FNR isoenzymes were distinguished by the
212
antisera. FNR from Chlorella vulgaris reacted only with the anti-root-FNR antiserum. FNR from a
cyanobacterium, Spirulina spp., failed to react with either antiserum.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

539: Morris Quevedo HJ , Martnez Manrique CE, Abdala Daz RT, Cobas Pupo G.
Evidencias preliminares de la actividad inmunomoduladora de la fraccin polisacrida de origen
marino PC-1.
Rev Cubana Oncol 2000;16(3):171-6
PMID: pas
pdf: Morris Quevedo H 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

Se presentan los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la evaluacin de las propiedades
immunomoduladoras de la fraccin polisacardica PC-I, aislada a partir de cultivos en la fase
estacionaria de la microalga Porphyridium cruentum, y administrada intraperitonealmente de forma
repetitiva en dosis de 5, 25 y 50 microg a ratones de la lnea Balb/c. El polisacrido en la dosis de 50
microg/raton increment de forma significativa (p<0,05) el nmero de clulas del exudado peritoneal
donde se observa, adems, cambios en su morfologa. Los niveles de actividad de la enzima
fosfatasa cida lisosomal resultaron superiores en las 3 dosis ensayadas respecto al control (solucin
salina fisiolgica), sugiriendo una posible estimulacin de la actividad metablica y funcional de las
clulas del sistema fagocitario. Por otra parte, no se detectaron granulomas ni otras alteraciones
macroscpicas en los sitios de inoculacin y en las dosis de 5 y 50 microg/ratn se observ un ligero
incremento de la masa esplnica.

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540: Mosulishvili LM, Frontasyeva MV, Pavlov SS, Belokobylsky AI, Kirkesali EI, Khizanishvili AI.
Epithermal neutron activation analysis of Spirulina platensis biomass and extracted C-phycocianin and
DNA.
J Radioanalyt Nucl Chem 259, No 1 (2004) 41-45.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mosulishvili L 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) was used for study the biomass of Spirulina platensis.
The background levels of concentration 27 macro-, micro- and trace elements ranging from 10^-3 to
10^4 ppm was determined. It was found that the biomass of Spirulina does not contain toxic element
concentrations above the tolerance level and can be utilized as a matrix of pharmaceuticals. The
conentrations of basic elements in C-phycocianin and DNA extracted from Spirulina platensis were
determined by ENAA. A comparison of the element content of a whole Spirulina biomass with that of a
refined C-phycocianin preparation was made.

--------------------------------------------------------

541: Mosulishvili LM, Kirkesali EI, Belokobylsky AI, Khizanishvili AI, Frontasyeva MV, Pavlov SS,
Gundorina SF.
Experimental substantiation of the possibility of developing selenium- and iodine-containing
pharmaceuticals based on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002 Aug 22;30(1):87-97.
PMID: 12151068
pdf: Mosulishvili L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Bluegreen-algae; $Spirulina-platensis; $Selenium; $Iodine; $Neutron-activation-
analysis.
rsum:
213

The great potential of using blue-green algae Spirulina platensis as a matrix for the production of
selenium- and iodine-containing pharmaceuticals is shown experimentally. The background levels of
31 major, minor and trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni (using (n,p)
reaction), As, Br, Zn, Rb, Mo, Ag, Sb, I, Ba, Sm, Tb, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th) in S. platensis
biomass were determined by means of epithermal neutron activation analysis. The dependence of
selenium and iodine accumulation in spirulina biomass on a nutrient medium loading of the above
elements was characterized. To demonstrate the possibilities of determining toxic element intake by
spirulina biomass, mercury was selected. The technological parameters for production of iodinated
treatment-and-prophylactic pills are developed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

542: Muhling M, Harris N, Belay A, Whitton BA.
Variation in fatty acid composition of Arthrospira (Spirulina) strains.
J Appl Phycol 17 (2005) 137-146.
PMID: pas
pdf: Muhling M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira; $Spirulina; $temperature; $fatty-acids; $desaturation; $palmitic-acid;
$linoleic-acid; $gamma-linolenic-acid; $heterotrophy.
mots-cls Antenna: ; N; B.
rsum:

A study of the fatty acid composition was made for 35 Arthrospira strains, concentrating on the most
abundant fatty acids, the two polyunsaturated C18 acids, linoleic and gamma-linolenic acid, and
palmitic acid. Whengrown at 30 C and low irradiance (10 micromol photon m^-2 s^-1) , these three
acids together formed 8892 % of total fatty acids. There were considerable differences in the
composition of the two polyunsaturated acids.
Depending on the strain, linoleic acid formed 13.131.5 % and gamma-linolenic acid formed 12.9
29.4% total fatty acids. In contrast, the range for palmitic acid was narrow: 42.347.6 % of total fatty
acids. Repeat experiments on several strains under defined conditions led to closely similar results for
any particular environment, suggesting that fatty acid composition can be used as an aid in
differentiating between strains. Five additional strains, which had apparently originated from the same
original stock cultures as 3 of the 35 in the main study, but from different culture collections, were also
assayed. With four strains the results were similar, irrespective of culture source, but with one strain
marked differences occurred, especially in the polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid fraction. These
differences were independent of the age of the culture. In addition, straight morphotypes derived
during repeat subcultures of four strains; each showed a similar fatty acid composition to that of the
helical morphotypes of the same strains. A decrease in temperature from 30 to 20 C, an increase in
irradiance (at 30 C) from 10 to 70 micromol photon m^-2 s^-1 and transfer to dark heterotrophy all
favoured an increase in polyunsaturated C18 fatty acids. The highest gamma-linolenic acid content of
any conditions was found for three strains grown heterotrophically on glucose in the dark at 30 C. A
comparative study of six strains of Spirulina confirmed a previous study showing the absence of
gamma-linolenic acid in all Spirulina strains, thus permitting the separation of these two genera.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Screening Arthrospira (Spirulina) strains for heterotrophy.
J Appl Phycol 17 (2005) 129-135.
PMID: pas
pdf: Muhling M 2005a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira; $Spirulina; $fructose; $glucose; $sucrose; $photoheterotrophy;
$mixotrophy; $heterotrophy.
mots-cls Antenna: ; N;B.
rsum:

Thirty-five clonal, axenic Arthrospira strains were screened for their ability to grow heterotrophically on
six carbon sources (20 mM). Glucose (34 strains) and fructose (24 strains) were the only substrates
permitting growth in the dark. In some assays, however, not every replicate grew and, in at least one
214
strain (D867), repeat assays over 2 years on material maintained in the light indicated that the ability
to use fructose in the dark had become lost. Four further strains from other culture collections were
compared, because they are presumed duplicates of three of the main set of strains; in at least three
cases the duplicates of a pair differed in their ability to use fructose in the dark. In another comparison,
where straight and helical morphotypes of the same strain could be compared, two of the four straight
morphotypes (including one duplicate strain) grew with glucose in the dark, whereas none of the
helical morphotypes did so. It is suggested that genetic drift has led to losses in the ability to grow
heterotrophically in some strains.
Ten of the main set of strains were tested for their ability to grow photoheterotrophically with four of
the carbon sources (glucose, maltose, fructose, sucrose). All grew with glucose and maltose, but none
with fructose or sucrose, in spite of the fact that eight (of this subset) grew with fructose in the dark.
Sucrose led to most of a culture lysing, but often with short fragments of trichome surviving and
subsequently giving rise to a normal culture. All the surviving cells in the transitory stage showed the
presence of large intrathylakoidal granules, which had disappeared by the time that the culture had
returned to a healthy state. Bleaching and recovery were more rapid at 70 than 10 micromol photon
m^-2 s^-1. The presence of DCMU prevented this recovery. There was no bleaching when an
inoculum of the recovered material was subcultured to medium with sucrose.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

Reversal of helix orientation in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira.
J Phycol 39 (2003) 360-367.
PMID: pas
pdf: Muhling M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira; $helix-orientation; $helix-reversal; $Spirulina; $temperature.
rsum:

A survey of the morphological characters of 36 clonal axenic strains of Arthrospira showed that 34 had
helical and 2 had straight trichomes. Of those with helical trichomes, five were right-handed and 29
left-handed. After repeated subculture for 1 year, the orientation of one helical strain (D893) had
changed from right- to left-handed, suggesting a probable genetic shift. The influence of environmental
factors on helix orientation was tested on a subset of 10 strains. A temperature upshift from 30 to 32-
34 C for 7 days led to a change in orientation in three strains (D918/H, D923, D925). Incubation at 32
C (D918/H, D923) or 34 C (D925) for periods less than needed for the morphological change to show
still permitted the change to take place subsequently, when the temperature was reduced to 30 C;
however, further subculture at 30 C led to the orientation reverting to its original state. In strain D925,
but not the other nine strains, continuous shaking at 30 C also led to a change in helix orientation. In
this case, some trichomes showed both orientations in a single trichome, with a snag at the point of
reversion. A repeat survey of the stock cultures of all 34 strains after 2 years showed that another
strain (D918/H) had now changed orientation from right-handed to left-handed. These observations
are compared with the behavior of other helical structures in the literature, including filamentous
Bacillus subtilis mutants and helix reversal in tendrils of climbing plants.

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545: Mulbry WW, Wilkie AC.
Growth of benthic freshwater algae on dairy manures.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 4 (2001) 301-306.
PMID: pas
pdf: Mulbry W 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $algal-turf-scrubber, $benthic-algae, $dairy-manure, $nitrogen, $phosphorus.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **nitrogen.
rsum:

A potential alternative to land application of livestock manures for crop production is the production of
algae to recover the nitrogen and phosphorus present in the manure. Compared to terrestrial plants,
filamentous algae have exceedingly high growth and nutrient uptake rates. Moreover, they are
215
capable of year-round growth in temperate climates, can be harvested on adapted farm-scale
equipment, and yield a biomass that should be valuable as an animal feed supplement. The objective
of this research was to evaluate algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to remove nitrogen, phosphorus
and chemical oxygen demand from raw and anaerobically digested dairy manure. Laboratory-scale
ATS units were operated by continuously recycling wastewater and adding manure effluents daily.
ATS units were seeded with algal consortia from a nearby stream and grown using dairy manures
from two different dairy farms. Algal biomass was harvested weekly and dried prior to analysis for total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and inorganic constituents. Wastewater samples were analyzed
for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate, conductivity and chemical oxygen
demand. Using atypical manure input containing 0.60.96 g total nitrogen day^-1,the dried algal yield
was approximately 5 g m^-2 day^-1. The dried algae contained approximately 1.52% phosphorus
and 57% nitrogen. Algal nitrogen and phosphorus accounted for 42100% ofinput ammonium-
nitrogen (3342% of total nitrogen) and 58100% of input total phosphorus, respectively.

--------------------------

546: Murthy KN, Rajesha J , Swamy MM, Ravishankar GA.
Comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of carotenoids of microalgae.
J Med Food. 2005 Winter;8(4):523-8.
PMID: 16379566
pdf: Murthy K 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; systme-hpatique; toxicity.
rsum:

The present study deals with evaluation of the hepatotoprotective activity of carotenoids from two well-
known microalgae, Spirulina platensis and Dunaliella salina. Carotenoids were extracted in
hexane:isopropyl alcohol (1:1 vol/vol) and fed orally in olive oil to Wistar albino rats at a dose of 100
microg/kg of body weight/day (in terms of carotenoids). The degree of hepatoprotection was measured
by estimation of biochemical parameters like serum transaminases [serum glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)], serum alkaline
phosphatase, total albumin, and total protein. The results were compared with those for a control
group, a CCl4-induced hepatic damage group, and a group treated with synthetic beta-carotene (all-
trans) at the same dose. The protein content of the CCl4-treated group, which received normal diet
and a dose of toxin, showed a significant decrease, i.e., 3.92 mg/mL, whereas the protein levels were
higher, i.e., 6.96 and 6.32 mg/mL, in the case of the Dunaliella and Spirulina, respectively, carotenoid-
treated groups. The CCl4-treated group shown higher activity of transaminases (128.68 units/mL
SGPT and 171.52 units/mL SGOT). However, the activity of SGPT was 62.83 units/mL for Dunaliella
and 76.83 units/mL for Spirulina, i.e., carotenoids of Dunaliella showed a higher degree of protection.
For serum alkaline phosphatase, the standard beta-carotene value was 81.52 units/mL, compared
with 84.46 units/mL for the CCl4-treated group; however, natural algal carotenoids yielded 38.45
units/mL (D. salina) and 44.73 units/mL (Spirulina). The total albumin value diminished with CCl4
treatment (2.46 mg/mL); the effect was highest for Dunaliella, followed by the Spirulina carotenoid-
treated group. The results clearly indicate that carotenoids from Dunaliella possess better
hepatoprotection compared with those from Spirulina. High-performance liquid chromatography of the
carotenoids indicated that Spirulina contains only beta-carotene and Dunaliella contains other
carotenoids and xanthophyll. The increase in protection with Dunaliella indicates that mixed
carotenoids exhibit better biological activity than beta-carotene alone. The results of this study indicate
that carotenoids obtained from an algal source have a higher antihepatotoxic effect, compared with
synthetic beta-carotene and with beta-carotene alone from a natural source.

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547: Mussagy A, Annadotter H, Cronberg G.
An experimental study of toxin production in Arthrospira fusiformis (Cyanophyceae) isolated from
African waters.
Toxicon 48, No 8 (2006) 1027-1034.
PMID: 17049366
pdf: Mussagy A 2006.pdf
216
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-fusiformis; $Cyanobacteria; $Blue-green-algae; $Microcystin;
$Anatoxin-a; $Light; $Salinity; $ELISA; $HPLC.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-fusiformis; O; B.
rsum:

Arthrospira is one genus of cyanoprokaryota for which information on toxin production exists for only a
few strains. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether strains of Arthrospira fusiformis
produce intracellular toxic compounds such as microcystins and anatoxin-a. The study was based on
three strains of Arthrospira, two strains isolated from wastewater ponds in Mozambique and one from
Lake Nakuru, Kenya. These strains were cultivated experimentally in different light intensities and
salinities. Microcystins were analysed by ELISA and HPLC and anatoxin-a by HPLC. Toxicity analysis
of the three strains, following the growth cycle, detected neither microcystins nor anatoxin-a. The
results indicated that the strains selected were not toxigenic under the experimental conditions
applied. Thus, the strains of A. fusiformis tested in the present study could be considered candidates
for use in different applications such as in food supplements and in aquaculture.

------------------------------------------------------------

548: Mutuskin AA, Pshenova KV, Vostroknutova GN, Makovkina LE, Voronkova SS.
[Cytochrome f of Spirulina platensis].
PMID: 404507
pdf: Mutuskin A 1977.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

549: Nagaoka S, Shimizu K, Kaneko H, Shibayama F, Morikawa K, Kanamaru Y, Otsuka A,
Hirahashi T, Kato T.
A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina
platensis concentrate in rats.
J Nutr. 2005 Oct;135(10):2425-30.
PMID: 16177207
pdf: Nagaoka S 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $algae, $C-phycocyanin, $cholesterol, $rat, $spirulina.
rsum:

This study was designed to clarify the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina
platensis concentrate (SPC) and identify the novel hypocholesterolemic protein derived from SPC. We
investigated the effects of casein or SPC on the solubility of cholesterol, taurocholate binding capacity
in vitro, cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells, and cholesterol metabolism in rats for 10 d. We also
evaluated the effects of SPC, C-phycocyanin (PHY), and PHY residue on cholesterol metabolism in
rats fed a high-cholesterol diet for 5 d, and SPC or SPC-acetone extract for 10 d. SPC had a
significantly greater bile acid-binding capacity than casein in vitro. Micellar cholesterol solubility and
cholesterol uptake by Caco-2 cells was significantly lower in the presence of SPC compared with
casein. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids was significantly greater in rats fed the SPC-
supplemented diet than in those fed the casein control diet. Serum and liver cholesterol concentrations
were significantly lower in rats fed SPC than in those fed casein. Thus, the hypocholesterolemic action
of SPC may involve the inhibition of both jejunal cholesterol absorption and ileal bile acid reabsorption.
Although no studies to date have found a hypocholesterolemic protein among the algal proteins, we
report here the discovery of a hypocholesterolemic effect in the novel protein C-phycocyanin. This
study provides the first direct evidence that PHY, a novel hypocholesterolemic protein derived from
Spirulina platensis, can powerfully influence serum cholesterol concentrations and impart a stronger
hypocholesterolemic activity than SPC in animals.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

217
550: Nagayama K, Ozaki Y, Kyogoku Y, Hase T, Matsubara H.
Classification of iron-sulfur cores in ferredoxins by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1983 Sep;94(3):893-902.
PMID: 6417123
pdf: Nagayama K 1983.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study was carried out on various ferredoxins which possess
one of three types of iron-sulfur clusters, (2Fe-2S), (3Fe-3S), or (4Fe-4S). In the isolated form, (2Fe-
2S) ferredoxins from spinach (Spinacea oleracia), pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), a blue-green
alga (Spirulina platensis), and a halobacterium (Halobacterium halobium) exhibited two broad
resonances common in chemical shift at the region downfield of 10 ppm. In their reduced forms, seven
contact-shifted resonances appeared spread over 30 ppm. Although the positions of the contact-
shifted resonances in the reduced state differed among the four, a common trend in the temperature
dependence of their resonance positions was recognized. Two (4Fe-4S) ferredoxins from Bacillus
stearothermophilus and Bacillus thermoproteolyticus exhibited almost indistinguishable spectral
patterns in both the oxidized and reduced forms. The ferricyanide-treated ferredoxins of B.
stearothermophilus and B. thermoproteolyticus showed characteristic contact-shifted resonances
distinct from the spectra of the original (4Fe-4S) ferredoxins. This corresponds to the recent finding of
the interconversion of (4Fe-4S) and (3Fe-3S) clusters with ferricyanide in the ferredoxin. Based on our
data together with reported NMR data on other ferredoxins, contact-shift resonances of three types of
clusters were tabulated. The reliability of NMR classification increases when we compare the NMR
spectra of a ferredoxin with the classification standards at the two redox states. Moreover, not only the
absolute values of the chemical shifts of contact-shifted resonances but also their temperature
dependence give distinctive information applicable to iron core identification.

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551: Nakashima MJ , Angold S, Beavin BB, Bradicich RB, Decker SJ , Dzidowski GR, Levesque E,
Locatelli RG, Mably M, Paredes A, et al.
Extraction of light filth from spirulina powders and tablets: collaborative study.
J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1989 May-J un;72(3):451-3.
PMID: 2501292
pdf: Nakashima M 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Results are reported for a collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from spirulina
(a blue-green alga) powder and tablets. A 50 g portion of either powder or tablets is dispersed in
water, and then boiled with dilute HCI solution. Hairs and insect fragments are isolated by wet sieving
on a No. 230 sieve, flotation with mineral oil, and washings of the mineral oil in a percolator. Average
recoveries by 12 collaborators for tablets and powders were 70.6 and 70.2%, respectively, for 10 rat
hair spikes and 68.3 and 84.4%, respectively, for 20 insect fragment spikes. The method has been
approved interim official first action.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

552: Nakhost Z, Karel M.
Potential utilization of algal protein concentrate as a food ingredient in space habitats.
Sci Aliments. 1989;9:491-506.
PMID: 11538068
pdf: Nakhost Z 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

218
Green alga Scenedesmus obliquus was studied as one of the potential sources of macronutrients in a
space habitat. Algal protein concentrate (70.5% protein) was incorporated into a variety of food
products such as bran muffins, fettuccine (spinach noodle imitation) and chocolate chip cookies. Food
products containing 20 to 40% of incorporated algal proteins were considered. In the sensory analysis
the greenish color of the bran muffins and cookies was not found to be objectional. The mild spinachy
flavor (algae flavor) was less detectable in chocolate chip cookies than in bran muffins. The color and
taste of the algae noodles were found to be pleasant and compared well with commercially available
spinach noodles. Commercially available spray-dried Spirulina algae was also incorporated so the
products can be compared with those containing Scenedesmus obliquus concentrate. Food products
containing commercial algae had a dark green color and a "burnt after taste" and were less acceptable
to the panelists.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

553: Nandeesha MC, Gangadhara B, Manissery J K, Venkataraman LV.
Growth performance of two Indian major carps, catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets
containing different levels of Spirulina platensis.
Bioresour Technol. 2001 Nov;80(2):117-20.
PMID: 11563701
pdf: Nandeesha M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The influence of Spirulina platensis meal on the growth and carcass composition of two Indian major
carps, catla, Catla catla and rohu, Labeo rohita was investigated in a 90-day culture trial. Four
experimental diets were used and Spirulina replaced fish meal protein from the standard diet at 25%,
50%, 75% and 100% levels. There was no significant difference in the final weight attained by catla at
all levels of Spirulina incorporation as compared to the fish-meal-based control diet. However, the
replacement of fish meal by more than 25% Spirulina resulted in significantly superior growth of rohu.
The specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio recorded in rohu improved with higher levels of
Spirulina inclusion, while in catla they did not differ significantly from the control treatment. In both the
species, the digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was found to improve marginally with increasing
levels of Spirulina incorporation. The carcass composition showed an inverse relationship between
protein and fat deposition. In general, fish fed with Spirulina diets had a significantly higher percentage
of fat. The study demonstrated the usefulness of Spirulina for partial or complete replacement of fish
meal in the diets of catla and rohu.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

554: Nanni B, Balestreri E, Dainese E, Cozzani I, Felicioli R.
Characterisation of a specific phycocyanin-hydrolysing protease purified from Spirulina platensis.
Microbiol Res. 2001;156(3):259-66.
PMID: 11716214
pdf: Nanni B 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A novel protease has been identified, purified and partially characterised from complete medium
grown Spirulina platensis, which could be responsible for the selective proteolysis of phycobiliproteins.
It is an 80 kDa homodimeric enzyme; its N-terminal sequence is not related to any known protease
sequence. It hydrolyses native phycocyanins in both crude extracts and reconstructed systems with
purified Allo- or C-phycocyanin. It is inactive on several native proteins, including ribulose-1,5-
bisphosphate carboxylase. The two phycocyanins are degraded at different velocities since C-
phycocyanin is the better substrate, in agreement with the earlier observations on the progress of the
phycobilisome disassembly. Specificity for synthetic substrates and inhibitors strongly suggests its
assignment to the serine-protease family. The enzyme, however, is insensitive to the commercially
available protein inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases.

219
--------------------------------------------------------------------

555: Narasimha DL, Venkataraman GS, Duggal SK, Eggum BO.
Nutritional quality of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis Geitler.
J Sci Food Agric. 1982 May;33(5):456-60.
PMID: 6806536
pdf: Narasimha D 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The nutritional quality of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis has been evaluated on the basis of its
chemical and amino acid compositions and feeding trials with rats. The protein content of the alga was
58.5%, lysine 4.34 g 100 g^-1 protein, sulphurcontaining amino acids (methionine and cystine) 2.77 g
100 g^-1 protein, and nucleic acids 4%. The true protein digestibility of the alga was found to be 75.5
and its biological value (BV) 68. Supplementation of the alga with methionine (0.2%) resulted in a
significant improvement in the BV and net protein utilisation (NPU), but had no effect on true
digestibility (TD). TD, BV and NPU were significantly improved when the alga was supplemented with
barley (50% nitrogen from both). In Chad and Mexico the alga has been used for centuries as a food.
This together with its low cost of production, makes it a suitable source of high quality protein for use
as a feed supplement.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

556: Narayan MS, Manoj GP, Vatchravelu K, Bhagyalakshmi N, Mahadevaswamy M.
Utilization of glycerol as carbon source on the growth, pigment and lipid production in Spirulina
platensis.
Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005 Nov;56(7):521-8.
PMID: 16503562
pdf: Narayan M 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $fatty-acids, $Gamma-Linolenic-acid.
rsum:

The ability of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis to utilize glycerol as the carbon source was
investigated. In this work, we report on some physiological parameters that characterize the adaptive
response of Spirulinaplatensis for the utilization of glycerol as the carbon source. A marked decrease
was observed in the pigments Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and phycocyanin content of Spirulina platensis
grown on glycerol medium when compared to the control. The lipid content in the glycerol-grown
groups was comparable with the control, but variations were observed in the fatty acid profile of the
total lipid mainly in the level of monoenes and polyenes. There was an increase in the gamma-
linolenic acid (GLA) in the Neutral lipid (NL) fraction.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

557: Nayak D, Lahiri S, Mukhopadhyay A, Pal R.
Application of tracer packet technique to the study of the bio-sorption of heavy and toxic metal
radionuclides by algae.
J Radioanalyt and Nucl Chem 256, No 3 (2003) 535-539.
PMID: pas
pdf: Nayak D 2003.pdf
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa, j.
rsum: fausse spiruline

The biosorption of heavy and toxic radionuclides by three genera of algal from different taxonomic
groups was studied employing the recently developped "Tracer Packet" technique. The "tracer packet
of heavy and toxic metals" contained Hg-197, Tl-198-199-200-201, Pb-199-200-201, Bi-204 and Po-
204-205 radionuclides in carrier-free state and was produced by irradiating a gold metal foil with
medium energy Li-7 and C-12 beams successively in a 12 MV Pelletron. Three genera, Spirulina from
220
Cyanophyceae, Oedogonium from Chlorophyceae and Catenella from Rhodophyceae were cultured in
laboratory condition and were used in the experiment. The radionuclide accumulation varied according
to different genera at different pH levels. At basic pH Spirulina showed a maximum radionuclide
accumulation in comparison to other genera.

--------------------------------------------------------

558: Nelissen B, De Baere R, Wilmotte A, De Wachter R.
Phylogenetic relationships of nonaxenic filamentous cyanobacterial strains based on 16S rRNA
sequence analysis.
J Mol Evol. 1996 Feb;42(2):194-200.
PMID: 8919871
pdf: Bart Nelissen B 1996.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In order to determine the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of cyanobacteria originating
from nonaxenic cultures, a cyanobacterium-specific oligonucleotide probe was developed to
distinguish polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the cyanobacterial rRNA operons from those
resulting from amplification of contaminating bacteria. Using this screening method the 16S rRNA
genes of four nonaxenic filamentous cyanobacterial strains belonging to the genera Leptolyngbya and
Oscillatoria were cloned and sequenced. For the genus Leptolyngbya, the 16S rRNA sequence of the
axenic strain PCC 73110 was also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on
complete and partial sequences. The results show that the strains Leptolyngbya foveolarum Komrek
1964/112, Leptolyngbya sp. VRUC 135 Albertano 1985/1, and Leptolyngbya boryanum PCC 73110
belong to the same cluster. Strain Oscillatoria cf. corallinae SAG 8.92, which contains the rare
photosynthetic pigment CU-phycoerythrin, is not closely related to other CU-phycoerythrin-containing
cyanobacteria. Oscillatoria agardhii CYA 18, which is a representative of planktonic Oscillatoria
species that form toxic blooms in Norwegian inland waters, has no close relatives in the tree.

--------------------------------------------------------

559: Nelissen B, Van de Peer Y, Wilmotte A, De Wachter R.
An early origin of plastids within the cyanobacterial divergence is suggested by evolutionary trees
based on complete 16S rRNA sequences.
Mol Biol Evol. 1995 Nov;12(6):1166-73.
PMID: 8524048
pdf: Nelissen B 1995.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

It is generally accepted that the plastids arose from a cyanobacterial ancestor, but the exact
phylogenetic relationships between cyanobacteria and plastids are still controversial. Most studies
based on partial 16S rRNA sequences suggested a relatively late origin of plastids within the
cyanobacterial divergence. In order to clarify the exact relationship and divergence order of
cyanobacteria and plastids, we studied their phylogeny on the basis of nearly complete 16S rRNA
gene sequences. The data set comprised 15 strains of cyanobacteria from different morphological
groups, 1 prochlorophyte, and plastids belonging to 8 species of plants and 12 species of diverse
algae. This set included three cyanobacterial sequences determined in this study. This is the most
comprehensive set of complete cyanobacterial and plastidial 16S rRNA sequences used so far.
Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor joining and maximum parsimony, and the
reliability of the tree topologies was tested by different methods. Our results suggest an early origin of
plastids within the cyanobacterial divergence, preceded only by the divergence of two cyanobacterial
genera, Gloeobacter and Pseudanabaena.

--------------------------------------------------------

560: Nemoto-Kawamura C, Hirahashi T, Nagai T, Yamada H, Katoh T, Hayashi O.
221
Phycocyanin enhances secretary IgA antibody response and suppresses allergic IgE antibody
response in mice immunized with antigen-entrapped biodegradable microparticles.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2004 Apr;50(2):129-36.
PMID: 15242017
pdf: Nemoto-Kawamura C 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In the present study, we have investigated the effects of phycocyanin, a biliprotein of Spirulina
platensis, on mucosal and systemic immune responses and allergic inflammation in C3H/HeN and
BALB/cA mice. To induce the antigen-specific antibodies in the peripheral lymphoid tissues such as
Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, biodegradable ovalbumin-entrapped poly (DL-lactide-
co-glycolide) particles were used as an antigen. Two weeks after the onset of phycocyanin ingestion,
mice were immunized with an aqueous ovalbumin (OVA) solution. Starting at one week after the
primary immunization, the mice were subjected to oral immunization with the biodegradable OVA
microparticles twice a week. IgA, IgE and IgG1 antibodies were determined by ELISA. The OVA
microparticles of 4-microm diameter successfully induced antigen-specific antibodies. In the mice that
received phycocyanin treatment for 6 wk, a marked increase in the antigen-specific, as well as the
total, IgA antibody level was observed in the Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal
mucosa as well as in the spleen cells. Both antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody levels in the serum
were suppressed by ingestion of phycocyanin for 8 wk. However, inflammation of the small intestine,
monitored as vascular permeability by the Evans blue-leaking method was reduced by phycocyanin at
6 wk, which preceded the suppression of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody production by 2 wk.
These results suggest that phycocyanin enhances biological defense activity against infectious
diseases through sustaining functions of the mucosal immune system and reduces allergic
inflammation by the suppression of antigen-specific IgE antibody.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

561: Nikitin DI, Sorokin VV, Pitriuk IA, Nikitina ES.
[Element composition of bacterial cells of various taxa].
Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 1998 Mar-Apr;34(2):180-2.
PMID: 9567294
pdf: Nikitin D 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

The elemental compositions of cells of representatives of five bacterial genera (Hyphomonas vulgare
NP-160, Caulobacter bacteroides NP-105, Flectobacillus major Mm, Escherichia coli, and Spirulina
platensis) was studied by electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. The contents of P, S, Cl, K, and
Ca were determined. The bacterial species studied in this work substantially differ by the contents of
these elements. A high content of K is typical of S. platensis, whereas F. major, an aquatic form, is
rich in Cl. The other bacterial species were had the levels of K, Ca, and the K/Ca index, which
correlated with the stability of their cell membranes and resistance to stress. In E. coli, the spectrum of
the elemental composition and the values of P/S and K/Ca are indicative of high energy potential and
low tolerance of membranes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

562: Nirmala C, Prakash V, Venkataraman LV.
Physico-chemical and functional properties of proteins from spray dried algae (Spirulina platensis).
Food 36, No 6 (1992) 569-577.
PMID: pas
pdf Nirmala C 1992.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

222
The nitrogen solubility index of proteins from Spirulina platensis as a function of pH in the range of 1 to
12 has been determined both in water and different concentrations of sodium chloride using the spray
dried samples. Solubility characteristics show maximum solubility in the pH range of 8 to 10 in water
and pH 6.0 0.5 in 0.5 M sodium chloride. The ultraviolet and visible spectra have maxima at 285 and
620 nm, respectively. Fluorescence emission spectrum shows a maximum emission at 340 nm arising
from tryptophanyl groups. The sedimentation velocity experiment shows two major fractions with
sedimentation coefficient of 2.8 and 4.9 S. The functional properties of the protein are determined
using the spray-dried sample. The result for water absorption (292 g/100 g), fat absorption (56 g/100
g), foaming and emulsion properties were determined and compared with egg protein as standard. An
attempt is made to correlate the changes occurring as a result of spray drying of the functional
properties to the physico-chemical properties of the protein in solution.

--------------------------------------------------------

563: Nishi I, Tateishi T, Tomizawa G, Nitta K, Oguchi M.
Fundamental study on gas monitoring in CELSS.
Adv Space Res. 1987;7(4):77-80.
PMID: 11537275
pdf: Nishi I 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; instrumentation; bioreactors.
rsum:

A mass spectrometer and computer system was developed for conducting a fundamental study on
gas monitoring in CELSS. Respiration and metabolism of the hamster and photosynthesis of the
Spirulina were measured in a combination system consisting of a hamster chamber and a Spirulina
cultivator. They are connected through a membrane gas exchanger. Some technical problems were
examined. In the mass spectrometric gas monitoring, a simultaneous multi-sample measurement was
developed by employing a rotating exchange valve. Long term precise measurement was obtained by
employing an automatic calibration system. The membrane gas sampling probe proved to be useful
for long term measurement. The cultivation rate of the Spirulina was effectively changed by controlling
CO2 and light supply. The experimental results are helpful for improving the hamster-spirulina system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

564: Niu J F, Wang GC, Lin XZ, Zhou BC.
Large-scale recovery of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis using expanded bed adsorption
chromatography.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Dec 16; [Epub ahead of print].
PMID: 17178463
pdf: Niu J 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Purification; $C-phycocyanin; $STREAMLINE-column;
$Anion-exchange-chromatography; $Hydroxyapatite-chromatography.
rsum:

C-phycocyanin was purified on a large scale by a combination of expanded bed adsorption, anion-
exchange chromatography and hydroxyapatite chromatography from inferior Spirulina platensis that
cannot be used for human consumption. First, phycobiliproteins were extracted by a simple, scaleable
method and then were recovered by Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography in an expanded bed column.
The purity (the A(620)/A(280) ratio) of C-phycocyanin isolated with STREAMLINEtrade mark column
was up to 2.87, and the yield was as high as 31mg/g of dried S. platensis. After the first step, we used
conventional anion-exchange chromatography for the purification steps, with a yield of 7.7mg/g of
dried S. platensis at a purity greater than 3.2 and with an A(620)/A(650) index higher than 5.0. The
fractions from anion-exchange chromatography with a level of purity that did not conform to the above
standard were subjected to hydroxyapatite chromatography, with a C-PC yield of 4.45mg/g of dried S.
platensis with a purity greater than 3.2. The protein from both purification methods showed one
absolute absorption peak at 620nm and a fluorescence maximum at 650nm, which is consistent with
the typical spectrum of C-phycocyanin. SDS-PAGE gave two bands corresponding to 21 and 18kDa.
In-gel digestion and LC-ESI-MS showed that the protein is C-phycocyanin.
223

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565: Noguchi Y, Ishii A, Matsushima A, Haishi D, Yasumuro K, Moriguchi T, Wada T, Kodera Y,
Hiroto M, Nishimura H, Sekine M, Inada Y.
Isolation of Biopterin-alpha-glucoside from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and Its Physiologic
Function.
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 1999 Mar;1(2):207-210.
PMID: 10373630
pdf: Noguchi Y 1999.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis, spirulina-maxima; B.
rsum:

A fluorescent substance was isolated from the cyanobacterium with a yield of 4.5 mg per 10 g of dried
Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis cells by gentle extraction and ethanol fractionation followed by column
chromatography. The fluorescent substance, which has absorption maxima at 256 nm and 362 nm
(pH 8.4), was identified as biopterin-alpha-glucoside by spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy. Biopterin-alpha-glucoside prevented decolorization of the photosynthetic
pigments, chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and carotenoids in photosynthetic vesicles of Spirulina platensis
cells, by ultraviolet irradiation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

566: Nubel U, Garcia-Pichel F, Muyzer G.
The halotolerance and phylogeny of cyanobacteria with tightly coiled trichomes (Spirulina Turpin) and
the description of Halospirulina tapeticola gen. nov., sp. nov.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000 May;50 Pt 3:1265-77.
PMID: 10843072
pdf: Nubel U 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacteria, $phylogeny, $halotolerance, $halospirulina, $microbial-mats.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-Turpin, spirulina-Geitler, spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

The morphologies, halotolerances, temperature requirements, pigment compositions and 16S rRNA
gene sequences of five culture collection strains and six novel isolates of cyanobacteria with helical,
tightly coiled trichomes were investigated. All strains were very similar morphologically and could be
assigned to the genus Spirulina (or section Euspirulina sensu Geitler), according to traditional
classification. However, the isolates showed significantly different requirements for salinity and
temperature, which were in accordance with their respective environmental origins. The genetic
divergence among the strains investigated was large. The results indicate the drastic underestimation
of the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of these cyanobacteria by the current morphology-
based classification and the clear need for new taxa. Three of the isolates originated from hypersaline
waters and were similar with respect to their high halotolerance, broad euryhalinity and elevated
temperature tolerance. By phylogenetic analyses, they were placed in a tight monophyletic cluster
apart from all other cyanobacteria. Thus it is proposed to reclassify highly halotolerant cyanobacteria
with tightly coiled trichomes in Halospirulina gen. nov., with the type species Halospirulina tapeticola
sp. nov.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

567: Nubel U, Garcia-Pichel F, Muyzer G.
PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria.
Appl Environ Microbiol 63, No 8 (1997) 3327-3332.
PMID: pas
pdf: Nubel U 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

224
We developed and tested a set of oligonucleotide primers for the specific amplification of 16S rRNA
gene segments from cyanobacteria and plastids by PCR. PCR products were recovered from all
cultures of cyanobacteria and diatoms that were checked but not from other bacteria and archaea.
Gene segments selectively retrieved from cyanobacteria and diatoms in unialgal but nonaxenic
cultures and from cyanobionts in lichens could be directly sequenced. In the context of growing
sequence databases, this procedure allows rapid and phylogenetically meaningful identification
without pure cultures or molecular cloning. We demonstrate the use of this specific PCR in
combination with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to probe the diversity of oxygenic
phototrophic microorganisms in cultures, lichens, and complex microbial communities.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

568: Ochoa de Alda J AG, del Pico A, Pedraza A, Houmard J .
Caracterizacion, clasificacion y filogenia de adenilil y guanilil ciclasas de cianobacterias.
Oppidum, no 1. Universidad SEK. Segovia, 2005, 311-356.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ochoa de Alda J 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Genmica; $Cianobacterias; $Adenilil-ciclasas; $Gualilil-ciclasas; $Genomic;
$Cyanobacteria, $Adenylyl-cyclase, $Guanylyl-cyclase.
rsum:

Las adenilil (AC) y guanilil ciclasas (GC) sintetizan los nucletidos cclicos cAMPy cGMP,
respectivamente. Por ello juegan un papel fundamental en la transmisin de seales ambientales
tanto en las clulas procariotas como en las eucariotas. Adiferencia de la mayor parte de bacterias,
algunas cianobacterias contienen tanto cGMPcomo cAMPysus concentraciones intracelulares
fluctan en funcin de la disponibilidad de oxgeno, nutrientes, y las condiciones lumnicas. La
disponibilidad de genomas de cianobacterias completamente secuenciados revela la existencia de un
nmerocreciente de ACs y GCs de clase III en este grupo de procariotas fotosintticos. En este
trabajo, describimos la totalidad de ciclasas de nucletidos purnicos encontradas actualmente en los
genomas de cianobacterias. Para ello analizamos la secuencia primaria de las ACs y GCs mediante
alineamiento mltiple, estudiamos su arquitectura molecular y empleamos mtodos filogenticos para
inferir su origen. Como regla general, observamos que las ACs y GCs son ms abundantes: i) en
cianobacterias de agua dulce que en cianobacterias marinas, ii) en cianobacterias filamentosas que
en unicelulares, y iii) en cianobacterias diazotrofas que en las no fijadoras de nitrgeno. Esto
sugiereuna estrecha relacin entre la ecofisiologa de estas bacterias y el sistema de transmisin de
seales ambientales dependiente de los nucletidos cclicos que emplean. La mayor diversidad de
ACs y GCs se observa en la cianobacteria filamentosa marina fijadora de nitrgeno Trichodesmium
erythraeumque contiene 11posibles ACs y 2 posibles GCs. Apartir del anlisis bioinformtica
sugerimos una nomenclatura sistemtica para las ciclasas de nucletidos purnicos de cianobacterias.
Esta clasificacin requiere una caracterizacin bioqumica posterior de los principales representantes
de ACs y GCs (en particular los ms divergentes) con el fin de confirmar la funcin predicha en este
trabajo. El anlisis filogentico indica que el acerbo de ACs y GCs en las cianobacterias es el
resultado de duplicaciones y deleciones genticas, de fusiones y fisiones de genes y de mutaciones
puntuales en el centro activo que han convertido algunas ACs en GCs. Como consecuencia, es
frecuente observar diferentes isoformas de ACs as como el centro catlitico de estos enzimas
formando parte del extremo carboxilo terminal en arquitecturas moleculares muy diferentes, entre las
que se observan polipptidos multienzimticos. En conjunto, los resultados presentados sugieren que
las cianobacterias son el organismo modelo ms simple en el que se puede estudiar la complejidad
del sistema que constituyen las rutas de sealizacin dependientes de nucletidos cclicos en los
seres vivos.

[Adenylyl (ACs) and guanylyl cyclases (GCs) synthesize the cyclic nucleotides cAMPand cGMP,
playing a key role in signal transduction both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some cyanobacteria
produce cAMPand cGMPand their concentrations fluctuate depending on nutrients and oxygen
availability,as well as on light conditions. Advances in cyanobacterial genome-sequencing projects
reveal the existence of an increasing number of putative ACs and GCs which all belong to the so-
called universal Class III of AC/GCs. We describe the complete sets of these purine nucleotide
cyclases found in the available genomes, and analyze them by primary sequence alignment,
molecular architecture and phylogenetic methods. As a rule, ACs and GCs aremoreabundant i) in
225
fresh water than in marine cyanobacteria, ii) in filamentous than in unicellular cyanobacteria and iii) in
diazotrophic than in non-diazotrophic ones. The filamentous diazotrophic marine cyanobacterium
Trichodesmium erythraeumIMS101 contains 11 putative ACs and 2 putative GCs.
This suggests a relationship between the ecophysiology of this bacteria and the cyclic nucleotide
transduction pathway that they contain. Our analysis allows us to derive a systematic nomenclature for
cyanobacterial purine nucleotide cyclases that will require a further precise biochemical
characterization, in particular for the most divergent sequences, to confirm their putative functions. In
cyanobacteria, the repertoire of ACs and GCs is like-lythe result of deletions, gene duplication, protein
fusion and fission events, as well as mutation in the residues that determine the specificity for ATPand
GTP. As a consequence, AC isoforms arefrequently present in cyanobacteria as well as the presence
of ACs and GCs domains at the C-terminal of multienzyme polypeptides. Altogether, the results
suggest that cyanobacteria could be the simplest model organisms to study the system complexity
ofcyclic nucleotide signaling pathways].

--------------------------------------------------------

569: Ogawa K, Tsukihara T, Tahara H, Katsube Y, Matsu-Ura Y.
Location of the iron-sulfur cluster in Spirulina platensis ferredoxin by x-ray analysis.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1977 Feb;81(2):529-31.
PMID: 849924
pdf: Ogawa K 1977.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A chlorplast-type ferredoxin containing two non-heme iron and two labile sulfur atoms per molecule
was prepared from Spirulina platensis. The protein crystallized in the orthorhombic system with cell
dimension a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.09A. The space group is C222, and one asymmetric unit
contains one molecule. The electron density maps at 5A and 3.5A resolutions were synthesized
utilizing the best phase angles calculated by the single isomorphous method coupled with the
anomalous dispersion method. The difference Fourier synthesis with the anomalous scattering
difference of the native data showed the location of the iron atoms clearly. Comparing the location of
the iron atoms with the best phase angle electron density map, it was concluded that the active center
of the present molecule is close to the surface of the molecule.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

570: Ogbonda KH, Aminigo RE, Abu GO.
Influence of temperature and pH on biomass production and protein biosynthesis in a putative
Spirulina sp.
PMID: 17081749
pdf: Ogbonda K 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-sp.; $temperature; $pH; $Biomass; $Protein; $Amino-acids.
rsum:

The influence of temperature and pH on biomass production and protein biosynthesis in a Spirulina
sp. isolated from an oil-polluted brackish water environment in the Niger Delta was studied. The
isolated organism was identified on the basis of its phenotypic characteristics such as nature and
direction of helix, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges. Biomass concentration in the culture
media was calculated as cell dry weight. The combination of 30 degrees C and pH 9.0 gave the
highest values of 4.9mg/ml and 48.2g/100g for biomass and total crude protein, respectively. The
effect of pH was modulated by temperature and vice versa during biomass production. This native
isolate of Spirulina sp. offers a good source of natural protein that could be easily accepted by rural
communities as single cell protein in the form of feed, food and health supplement when properly
processed.

--------------------------------------------------------

226
571: Oguchi M, Otsubo K, Nitta K, Shimada A, Fujii S, Koyano T, Miki K.
Closed and continuous algae cultivation system for food production and gas exchange in CELSS.
Adv Space Res. 1989;9(8):169-77.
PMID: 11537384
pdf: Oguchi M 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System), utilization of photosynthetic algae is an
effective means for obtaining food and oxygen at the same time. We have chosen Spirulina, a blue-
green alga, and have studied possibilities of algae utilization. We have developed an advanced algae
cultivation system, which is able to produce algae continuously in a closed condition. Major features of
the new system are as follows. (1) In order to maintain homogeneous culture conditions, the cultivator
was designed so as to cause a swirl on medium circulation. (2) Oxygen gas separation and carbon
dioxide supply are conducted by a newly designed membrane module. (3) Algae mass and medium
are separated by a specially designed harvester. (4) Cultivation conditions, such as pH, temperature,
algae growth rate, light intensity and quantity of generated oxygen gas are controlled by a computer
system and the data are automatically recorded. This equipment is a primary model for ground
experiments in order to obtain some design data for space use. A feasibility of algae cultivation in a
closed condition is discussed on the basis of data obtained by use of this new system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

572: Oguchi M, Otsubo K, Nitta K, Hatayama S.
Food production and gas exchange system using blue-green alga (Spirulina) for CELSS.
Adv Space Res. 1987;7(4):7-10.
PMID: 11537273
pdf: Oguchi M 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In order to reduce the cultivation area required for the growth of higher plants in space adoption of
algae, which have a higher photosynthetic ability, seems very suitable for obtaining oxygen and food
as a useful source of high quality protein. The preliminary cultivation experiment for determining
optimum cultivation conditions and for obtaining the critical design parameters of the cultivator itself
has been conducted. Spirulina was cultivated in the 6-liter medium containing sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution and a cultivation temperature controlled using a thermostat. Generated oxygen gas
was separated using a polypropyrene porous hollow fiber membrane module. Through this
experiment, oxygen gas (at a concentration of more than 46%) at a rate of 100-150 ml per minute
could be obtained.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

573: Oh BH, Markley J L.
Multinuclear magnetic resonance studies of the 2Fe.2S* ferredoxin from Anabaena species strain
PCC 7120. 1. Sequence-specific hydrogen-1 resonance assignments and secondary structure in
solution of the oxidized form.
Biochemistry. 1990 Apr 24;29(16):3993-4004.
PMID: 2354171
pdf: Oh B 1990.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Complete sequence-specific assignments were determined for the diamagnetic 1H resonances from
Anabaena 7120 ferredoxin (Mr =11,000). A novel assignment procedure was followed whose first
step was the identification of the 13C spin systems of the amino acids by a 13C(13C) double quantum
correlation experiment [Oh, B.-H., Westler, M. W., Darba, P., & Markley, J . L. (1988) Science 240,
227
908-911]. Then, the 1H spin systems of the amino acids were identified from the 13C spin systems by
means of direct and relayed 1H(13C) single-bond correlations [Oh, B.-H., Westler, W. M., & Markley,
J . L. (1989) J . Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 3083-3085]. The sequential resonance assignments were based
mainly on conventional interresidue 1H alpha i-1HNi +1 NOE connectivities. Resonances from 18
residues were not resolved in two-dimensional 1H NMR spectra. When these residues were mapped
onto the X-ray crystal structure of the homologous ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis [Fukuyama, K.,
Hase, T., Matsumoto, S., Tsukihara, T., Katsube, Y., Tanaka, N., Kakudo, M., Wada, K., & Matsubara,
H. (1980) Nature 286, 522-524], it was found that they correspond to amino acids close to the
paramagnetic 2Fe.2S* cluster. Cross peaks in two-dimensional homonuclear 1H NMR spectra were
not observed for any protons closer than about 7.8 A to both iron atoms. Secondary structural features
identified in solution include two antiparallel beta-sheets, one parallel beta-sheet, and one alpha-helix.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

574: Ohmori K, Ohmori M.
cAMP stimulates Na+-dependent ATP formation in the alkalophylic cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis.
Microbes and Environments 17, No 3 (2002) 144-147.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ohmori K 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $ATP-synthesis, $cAMP, $sodium-uptake, $amiloride, $monensin, $sodium-channel.
rsum:

The cellular ATP concentration of Spirulina platensis increased when cAMP was added at a low
concentration of 0.02 mM. The increase in ATP accompanied a decrease of ADP and AMP. The
presence of a high concentration of Na^+(0.22 M) remarkably intensified the effect of cAMP. A Na^+
channel blocker, amiloride, and a Na+ionophore, monensin, suppressed the cAMP-dependent
increase in cellular ATP. A H^+ionophore, carbonyl cyanide m-clorophenylhydrazone, which inhibits
the activity of FoF1 ATP synthase, did not affect the cAMP-dependent rise in ATP. It is suggested that
cAMP stimulates the formation of ATP coupled directly with the translocation of Na+.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

575: Ohmori K, Ohmori M.
Sodium requirement for cAMP-induced spirulina mat formation.
Microbes and Environments 16, No 1 (2001) 53-57.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ohmori K 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $sodium-requirement, $cyanobacterial-mat, $cAMP, $Spirulina.
rsum:

The presence of NaCl was essential for cAMP-induced cell aggregation leading to a mat formation in
the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The most effective concentration for the mat formation was
0.25 M and higher concentrations were inhibitory. The mat formation occurred under a physiological
pH of 7 to 9. Li^+and K^+were less effective than Na^+and divalent cations such as Ca^2+or Mg^2+
showed no effect on the mat formation. It was suggested that Na^+enabled the mat formation by
supplying energy to cells for aggregation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

576: Ohmori K, Hirose M, Ohmori M.
Function of cAMP as a mat-forming factor in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Plant and Cell Physiology 33, No 1 (1992) 21-25.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ohmori K 1992.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:
228

A dense suspension of Spirulina platensis trichomes aggregated rapidly and formed a diskshaped
algal mat when cAMP was added. Cyclic AMP significantly stimulated algal mat formation at
concentrations as low as 107 M. Stimulation of the mat formation was most rapid at about 105M
cAMP, but higher concentrations were not increasingly effective. Other nucleotides such as cGMP,
ATP and AMP showed no stimulatory effect on algal mat formation. CCCP, an inhibitor of ATP
synthesis, was found to suppress the cAMP-stimulated algal mat formation. Cyclic AMP also
stimulated respiration and gliding movement of this cyanobacterium.

--------------------------------------------------------

577: Olaizola M.
Commercial development of microalgal biotechnology: from the test tube to the marketplace.
Biomol Eng 20, No 4-6 (2003) 459-466.
PMID: 12919832
pdf: Olaizola M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Astaxanthin; $Microalgal-biotechnology; $Nutraceutical; $Pharmaceutical;
$Photobioreactor.
mots-cls Antenna: ; alimentation-humaine; commerce.
rsum:

While humans have taken limited advantage of natural populations of microalgae for centuries (Nostoc
in Asia and Spirulina in Africa and North America for sustenance), it is only recently that we have
come to realize the potential of microalgal biotechnology. Microalgal biotechnology has the potential to
produce a vast array of products including foodstuffs, industrial chemicals, compounds with
therapeutic applications and bioremediation solutions from a virtually untapped source. From an
industrial (i.e. commercial) perspective, the goal of microalgal biotechnology is to make money by
developing marketable products. For such a business to succeed the following steps must be taken:
identify a desirable metabolite and a microalga that produces and accumulates the desired metabolite,
establish a large-scale production process for the desired metabolite, and market the desired
metabolite. So far, the commercial achievements of microalgal biotechnology have been modest.
Microalgae that produce dozens of desirable metabolites have been identified. Aided by high
throughput screening technology even more leads will become available. However, the successes in
large-scale production and product marketing have been few. We will discuss those achievements and
difficulties from the industrial point of view by considering examples from industry, specially our own
experience at Mera Pharmaceuticals.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

578: Olaizola M, Duerr EO.
Effects of light intensity and quality on the growth rate and photosynthetic pigment content of Spirulina
platensis.
J Appl Phycol 2, No 2 (1990) 97-104.
PMID: pas
pdf: Olaizola M 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $growth-rate, $carotenoid-content, $chlorophyll-alpha-content, $light-
intensity, $red-light, $blue-light.
rsum:

The quantitative and qualitative effects of light on carotenoid production by Spirulina were studied.
Maximum total carotenoid production was measured in cells grown under white light at an irradiance
of 432 micro-mol photon m^2 s^1, the onset of light saturation for this organism as determined by
growth rates. A true maximum may exist at irradiances above 1500 mol photon m^2 s^1 under
white light. Individual carotenoids responded differently to light conditions. Under white light, beta-
carotene and echinenone were most abundant at the lowest and highest irradiance levels tested.
Myxoxanthophyll and lutein/zeaxanthin did not change over the same irradiance range. Under red and
blue light, we found decreased values of myxoxanthophyll, while beta-carotene increased and
lutein/zeaxanthin and echinenone showed little change. In general, maximum carotenoid production
requires optimization of the culture conditions that favor growth.
229

----------------------------

579: Olguin EJ , Galicia S, Mercado G, Prez Z.
Annual productivity of Spirulina (Arthrospira) and nutrient removal in a pig wastewater recycling
process under tropical conditions.
J Appl Phycol 15, No 2-3 (2003) 249-257.
PMID: pas
pdf: Olgun E 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Anaerobic-effluents; $Arthrospira; $Microalgae-productivity; $Nitrogen-phosphorus-
removal; $Nutrient recycling; $Nutrient-removal; $Pig-wastewater; $Spirulina.
rsum:

An evaluation was made of the annual productivity of Spirulina (Arthrospira) and its ability to remove
nutrients in outdoor raceways treating anaerobic effluents from pig wastewater under tropical
conditions. The study was based at a pilot plant at La Mancha beach, State of Veracruz, Mexico.
Batch or semi-continuous cultures were established at different seasons during four consecutive
years. The protein content of the harvested biomass and the N and P removal from the ponds were
also evaluated. Anaerobic effluents from digested pig waste were added in a proportion of 2% (v/v) to
untreated sea-water diluted 1:4 with fresh water supplemented with 2 g L^1 sodium bicarbonate, at
days 0, 3 and 5. A straight filament strain of Spirulina adapted to grow in this complex medium was
utilized. A pH value 9.5 0.2 was maintained. The productivity of batch cultures during summer 1998
was significantly more with a pond depth of 0.10 m than with a depth 0.065 m. The average
productivity of semi-continuous cultures during summer 1999 was 14.4 g m^-2 d^-1 with a pond depth
of 0.15 m and 15.1 g m^2 d^1 with a depth of 0.20 m. The average annual productivity for semi-
continuous cultures operating with depths of 0.10 m for winter and 0.15 and 0.25 m for the rest of the
year, was 11.8 g m^2 d^1. This is the highest value reported for a Spirulina cultivation system
utilising sea-water. The average protein content of the semi-continuous cultures was 48.9% ash-free
dry weight. NH_4-N removal was in the range 8496% and P removal in the range of 7287%,
depending on the depth of the culture and the season.

----------------------------------------------------------------

580: Olguin EJ .
Phycoremediation: key issues for cost-effective nutrient removal processes.
Biotechnol Adv 22, No 1-2 (2003) 81-91.
PMID: 14623045
pdf: Olguin E 2003a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Phycoremediation; $Nutrient-removal; $Nutrient-recycling; $Nitrogen-phosphorus-
removal; $Microalgae; $productivity; $Cost-effective-processes.
rsum:

Phycoremediation applied to the removal of nutrients from animal wastewater and other high organic
content wastewater is a field with a great potential and demand considering that surface and
underground water bodies in several regions of the world are suffering of eutrophication. However, the
development of more efficient nutrient removal algal systems requires further research in key areas.
Algae growth rate controls directly and indirectly the nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency.
Thus, maximum algae productivity is required for effective nutrient removal and must be considered as
a key area of research. Likewise, low harvesting costs are also required for a cost-effective nutrient
removal system. The use of filamentous microalgae with a high autoflocculation capacity and the use
of immobilized cells have been investigated in this respect. Another key area of research is the use of
algae strains with special attributes such as tolerance to extreme temperature, chemical composition
with predominance of high added value products, a quick sedimentation behavior, or a capacity for
growing mixotrophically. Finally, to combine most of the achievements from key areas and to design
integrated recycling systems (IRS) should be an ultimate and rewarding goal.

230

----------------------------------------------------------------

581: Olguin EJ , Galicia S, Angulo-Guerrero O, Hernandez E.
The effect of low light flux and nitrogen deficiency on the chemical composition of Spirulina sp.
(Arthrospira) grown on digested pig waste.
Bioresour Technol. 2001 Mar;77(1):19-24.
PMID: 11211071
pdf: Olguin E 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Pig-waste; $Light-flux; $Nitrogen-deficiency; $Chemical-composition;
$Anaerobic-effluents.
rsum:

Evaluation of the effect of low light flux and nitrogen deficiency on growth and chemical composition of
Spirulina sp. (straight filaments strain, SF) in batch cultures utilizing a complex medium containing
sea-water supplemented with anaerobic effluents from digested pig waste, was undertaken.
Cultivation was carried out either at a light flux of 66 (lower) or 144 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1)
(higher), utilizing bench raceways. Biomass concentration (as dry weight) after 12 days of cultivation in
the complex medium was similar (P <0.05) to the one observed in a chemically defined medium
(Zarrouk), regardless of the light intensity. Protein content of the biomass in the complex medium was
significantly lower (P <0.05), compared to the Zarrouk medium, regardless of the light flux. However,
biomass from the complex medium was enriched in total lipids (28.6%), when cultures were exposed
to the lower light flux. On the other hand, the palmitoleic acid percentage of total fatty acids was
significantly higher (P <0.05) at a higher light intensity and a high level of gamma linolenic acid (GLA)
as a percentage of total fatty acids was observed (28.13%) in the biomass harvested from the
complex medium at the lower light intensity. Finally, polysaccharide content was significantly higher (P
<0.05) at the high light intensity and a very high content of total polysaccharides (28.41%) was
observed in the complex medium.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

582: Olguin EJ , Hernndez B, Araus A, Camacho R, Gonzlez R, Ramrez ME, Mercado S, Mercado
G.
Simultaneous high-biomass protein production and nutrient removal using Spirulina maxima in sea
water supplemented with anaerobic effluents.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol 10, No 5 (1994) 576-578.
PMID: pas
pdf: Olguin E 1994.papier
mots-cls article: $Effluent, $nutrient-removal, $protein, $Spirulina-maxima, $waste.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, f.
rsum:

Maximum protein accumulation (71%, w/w) and nutrient removal by a mutant strain of Spirulina
maxima growing on sea water supplemented with anaerobically treated pig slurry was achieved at
30C with constant illumination (60 to 70 microEm^-2s^-1), using a flow rate of 14.5 cm s^-1 (20 rev.
min^-1 of a paddle wheel). Total phosphates were decreased by 99% and all ammonia-N was
removed under these conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

583: Oliveira Reinehr C, Costa J AV.
Reepeated fed-batch cultivation of Spirulina platensis in a closed photobioreactor.
PMID: pas
pdf: Oliveira Reinehr C 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
231
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

584: Oliveira Reinehr CO, Costa J AV.
Optimization of Spirulina platensis production in open raceway ponds under semicontinuous
cultivation.
PMID: pas
pdf: Oliveira Reinehr C 2004a.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

585: Omstedt PT, von der Decken A, Hedenskog G, Mogren H.
Nutritive value of processed Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina
platensis as measured by protein synthesis in vitro in rat skeletal muscle.
J Sci Food Agric. 1973 Sep;24(9):1103-13.
PMID: 4202021
pdf: Omstedt P 1973.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Rats were fed for six consecutive days on a diet containing the protein sources under test at a protein
level of 20%. Protein synthesis by skeletal muscle ribosomes was measured in vitro. Synthetic activity
was estimated per unit ribosomal RNA and per g of wet weight of muscle. In separate experiments the
nitrogen efficiency ratio (n.e.r.) of the protein sources was determined after 21 days feeding at a 10%
protein level. As measured by protein synthesis the nutritional quality of lyophilised baker's yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased after mechanical disintegration. A further improvement was
achieved by feeding yeast protein concentrates. J udged by these determinations the nutritional quality
of the three yeast preparations was higher than that of the low-quality protein, wheat gluten but did not
reach the level of the high-quality protein, casein supplemented with methionine. The metabolic
utilisation of spray-dried microalga Scenedesmus obliquus increased after mechanical disintegration
from a value similar to that of wheat gluten to the level of methionine-supplemented casein.
Lyophilised Spirulina platensis had a nutritional quality between that of wheat gluten and casein
supplemented with methionine. Addition of the limiting amino acid methionine to air-dried baker's
yeast or drum-dried Scenedesmus obliquus and Spirulina platensis stimulated the metabolic utilisation
of the micro-organisms. Supplementation of the diet with methionine increased the nitrogen efficiency
ratio of air-dried yeast and of drum-dried Scenedesmus obliquus but had no effect on drum-dried
Spirulina platensis. The ratios were significantly lower than those of casein supplemented with
methionine. There was no difference in the nitrogen efficiency ratio between disintegrated yeast and
yeast protein concentrate but the ratio of both was higher than that obtained with lyophilised yeast.
The ratio was similar to that of casein without the addition of methionine.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

586: Oncel SS, Akpolat O.
An integrated photobioreactor system for the production of Spirulina platensis.
Biotechnology 5, No 3 (2006) 365-372.
PMID: pas
pdf: Oncel S 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina-platensis, $photobioreactors, internally-illumination, $helical-tubular-
photo-bioreactors.
rsum:

232
In this study, a laboratory scale integrated type of a photobioreactor system was operated for the
production of Spirulina platensis. The integrated design consisted of a tank unit for the main
production site and a helical coil unit for the main illumination site. Different trials were made in order
to select the best illumination mode. The best illumination mode was the sequential mode where a
continuous illumination was taking place in the internally illuminated tank unit and at the same time a
12/12 h light dark cycle was going on, in the coil unit. The system maintain the stability in the pH levels
and a cell concentration of 3.12 g L^-1 on dry weight basis. After the selection of the illumination mode
the best flow rate and light intensity synchronization was tested by applying various combinations of
intensities and flow rates in the coil unit. The best values were obtained with the 11000 lux intensity at
7 cm sn^-1 flow rate in the coil unit reaching a growth rate of 0.42 day. The determination of the best
conditions for the working of the integrated system was one of the main objectives of this study. Also
to focus on an integrated system that could be used in commercial scale, that could succeed the need
of high volume production at the same time to fulfill the need of light compensating the dark regions
that could happen in the big tanks like commercial fermenters with outdoor or indoor helical tubular
units as photostages.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

587: Oshima H, Ueno E, Saito I, Matsumoto H.
Development of a solid-phase extraction method for determination of pheophorbide a and
pyropheophorbide a in health foods by liquid chromatography.
J AOAC Int. 2004 J ul-Aug;87(4):937-42.
PMID: 15295888
pdf: Oshima H 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

A simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the liquid chromatography (LC)
determination of pheophorbide (Phor) a and pyropheophorbide (Pyro) a in health foods such as
chlorella, spirulina, etc. The food sample was extracted with 85% (v/v) acetone. The extract was
acidified with hydrochloric acid and loaded on a C18 cartridge. After washing with water, Phor a and
Pyro a were eluted with the LC mobile phase. Phor a and Pyro a were separated by isocratic
reversed-phase LC and quantitated by fluorescence detection. The recoveries for spiked samples of
chlorella and the extract were 87.1-102.0%. Commercial health foods (chlorella, spirulina, aloe, kale,
J ews mallow, and green tea leaves) were analyzed using the SPE method. The values found for Phor
a and Pyro a ranged from 2 to 788 microg/g and from <1 to 24 microg/g, respectively. There was no
significant difference between the SPE method and the official method in J apan (spectrophotometry
after liquid-liquid extraction). The advantages of the SPE method are the short extraction times, lack of
emulsions, and reduced consumption of organic solvents compared with the official method in J apan.
The SPE method is considered to be useful for the screening of Phor a and Pyro a in health foods.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

588: Otaka E, Ooi T.
Examination of protein sequence homologies: V. New perspectives on evolution between bacterial
and chloroplast-type ferredoxins inferred from sequence evidence.
J Mol Evol. 1989 Sep;29(3):246-54.
PMID: 2506358
pdf: Otaka E 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Sequence homologies among 34 chloroplast-type ferredoxins were examined using a computer
program that quantitatively evaluates the extent of sequence similarity as a correlation coefficient. The
resultant alignment contains six gaps representing insertions or deletions of some residues, all of
which are located such that they precisely preserve the domains of structural fragments as determined
by crystallographic data on Spirulina platensis ferredoxin. In the search for any total correlation
between the chloroplast-type and 27 bacterial ferredoxins, 1891 comparison matrices prepared for
233
possible combinations indicated that the bacterial basal sequence of 55 residues has been conserved
evolutionarily in the chloroplast-type sequences corresponding to residue positions 36-90 of Spirulina
platensis ferredoxin. In addition, the bacterial "connector sequence" region was found to be
conserved. These findings strongly suggest that the bacterial and chloroplast-type ferredoxins
descended from a common ancestor, and branched off after the bacterial gene duplication, whereas
the chloroplast-type ferredoxins originally were generated by duplicating the already duplicated
bacterial gene, i.e., by "double-duplication."

--------------------------------------------------------------------

589: Otles S, Pire R.
Fatty acid composition of Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae species.
J AOAC Int. 2001 Nov-Dec;84(6):1708-14.
PMID: 11767135
pdf: Otles S 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Two New Age foods which contain high concentrations of whole food nutrients are the single-celled
microalgae Chlorella and Spirulina. They are accepted as functional foods, which are defined as
products derived from natural sources, whose consumption is likely to benefit human health and
enhance performance. These foods are used as a supplement/ingredient or as a complete food to
enhance the performance and state of the human body, or improve a specific bodily function.
Functional foods are used mainly as products to nourish the human body after physical exertion or as
a preventive measure against ailments. We determined the fatty acid compositions, particularly
polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, of Chlorella and Spirulina by capillary column-gas
chromatography. The data obtained show that Spirulina contains unusually high levels of gamma-
linolenic acid, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

590: Oudraougo D.
La ferme de spiruline de Koudougou.
PMID: pas
pdf: Oudraougo D 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

591: Ozdemir G, Karabay NU, Dalay MC, Pazarbasi B.
Antibacterial activity of volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis.
Phytother Res. 2004 Sep;18(9):754-7.
PMID: 15478198
pdf: Ozdemir G 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $volatile-components, $extracts, $antimicrobial-activity.
rsum:

The methanol, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate extracts and volatile components of
Spirulina platensis were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity (four Gram-positive, six Gram-
negative bacteria and Candida albicans ATCC 10239). GC-MS analysis of the volatile components of
S. platensis resulted in the identification of 15 compounds which constituted 96.45% of the total
compounds. The volatile components of S. platensis consisted of heptadecane (39.70%) and
tetradecane (34.61%) as major components. The methanol extract showed more potent antimicrobial
activity than dichloromethane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate extracts and volatile components.

234
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592: Padyana AK, Ramakumar S.
Lateral energy transfer model for adjacent light-harvesting antennae rods of C-phycocyanins.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Mar;1757(3):161-5.
PMID: 16626627
pdf: Padyana A 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Light-harvesting; $Photosynthesis; $Phycobilisomes; $Phycocyanobilin.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; C-phycocyanine.
rsum:

Modeling of excitation transfer pathways have been carried out for the structure of Spirulina platensis
C-phycocyanin. Calculations by Frster mechanism using the crystal structure coordinates determined
in our laboratory indicate ultra-fast lateral energy transfer rates between pairs of chromophores
attached to two adjacent hexamer disks. The pairwise transfer times of the order of a few pico-
seconds correspond to resonance transitions between peripheral beta 155 chromophores. A
quantitative lateral energy transfer model for C-phycocyanin light-harvesting antenna rods that is
suggestive to its native structural organization emerges from this study.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

593: Padyana AK, Bhat VB, Madyastha KM, Rajashankar KR, Ramakumar S.
Crystal structure of a light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.
PMID: 11352634
pdf: Padayana A 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $crystal structure; $C-phycocyanin; $light-harvesting; $phycobiliprotein; $bilin;
$chromophore; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

The crystal structure of C-phycocyanin, a light-harvesting phycobiliprotein from cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae) Spirulina platensis has been solved by molecular replacement technique. The crystals
belong to space group P2(1) with cell parameters a =107.20, b =115.40, c =183.04 A; beta =90.2
degrees. The structure has been refined to a crystallographic R factor of 19.2% (R(free) =23.9%)
using the X-ray diffraction data extending up to 2.2 A resolution. The asymmetric unit of the crystal cell
consists of two (alphabeta)6-hexamers, each hexamer being the functional unit in the native antenna
rod of cyanobacteria. The molecular structure resembles that of other reported C-phycocyanins.
However, the unique form of aggregation of two (alphabeta)6-hexamers in the crystal asymmetric unit,
suggests additional pathways of energy transfer in lateral direction between the adjacent hexamers
involving beta155 phycocyanobilin chromophores.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

594: Palinska KA, Krumbein WE.
Perforation patterns in the peptidoglycan wall of filamentous cyanobacteria.
J Phycology 36 (2000) 139145.
PMID: pas
pdf: Palinska K 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $peptidoglycan-layer; $perforations; $ultrastructure; $filamentous-cyanobacteria;
$taxonomy.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; arthrospira-platensis; spirulina-subsalsa; m; B.
rsum :

Ultrastructural studies were made on seven genera of filamentous cyanobacteria from Sections III and
IV (in the Rippka classification): Oscillatoria limosa Ag. ex Gomont, Spirulina subsalsa Turp. ex
Gomont, Crinalium epipsammum Crow, Nostoc commune Vaucher ex Born. et Flah., Anabaena
variabilis Ktzinger ex Born. et Flah., Arthrospira maxima Stizenb. ex Gomont, Arthrospira platensis
Stizenb. ex Gomont, and Cyanospira rippkae Florenzano. Perforation types and their distribution in the
peptidoglycan layer observed in Crinalium epipsammum Crow were similar to those in Oscillatoria
235
limosa and two Arthrospira strains. In Cyanospira and Anabaena no junctional perforations in the
peptidoglycan wall layer were observed; however, intracellular perforations were documented. Except
for Spirulina, the perforations were organized in rows (up to 10) placed on both sides of the cross wall.
In the Spirulina cross sections, perforations were found only in the thickened, inner part of the cell
wall. The perforation patterns in Spirulina and Arthrospira strains were clearly different and justify the
separation into different genera.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

595: Palla J C, Busson F.
Etude des carotnoides de Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitler (Cyanophyceae)
[Carotenoids of Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitler (Cyanophyceae)].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1969 Oct 29;269(17):1704-7.
PMID: 4982846
pdf: Palla J 1969.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

596: Panda B, Sharma L, Mallick N.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Nostoc muscorum and Spirulina platensis under
phosphate limitation.
J Plant Physiol. 2005 Dec;162(12):1376-9.
PMID: 16425456
pdf: Panda B 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Nostoc muscorum and Spirulina platensis were grown under phosphate deficiency in order to
investigate the role of internal phosphate pool and activity of alkaline phosphatase on poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation. PHB accumulation in N. muscorum increased to 22.7% of dry
weight (dw) after 4 day of phosphate deficiency, while the internal phosphate pool reduced to the level
of 0.02 microM mg dw(-1) at a maximum APase activity of 2.57nM PNP mg dw(-1) h(-1). In contrary,
S. platensis depicted maxima of 1.39nM PNP mg dw(-1) h(-1) on day 30 of incubation, which was
about 2 fold lower than the observed value of N. muscorum. PHB content in S. platensis remained low
even after prolonged phosphate starvation, and a rise only up to 3.5% of dw was recorded on day 60
of phosphate deficiency. Supplementation of NADPH exogenously to S. platensis cultures grown
under phosphate deficiency favoured PHB accumulation in 10, 20 and 30 days old cultures, but not in
the cultures grown under phosphate deficiency for 60 days. The possible role of phosphate limitation
on PHB accumulation is discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

597: Pang QS, Guo BJ , Ruan J H.
[Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of Spirulina
platensis].
Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 1988;15(5):374-81.
PMID: 2856229
pdf: Pang Q 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

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598: Parada J L, Zulpa de Caire G, Zaccaro de Mule MC, Storni de Cano MM.
Lactic acid bacteria growth promoters from Spirulina platensis.
236
Int J Food Microbiol. 1998 Dec 22;45(3):225-8.
PMID: 9927000
pdf: Parada J 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Bioactive-compounds; $Lactic-acid-bacteria; $Prebiotics
Index Terms: lactic acid bacterium; bacterial growth; cyanobacterium; growth promotor.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; production; B.
rsum:

Spirulina has been used for many years as human food because of its high protein content and
nutritional value. Some strains also produce bioactive substances that may inhibit or promote
microbial growth. Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were grown in rich media, MRS and RM, as well as in
minimal saline medium with and without addition of extracellular products obtained from a late log
phase culture of Spirulina platensis in Zarrouk medium. In both MRS and RM media, the extracellular
products significantly promote the growth of the lactic acid bacteria assayed. This stimulatory effect
was observed in media with pH adjusted to 5.3, 6.3 and 7.0. No effect was observed in minimal saline
medium.

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599: Paredes-Carbajal MC, Torres-Duran PV, Diaz-Zagoya J C, Mascher D, J uarez-Oropeza MA.
Effects of the ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses
of rat aortic rings.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Apr;75(1):37-44.
PMID: 11282441
pdf: Paredes-Carbajal M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; mdecine; organes; systme-cardio-vasculaire; B.
rsum:

Dietary Spirulina decreases, endothelium-dependently, the responses to vasoconstrictor agonists and
increases the endothelium-dependent, agonist-induced, vasodilator responses of rat aorta rings. The
aim of this study was to analyze, in vitro, the effects of a raw ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on
the vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings to phenylephrine and to carbachol. On rings with
endothelium, the extract produced the following effects: (a) a concentration-dependent (60-1000
microg/ml) decrease of the contractile response to phenylephrine; (b) a rightward shift and a decrease
in maximal developed tension, of the concentration--response curve to phenylephrine; (c) a
concentration dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted rings. These effects were blocked
by L-NAME, and not modified by indomethacin. The extract had no effect on the concentration-
response curve to carbachol of rings with endothelium. On endothelium-denuded rings the extract
caused a significant rightward shift of the concentration response curve to phenylephrine without any
effect on maximal tension development. In the presence of the extract, indomethacin induced a
marked decrease in the maximal phenylephrine-induced tension of endothelium-denuded rings. These
results suggest that the extract increases the basal synthesis/release of NO by the endothelium and,
also, the synthesis/release of a cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstricting prostanoid by vascular
smooth muscle cells.

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600: Paredes-Carbajal MC, Torres-Duran PV, Diaz-Zagoya J C, Mascher D, J uarez-Oropeza MA.
Effects of dietary Spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses of rat aortic
rings.
Life Sci. 1997;61(15):PL 211-9.
PMID: 9328235
pdf: Paredes-Carbajal M 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; mdecine; organes; systme-cardio-vasculaire; B..
rsum:

237
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima on vasomotor responses of aorta
rings from male Wistar rats fed on a purified diet. For this purpose, the animals (weighing 200-240 g)
were allocated randomly in two groups. One receiving purified control diet (A) and the other receiving
purified diet containing 5% Spirulina (B). Purified diets were according to American Institute of
Nutrition guidelines and adjusted to Spirulina protein content. All animals were fed (20 g/day/rat)
during two weeks, receiving water ad libitum and 12 h. light-dark cycles. Spirulina maxima effects
were evaluated by concentration-response (CR) curves of aorta rings with or without endothelium to
phenylephrine (PE), both in presence and absence of indomethacin (Indom) or indomethacin plus L-
NAME (Indom. +L-NAME), and to carbachol (CCh). Aorta rings with endothelium from group B
showed, relative to corresponding rings from group A: 1) a significant decrease in the maximal tension
developed in response to PE. 2) this decrease was reverted by Indom. 3) Indom. +L-NAME induced
an additional increase in the contractile responses to PE. 4) a significant shift to the left of the CR
curve to CCh. No significant differences were observed in the tension developed in response to PE in
rings without endothelium from either group. These results suggest that Spirulina maxima may
decrease vascular tone by increasing the synthesis and release of both a vasodilating
cyclooxygenase-dependent product of arachidonic acid and nitric oxide, as well as by decreasing the
synthesis and release of a vasoconstricting eicosanoid from the endothelial cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

601: Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer U.
Role of spirulina in the control of glycemia and lipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
J Med Food. 2001 Winter;4(4):193-199.
PMID: 12639401
pdf: Parikh P 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Spirulina, with its high concentration of functional nutrients, is emerging as an important therapeutic
food. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic role of Spirulina. Twenty-five
subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to receive Spirulina (study group) or to
form the control group. At baseline, the control and study groups were matched for various variables.
The efficacy of Spirulina supplementation (2 g/day for 2 months) was determined using the
preintervention and postintervention blood glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels,
and lipid profiles of the diabetic subjects. Two-month supplementation with Spirulina resulted in an
appreciable lowering of fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels. A significant
reduction in the HbA(1c) level was also observed, indicating improved long-term glucose regulation.
With regard to lipids, triglyceride levels were significantly lowered. Total cholesterol (TC) and its
fraction, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), exhibited a fall coupled with a marginal increase
in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). As a result, a significant reduction in the
atherogenic indices, TC:HDL-C and LDL-C: HDL-C, was observed. The level of apolipoprotein B
registered a significant fall together with a significant increment in the level of apolipoprotein A1.
Therefore, a significant and favorable increase in the ratio of A1:B was also noted. These findings
suggest the beneficial effect of Spirulina supplementation in controlling blood glucose levels and in
improving the lipid profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

602: Parmeggiani AC, Masini J C.
Evaluating Scatchard and Differential Equilibrium Functions to study the binding properties of Cu(II) to
the surface of mixed species of lyophilized Spirulina (Cyanobacteria).
Braz Chem Soc 14, No 3 (2003) 416-424.
PMID: pas
pdf: Parmeggiani A 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $adsorption, $complexation, $copper, $Spirulina, $potentiometry.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **bioaccumulation.
rsum:

238
The binding of Cu(II) to the surface of mixed species of Spirulina was studied at pH 6.0 by
potentiometric titration monitored with a copper ion selective electrode. Three materials were studied:
the total suspension of alga, the washing water that resulted from centrifugation of the total
suspension, and the water-washed cells. The Scatchard method and the Differential Equilibrium
Functions (DEF) were used for the treatment of the titration data. The Scatchard plots determined two
classes of binding sites, with log K' values for stronger sites varying between 7.3 and 7.9. For the
weaker sites the log K' values ranged between 3.5 and 3.9. The total concentration of binding sites
were 1.60.1, 1.50.5 and 0.920.08 mmol g^-1 for the total suspension, washing water, and washed
cells, respectively. The DEF approach revealed a linear variation of log K_DEF as a function of log q
(q =degree of site occupation), with log K_DEF decreasing from 9 to 4 as a consequence of
increasing log q from -2.5 to -0.25. The degree of site heterogeneity determined by the DEF approach
was between 0.4 and 0.5 for the three materials studied.

[A ligao de Cu(II) superfcie de espcies mistas da microalga Spirulina foi estudada em pH 6.0 por
titulao potenciomtrica monitorada com eletrodo on-seletivo para Cu(II). Trs materiais foram
estudados: a suspenso completa da alga, a gua de lavagem obtida por centrifugao da suspenso
completa e a suspenso composta por clulas lavadas com gua. Os mtodos de Scatchard e de
Funes Diferenciais de Equilbrio (DEF) foram usados para tratamento dos dados de titulao. Os
grficos de Scatchard possibilitaram a determinao de duas classes de stios de complexao,
sendo que os valores de log K' para os stios mais fortes variaram entre 7,3 e 7,9. Para os stios mais
fracos os valores de log K' foram determinados entre 3,5 e 3,9. As concentraes totais dos stios de
complexao foram 1,60,1; 1,50,5 e 0,920,08 mmol g^-1 para a suspenso total, gua de lavagem
e clulas lavadas, respectivamente. O mtodo DEF revelou uma variao linear dos valores de log
K_DEF em funo do log q (q =grau de ocupao dos stios de complexao), sendo que os valores
de log K_DEF decresceram de 9 para 4 em conseqncia do aumento de log q de -2,5 para -0,25. Os
graus de heterogeneidade determinados por DEF ficaram na faixa entre 0,4 e 0,5 para os trs
materiais estudados].

--------------------------------------------------------------------

603: Pascaud M.
The essential polyunsaturated fatty acids of Spirulina and our immune response.
PMID: pas
pdf: Pascaud M 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

604: Patel A, Mishra S, Pawar R, Ghosh PK.
Purification and characterization of C-phycocyanin from cyanobacterial species of marine and
freshwater habitat.
Protein Expr Purif. 2005 Apr;40(2):248-55.
PMID: 15766866
pdf: Patel A 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-Phycocyanin; $Purification; $Cyanobacteria.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; C-phycocyanine;
B.
rsum:

The present paper describes an efficient single step chromatographic method for purification of C-
Phycocyanin from three cyanobacterial species, i.e., Spirulina sp. (freshwater), Phormidium sp.
(marine water) and Lyngbya sp. (marine water). C-Phycocyanin from these cyanobacterial species
was purified to homogeneity and some of their properties were investigated. The purification involves
a multistep treatment of the crude extract by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed
by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column. Pure C-Phycocyanin was
finally obtained from Spirulina, Phormidium, and Lyngbya spp. with purity ratio (A620/A280) 4.42,
239
4.43, and 4.59, respectively, further the purity and homogeneity were confirmed by native and SDS-
PAGE. The estimated molecular weights of purified C-PC from Spirulina, Phormidium, and Lyngbya
spp. were 112, 131, and 81 kDa, respectively. SDS-PAGE of pure C-Phycocyanin yielded two bands
corresponding to alpha and beta subunits. The results of SDS-PAGE demonstrate the same molecular
weight of beta subunits (24.4 kDa) for all the three cyanobacterial species, whereas the molecular
weight of the alpha subunit is different for all (17 kDa Spirulina sp., 19.1 kDa Phormidium sp., 15.2
kDa Lyngbya sp.). Thus, the C-Phycocyanin was characterized as (alphabeta)3 for Spirulina and
Phormidium spp., while as (alphabeta)2 for Lyngbya sp.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

605: Patil G, Chethana S, Sridevi AS, Raghavarao KS.
Method to obtain C-phycocyanin of high purity.
J Chromatogr A 1127, No 1-2 (2006) 76-81.
PMID: 16782107
pdf: Patil G 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin; $Aqueous-two-phase-extraction; $Adsorption; $Purification; $Ion-
exchange-chromatography.
rsum:

A new approach is made for the purification of C-phycocyanin (C-PC), which is simple and more
efficient than existing methods. The proposed method involves two steps: aqueous two phase
extraction and ion-exchange chromatography. Crude extract of C-phycocyanin, of purity 1.18,
obtained from Spirulina platensis is subjected to aqueous two phase extraction. C-phycocyanin
obtained from this process showed a purity of 5.22, which is higher than the reported value till date. In
order to explore the possibility of further purification, C-phycocyanin is subjected to ion-exchange
chromatography and found that the purity increased from 5.22 to 6.69. The fluorescence, intactness of
structure and purity of C-phycocyanin are confirmed using spectrofluorometry, circular dichroism
spectra and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

606: Patnaik S, Sarkar R, Mitra A.
Alginate immobilization of Spirulina platensis for wastewater treatment.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Aug;39(8):824-6.
PMID: 12018590
pdf: Patnaik S 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; puration; organic-remouval.
rsum:

Immobilization of cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in sodium alginate (1.5 %) gave the best quality
of bead and 15-16 beads were formed per mL of aqueous solution of alginate. The immobilized cells
were used in a batch process for treatment of diluted sewage. After 8 days, 95 % of BOD5, 77 % of
COD, 90 % of ammonia, and 94 % of TSS were removed.

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607: Pelizer LH, Carvalho J CM, Sato S, de Oliveira Moraes I.
Spirulina platensis growth estimation by pH determination at different cultivations conditions.
Electronic J ournal of Biotechnology 5, No 3 (2002).
PMID: pas
pdf: Pelizer L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $biomass-estimation, $methodology, $pH, $proteincontent,$Spirulina-platensis.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **pH.
rsum:

240
Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterium that has a high protein content and therefore, a high nutritional
value. It can be cultivated either in a liquid or in a solid culture. When cultivated in aqueous culture the
cell growth can be determined by following the optical density. On the other hand, when produced by
solid cultivation the growth can be determined only indirectly, such as, through determination of the
protein content of the fermenting solids. In this work the possibility of estimating cell growth by pH
determination was verified. From the results it was concluded that pH and protein production (solid or
surface culture) or cell content (liquid culture) correlate well, therefore pH determination seems to be a
good method to determine cell growth.

--------------------------------------------------------

608: Pelloquin A, Lai R, Busson F.
[Comparative study of lipids of Spirulina platensis (Gom.) Geitler and Spirulina geitleri J . de Toni].
C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D. 1970 Sep 14;271(11):932-5.
PMID: 4990601
pdf: Pelloquin A 1970.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

609: Pelloquin A, Maigrot M, Busson F.
[Preliminary note on the fatty acid composition of lipids of Spirulina geitleri J . de Toni].
Med Trop (Mars). 1970 Mar-Apr;30(2):275-6.
PMID: 5426028
pdf: Pelloquin A 1970.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .

--------------------------------------------------------------------

610: Peng W, Wu Q, Tu P, Zhao N.
Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by thermogravimetric
analysis.
Bioresource Technol 80, No 1 (2001) 1-7.
PMID: 11554596
pdf: Peng W 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Chlorella-protothecoides; $Pyrolysis; $Bio-fuel;
$Eutrophication.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; instrumentation; contrle; B.
rsum:

Two kinds of autotrophic microalgae, Spirulina platensis (SP) and Chlorella protothecoides (CP) were
pyrolyzed at the heating rates of 15, 40, 60 and 80 C/min up to 800 C in a thermogravimetric analyzer
to investigate their pyrolytic characteristics. Three stages (dehydration, devolatilization and solid
decomposition) appeared in the pyrolysis process. SP and CP mainly devolatilized at 190560 C and
150540 C, respectively. A total volatile yield of about 71% was achieved from each microalga. As the
heating rate increased, a lateral shift to higher temperatures was observed in their thermograms, and
the instantaneous maximum and average reaction rates in the devolatilization stage were increased
while the activation energy was decreased. The value of activation energy for CP pyrolysis was 4.22
5.25x10^4, lower than that of SP (7.629.70x10^4), and the char in final residue of CP was 14.00
15.14%, less than that of SP by 23%. This indicated that CP is preferable for pyrolysis over SP. The
experimental results may provide useful data for the design of pyrolytic processing systems using
planktonic microalgae as feedstock.

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611: Pervushkin SV, Voronin AV, Kurkin VA, Sokhina AA, Shatalaev IF.
241
Proteins from Spirulina platensis biomass.
Chemistry of Natural Compounds 37, No. 5 (2001) 476-481.
PMID: pas
pdf: Pervushkin S 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina platensis biomass; $proteins; $phycocyanin; $molecular forms of
enzymes; $lactatedehydrogenase; $malatedehydrogenase; $glutamatedehydrogenase;
$electrophoresis.
rsum:

The accumulation dynamics of total protein, its fractional composition, and the molecular forms of key
oxidoreductases were studied during cultivation of Spirulina platensis biomass.

--------------------------------

612: Petersson L, Cammack R, Rao KK.
Antiferromagnetic exchange interaction in the two-iron-two-sulphur ferredoxin from the blue-green alga
Spirulina maxima studied with a highly sensitive magnetic balance.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Mar 26;622(1):18-24.
PMID: 6244858
pdf: Petersson L 1980.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

1. A highly sensitive magnetic balance of the Faraday type is described. 2. The magnetic susceptibility
of the oxidized and reduced forms of the two-iron-two-sulphur ferredoxin from the blue-green alga
Spirulina maxima has been measured over a wide temperature range. 3. The results can be
interpreted within a simple model involving antiferromagnetically coupled iron atoms at the active site.
The coupling, expressed as --J , is estimated to be 182 +/- 20/cm and 98 +5/-10 /cm for the oxidized
and reduced forms, respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

613: Phang SM, Miah MS, Yeoh BG, Hashim MA.
Spirulina cultivation in digested sago starch factory wastewater.
J Appl Phycol 12, No 3-5 (2000) 395-400.
PMID: pas
pdf: Phang S 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $sago-starch-factory-wastewater, $treatment, $high-rate-algal-pond,
$biomass.
rsum:

Wastewater arising from the production of sago starchhas a high carbon to nitrogen ratio, which is
improved with anaerobic fermentation in an up flow packed bed digester. The digested effluent with an
average C: N:P ratio of 24: 0.14: 1 supported growth of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) with an
average specific growth rate () of 0.51 day^-1 compared with the average of 0.54 day^-1 in the
inorganic Kosaric Medium in a high rate algal pond. Supplementation with 6 mM urea and 2.1 mM
K2HPO4 produced gross biomass productivity of 14.4 g m^-2 day^-1. Aflow-rate of 24 cm s^-1
increased the and gross biomass productivity (18 g m^-2 day^-1). The highest crude protein,
carbohydrate and lipidcontents of the biomass were 68%, 23% and 11%, respectively. Percentage
reductions in chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal-nitrogen and phosphate levels of the digested
effluent reached 98.0%, 99.9%and 99.4% respectively. The HRAP offers a good treatment system for
sago starch factory wastewater.

----------------------------

614: Pinero Estrada J E, Bermejo Bescos P, Villar del Fresno AM.
242
Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract.
Farmaco 56 (2001) 497-500.
PMID: 11482785
pdf: Pinero Estrada J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Phycocyanin; $Antioxidant; $Protean-extract.
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **antioxidant, **IV.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis, planktonic blue-green algae, is gaining increasing attention because of its
nutritional and medicinal properties. This microalgae contains phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin and
allophycocyanin). Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that a protean extract of S.
platensis is a potent free-radical scavenger (hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals) and inhibits microsomal
lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to purify and characterize phycocyanin of S. platensis.
Besides, we tried to demonstrate that one of the main components responsible for this antioxidant
activity is a biliprotein phycocyanin. For this purpose, we studied the antioxidant activity of different
fractions obtained during the phycocyanin purification process, through the scavenger activity of
hydroxyl radical. We also observed that an increase in phycocyanin content was related to an increase
in the antioxidant activity in different fractions, and therefore phycobiliprotein phycocyanin is the
component mainly responsible for the antioxidant activity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

615: Pinta M, Busson F.
[Preliminary note on the content of mineral elements and oligo-elements of Spirulina platensis (Gom.)
Geitler and of Spirulina maxima (Setch. et Gardn.) Geitler].
Med Trop (Mars). 1969 Sep-Oct;29(5):617-9.
PMID: 5400837
pdf: Pinta M 1969.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

616: Planchon G.
La spiruline pour tous.
PMID: pas
pdf: Planchon G 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

617: Planes P, Rouanet J M, Laurent C, Baccou J C, Besanon P, Caporiccio B.
Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium-fortified spirulina in cultured human intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Food Chemistry 77 (2002) 213218.
PMID: pas
pdf: Planes P 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Magnesium-bioavailability; $Spirulina; $In-vitro-digestion; $Caco-2-cells.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **bioavailability.
rsum:

The role of magnesium (Mg) for health promotion and disease prevention is generally accepted world
wide. The aim of this study was to examine magnesium availability from Mg-fortified spirulina. We
have used an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system to measure magnesium spirulina
availability. Magnesium concentration measurements were performed by atomic absorption
243
spectrometry in digests containing the same amount of magnesium and at the basal side of Caco-2
cells exposed to these digests. Comparison was made with crude spirulina, Banania, Kellogs all bran
and Magnoge`ne (magnesium chloride) as a reference. Our results show that Mg-fortification of
spirulina does not improve Mg availability and that crude spirulina represents an adequate source of
Mg as efficient as All bran and Banania.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

618: Pogoryelov D, Yu J , Meier T, Vonck J , Dimroth P, Muller DJ .
The c15 ring of the Spirulina platensis F-ATP synthase: F1/F0 symmetry mismatch is not obligatory.
EMBO Rep. 2005 Nov;6(11):1040-4.
PMID: 16170308
pdf: Pogoryelov D 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The oligomeric c ring of the F-ATP synthase from the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
was isolated and characterized. Mass spectroscopy analysis indicated a mass of 8,210 Da, reflecting
that of a c monomer. The mass increased by 206 Da after treatment with the c-subunit-specific
inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), which indicated modification of the ion-binding carboxylate
by DCCD. Atomic force microscopy topographs of c rings from S. platensis showed 15 symmetrically
assembled subunits. The c15-mer reported here is the largest c ring that is isolated and does not
show the classical c-ring mismatch to the three-fold symmetry of the F1 domain.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

619: Pogoryelov D, Sudhir PR, Kovacs L, Gombos Z, Brown I, Garab G.
Sodium dependency of the photosynthetic electron transport in the alkaliphilic cyanobacterium
J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2003 Oct;35(5):427-37.
PMID: 14740891
pdf: Pogoryelov D 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (A. platensis) is a model organism for investigation of adaptation of
photosynthetic organisms to extreme environmental conditions: the cell functions in this
cyanobacterium are optimized to high pH and high concentration (150-250 mM) of Na+. However, the
mechanism of the possible fine-tuning of the photosynthetic functions to these extreme conditions
and/or the regulation of the cellular environment to optimize the photosynthetic functions is poorly
understood. In this work we investigated the effect of Na-ions on different photosynthetic activities:
linear electron transport reactions (measured by means of polarography and spectrophotometry), the
activity of photosystem II (PS II) (thermoluminescence and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction), and
redox turnover of the cytochrome b6f complex (flash photolysis); and measured the changes of the
intracellular pH (9-aminoacridine fluorescence). It was found that sodium deprivation of cells in the
dark at pH 10 inhibited, within 40 min, all measured photosynthetic reactions, and led to an
alkalinization of the intracellular pH, which rose from the physiological value of about 8.3-9.6. These
were partially and totally restored by readdition of Na-ions at 2.5-25 mM and about 200 mM,
respectively. The intracellular pH and the photosynthetic functions were also sensitive to monensin, an
exogenous Na+/H+exchanger, which collapses both proton and sodium gradients across the
cytoplasmic membrane. These observations explain the strict Na+-dependency of the photosynthetic
electron transport at high extracellular pH, provide experimental evidence on the alkalization of the
intracellular environment, and support the hypothesized role of an Na+/H+antiport through the plasma
membrane in pH homeostasis (Schlesinger et al. (1996). J . Phycol. 32, 608-613). Further, we show
that (i) the specific site of inactivation of the photosynthetic electron transport at alkaline pH is to be
found at the water splitting enzyme; (ii) in contrast to earlier reports, the inactivation occurs in the dark
and, for short periods, without detectable damage in the photosynthetic apparatus; and (iii) in contrast
to high pH, Na+dependency in the neutral pH range is shown not to originate from PSII, but from the
244
acceptor side of PSI. These data permit us to conclude that the intracellular environment rather than
the machinery of the photosynthetic electron transport is adjusted to the extreme conditions of high pH
and high Na+concentration.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

620: Pohl P, Schimmack W.
Adsorption of radionuclides (Cs-134, Sr-85, Ra-226, Am-241) by extracted biomasses of
cyanobacteria (Nostoc carneum, N. insulare, Oscillatoria geminata and Spirulina laxissima) and
Phaeophyceae (Laminaria digitata and L. japonica; waste products from alginate production) at
different pH.
J Appl Phycol 18, No 2 (2006) 135-143.
PMID: pas
pdf: Pohl P 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Algae; $Drinking-water; $Radioactivity-removal; $Radionuclide-adsorption; $Waste-
water-treatment.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-laxissima; n.
rsum:

The extracted biomasses of four cyanobacteria (Nostoc carneum, Nostoc insulare, Oscillatoria
geminata, and Spirulina laxissima) grown in axenic mass cultures, and of four samples of Laminaria
obtained from different locations (L. digitata I and II, France; L. japonica I and II, China; all waste
products from alginate production) were tested for their ability to adsorb four radionuclides (134Cs,
85Sr, 226Ra, and 241Am) under different pH regimes. In addition, two of the cyanobacterial
biomasses (N. carneum. and O. geminata) and the four Laminaria biomasses were phosphorylated
before being tested as radionuclide adsorbers. The non-phosphorylated cyanobacterial biomasses
showed very low adsorption of 134Cs but substantially higher removal of 85Sr and 226Ra, which
increased with increasing pH. 241Am was almost completely removed from the solution at low pH, but
less at higher pH. After phosphorylation, removal of 134Cs, 85Sr and 226Ra by the cyanobacterial
biomasses was improved, particularly at lower pH, but there was almost no adsorption of 241Am. The
non-phosphorylated Laminaria biomasses showed good removal of 134Cs and very good adsorption
of 85Sr and 226Ra. Removal of 241Am was high at low pH but decreased with increasing pH. After
phosphorylation, adsorption of 134Cs by Laminaria samples was slightly improved; removal of 85Sr
and 226Ra was increased at low pH with a tendency towards decrease in adsorption with increasing
pH; but almost no 241Am was adsorbed. The origin of the cyanobacterial and Laminaria materials
appeared to have little effect on the adsorption of the radionuclides.

----------------------------------------------------------------

621: Polivka T, Kerfeld CA, Pascher T, Sundstrom V.
Spectroscopic properties of the carotenoid 3'-hydroxyechinenone in the orange carotenoid protein
from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima.
Biochemistry. 2005 Mar 15;44(10):3994-4003.
PMID: 15751975
pdf: Polivka T 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

The cyanobacterial water-soluble orange carotenoid binding protein (OCP) is an ideal system for study
of the effects of protein environment on photophysical properties of carotenoids. It contains a single
pigment, the carotenoid 3'-hydoxyechinenone (hECN). In this study, we focus on spectroscopic
properties of hECN in solution and in the OCP, aiming to elucidate the spectroscopic effects of the
carotenoid-protein interaction in the context of the function(s) of the OCP. The noncovalent binding of
hECN to the OCP causes a conformational change in the hECN, leading to a prolongation of the
effective conjugation length. This change is responsible for shortening of the S(1) lifetime from 6.5 ps
in solution to 3.3 ps in the OCP. The conformational change and the hydrogen bonding via the
carbonyl group of hECN result in stabilization of an intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) state. No
signs of the ICT state were found in hECN in solution, regardless of the solvent polarity; spectral
bands in transient absorption spectra of OCP-bound hECN exhibit features typical for the ICT state.
245
Application of global fitting analysis revealed further effects of binding hECN in the OCP. The S(1)
state of hECN in the OCP decays with two time constants of 0.9 and 3.3 ps. Modeling of the excited-
state processes suggests that these two components are due to two populations of hECN in the OCP
that differ in the hydrogen bonding via the carbonyl group. These results support the hypothesis that
the OCP functions as a photoprotective shield under excess light. Mechanistically, the broadening of
the hECN absorption spectrum upon binding to OCP enhances filtering effect of hECN. Furthermore,
the binding-induced conformational change and activation of the ICT state that leads to a shortening of
hECN lifetime effectively makes the protein-bound hECN a more effective energy dissipator.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

622: Popovich NG.
Spirulina.
Am Pharm. 1982 J un;NS22(6):8-10.
PMID: 6808818
pdf: Popovich N 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

623: Premkumar K, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A.
Protective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on chemical-induced genotoxicity in mice.
Fitoterapia. 2004 J an;75(1):24-31.
PMID: 14693216
pdf: Premkumar K 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-fusiformis; $Cisplatin; $Urethane; $Genotoxicity.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis; B.
rsum :

Spirulina fusiformis given by oral route to mice at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg(-1) significantly
inhibit the genotoxicity induced by cisplatin and urethane. In addition, a significant reduction in the
extent of lipid peroxidation with concomitant increase in the liver enzymatic (GPx, GST, SOD, CAT)
and non-enzymatic (reduced glutathione) antioxidants were observed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

624: Premkumar K, Pachiappan A, Abraham SK, Santhiya ST, Gopinath PM, Ramesh A.
Effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cyclophosphamide and mitomycin-C induced genotoxicity and
oxidative stress in mice.
Fitoterapia. 2001 Dec;72(8):906-11.
PMID: 11731115
pdf: Premkumar K 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-fusiformis; $Cyclophosphamide; $Mitomycin-C; $Protective-effects.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis; B.
rsum :

Spirulina fusiformis was tested for its possible in vivo protective effects against cyclophosphamide
(CP) and mitomycin-C (MMC) induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice. Pre-treatment with S.
fusiformis (250, 500 and 1000 mg kg(-1), p.o., daily for 5 days) significantly reduced the chromosomal
damage and lipid peroxidation with concomitant changes in antioxidants and detoxification systems.
All the three tested doses were effective in exerting a protective effect against CP and MMC.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

625: Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly HN, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS.
Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory
activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.
Planta Med. 2001 Nov;67(8):737-42.
246
PMID: 11731916
pdf: Pugh N 2001.papier
mots-cls article: $Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae-(Nostocaceae), $Spirulina-platensis-(Oscillatoriaceae),
$Chlorella-pyrenoidosa-(Oocystaceae), $polysaccharide, $THP-1-monocytes, $nuclear-factor-kappa-
B.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **immune-system, **IV.
rsum:

This research describes the identification of three new high molecular weight polysaccharide
preparations isolated from food-grade microalgae that are potent activators of human
monocytes/macrophages: "Immulina" from Spirulina platensis, "Immunon" from Aphanizomenon flos-
aquae, and "Immurella" from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. These polysaccharides are structurally complex
and have estimated molecular weights above ten million daltons. All three polysaccharides are highly
water soluble and comprise between 0.5 % and 2.0 % of microalgal dry weight.Immunostimulatory
activity was measured using a transcription factor-based bioassay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-
kappa B) activation in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. Using this system the EC(50) values
for these microalgal polysaccharides are between 20 and 110 ng/ml (about 10pM). THP-1 activation
was confirmed by measuring immune cytokine mRNA induction using reverse transcriptase-
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Each polysaccharide substantially increased mRNA levels of
interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These polysaccharides are
between one hundred and one thousand times more active for in vitro monocyte activation than
polysaccharide preparations that are currently used clinically for cancer immunotherapy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

626: Pugh N, Pasco DS.
Characterization of human monocyte activation by a water soluble preparation of Aphanizomenon flos-
aquae.
Phytomedicine 8, No 6 (2001) 445-453.
PMID: 11824519
pdf: Pugh N 2001a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae; $microalgae; $THP-1; $macrophage; $nuclear-factor-
kappa-B; $immunostimulatory.
rsum :

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (AFA) is a fresh-water microalgae that is consumed as a nutrient-dense
food source and for its health-enhancing properties. The current research characterizes the effect of a
water soluble preparation from AFA on human monocyte/macrophage function and compares the
effect of AFA with responses from known agents that modulate the immune system. At 0.5 microg/ml
the AFA extract robustly activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) directed luciferase expression
in THP-1 human monocytic cells to levels at 50% of those achieved by maximal concentrations (10
microg/ml) of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the AFA extract substantially increased
mRNA levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and
enhanced the DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B. The effects of AFA water soluble preparation were
similar to the responses displayed by LPS, but clearly different from responses exhibited by
tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma). Pretreatment of THP-1
monocytes with factors known to induce hyporesponsiveness suppressed both AFA-dependent and
LPS-dependent activation. These results suggest that the macrophage-activating properties of the
AFA water soluble preparation are mediated through pathways that are similar to LPS-dependent
activation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

627: Pulz O.
Photobioreactors: production systems for phototrophic microorganisms.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2001) 57:287293
PMID: 11759675
pdf: Pulz O 2001.pdf
247
mots-cls article:
rsum: mini-review

Microalgae have a large biotechnological potential for producing valuable substances for the feed,
food, cosmetics and pharmacy industries as well as for biotechnological processes. The design of the
technical and technological basis for photobioreactors is the most important issue for economic
success in the field of phototrophic biotechnology. For future applications, open pond systems for
large-scale production seem to have a lower innovative potential than closed systems. For high-value
products in particular, closed systems of photobioreactors seem to be the more promising field for
technical developments despite very different approaches in design.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

628: Pushparaj B, Pelosi E, Tredici MR, Pinzani E, Materassi R.
An integrated culture system for outdoor production of microalgae and cyanobacteria.
J Appl Phycol 9, No 2 (1997) 113-119.
PMID: pas
pdf: Pushparaj B 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, $integrated-culture-system, $raceway-pond,
$photobioreactor, $alveolar-panel, $temperature.
rsum:

Cultivation of microalgae in closed photobioreactors suffers from high temperatures, whereas in open
raceway ponds the optimal temperature is seldom reached. With an integrated device coupling a
raceway pond with a suitably sized and positioned closed system (alveolar panel), the heat
accumulated in the panel was efficiently transferred to the pond and a near-optimum temperature
regimen for Arthrospira platensis was maintained, with no need for any additional cooling device. The
productivity obtained in the integrated system was higher than the sum of the productivities (g
reactor^-1 day^-1) of the pond and panel systems operating separately.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

629: Puyfoulhoux G, Rouanet J M, Besancon P, Baroux B, Baccou J C, Caporiccio B.
Iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina by an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model.
J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Mar;49(3):1625-1629.
PMID: 11312906
pdf: Puyfoulhoux G 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Iron-availability; $spirulina; $in-vitro-digestion; $Caco-2-cells; $ferritin.
B: **Spirulina, **iron, **IV.
rsum:

Iron deficiency, one of the most important nutritional problems in the world, can be caused not only by
foods deficient in iron but also by poor availability of dietary iron. Iron food fortification in combination
with highly available iron from supplements could effectively reduce this deficiency. The aim of this
study was to examine the iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina. We have used an in vitro
digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system to measure iron spirulina availability and made a comparison with
those of beef, yeast, wheat floor, and iron sulfate plus ascorbic acid as a reference. Iron availability
was assessed by ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells exposed to digests containing the same amount of
iron. Our results demonstrate a 27% higher ferritin formation from beef and spirulina digests than from
digests of yeast and wheat flour. When iron availability was expressed per microgram of iron used in
each digest, a 6.5-fold increase appeared using spirulina digest in comparison with meat. In view of
this observed high iron availability from spirulina, we conclude that spirulina could represent an
adequate source of iron.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

248
630: Qiang H, Richmond A.
Optimizing the population density in Isochrysis galbana grown outdoors in a glass column
photobioreactor.
J ournal of Applied Phycology 6, No 4 (1994) 391-396.
PMID: pas
pdf: Qiang Hu 1994.papier
mots-cls article: $Isochrysis-galbana, $column-photobioreactors, $optimal-population-density,
$biomass-productivity, $photoinhibition.
rsum:

Particularly high population densities are readily sustainable in newly designed glass column reactors.
The optimal density of Isochrysis galbana in these columns in summer was 4.6 g L^1 dry algal mass
at which value the highest sustainable productivity obtained was a record of 1.6 g L^1 d^1. The
population density exerted a direct effect on productivity: The higher the light intensity, the more
pronounced was the dependence of the output rate on the population density, variations of 10%from
the optimal density resulting in a significant decline in productivity. The population density had also a
very significant effect on the course of photoadaptation which took place during the first days after
transferring the cultures from the laboratory to the outdoors. The output rate was lower by 5 to 35% on
the first day of such transfer as compared to the light-adapted control. The higher the cell density, the
faster was the process of photoadaptation as indicated by the rise of the productivity and O2 tension
to the control level. The potential for excess light damages was most prominent in the column reactors
used, in which the light path was much reduced compared with that in open raceways. Significant
photoinhibition took place at below optimal population density (2.83.8 g L^1), and when cell density
was further reduced (1.9 to 1.1 g L^1), exposure to full sunlight caused photooxidative death within a
few hours. The pattern of O2 concentration in the culture that emerged along the day served as a
useful indicator of photolimitation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

631: Qishen P, Guo BJ , Kolman A.
Radioprotective effect of extract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using
the micronucleus test.
Toxicol Lett. 1989 Aug;48(2):165-9.
PMID: 2505406
pdf: Qishen P 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **bone-marrow, **mouse, **radioprotection.
rsum:

The radioprotective effect of an extract of Spirulina platensis has been studied using the micronucleus
test in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of mice. In this system the extract caused a
significant reduction of the micronucleus frequencies induced by gamma-radiation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

632: Qiuhui H.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of spirulina platensis component and removing the stench.
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 J ul;47(7):2705-6.
PMID: 10552548
pdf: Qiuhui H 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $supercritical-carbon-dioxide; $extract; $stench-smell; $gamma-linolenic-
acid.
rsum:

The chemical component of spirulina was determined by supercritical CO(2) extraction. The protein
and essential amino acid contents of spirulina powder were not significantly decreased through
supercritical CO(2) extraction, but the contents of total amino acid and lipids were reduced. The
249
spirulina powder had a stench smell before, but not after, supercritical CO(2) extractions. The highest
yield rate of lipids was obtained at an extraction pressure of 35 MPa and an extraction time of 4 h. The
lipids could be used as additives of health foods containing gamma-linolenic acid.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

633: Quillet M.
Recherche sur les substances glucidiques labores par les spirulines.
[Carbohydrates synthesized by the spirulines].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):553-61.
PMID: 824997
pdf: Quillet M 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .

Carbohydrates roughly constitute 15 p. 100 of the dry matter of Sirulina. They are extracted after
complete delipidation, by successive exhaustions: first with ethanol of decreasing title, then with cold
water slightly acidified by chlorhydric acid in order to drain out the calcium of the phytate; then by
neutral boiling water; at last by alkaline or acidic warm solutions. After neutralization, suitable
defecation and concentration, carbohydrates are either purified by a slow cristalization or hydrolyzed
and analysed by usual techniques of chromatography on paper or on column of borated resins.
Glucose, levulose, sucrose, glycerol and several polyols are so detected. They are in small amounts
and of little nutritional interest. There is no trehalose. The carbohydrate storage products are mainly a
glucosan and a rhamnosan, both containing glucosamine. There is about 2 p. 100 of the glucosan and
10 p. 100 of the rhamnosan, the composition of which are, in molar ratio: (see text). More or less
phosphated cyclitols constitute, together with a small amount of glycogen, the rest of the
metabolisable part. The cell-walls which could not be perfectly purified were degraded either by HC1
or by enzymes (pronase, neuraminidase). So have been found glucosamine and muramic acid,
associated with peptides rich in glycine, serine, alanine, glutamic acid. These results joined to the
presence, formerly signaled, of a rhamnosan, reveal a relationship between Spirulina and some
Gram(+) bacteria. It is a fact that the celle-walls of Spirulina actually, though weakly, take the Gram
coloration. To conclude, Spirulina presents some alimental interest.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

634: Quoc KP, Durand-Chastel H.
Spirulina rich in AIDS-antiviral sulfolipids.
PMID: pas
pdf: Quoc K 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $sulpholipids, $molecular-species, $HIV-reverse-transcriptase,
$polymerase, $ribonuclease.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

635: Quoc KP, Dubacq J P.
Effect of growth temperature on the biosynthesis of eukaryotic lipid molecular species by the
Biochim Biophys Acta - Lipids and Lipid Metabol 1346, No 3 (1987) 237-46.
PMID: 9219908
pdf: Quoc K 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacterium; $Eukaryotic-lipid; $Gamma-linolenic-acid; $Growth-temperature;
$(S.-platensis).
rsum:

250
The incorporation of linoleic acid added at mmolar concentrations to the culture medium of the
photosynthetic prokaryote Spirulina platensis results in the synthesis of membrane glycerolipids with a
eukaryotic distribution of fatty acid chain length on the glycerol backbone (Pham Quoc et al., Biochim.
Biophys. Acta [1993] 1168, 94-99). This distribution contrasts with the usual prokaryotic one found in
lipids of cyanobacteria. A subsequent desaturation of the exogenously supplied fatty acid resulted in a
large increase of gamma-linolenic acid. In order to estimate the capacities of S. platensis for
bioconversion of fatty acids in lipid classes, the effects of different temperatures of growth were
studied in linoleic acid-supplemented cultures. The lipid composition was affected by growth
temperature, the synthesis of SQDG was stimulated at low temperature. The molecular species of
each lipid were isolated and analyzed. Whatever the temperature of growth, the biosynthesis of
eukaryotic C18/C18 lipid molecular species was observed in all lipid classes. Furthermore, the
proportion of eukaryotic lipids increased at low temperature (24 degrees C). The desaturation of C18
fatty acids at C1 and C2 positions of the glycerol moiety occurred and was further stimulated when the
growth temperature was lowered. The resulting proportion of gamma-linolenic acid increased
significantly in cultures supplemented with linoleate at low temperatures. Finally a pathway for the
synthesis of eukaryotic lipids and the desaturation of fatty acids esterified to the acyl lipids of linoleate-
supplemented S. platensis can be suggested.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

636: Quoc KP, Pascaud M.
Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on the tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and the
synthesis of eicosanoids in rats.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1996;40(2):99-108.
PMID: 8773734
pdf: Quoc K 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of dietary gamma-linolenic
acid (GLA) on the tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and the synthesis of eicosanoids in
growing rats. The supplementation with different oils rich in GLA (borage oil, evening primrose oil, or
Spirulina oil) and poor in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or biomass of Spirulina results in a significant
dose-related increase of GLA and dihomo-GLA in liver, erythrocyte, and aorta phospholipids in rats
fed during 6 weeks different levels of GLA. The arachidonic acid (AA)/dihomo-GLA ratios decreased
with increasing intake of dietary GLA, but the AA proportions remained stable. The dietary
administration of GLA increased the in vitro production by the aorta of prostaglandin E1 derived from
dihomo-GLA, but did not significantly influence the production of prostaglandin E2 derived from AA by
the aorta and the thromboxane B2 level in serum.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

637: Quoc KP, Dubacq J P, J ustin AM, Demandre C, Mazliak P.
Biosynthesis of eukaryotic lipid molecular species by the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 May 20;1168(1):94-9.
PMID: 8504146
pdf: Quoc K 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

This report brings evidence that a prokaryotic photosynthetic organism can synthesize eukaryotic
molecular species of glycerolipids. When Spirulina platensis PCC 8005 was supplemented with oleic
acid, the sum of the percentages of 18 carbon (C18) fatty acids in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
(MGDG), the major lipid class, became largely higher than 50 mol%. This was absolutely unexpected
from the well-known structure of cyanobacterial lipids. In these organisms, C18 fatty acids usually
account for less than 50 mol% because they are esterified on carbon 1 of the glycerol, exclusively.
This classical feature was 99% confirmed in control as well as in palmitate-supplemented cultures.
The major molecular species of MGDG, which resulted from the different distributions of fatty acids on
251
carbons 1 and 2 of glycerol, were C18/C16 type, belonging to the so-called "prokaryotic" type of lipids.
By contrast, the molecular species of MGDG from oleate-supplemented cultures consisted of only 74
mol% of C18/C16 and the complementary 26 mol% were C18/C18, the so-called "eukaryotic" type of
lipids. Furthermore, such C18/C18 lipids were also evidenced as traces (<1%) in control cultures.
These results underline the fact that the fatty acid specificity of 1-monoacylglycerol-3-phosphate-
acyltransferase (in Spirulina) is not as absolute as the widely accepted concept of prokaryotic lipid
would suggest. Oleate, supplemented at high concentration, can be compelled to act as a substrate
for the acyltransferase and this results in the appearance of C18/C18 "eukaryotic" lipids in a
prokaryotic organism.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

638: Qureshi MA, Garlich J D, Kidd MT.
Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1996 Aug;18(3):465-76.
PMID: 8872497
pdf: Qureshi M 1996a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Cornell K-strain White Leghorns and broiler chicks were raised to 7 wks and 3 wks of age respectively,
with diets containing various levels (0, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 ppm) of Spirulina platensis from day
of hatch. Chicks in all treatment groups had comparable body weights. While bursal and splenic
weights did not change, the K-strain chicks had larger thymuses (P <or =.05) over the controls (0
ppm group). No differences were observed in anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies during primary
response. However, during secondary response, K-strain chicks in all Spirulina-dietary groups had
higher total anti-SRBC titers with 10,000 ppm group being the highest (6.8 Log2) versus the 0 ppm
(5.5 Log2) group. In broiler chicks, a one Log increase in IgG (P <or =.05) was observed in 10,000
ppm group over the controls. Similarly, chicks in 10,000 ppm Spirulina group had a higher PHA-P-
mediated lymphoproliferative response over the 0 ppm controls. Macrophages isolated from both K-
strain (10,000 ppm group) and broilers from all Spirulina groups had higher phagocytic potential than
the 0 ppm groups. Spirulina supplementation at 10,000 ppm level also increased NK-cell activity by
two fold over the controls. These studies show that Spirulina supplementation increases several
immunological functions implying that a dietary inclusion of Spirulina at a level of 10,000 ppm may
enhance disease resistance potential in chickens.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

639: Qureshi MA, Ali RA.
Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1996 Aug;18(3):457-63.
PMID: 8872496
pdf: Qureshi M 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages isolated from cats were cultured on glass coverslips.
Macrophages were exposed to a water-soluble extract of Spirulina platensis in concentration range of
0 to 60 micrograms per mL for two hours. Spirulina-extract exposure did not cause significant
macrophage cytotoxicity over untreated control cultures. Macrophage monolayers from treated and
control cultures were incubated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as well as viable Escherichia coli.
The percentages of phagocytic macrophages for both of these particulate antigens were higher (a two-
fold increase in SRBC phagocytosis and over 10% increase in Escherichia coli uptake) in cultures
treated with various concentrations of Spirulina-extract. However, the numbers of either types of
particles internalized by phagocytic macrophage were not different between the control and treated
cultures. These data which showed that Spirulina platensis extract enhances macrophage phagocytic
function imply that dietary Spirulina supplementation may improve the disease resistance potential in
cats.
252

--------------------------------------------------------------------

640: Radway J AC, Wilde EW; Whitaker MJ , Weissman J C.
Screening of algal strains for metal removal capabilities.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 5 (2001) 451-455.
PMID: pas
pdf: Radway J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $aluminum, $bioremoval, $blue-green alga, $Cyanidium, $green-algae, $heavy-
metals, $Mastigocladus, $mercury, $Scenedesmus, $thermophiles, $water-pollution, $zinc.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, spirulina-maxima, f.
rsum:

Eight algal species were tested for their ability to remove five toxic metals during 30-min exposures to
single-metal (1 mg L^-1) solutions at pH7. Efficacy of metal bioremoval varied according to algal
species and metal. Al+3 was best removed by the thermophilic blue-green alga(cyanobacterium)
Mastigocladus laminosus, Hg+2 and Zn+2 by the thermophilic and acidophilic red alga
Cyanidiumcaldarium, and Cd+2 by C. caldarium and the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. All of
these alga/metal combinations resulted in >90% metal removal. However, none of the eight algal
species removed more than 10% of Cr+6. Results indicate that some toxicmetals are more readily
removed than others are by algae and that selection of appropriate strains could potentially enhance
bioremoval of specific metals from wastewater at neutral pH.

-----------------------

641: Rafiqul IM, J alal KCA, Alam MZ.
Environmental factors for optimisation of Spirulina biomass in laboratory culture.
Biotechnology 4 (1): 19-22, 2005.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rafiqul I 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $optimization, $dry-biomass, $growth, $biochemical-composition.
rsum:

The study attempts to investigate the contribution of selecting optimal environmental factors as optimal
temperature, light and pH condition obtained from previous experiments for growth and biochemical
changes in S. platensis and S. fusiformis. Zarouk medium was used for the experiment in distilled
water. For S. platensis, temperature was adjusted to 32C, light to 2500 lux and pH 9 while for S.
fusiformis, temperature was adjusted to 37C, light to 2500 lux and pH 10. The specific growth rate
and biomass of both S. platensis and S. fusiformis achieved in the present study are significantly
higher than those achieved in previous cultures (p<0.05). Protein content of S. platensis was 58.6%.
This value is vaguely lower than that achieved in previous experiments and the difference is not
statistically significant. Protein content of S. fusiformis was 61.8%. This value is significantly higher
(p<0.05) than that attained in temperature effect culture but statistically same to pH and light effect
culture (p>0.05). These results suggested that favorable environmental conditions during Spirulina
culture could be instrumental for good biomass production and protein production as well.

--------------------------------------------------------

642: Rajagopal S, Sicora C, Varkonyi Z, Mustardy L, Mohanty P.
Protective effect of supplemental low intensity white light on ultraviolet-B exposure-induced
impairment in cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis: formation of air vacuoles as a possible protective
measure.
Photosynth Res. 2005 Aug;85(2):181-9.
PMID: 16075319
pdf: Rajagopal S 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Chl-alpha-antennas; $photosynthetic-active-radiation; $phycobilisomes;
$ultrastructure; $ultraviolet-B; $vacuoles.
253
rsum:

Intact trichomes of Spirulina platensis were exposed to 1-5 h of low (0.2 mW cm(-2)) or high (0.6 mW
cm(-2)) intensity UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation, alone or with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
of supplemental 50 muE m(-2) s(-1) white light (WL). The mitigating effect of supplemental WL on UV-
B induced alterations in Spirulina were investigated by monitoring time-dependent change in
photosystem (PS) II mediated O(2) evolution, absorption, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and
ultrastructure. At low intensity, UV-B induced loss in PS II-catalyzed O(2) evolution, but caused no
change in the absorption spectrum. At high intensity, UV-B caused a decrease in absorption by
phycobilisomes (PBsomes), which was only partly prevented by the presence of low-intensity
supplemental WL. The CD spectral analysis revealed that UV-B exposure caused time-dependent
enhancement of the negative psi-type bands at 452 and 689 nm, reflecting alterations in the
macroaggregation of chlorophyll-protein complexes. This enhancement of negative PS II-type bands
was substantially arrested by the presence of supplemental WL exposure, even when UV-B exposure
was continued for 5 h. These changes in UV-B-induced CD spectrum suggest alterations in the
antenna structure of Spirulina involving both PBsomes and Chlorophyll a. Thus, supplemental low
intensity WL arrests, to large extent, the macroaggregation of pigment-protein complexes.
Furthermore, the electron micrographs of Spirulina revealed that UV-B exposure caused
disorganization of the cellular ultrastructure, while the inclusion of supplemental WL enhanced the
formation of air vacuoles in Spirulina. We suggest that the formation of vacuoles by supplemental WL
is a protective feature against UV-B.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

643: Rajagopal S, Murthy SD, Mohanty P.
Effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on intact cells of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis:
characterization of the alterations in the thylakoid membranes.
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2000 J an;54(1):61-6.
PMID: 10739144
mots-cls article: $Chlorophyll-a-protein-complexes; $CP47; $CP43; $Fluorescence-emission.
rsum:

Intact trichomes of Spirulina platensis are exposed to ultraviolet- B (UV-B) radiation (270-320 nm; 1.9
mW m(-2)) for 9 h. This UV-B exposure results in alterations in the pigment-protein complexes and in
the fluorescence emission profile of the chlorophyll-protein complexes of the thylakoids as compared
with thylakoids isolated from control dark-adapted Spirulina cells. The UV-B exposure causes a
significant decrease in photosystem II activity, but no loss in photosystem I activity. Although there is
no change in the photosystem I activity in thylakoids from UV-B-exposed cells, the chlorophyll a
emission at room temperature and at 77 K indicates alterations associated with photosystem I.
Additionally, the results clearly demonstrate that the photosystem II core antennae of chlorophyll
proteins CP47 and CP43 are affected by UV-B exposure, as revealed by Western blot analysis.
Furthermore, a prominent 94 kDa protein band appears in the sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profile of UV-B-exposed cell thylakoids, which is absent from the
control thylakoids. This 94 kDa protein appears not to be newly induced by UV-B exposure, but could
possibly have originated from the UV-B-induced cross-linking of the thylakoid proteins. The exposure
of isolated Spirulina thylakoids to the same intensity of UV-B radiation for 1-3 h induces losses in the
CP47 and CP43 levels, but does not induce the appearance of the 94 kDa protein band in SDS-
PAGE. These results clearly demonstrate that prolonged exposure of Spirulina cells to moderate
levels of UV-B affects the chlorophyll a-protein complexes and alters the fluorescence emission
spectral profile of the pigment-protein complexes of the thylakoid membranes. Thus, it is clear that
chlorophyll a antennae of Spirulina platensis are significantly altered by UV-B radiation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

644: Rajagopal S, J ha IB, Murthy SD, Mohanty P.
Ultraviolet-B effects on Spirulina platensis cells: modification of chromophore-protein interaction and
energy transfer characteristics of phycobilisomes.
254
PMID: 9705851
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Exposure of ultraviolet-B (280-320 nm, 1.9 mW m-2 s-1) radiation of intact Spirulina platensis for 9 h
caused specific loss of the 85.5 KDa anchor protein of phycobilisomes, the major light-harvesting
antenna complex of photosystem II. Associated with the loss of 85.5 KDa protein, the UV-B irradiation
also caused photobleaching of phycobilins and alteration in the chromophore protein interactions, as
evidenced from the visible circular dichroic measurements, and it also affected the energy transfer
process within the phycobilisomes, as inferred from the low-temperature, 77 K, fluorescence spectral
analysis. Our results, thus, clearly demonstrate for the first time that the phycobilisomes effectively act
as targets for UV-B induced damage of photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

645: Rakhimberdieva MG, Boichenko VA, Karapetyan NV, Stadnichuk IN.
Interaction of phycobilisomes with photosystem II dimers and photosystem I monomers and trimers in
the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
PMID: 11747455
pdf: Rakhimberdieva M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Distribution of phycobilisomes between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) complexes in
the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been studied by analysis of the action spectra of H2 and
O2 photoevolution and by analysis of the 77 K fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the
photosystems. PSI monomers and trimers were spectrally discriminated in the cell by the unique 760
nm low-temperature fluorescence, emitted by the trimers under reductive conditions. The
phycobilisome-specific 625 nm peak was observed in the action spectra of both PSI and PSII, as well
as in the 77 K fluorescence excitation spectra for chlorophyll emission at 695 nm (PSII), 730 nm (PSI
monomers), and 760 nm (PSI trimers). The contributions of phycobilisomes to the absorption, action,
and excitation spectra were derived from the in vivo absorption coefficients of phycobiliproteins and of
chlorophyll. Analyzing the sum of PSI and PSII action spectra against the absorption spectrum and
estimating the P700:P680 reaction center ratio of 5.7 in Spirulina, we calculated that PSII contained
only 5% of the total chlorophyll, while PSI carried the greatest part, about 95%. Quantitative analysis
of the obtained data showed that about 20% of phycobilisomes in Spirulina cells are bound to PSII,
while 60% of phycobilisomes transfer the energy to PSI trimers, and the remaining 20% are
associated with PSI monomers. A relevant model of organization of phycobilisomes and chlorophyll
pigment-protein complexes in Spirulina is proposed. It is suggested that phycobilisomes are
connected with PSII dimers, PSI trimers, and coupled PSI monomers.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

646: Rakotoarisoa R, Riva A, Vicente N.
Essais de culture de la spiruline au domaine de Mjanes (Camargue).
PMID: pas
pdf: Rakotoarisoa R 2004.papier
mots-cls article: $Camargue, $Vaccars, $hydrobiology, $spirulina.
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

647: Rakow AL, Chappell ML.
255
Axial migration of spirulina microalgae in laminar tube flow.
Biorheology. 1987;24(6):763-8.
PMID: 3502770
pdf: Rakow A 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

A dilute suspension of Spirulina Microalgae is found to exhibit radial migration in laminar flow in a 650
micron vertical tube. As the tube Reynolds number increases, the particles concentrate in a narrower
region around the tube axis. When the turbulent regime is approached, the particles disperse as
expected.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

648: Ramachandra Rao S, Tripathi U, Ravishankar GA.
Biotransformation of codeine to morphine in freely suspended cells and immobilized cultures of
PMID: pas
pdf: Ramachandra Rao S 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biotransformation, $codeine, $immobilization, $morphine, $Spirulina-platensis.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **Biotransformation.
rsum:

Both freely suspended cells and immobilized cultures of Spirulina platensis, a blue-green alga,
biotransformed exogenously fed codeine, an opium alkaloid, to morphine. The external addition of
codeine to the culture medium did not affect the growth of S. platensis. Immobilization of Spirulina in a
calcium alginate gel matrix was optimized by using 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and reducing the
concentration of nutrients of Zarrouk's medium, which caused destabilization of the calcium alginate
gel. The accumulation of morphine increased gradually and reached maxima of 330 microg 100 ml^1
culture at 105h in freely suspended and 351 microg 100 ml^1 at 96 h in immobilized Spirulina
cultures. Accumulation of morphine was detected only in the medium, whereas cells did not show
accumulation. The immobilized Spirulina cultures showed marginally higher conversion of codeine to
morphine over freely suspended cultures.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

649: Rangsayatorn N, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham ES, Lanza GR, Singhakaew S.
Ultrastructural changes in various organs of the fish Puntius gonionotus fed cadmium-enriched
cyanobacteria.
Environ Toxicol. 2004 Dec;19(6):585-93.
PMID: 15526263
pdf: Rangsayatorn N 2004a.pdf
mots-cls article: $cadmium, $cyanobacteria, $Puntius-gonionotus, $ultrastructural-changes.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; toxicologie;
B.
rsum:

The accumulation and toxicity of cadmium in Puntius gonionotus fish that consumed the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis contaminated with cadmium were studied. Fish were fed cadmium-
contaminated cells for 4 weeks, after which cadmium accumulation in various organs was determined.
The highest cadmium content was found in the kidney (56.0 microg Cd/g wet weight). Cadmium was
not detected in the gill during the entire 4 weeks of cadmium feeding. Histopathological alteration of
cells was observed in the gill, kidney, and liver. The results showed that dietary cadmium caused
hypertrophy and edema of gill filaments. Coagulative necrosis and karyolysis of the nucleus were
observed in the kidney. Vacuoles and hyaline droplets had accumulated in the epithelial cells of the
proximal tubule. In the liver vacuolation of the cytoplasm, infiltration of macrophages, and focal
necrosis were found. The ultrastructural changes that occurred in the cells of different organs were
256
similar. These included a proliferation of vacuoles and lysosomes, formation of myelin bodies,
degranulation, vesiculation, and dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as swelling of
mitochondria with loss of cristae.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

650: Rangsayatorn N, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham ES, Lanza GR.
Cadmium biosorption by cells of Spirulina platensis TISTR 8217 immobilized in alginate and silica gel.
Environ Int. 2004 Mar;30(1):57-63.
PMID: 14664865
pdf: Rangsayatorn N 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $Cadmium; $Immobilized-cell; $Alginate-gel; $Silica-gel;
$Biosorption.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; puration; mtaux-lourds; biosorption.
rsum:

The biosorption of cadmium by immobilized Spirulina platensis on alginate gel and silica gel was
studied. The maximum biosorption capacities for alginate immobilized cells and silica immobilized
cells were 70.92 and 36.63 mg Cd/g biomass, respectively. Temperature did not have an influence on
metal sorption, whereas an initial pH solution did. Sorption occurred in a wide pH range (pH 3-8). The
highest adsorption of alginate immobilized cells was at pH 6, while silica immobilized cell adsorption
was not affected at pH between 4 and 7. The immobilized cells were reused in consecutive
adsorption-desorption. The results showed that immobilized cells could be repeatedly used in the
sorption process up to five times.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

651: Rangsayatorn N, Upatham ES, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Lanza GR.
Phytoremediation potential of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis: biosorption and toxicity studies of
cadmium.
Environ Pollut. 2002;119(1):45-53.
PMID: 12125728
pdf: Rangsayatorn N 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis; puration; mtaux-lourds;
biosorption; toxicity; B.
rsum:

This study examines the possibility of using Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis TISTR 8217 to remove
low concentrations of cadmium (less than 100 mg/l) from wastewater. The cyanobacteria were
exposed to six different cadmium concentrations for 96 h, and the growth rate was determined using
an optical density at 560 nm. The inhibiting concentration (IC50) was estimated using probit analysis.
The IC50 at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 13.15, 16.68, 17.28, and 18.35 mg/l Cd, respectively. Cellular
damage was studied under a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Swollen cells
and fragmented filaments were observed. Cell injury increased with increasing concentrations of
cadmium. Ultrastructural changes were observed in the algae exposed to cadmium concentrations
both close to IC50 (14.68 mg/l) and at IC50 (18.35 mg/l). The alterations induced by cadmium were
disintegration and disorganization of thylakoid membranes, presence of large intrathylakoidal space,
increase of polyphosphate bodies, and cell lysis. In addition, the cadmium adsorption by algal cells
was studied. Environmental factors were found to have an effect on biosorption. The uptake of
cadmium was not affected by the temperature of the solution, but the sorption was pH dependent. The
optimum pH for biosorption of algal cells was 7. The cadmium uptake process was rapid, with 78% of
metal sorption completed within 5 min. The sorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm. The
maximum adsorption capacity for S. platensis was 98.04 mg Cd per g biomass.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

652: Rao J K, Argos P.
Structural stability of halophilic proteins.
Biochemistry. 1981 Nov 10;20(23):6536-43.
257
PMID: 6796115
pdf: Rao J 1981.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; gnomique; protines.
rsum:

An examination of halobacterial amino acids exchanges as they appear in the known Spirulina
platensis [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin tertiary structure indicated that most of the additional acidic residues of
the halophiles occurred on the external surface of the alga structure; however, further negative
changes were not placed in the ferredoxin active site region. A statistical investigation of the amino
acid compositions of seven halophile and nonhalophile protein counterparts indicated that the
bulkiness of amino acids used by halophiles is considerably reduced and that the overall
hydrophobicity of halophilic and non halophilic molecules was essentially the same. It is suggested
that the principal mode of structural stabilization for halophilic proteins is effective competition with the
cytoplasmic salt for water through utilization of many external carboxyl groups of glutamic and aspartic
acids. A reduction is residue bulkiness would prevent inactivation in the presence of the high molarity,
antichaotropic KCl. Halophilic functionality is preserved through avoidance of additional negative
charge at the active site surface.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

653: Rasool M, Sabina EP, Lavanya B.
Anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice.
Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, No 12 (2006) 24832487.
PMID: pas
pdf Rasool M 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-fusiformis; $adjuvant-induced-arthritis; $lysosomal-acid-hydrolase;
$glycoprotein.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis, j, B.
rsum:

The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformison
adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis was induced by intra dermal injection of complete freunds
adjuvant (0.1ml) into the right hind paw of Swiss albino mice. Spirulina fusiformis (800mg/kg/b.wt) was
orally administered for 8d (from 11th to 18th day) to arthritic animals after adjuvant injection. The anti-
inflammatory activity of Spirulina fusiformiswas assessed by measuring paw volume, body weight,
levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes and glycoproteins in control and experimental
animals. In adjuvant-induced arthritic animals, the levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker
enzymes, glycoproteins and the paw volume were increased significantly. However the body weight
was found to be reduced when compared to control animals. Oral administration of Spirulina
fusiformis(800mg/kg/b.wt) significantly altered these above physical and biochemical changes
observed in arthritic animals to near normal conditions. Hence results of this study clearly indicate that
Spirulina fusiformis has promising anti-inflammatory activity against adjuvant-induced arthritic animals.

--------------------------------

654: RayChaudhuri A, Hait NC, Dasgupta S, Bhaduri TJ , Deb R, Majumder AL.
L-myo-lnositol 1-Phosphate Synthase from Plant Sources (Characteristics of the Chloroplastic and
Cytosolic Enzymes).
PMID: 12223840
pdf: RayChaudhuri A 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) from cyanobacterial (Spirulina platensis), algal
(Euglena gracilis), and higher plant (Oryza sativa, Vigna radiata) sources was purified to
electrophoretic homogeneity, biochemically characterized, and compared. Both chloroplastic and
cytosolic forms of the enzyme were detected in E. gracilis, O. sativa, and V. radiata, whereas only the
258
cytosolic form was detected in streptomycin-bleached or chloroplastic mutants of E. gracilis and in S.
platensis. Both the chloroplastic and cytosolic forms from different sources could be purified following
the same three-step chromatographic protocol. L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthases purified from
these different sources do not differ significantly with respect to biochemical and kinetic parameters
except for the molecular mass of the chloroplastic and cytosolic native holoenzymes, which appear to
be homotetrameric and homotrimeric associations of their constituent subunits, respectively.
Monovalent and divalent cations, sugar alcohols, and sugar phosphates are inhibitory to the enzyme
activity. N-ethylmaleimide inhibition of synthase activity could be protected by the combined presence
of the substrate glucose-6-phosphate and cofactor NAD+. Antibody raised against the cytosolic
enzyme from E. gracilis immunoprecipitates and cross-reacts with both chloroplastic and cytosolic
forms from the other sources studied.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

655: Rechter S, Konig T, Auerochs S, Thulke S, Walter H, Dornenburg H, Walter C, Marschall M.
Antiviral activity of Arthrospira-derived spirulan-like substances.
Antiviral Res. 72, No 3 (2006) 197-206.
PMID: 16884788
pdf: Rechter S 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Human-pathogenic-viruses; $Drug-development; $Spirulan-like-substances;
$Mode-of-action; $Broad-spectrum-antivira-activity.
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-platensis, A.
rsum:

Natural substances offer interesting pharmacological perspectives for antiviral drug development in
regard to broad-spectrum antiviral properties and novel modes of action. In this study we analyzed
polysaccharide fractions isolated from Arthrospira platensis. Fractions containing intracellular or
extracellular spirulan-like molecules showed a pronounced antiviral activity in the absence of cytotoxic
effects. Using specific assays for the quantification of viral replication in vitro, these substances
exhibited strong inhibition of human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus
type 6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, while only weak or no inhibition was noted for
Epstein-Barr virus and influenza A virus. Considering herpesviruses, antiviral effects were most
pronounced when the cells were preincubated with the substances prior to the addition of virus,
indicating that antiviral action may be primarily targeted to virus entry. However, an inspection of the
inhibition of human cytomegalovirus protein synthesis clearly demonstrated that intracellular steps
also contributed to the antiviral effect. In the case of human immunodeficiency virus, inhibition
occurred at a stage later than viral entry. Thus, spirulan-like substances possess a marked
antiherpesviral and anti-HIV activity based on different modes of action. Further development of these
substances might yield novel candidates of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

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656: Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, Reddy MN, Reddanna P, Madyastha KM.
Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Nov 2;277(3):599-603.
PMID: 11062000
pdf: Reddy C 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs; $phycocyanin; $reduced-phycocyanin;
$phycocyanobilin; $cyclooxygenase-1; $cyclooxygenase-2; $inhibition.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **COX-2, **IV.
rsum:

We report data from two related assay systems (isolated enzyme assays and whole blood assays)
that C-phycocyanin a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2
(COX-2) with a very low IC(50) COX-2/IC(50) COX-1 ratio (0.04). The extent of inhibition depends on
the period of preincubation of phycocyanin with COX-2, but without any effect on the period of
preincubation with COX-1. The IC(50) value obtained for the inhibition of COX-2 by phycocyanin is
much lower (180 nM) as compared to those of celecoxib (255 nM) and rofecoxib (401 nM), the well-
known selective COX-2 inhibitors. In the human whole blood assay, phycocyanin very efficiently
259
inhibited COX-2 with an IC(50) value of 80 nM. Reduced phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin, the
chromophore of phycocyanin are poor inhibitors of COX-2 without COX-2 selectivity. This suggests
that apoprotein in phycocyanin plays a key role in the selective inhibition of COX-2. The present study
points out that the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties of phycocyanin
reported in the literature may be due, in part, to its selective COX-2 inhibitory property, although its
ability to efficiently scavenge free radicals and effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation may also be
involved.

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657: Reddy MC, Subhashini J , Mahipal SV, Bhat VB, Srinivas Reddy P, Kiranmai G, Madyastha KM,
Reddanna P.
C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-
stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
PMID: 12711327
pdf: Reddy M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-Phycocyanin; $Cyclooxygenase-2; $Apoptosis; $RAW-264.7-cells;
$Cytochrome-c.
rsum:

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is one of the major biliproteins of Spirulina platensis, a blue green algae, with
antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. It is also known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-
cancer properties. However, the mechanism of action of C-PC is not clearly understood. Previously,
we have shown that C-PC selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible isoform that is
upregulated during inflammation and cancer. In view of the reported induction of apoptosis in cancer
cells by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, the present study is undertaken to test the effect of C-PC on LPS
stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. These studies have shown a dose dependent
reduction in the growth and multiplication of macrophage cell line by C-PC. This decrease in cell
number appears to be mediated by C-PC induced apoptosis as evidenced by flow cytometric and
confocal microscopic studies. Cells treated with 20 micro M C-PC showed typical nuclear
condensation and 16.6% of cells in sub-G(o)/G(1) phase. These cells also showed DNA fragmentation
in a dose dependent manner. The studies on poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage showed
typical fragmentation pattern in C-PC treated cells. This C-PC induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells
appears to be mediated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and independent of Bcl-2
expression. These effects of C-PC on RAW 264.7 cells may be due to reduced PGE(2) levels as a
result of COX-2 inhibition.

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658: Reichert CC, Reinehr CO, Costa J AV.
Semicontinuous cultivation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in a closed photobioreactor.
Brazilian J ournal of Chemical Engineering 23, No 1 (2006) 23-28.
PMID: pas
pdf: Reichert C 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biomass; $Semicontinuous-cultivation; $Spirulina-platensis; $Renewal-rate.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, j; B.
rsum:

The cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms such as the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has
been studied by researchers in many countries because these organisms can produce products with
industrial potential. We studied the specific growth rate (mu_x, day^-1) and productivity (P_x, in
mg/L/day of Spirulina platensis biomass, dry weight basis) of two S. platensis strains (LEB-52 and
Paracas) growing in aerated semicontinuous culture in two-liter Erlenmeyer flasks for 90 days (2160 h)
at 30 C under 2500 lux of illumination in a 12 h photoperiod. Independent of the S. platensis strain
used we found that low biomass concentrations (0.50 g/L) and high renewal rates (50% v/v) resulted
in a high specific growth rate (mu_x =0.111 day^-1) and high productivity (P_x =42.3 mg/L/day).
These values are two to four times higher than those obtained in simple batch cultivation and indicate
that the semicontinuous cultivation of S. platensis is viable.
260

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659: Remirez D, Ledon N, Gonzalez R.
Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic
inflammatory response.
Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Apr;11(2):81-5.
PMID: 12061428
pdf: Remirez D 2002a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

It has recently been reported that phycocyanin, a biliprotein found in the blue-green microalgae
Spirulina, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in some animal models of inflammation. Taking into account
these findings, we decided to elucidate whether phycocyanin might exert also inhibitory effects in the
induced allergic inflammatory response and on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. In in
vivo experiments, phycocyanin (100, 200 and 300mg/kg post-orally (p.o.)) was administered 1 h
before the challenge with 1 microg of ovalbumin (OA) in the ear of mice previously sensitized with OA.
One hour later, myeloperoxidase activity and ear edema were assessed. Phycocyanin significantly
reduced both parameters. In separate experiments, phycocyanin (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) also
reduced the blue spot area induced by intradermal injections of histamine, and the histamine releaser
compound 48/80 in rat skin. In concordance with the former results, phycocyanin also significantly
reduced histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from isolated peritoneal rat mast cells. The
inhibitory effects of phycocyanin were dose dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that
inhibition of allergic inflammatory response by phycocyanin is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of
histamine release from mast cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

660: Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Merino N, Rodriguez S, Ancheta O.
Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice.
Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Apr;11(2):75-9.
PMID: 12061427
pdf: Remirez D 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The anti-inflammatory effect of microalgae Spirulina was studied in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice.
Four days after the intra-articular injection of zymosan (15 mg/ml), Spirulina (100 and 400 mg/kg
perorally) was administered to animals for 8 days. The mice were than killed and beta-glucuronidase
was measured in the synovial fluid. Each knee joint was totally removed for histopathological studies.
Spirulina significantly reduced the levels of beta-glucuronidase that had been increased by zymosan.
Histopathological and ultrastructural studies showed inhibition of the inflammatory reaction, whereas
no destruction of cartilage, well-preserved chondrocytes, and normal rough endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria were seen. The anti-arthritic effect exerted by Spirulina as shown in this model may be at
least partly due to the previously reported antiinflammatory and antioxidative properties of its
constituent, phycocyanin. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-inflammatory effect of
Spirulina in an experimental model of arthritis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

661: Remirez D, Gonzlez A, Merino N, Gonzlez R, Ancheta O, Romay C, Rodrguez S.
Effect of phycocyanin in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice - phycocyanin as an antiarthritic compound.
Drug Development Research 48, No 2 (1999) 70-75.
PMID: pas
pdf: Remirez D 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $phycocyanin; $antiinflammatory; $zymosan; $mice; $arthritis.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; m.
261
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **phycocyanin; **antiarthritic; **mouse.
rsum :

The antiinflammatory effect of a phycocyanin extract was studied in zymosan-induced arthritis model
in mice. Four days after the intraarticular injection of zymosan, (15 mg/ml), phycocyanin (25, 50, and
100 mg/kg p.o) was administered to animals for 8 days. The mice were then killed and the synovial
fluid measured for -glucuronidase. Each knee joint was totally removed for histopathological and
ultrastructural studies. Phycocyanin significantly reduced the levels of -glucuronidase that had been
increased by zymosan. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies showed inhibition in cellular
infiltration and reduction of synovial hyperplasia and synovitis. The antiinflammatory activity exerted by
phycocyanin may be due, at least in part, to its antioxidative properties, although inhibitory effects on
both arachidonic acid metabolism and cytokine production such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may
also be involved. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the antiinflammatory effect of
phycocyanin in an experimental model of arthritis.

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662: Rendon J L, Mendoza-Hernandez G.
Unfolding kinetics of glutathione reductase from cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Mar 15;387(2):265-72.
PMID: 11370850
pdf: Rendon J 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $glutathione-reductase; $denaturation; $cyanobacteria; $Spirulina.
rsum:

The kinetics of the irreversible unfolding of glutathione reductase (NAD[P]H:GSSG oxidoreductase,
EC 1.6.4.2.) from cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima was studied at pH 7.0 and room temperature.
Denaturation was induced by guanidinium chloride and the changes in enzyme activity, aggregation
state, and tertiary structure were monitored. No full reactivation of enzyme was obtained, even after
very short incubation times in the presence of denaturant. Reactivation plots were complex, showing
biphasic kinetics. A very fast early event in the denaturation pathway was the dissociation of
tetrameric protein into reactivatable native-like dimers, followed by its conversion into a
nonreactivatable intermediary, also dimeric. In the final step of the unfolding pathway the latter was
dissociated into denatured monomers. Fluorescence measurements revealed that denaturation of S.
maxima glutathione reductase is a slow process. Release of the prostethic group FAD was previous to
the unfolding of the enzyme. No aggregated species were detected in the unfolding pathway,
dismissing the aggregation of denatured polypeptide chains as the origin of irreversibility. Instead, the
transition between the two dimeric intermediates is proposed as the cause of irreversibility in the
denaturation of S. maxima glutathione reductase. A value of 106.6 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1) was obtained for
the activation free energy of unfolding in the absence of denaturant. No evidence for the native
monomer in the unfolding pathway was obtained which suggests that the dimeric nature of glutathione
reductase is essential for the maintenance of the native subunit conformation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

663: Rendon J L, Pardo J P, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Rojo-Dominguez A, Hernandez-Arana A.
Denaturing behavior of glutathione reductase from cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima in guanidine
hydrochloride.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995 Apr 20;318(2):264-70.
PMID: 7733653
pdf: Rendon J 1995.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The influence of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) on glutathione reductase from Spirulina maxima
has been studied by measuring the changes in enzymatic activity, protein fluorescence, circular
dichroism, thiol groups accessibility, and gel filtration chromatography. It was found that the
denaturation process involves several intermediate states. At low, Gdn-HCl concentrations (Cm =0.4
262
M), reductase activity was fully lost. However, below 3 M Gdn-HCl, this inhibition was freely reversible
upon removal of the denaturing agent. Gel filtration experiments revealed that this reversible inhibition
was not due to dissociation of the tetrameric enzyme. Structural studies strongly suggest that the
conformation of this intermediate state is similar to that of native enzyme. A model in which a local
region of the polypeptide chain assumes an extended conformation (D. T. Haynie, and E. Freire,
Proteins 16,115-140) is proposed for the reversibly inactivated enzyme. Between 3 and 4 M Gdn-HCl
(Cm =3.5), the enzyme activity was irreversibly lost, this inhibition being concomitant with the loss of
ellipticity, changes in both wavelength and intensity at the maximum of fluorescence emission, and
dissociation of the enzyme into unfolded monomers; these results reveal that gross changes in the
protein conformation occur under these conditions. At 4 M Gdn-HCl an equilibrium exists between the
denatured forms of dimer and monomer, which is completely shifted toward the unfolded monomers at
5 M Gdn-HCl. Irreversibility in the Gdn-HCl-induced denaturation of S. maxima glutathione reductase
was not due to aggregation of the unfolded enzyme.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Effect of inorganic phosphate on the self-associating properties of glutathione reductase from Spirulina
maxima.
Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993 Nov;31(4):701-8.
PMID: 8298499
pdf: Rendon J 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

In the presence of millimolar concentrations of inorganic phosphate, native Spirulina maxima
glutathione reductase (NAD[P]H:GSSG oxidoreductase EC 1.6.4.2.) changes its aggregation state.
The oligomeric structure of the enzyme was notably dependent upon phosphate molarity, ranging from
a dimer-tetramer equilibrium at relatively low phosphate concentrations into a tetramer-octamer
equilibrium at moderate or high phosphate concentrations. In spite of the changes in quaternary
structure, the tetramer remains as the most stable and abundant species. Sodium chloride solutions
were not able to produce a similar effect, thus discarding an unspecific ionic strength effect.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Dimer-tetramer equilibrium of glutathione reductase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1989 J an;268(1):255-63.
PMID: 2492181
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Glutathione reductase [NAD(P)H:GSSG oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.4.2] from cyanobacterium Spirulina
maxima exists as an equilibrium system between a dimer (S20,W =5.96) and a tetramer (S20,W =
8.49) which has a very slow interconversion rate at neutral pH. Our results showed that the apparent
dissociation constant (kd) was 4.61 X 10(-7) M. The proportion of both forms at pH 7.0 did not alter at
either 4 or 25 degrees C. However, electrophoretic analysis at various pH values showed that at 25
degrees C a gradual transition takes place between oligomers with an apparent pKa of 7.55. When
dimers aggregate to form tetramers, the reaction involves the uptake of eight protons (K =1.58 X 10(-
64) M9). At pH 7.7, the equilibrium shifts completely from dimers-tetramers to dimers when
temperature is increased, which would suggest that the dissociation is an endothermic process.
Thermodynamic parameters obtained from the temperature study show that the dissociation of
glutathione reductase is characterized by positive entropy and enthalpy changes. Neither NADPH nor
GSSG have any effect on the dimer-tetramer equilibrium. Measurements of reductase activity indicate
that the tetramer is almost certainly active, whereas the dimer is either less active or inactive.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
263

666: Rendon J L, Calcagno M, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Ondarza RN.
Purification, properties, and oligomeric structure of glutathione reductase from the cyanobacterium
Spirulina maxima.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 J ul;248(1):215-23.
PMID: 3089164
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Glutathione reductase [NAD(P)H:GSSG oxidoreductase EC 1.6.4.2] from cyanobacterium Spirulina
maxima was purified 1300-fold to homogeneity by a simple three-step procedure involving ammonium
sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and affinity chromatography
on 2',5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B. Optimum pH was 7.0 and enzymatic activity was notably increased when
the phosphate ion concentration was increased. The enzyme gave an absorption spectrum that was
typical for a flavoprotein in that it had three peaks with maximal absorbance at 271, 370, and 460 nm
and a E1%271 of 23.3 Km values were 120 +/- 12 microM and 3.5 +/- 0.9 microM for GSSG and
NADPH, respectively. Mixed disulfide of CoA and GSH was also reduced by the enzyme under assay
conditions, but the enzyme had a very low affinity (Km 3.3 mM) for this substrate. The enzyme was
specific for NADPH. The isoelectric point of the native enzyme at 4 degrees C was 4.35 and the amino
acid composition was very similar to that previously reported from other sources. The molecular
weight of a subunit under denaturing conditions was 47,000 +/- 1200. Analyses of pure enzyme by a
variety of techniques for molecular weight determination revealed that, at pH 7.0, the enzyme existed
predominantly as a tetrameric species in equilibrium with a minor dimer fraction. Dissociation into
dimers was achieved at alkaline pH (9.5) or in 6 M urea. However, the equilibrium at neutral pH was
not altered by NADPH or by disulfide reducing reagents. The Mr and S20,w of the oligomeric enzyme
were estimated to be 177,000 +/- 14,000 and 8.49 +/- 0.5; for the dimer, 99,800 +/- 7000 and 5.96 +/-
0.4, respectively. Low concentrations of urea increased the enzymatic activity, but this increase was
not due to changes in the proportions of both forms.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

667: Rezanka T, Zahradnik J , Podojil M.
Hydrocarbons in green and blue-green algae.
Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1982;27(6):450-4.
PMID: 6816708
pdf: Rezanka T 1982.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Liquid column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography were used to determine the total
content of hydrocarbons and gas chromatography was used to evaluate composition of hydrocarbons
in green algae (Chlorella kessleri, C. vulgaris, Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus acutus, S. acuminatus, S.
obliquus) and the blue-green alga (Spirulina platensis) cultivated under autotrophic or heterotrophic
conditions. In C. kessleri cultivated under heterotrophic conditions the content of hydrocarbons was
found to be about 10(-2)% (per dry mass), whereas under autotrophic conditions it was about 10(-3)%
(per dry mass). The highest content of hydrocarbons was detected in species of the genus
Scenedesmus cultivated autotrophically (10(-1)%). Heptadecane and hexacosane were found as
major alkanes, 1-heptadecene was detected among alkenes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

668: Riccardi G, De Rossi E, Milano A, Forlani G, De Felice M.
Molecular cloning and expression of Spirulina platensis acetohydroxy acid synthase genes in
Escherichia coli.
Arch Microbiol. 1991;155(4):360-5.
PMID: 1904703
pdf: Riccardi G 1991.pdf PAS
264
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The coding sequence for Spirulina platensis acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS, EC 4.1.3.18) is
shown to be contained within a 4.2 Kb ClaI fragment (ilvX) that has been cloned from a recombinant
lambda library. This fragment was able to complement a suitable mutant of Escherichia coli when
inserted into the ClaI site of plasmid pAT153 in either orientation, demonstrating that transcription of
ilvX originated within the cloned fragment. The probe used for hybridization experiments was the
corresponding gene from Anabaena sp. PCC7120. The same probe allowed us to identify a second
putative gene encoding AHAS in the S. platensis genomic library.

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669: Riccardi G, Sanangelantoni AM, Sarasini A, Ciferri O.
Altered methionyl-tRNA synthetase in a Spirulina platensis mutant resistant to ethionine.
J Bacteriol. 1982 Aug;151(2):1053-5.
PMID: 7096264
pdf: Riccardi G 1982.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Compared with the parental strain, a Spirulina platensis mutant that is resistant to ethionine
incorporated methionine into protein at a reduced rate, whereas ethionine incorporation was practically
nil. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase present in crude extracts from the resistant strain showed a
reduced affinity for methionine and ethionine.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

670: Riccardi G, Sora S, Ciferri O.
Production of amino acids by analog-resistant mutants of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
J Bacteriol. 1981 Sep;147(3):1002-7.
PMID: 6792182
pdf: Riccardi G 1981.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

671: Richmond A, Zou N.
Efficient utilisation of high photon irradiance for mass production of photoautotrophic micro-organisms.
J Appl Phycol 11, No 1 (1999) 123-127.
PMID: pas
pdf: Richmond A 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $mass-cultures, $light-utilisation, $light-regime, $optimal-cell-density, $light-path,
$mixing-rates.
rsum:

Basic issues involved in effective use of a high photon irradiance for mass production of microalgae
are elucidated: efficient utilisation of high irradiance requires cultures of high cell density grown in
reactors with a narrow light path. The smaller the light-path, the higher the growth rate and the volume
output rate (g L^-1 d^-1) of cell mass. Areal productivity (g m^-2 d^-1) may be inversely related to the
length of light-path (e.g. Spirulina platensis) or directly related to it, as is the case with
Nannochloropsis sp., in which the areal output rate increased with the increase in the light-path and
the areal volume (L m^-2). Inhibition of cell growth in Nannochloropsis became evident as cell
concentration increased above a certain point. Response in cell growth to elevated irradiance was
therefore possible only when the growth medium of ultrahigh cell density cultures was frequently
265
changed. Inhibitory activity to culture growth may be directly involved in determining the optimal cell
density (which results in the highest output of cell mass) and hence the optimal light-path. Under
optimal growth conditions, cultures of high cell densities responded well to the rate of stirring, the
relative beneficial effect of mixing increasing with the increase in cell density.

----------------------------

672: Richmond A, Lichtenberg E, Stahl B, Vonshak A.
Quantitative assessment of the major limitations on productivity of Spirulina platensis in open
raceways.
J Appl Phycol 2, No 3 (1990) 195-206.
PMID: pas
pdf: Richmond A 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $growth-limitations, $Spirulina-platensis, $open-raceways, $productivity.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **optimisation.
rsum:

This work represents an attempt to assess the relative contribution of the factors limiting productivity of
Spirulina platensis in open raceways throughout the year. Temperature of the culture during daylight
exerted the predominant effect on productivity and elevating the temperature resulted in a significant
rise in productivity even in summer. Photoinhibition had a decisive role in summer in determining
productivity ofSpirulina in open raceways in that growth almost ceased after mid-day. Contamination
by other microorganisms, particularly S. minor and Chlorella sp. was estimated to reduce the net
biomass yield by at least 15 to 20%, but measures to curtail the establishment of these species in the
raceway have been devised. The effect of harvest time during the day on the yield of dry mass was
examined: no conclusion could be drawn except in mid-summer, when evening harvesting resulted in
a significant increase in the output rate of dry weight over morning harvesting. It was estimated that in
a subtropical climate with little cloudiness, it should be readily possible to obtain an annual output rate
of dry mass of ca. 60 to 70 t ha^1. Such output, however, which would reduce very substantially the
cost of production to-date, is possible only if the optimal temperature for Spirulina can be maintained
throughout daylight, photoinhibition essentially controlled, harvesting in summer performed in the
evening, and night-loss of dry mass as well as the extent of contamination by other cyanobacteria or
microalgae can be kept low. The pronounced daily fluctuations in the output rate at peak productivity
in summer suggest that when environmental limitations of growth are minimal, other limitations
become dominant. These should be identified to facilitate an even greater increase in the productivity
of Spirulina in outdoor cultures.

----------------------------

673: Richmond A, Grobbelaar J U.
Factors affecting the output rate of Spirulina platensis with reference to mass cultivation.
Biomass 10, No 4 (1986) 253-264.
PMID: pas
pdf: Richmond A 1986.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $mass-cultivation; $productivity; $stirring; $culture-depth; $chlorophyll.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **optimisation.
rsum:

The disappointingly low yields of Spirulina cultivated in large, commercial-scale reactors prompted our
attempt to elucidate some of the reasons for this phenomenon. The results show the importance of
maintaining the pH as high as possible, at a point, however, where it does not yet limit growth. To
check the growth of contaminating algae, such as Chlorella spp., the pH was elevated to a point
higher than the optimal for Spirulina. Close to pH 11.0, signs of deterioration became evident, but the
culture recuperated readily when the pH was lowered back to the optimum (pH 10.5). The depth of the
culture had no effect on the maximal areal output of dry biomass, but exerted a very marked effect on
the optimal population density. At a culture depth of 150 mm the optimal cell density was at an optical
density of 0.5 absorbancy units, whereas at a culture depth of 75 mm the optimal cell density was 0.7
absorbancy units. The stirring rate also affected the optimal population density. At slow stirring speeds
266
(58 cm s^-1, which were nevertheless approximately twice as fast as that maintained in large
commercial ponds) there was a substantial reduction in the output rate at high population densities.
Similar results were obtained at high stirring rates, but the effect was much reduced and was only
observed at the highest cell densities. The chlorophyll/phaeophytin ratio altered signficantly throughout
the year, being highest in mid-winter and declining in summer. A practical conclusion drawn from
these results was that there is a clear advantage in operating the slow flowing cultures in large
reactors at as shallow a culture depth as practically possible. This increases the optimal cell density to
a level that may be easier to harvest and maintain in large-scale reactors. The inefficiency of
harvesting large volumes of low cell densities has lead to the general practice of allowing cell densities
to increase far above the optimum. Our results indicate that this may have detrimental effects on the
output rate considering the relatively low stirring rates which commonly prevail in large reactors.

----------------------------

674: Rimbau V, Camins A, Pubill D, Sureda FX, Romay C, Gonzlez R, J imnez A, Escubedo E,
Camarasa , Palls M.
C-Phycocyanin protects cerebellar granule cells from low potassium/serum deprivation-induced
apoptosis.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 364, Nor 2(2001) 96-104.
PMID: 11534860
pdf: Rimbau V 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin, $Oxidative-stress, $Cell-cycle, $Apoptosis, $Laser-scanning-
cytometry, $Flow-cytometry, $Cerebellar-granule-cells, $Rat.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; m.
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **phycocyanin; **neuronal; **IV.
rsum :

We tested the potential cytoprotective role of C-phycocyanin in rat cerebellar granule cell cultures. Cell
death was induced by potassium and serum (K/S) withdrawal. Cell viability was studied using the
neutral red assay and laser scanning cytometry with propidium iodide as fluorochrome. C-phycocyanin
(1-3 mg/ml) showed a neuroprotective effect against 24 h of K/S deprivation in cerebellar granule
cells. After 4 h K/S deprivation this compound (3 mg/ml) inhibited formation of reactive oxygen
species, measured as 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, showing its scavenger capability. Pre-
treatment with C-phycocyanin reduced thymidine incorporation into DNA below control values and
reduced dramatically apoptotic bodies as visualized by propidium iodide, indicating inhibition of
apoptosis induced by K/S deprivation. Flow cytometry studies, using propidium iodide in TritonX100
permeabilized cells, indicated that 24 h K/S deprivation acts as a proliferative signal for cerebellar
granule cells, which show an increase in S-phase percentage and cells progressed into the apoptotic
pathway. C-phycocyanin protected cerebellar granule cells from the apoptosis induced by deprivation.
These results suggest that C-phycocyanin prevents apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells probably
through the antioxidant activity. It is proposed that K/S deprivation-induced apoptosis could be due, in
part, to an alteration in the cell cycle mediated by an oxidative stress mechanism.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

675: Rimbau V, Camins A, Romay C, Gonzlez R, Palls M.
Protective effects of C-phycocyanin against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in rat hippocampus.
Neuroscience Letters 276 (1999) 75-78.
PMID: 10624795
pdf: Rimbau V 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-Phycocyanin; $Kainate; $Peripheral-benzodiazepine-receptor; $Hsp27kD;
$Antioxidant; $Glia; $Neuroprotection.
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **phycocyanin; **neuronal; **mouse.
rsum :

The neuroprotective role of C-phycocyanin was examined in kainate-injured brains of rats. The effect
of three different treatments with C-phycocyanin was studied. The incidence of neurobehavioral
changes was significantly lower in animals receiving C-phycocyanin. These animals also gained
significantly more weight than the animals only receiving kainic acid, whereas their weight gain did not
267
differed significantly from controls. Equivalent results were found when the neuronal damage in the
hippocampus was evaluated through changes in peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (microglial
marker) and heat shock protein 27kD expression (astroglial marker). Our results are consistent with
the oxygen radical scavenging properties of C-phycocyanin described elsewhere. Our findings and the
virtual lack of toxicity of C-phycocyanin suggest this drug could be used to treat oxidative stress-
induced neuronal injury in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

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676: Rito-Palomares M, Nunez L, Amador D.
Practical application of aqueous two-phase systems for the development of a prototype process for c-
phycocyanin recovery from Spirulina maxima.
J Chem Technol & Biotechnol 76, No 12 (2001) 1273-1280.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rito-Palomares M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $aqueous-two-phase-systems; $c-phycocyanin; $Spirulina-maxima; $protein-
recovery.
mots-cls Antenna: Spirulina-maxima; N.
rsum:

A novel process for the recovery of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina maxima exploiting aqueous two-
phase systems (ATPS), ultrafiltration and precipitation was developed in order to reduce the number
of unit operations and benefit from an increased yield of the protein product. The evaluation of system
parameters such as PEG molecular mass, concentration of PEG as well as salt, system pH and
volume ratio was carried out to determine under which conditions the c-phycocyanin and contaminants
concentrate to opposite phases. PEG1450-phosphate ATPS proved to be suitable for the recovery of
c-phycocyanin because the target protein concentrated in the top phase whilst the cell debris
concentrated in the bottom phase. A two-stage ATPS process with a phase volume ratio (Vr) equal to
0.3, PEG1450 7% (w/w), phosphate 20% (w/w) and system pH of 6.5 allowed c-phycocyanin recovery
with a purity of 2.4 (estimated as the relationship of the 620 nm to 280 nm absorbances). The use of
ultrafiltration (with a 30 kDa membrane cut-off) and precipitation (with ammonium sulfate) resulted in a
recovery process that produced a protein purity of 3.8 0.1 and an overall product yield of 29.5%
(w/w). The results reported here demonstrated the practical implementation of ATPS for the design of
a prototype recovery process as a first step for the commercial purification of c-phycocyanin produced
by Spirulina maxima.

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677: Robinson SJ , Deroo CS, Yocum CF.
Photosynthetic electron transfer in preparations of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Plant Physiol 1982 J ul;70(1):154-161.
PMID: 16662437
pdf: Robinson S 1982.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Electron transfer activity in intact trichomes of Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl. can be observed with
either CO(2) or methylviologen as the Hill acceptor. Ferricyanide cannot penetrate the intact
trichomes, but photoreduction of this oxidant can be observed when mediated by lipophilic oxidants
such as p-phenylenediamine or 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone. The insensitivity of these reactions to
dibromothymoquinone indicates that they are due largely to the activity of photosystem II. Direct
photoreduction of ferricyanide can be observed in spheroplasts of Spirulina, indicating that such
preparations have altered permeability properties when compared with intact trichomes. Preparation of
these spheroplasts, which are osmotically fragile, requires that intact trichomes be washed with KCl
and EDTA to induce lysozyme sensitivity and thereby allow digestion of the cell wall. The KCl/EDTA
washing procedure used for spheroplast preparation alters the permeability of Spirulina trichomes, as
evidenced by the ability of these preparations to photoreduce ferricyanide. This photoreduction
reaction is insensitive to dibromothymoquinone, and is stimulated by high concentrations of divalent
cations. During assays, the reaction is inhibited by the inclusion of polyethyleneglycol as an osmotic
268
protectant. Photoreduction of methylviologen and NADP(+) is also observed in the washed trichomes,
along with an endogenously catalyzed photoreduction of O(2) to H(2)O(2). Photophosphorylation
cannot be observed in the washed preparations, but cyclic photophosphorylation with
phenazinemethosulfate is observed after mild sonication. These results indicate that KCl/EDTA-
washed trichomes of S. platensis retain the full range of energy transducing capacities associated with
thylakoid membranes of the intact trichomes; the washing procedure facilitates spheroplast formation
and alters, but does not abolish, permeability barriers in these preparations.

--------------------------------------------------------

678: Rocheleau R, Turn S, Nemoto Y, Zaborsky O, Radway J A.
Sustanable bioreactor systems for hydrogen production.
In: Proceedings 1999 DOE Hydrogen Program Review NREL/CP-570-26938.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rocheleau R 1999.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira; m.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **hydrogen.
rsum :

The overall goal of Hawaiis BioHydrogen Program is to generate hydrogen from water using solar
energy and microalgae under sustainable conditions. Our process for hydrogen production (Hawaii
Process) consists of two stages. Stage 1 is the growth of the microalgae; Stage 2 is the production of
hydrogen. Since the cells are easily concentrated by screening, we are using filamentous
cyanobacteria of the genus Arthrospira (Spirulina). Since we examined the characteristics of a
bioreactor system for stage 1 last year, this year we studied the activity of hydrogen production in the
isolates of Arthrospira. It was found that the cells produce hydrogen under anaerobic (100% nitrogen)
and dark conditions. This suggests that the hydrogen production is due to reversible hydrogenase.
The activity of hydrogen production was ca. 1 micromole hydrogen/12 hr/mg dry weight. Next year, we
will combine the data on both stages and evaluate the whole process for its sustainability.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

679: Rodriguez D, Correa F, de la Rosa-Velez J , Escobar R, Cordero B, Alvarez Z, Sanchez R.
[Allozymatic variation in crustacea Artemia franciscana (Anostraca: Artemiidae) of Freat Salt Lake in
different experimental conditions].
Rev Biol Trop. 2002 Mar;50(1):87-95.
PMID: 12298270
pdf: Rodriguez D 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en espagnol

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the allelic variability of four polymorphic loci (Lap-2,
Lap-3, Pgm and Gpi) from a single population of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) from the Great
Salt Lake (Utah, USA), cultured under eight different experimental conditions. The organisms were
cultured to the adult stage under a 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design (22 and 30 degrees C; 30 and 60 ppt
salinity; and Dunaliella sp. and Spirulina sp. as food). There were significant differences in allele
frequencies at each locus and the mean expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.236 to 0.447.
Therefore, the hypothesis of no allelic differences among treatments is rejected. With relation to a
possible correlation between genetic variability and the phenotypic characteristics, the results show
that there is probably a synergic effect between the different salinities and temperatures on the
survival of heterozygous organisms in the different loci.

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680: Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Ble-Castillo J L, J uarez-Oropeza MA, Diaz-Zagoya J C.
Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with experimental
diabetes.
Life Sci. 2001 J ul 20;69(9):1029-37.
269
PMID: 11508645
pdf: Rodriguez-Hernandez A 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Diabetes; $Fatty-liver; $Cholesterol; $Female-mice; $Male-mice;
$Lipids; $Glucose .
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; B.
rsum:

The dietary administration of 5% Spirulina maxima (SM) during four weeks to diabetic mice, starting
one week after a single dose of alloxan, 250 mg/Kg body weight, prevented fatty liver production in
male and female animals. The main action of SM was on triacylglycerol levels in serum and liver.
There was also a moderate hypoglycemia in male mice. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
also decreased in serum and liver after SM administration. There was also a decrease in the
percentage of HDL in diabetic mice that was reverted by the SM administration. The sum of LDL +
VLDL percentages was also partially normalized in diabetic animals by the SM administration. An
additional observation was the lower incidence of adherences between the liver and the intestine
loops in the diabetic mice treated with SM compared with diabetic mice without SM. Male and female
mice showed differences to diabetes susceptibility and response to SM, the female being more
resistant to diabetes induction by alloxan and more responsive to the beneficial effects of SM. It is
worth future work of SM on humans looking for better quality of life and longer survival of diabetic
patients.

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681: Rogatto GP, de Oliveira CAM, dos Santos J W, de Barros Manchado F, Nakamura FY, de
Moraes C, de Moura Zagatto A, Faria MC, Afonso M, Rostom de Mello MA.
Influence of spirulina intake on metabolism of exercised rats.
Rev Bras Med Esporte 10 (4) 2004, 264-268.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rogatto G 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $Metabolism, $Exercise, $Rats, $Body-growth.
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **spirulina, **mouse.
rsum: (c'est la version anglaise de Rogatto G 2004a.pdf)

In this study we compared the metabolic response to acute exercise among rats fed on a standard diet
or on a spirulina diet. Young Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to diet: control (C)
(standard diet) and spirulina (S) (spirulina diet). At the end of experimental period (5 weeks) rats were
submitted to an acute exercise session of swimming (20 minutes, supporting a load corresponding to
5% of body weight) to determine blood lactate and serum glucose, insulin, proteins, albumin and fatty
free acids (FFA). Gastrocnemius and liver samples were used to determine glycogen and lipids
tenors. Both C and S groups showed increase in serum glucose and FFA, a drop in serum insulin and
a decrease of muscle and liver glycogen contents after acute exercise. Blood lactate during exercise
was higher in S than C rats. It was concluded that the response pattern to acute exercise was similar
for C and S rats. However, diet protein seemed to influence aspects of glucose metabolism.

--------------------------------------------------------

682: Rogatto GP, de Oliveira CAM, dos Santos J W, de Barros Manchado F, Nakamura FY, de
Moraes C, de Moura Zagatto A, Faria MC, Afonso M, Rostom de Mello MA.
Influncia da ingesto de espirulina sobre o metabolismo de ratos exercitados.
Rev Bras Med Esporte 10 (4) 2004, 258-263.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rogatto G 2004a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $Metabolism, $Exercise, $Rats, $Body-growth.
rsum: (c'est la version portgaise de Rogatto G 2004.pdf)

En el presente estudio fueron comparadas las respuestas metablicas agudas al ejercicio en ratones
alimentados con dieta padrn y a base de Spirulina. Ratones Wistar jovenes fueron divididos en dos
grupos de acuerdo con la dieta: control (C) (dieta padrn) y Spirulina (S) (dieta a base de Spirulina).
270
Al final del perodo experimental (5 semanas) los animales fueron sometidos a una sesin aguda de
ejerccio de natacin (20 minutos, soportando sobrecarga equivalente a 5% de su peso corporal) para
evaluacin del lactato sanguneo, glucosa, insulina, protenas, albumina y cidos grasos libres (AGL)
sricos. Las muestras del msculo gastrocnemio y fgado fueron utilizadas para la determinacin de
los tenores de glicogeno y de lpidos. Ambos grupos C e S presentaron un aumento de la glicemia y
de los AGL, mantenimiento de la insulinemia y reduccin de los tenores de glicogeno muscular y
heptico post-ejercicio. La lactacidemia durante el ejercicio fu superior en el grupo S en relacin a C.
Se concluye que el padrn de respuestas al ejercicio agudo de los grupos C e S fu semejante. Con
todo, la protena de la dieta parece influir en los aspectos del metabolismo glicdico.

--------------------------------------------------------

683: Rojo-Dominguez A, Hernandez-Arana A, Mendoza-Hernandez G, Rendon J L.
Thermal denaturation of glutathione reductase from cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima.
Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997 J ul;42(3):631-9.
PMID: 9247721
pdf: Rojo-Dominguez A 1997.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The thermal unfolding of glutathione reductase (NAD[P]H:GSSG oxidoreductase EC 1.6.4.2.) from
cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and circular
dichroism at neutral pH. Covalent cross-linking of enzyme at different temperatures revealed dimer as
the species undergoing the thermal transition. A single endotherm was observed, but its
thermodynamic parameters showed dependence on the scan rate. In the transition zone, aggregation
of the dimeric species was observed. Analysis of the enzyme heated at 80 degrees C revealed that
the resultant species retained a high content of secondary structure. The addition of low
concentrations of guanidinium hydrochloride resulted in a full cooperative thermal transition. A model
in which the dimeric protein undergoes a partial unfolding in a kinetically controlled fashion is
proposed, such that the experimental value of delta H(cal) results from the simultaneous occurrence of
endothermic and exothermic events.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

684: Romano I, Bellitti MR, Nicolaus B, Lama L, Manca MC, Pagnotta E, Gambacorta A.
Lipid profile: a useful chemotaxonomic marker for classification of a new cyanobacterium in Spirulina
genus.
Phytochemistry. 2000 J un;54(3):289-94.
PMID: 10870183
pdf: Romano I 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacteria; $Spirulina; $Arthrospira; $Chemotaxonomy; $Lipid-profile; $Fatty-
acids.
rsum:

The morphological, physiological and genetic characteristics of an isolate cyanobacterium from hard
sand of the lake Venere in the Pantelleria island (Italy) were described. The isolate with a small-size
coiled helix shape, growing optimally at pH 9.2-9.5 at 30 degrees C under continuous illumination and
aeration, possessed a 61.5 mol% of Guanine +Cytosine content of DNA. The lipid profile showed the
presence of mono-, di-glycosyl, sulphoquinovolosyl and phosphatidyl (MGDG, DGDG, SQDG and
PG). The fatty acid profile was also studied, characterized by the absence of gamma-linolenic acid
and the presence of saturated and monounsaturated C16 and C18. The latter was also present as a
dienoic component. The fatty acid composition was affected by growth temperature by increasing the
degree of desaturation at a lower temperature and the biosynthesis of shorter acyl chains. The effects
of growth conditions other than temperature, physical, nutritional and chemical on lipid composition
were also studied. The overall features of the cyanobacterium isolated from Pantelleria clustered it into
Spirulina genus.

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271

685: Romay C, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Remirez D, Rimbau V.
C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2003 J un;4(3):207-16.
PMID: 12769719
pdf: Romay C 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Phycocyanin; $phycobiliprotein; $Spirulina; $antioxidant; $free-radical-
scavenger; $anti-inflammatory; $neuroprotective; $hepatoprotective.
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanine,**antioxidant.
rsum:

Phycocyanin (Pc) is a phycobiliprotein that has been recently reported to exhibit a variety of
pharmacological properties. In this regard, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and
hepatoprotective effects have been experimentally attributed to Pc. When it was evaluated as an
antioxidant in vitro, it was able to scavenge alkoxyl, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and to react with
peroxinitrite (ONOO(-);) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Pc also inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation
induced by Fe(+2)-ascorbic acid or the free radical initiator 2,2' azobis (2-amidinopropane)
hydrochloride (AAPH). Furthermore, it reduces carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced lipid peroxidation
in vivo. Pc has been evaluated in twelve experimental models of inflammation and exerted anti-
inflammatory effects in a dose-dependent fashion in all of these. Thus, Pc reduced edema, histamine
(Hi) release, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the levels of prostaglandin (PGE(2)) and leukotriene
(LTB(4)) in the inflamed tissues. These anti-inflammatory effects of Pc can be due to its scavenging
properties toward oxygen reactive species (ROS) and its inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-
2) activity and on Hi release from mast cells. Pc also reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-
alpha) in the blood serum of mice treated with endotoxin and it showed neuroprotective effects in rat
cerebellar granule cell cultures and in kainate-induced brain injury in rats.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

686: Romay C.
Actividad antioxidante de la ficocianina frente a radicales peroxlicos y la peroxidacin lipdica
microsomal.
Rev Cubana Invest Biomd 20, No 1 (2001) 38-41.
PMID: pas
pdf: Romay C 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
B: **Medicine; **Spirulina; **phycocyanin; **antioxydant; **IV.
rsum :

La ficocianina es una biliprotena que se extrae de las algas verdeazules como la Spirulina
(Arthospira) mxima. Esta protena porta 3 grupos cromognicos (tetrapirroles lineales) por unidad
monomtrica, que poseen una estructura muy similar a la de la bilirrubina, que es un reconocido
antioxidante endgeno. Por otra parte se conoce que otros derivados de las porfirinas, como la
clorofila alfa, presentan propiedades antioxidantes. Teniendo en cuenta estos antecedentes, en este
trabajo el propsito fue evaluar si la ficocianina presentaba propiedades antioxidantes frente a
radicales peroxlicos en diferentes condiciones experimentales como fueron: 1. disminucin de la
banda de absorcin a 620 nm, asociada con la integridad del cromgeno, al reaccionar con radicales
peroxlicos; 2. proteccin de hemates humanos de la lisis inducida por radicales peroxlicos; 3.
inhibicin de la peroxidacin lipdica microsomal inducida por Fe+2 -ascrbico. Los resultados
indicaron que los grupos cromforos de la ficocianina reaccionaban rpidamente con los radicales
peroxlicos, mecanismo por el cual la biliprotena era capaz de proteger los hemates de la lisis celular
y de inhibir la peroxidacin lipdica microsomal.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

687: Romay C, Ledon N, Gonzalez R.
272
Effects of phycocyanin extract on prostaglandin E2 levels in mouse ear inflammation test.
Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Dec;50(12):1106-9.
PMID: 11190776
pdf: Romay C 2000.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna:
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **anti-inflammatory, **mouse.
rsum:

Recently it was demonstrated that phycocyanin, a biliprotein isolated from microalgae Spirulina, exerts
anti-inflammatory activity in several animal models of inflammation. In this report, the effects of
phycocyamin on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity were
determined in arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse
ear oedema, respectively. Phycocyanin (50-200 mg/kg p.o.) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner
PGE2 levels in mouse ear treated with AA. Also, phycocyanin (100-400 mg/kg p.o.) moderately
reduced PLA2 activity in TPA-induced mouse ear inflammation test. In this model triamcinolone (10
mg/kg p.o.) used as reference drug exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on PLA2 activity. These
results provide the first evidence that the anti-inflammatory effects of phycocyanin may result, at least
partially, from inhibition of PGE2 production and a moderate inhibition of PLA2 activity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

688: Romay C, Ledon N, Gonzalez R.
Phycocyanin extract reduces leukotriene B4 levels in arachidonic acid-induced mouse-ear
inflammation test.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 May;51(5):641-642.
PMID: 10411225
pdf: Romay C 1999.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna:
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **anti-inflammatory, **mouse.
rsum:.

Publication Types: Letter

--------------------------------------------------------------------

689: Ross E, Puapong DP, Cepeda FP, Patterson PH.
Comparison of freeze-dried and extruded Spirulina platensis as yolk pigmenting agents.
Poult Sci. 1994 Aug;73(8):1282-9.
PMID: 7971672
pdf: Ross E 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; instrumentation; contrle.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **animal-nutrition.
rsum:

Experiment 1 was an 8-wk study with J apanese quail fed 0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% of freeze-dried
spirulina or the dry equivalent of fresh spirulina extruded with corn. Experiment 2 was a 16-wk repeat
of Experiment 1 using levels of 0, .25, .5, 1.0, and 2.0% spirulina. In the third experiment, corn, barley,
and cassava were extruded with fresh spirulina equal to 1% of the dried product, and each feedstuff
fed with 1% freeze-dried spirulina. Four replicates of five quail were assigned to each treatment. Yolk
color increased with increasing dietary levels of spirulina in Experiment 1. There also was a consistent
increase in yolk color with freeze-dried spirulina compared with the extruded spirulina. This pattern
was also seen in Experiment 2. In addition, eggs from quail fed the extruded corn control diet had
markedly lower yolk scores than those from quail fed the untreated corn control diet. The mean Roche
yolk color score of eggs from quail fed corn, barley, or cassava extruded with spirulina was 5.91, 3.55,
and 6.70, respectively. These values were respectively 1.41, 1.89, and 4.06 units greater than the
corresponding control values.

273
--------------------------------------------------------------------

690: Ross E, Dominy W.
The nutritional value of dehydrated, blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis) for poultry.
Poult Sci. 1990 May;69(5):794-800.
PMID: 2114613
pdf: Ross E 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of the blue-green algae, Spirulina
platensis, grown on a synthetic media. In Experiment 1, day-old, White Leghorn cockerel chicks (120)
were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of dried spirulina. At 3 wk of age, the
growth of the chicks fed 10 and 20% of spirulina was depressed (P less than .05), although feed
efficiency was not affected. In Experiment 2, 250 1-day-old, Hubbard by Hubbard, male broiler chicks
were fed experimental diets containing 0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, or 12.0% of spirulina for 41 days. Although the
growth of the chicks fed the spirulina diets was not different from that of the chicks receiving the
control diet, the birds receiving the 12% spirulina diet grew slower (P less than .05) than the chicks fed
all of the other spirulina diets. In Experiment 3, 600 1-wk-old, J apanese qual were used to study the
effects of 0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0% of spirulina on growth, egg production, egg quality, fertility,
hatchability, and the growth of the F1 generation of dams fed Spirulina. There were no significant
differences due to the spirulina content in any of the parameters studied-except for yolk color, which
increased with each succeeding level of spirulina, and for fertility, which was higher for all spirulina
treatments versus the control.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

691: Rudi K, J akobsen KS.
Complex evolutionary patterns of tRNA Leu(UAA) group I introns in the cyanobacterial radiation
[corrected].
J Bacteriol. 1999 J un;181(11):3445-51.
PMID: 10348857
pdf: Rudi K 1999.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-fusiformis; spirulina-subsalsa, f.
rsum:

Based on the findings that plastids and cyanobacteria have similar group I introns inserted into
tRNAUAALeu genes, these introns have been suggested to be immobile and of ancient origin. In
contrast, recent evidence suggests lateral transfer of cyanobacterial group I introns located in
tRNAUAALeu genes. In light of these new findings, we have readdressed the evolution and lateral
transfer of tRNAUAALeu group I introns in cyanobacteral radiation. We determined the presence of
introns in 38 different strains, representing the major cyanobacterial lineages, and characterized the
introns in 22 of the strains. Notably, two of these strains have two tRNAUAALeu genes, with each of
these genes interrupted by introns, while three of the strains have both interrupted and uninterrupted
genes. Two evolutionary distinct clusters of tRNA genes, with the genes interrupted by introns
belonging to two distinct intron clusters, were identified. We also compared 16S rDNA and intron
evolution for both closely and distantly related strains. The distribution of the introns in the clustered
groups, as defined from 16S rDNA analysis, indicates relatively recent gain and/or loss of the introns
in some of these lineages. The comparative analysis also suggests differences in the phylogenetic
trees for 16S rDNA and the tRNAUAALeu group I introns. Taken together, our results show that the
evolution of the intron is considerably more complex than previous studies found to be the case. We
discuss, based on our results, evolutionary models involving lateral intron transfer and models
involving differential loss of the intron.


Erratum in: J Bacteriol 2000 Mar;182(5):1457.
274

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692: Rudi K, Skulberg OM, Larsen F, J akobsen KS.
Strain characterization and classification of oxyphotobacteria in clone cultures on the basis of 16S
rRNA sequences from the variable regions V6, V7, and V8.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 J ul;63(7):2593-9.
PMID: 9212409
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-fusiformis; spirulina-subsalsa, f.
rsum:

A major problem in development of a polyphasic taxonomy is that the identification of
oxyphotobacterial strains (cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes) in culture collections may be incorrect.
We have therefore developed a diagnostic system using the DNA sequence polymorphism in the 16S
rRNA regions V6 to V8 for individual strain characterization and identification. PCR primers amplifying
V6 to V8 from oxyphotobacteria in unialgal cultures were constructed. Direct solid-phase or cyclic
sequencing was used to determine the sequences from the amplified DNA. This survey includes 10
strains of Nostoc/Anabaena/Aphanizomenon (Nostoc category), 5 strains of Microcystis (Microcystis
category), and 4 strains of Planktothrix (Planktothrix category). Fifteen additional strains of
cyanobacteria and two strains of prochlorophytes were included such that the major phyletic groups
were represented. One of the strains, Phormidium sp. NIVA-CYA 203, contained an 11-nucleotide
insertion with no homology to other known 16S rRNA sequences. Based on parsimony and neighbor-
joining trees, the phyletic relationships of the strains were investigated. Thirteen major branches were
found, with Pseudanabaena limnetica NIVA-CYA 276/6 as the most divergent strain. The strain
categories Nostoc, Planktothrix, and Microcystis were all monophyletic. The sequence polymorphism
within Nostoc was higher than that in Planktothrix and Microcystis. Based on the sequence and
phyletic information, group-specific PCR primers for the categories Nostoc, Planktothrix, and
Microcystis were constructed. For the strains included in this work, the amplifications were specific for
the relevant groups. By combination of magnetic solid-phase DNA isolation and group-specific PCR
amplifications, an accurate method for characterization, classification and identification of
oxyphotobacterial clone cultures has been developed.

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693: Rudic V, Bul'maga V.
A method of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl.
Int J Algae 3, No 1 (2001) 62-66.
PMID: pas
pdf: Rudic V 2001.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $phxcocyanin, $isoelectric-precipitation, $hydrophobic-
chromatography.
B: **Technology; **Spirulina; **phycocyanin; **extraction; **IV.
rsum :

Hydrophobic chromatography was used for the first time to purify phycobiliproteins. A method of
phycocyanin production from the blue-gree alga Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitl. is proposed. The
method includes isoelectric precipitation of proteins at pH =<4, production of the phycocyanin fraction
I from the supernatant liquid, of the fraction II - from the sediment after its water-washing at pH <4,
and also subsequent purification by hydrophobic chromatography.

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694: Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Kovacs L, Mapaisansup T, Sallai A, Gombos Z, Ponglikitmongkol M,
Tanticharoen M.
Higher plant-like fluorescence induction and thermoluminescence characteristics in cyanobacterium,
Spirulina mutant defective in PQH2 oxidation by cytb6/f complex.
J Plant Physiol. 2005 Oct;162(10):1123-32.
275
PMID: 16255170
pdf: Ruengjitchatchawalya M 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Characterization of the photosynthetic electron transport in a mutant of Spirulina platensis, generated
by chemical mutagenesis, demonstrated that the electron transfer from the plastoquinone (PQ) to
cytochrome b6/f was slowed. Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements suggested the presence of
reversed energy flow via PQ, which resulted in an emergence of the plant-like after-glow TL band at
45 degrees C that could be enhanced by the transthylakoidal pH gradient and could be eliminated by
an uncoupler, FCCP. The localization of the changes in the electron transport of the mutant cells
measured by various methods revealed that the re-oxidation of the PQ pool is hampered in the mutant
compared to the wild-type cells. The reduction in energy migration was localized between PQ and PS I
reaction centers.

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695: Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Chirasuwan N, Chaiklahan R, Bunnag B, Tanticharoen M, Deshnium
P.
Photosynthetic characterization of a mutant of Spirulina platensis.
J Appl Phycol 14, No 2 (2002) 71-76.
PMID: pas
pdf: Ruengjitchatchawalya M 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $gamma-linolenic-acid, $Arthrospira, $Defective-mutant, $Fatty-acid-desaturation,
$Photosynthetic-pigment, $Photosystem-I-(PS-I), $Photosystem-II-(PS-II), $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

A mutant of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis, strain I22, obtained by mutagenesis with
ethylmethanesulfonate, was partially defective in the production of gamma-linolenic acid. However,
when compared with the wildform, the I22 mutant almost lost its capacity to grow at low temperatures,
although at optimal temperature growth was unaffected. Measurement of the mutant's photosynthetic
characteristics, including O2-evolution, P_max and light saturation values, revealed significantly lower
values than for the wild type, in contrast to the higher content of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll
and phycocyanin. Whereas the total activity of photosynthesis of the I22 mutant was 58% lower than
that of the wild type, the PS II activity of the I22 mutant was 23% higher. On the other hand, the I22
mutant was 69% lower in PSI activity, and the growth rate of this mutant was limited at high
lightintensity. These results indicated that the defect in the PS I complex of the I22 mutant may reduce
its ability to utilize light to generate the energy usedin diverse biochemical processes, including fatty
acid desaturation.

----------------------------

696: Ruiz Flores LE, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Salazar M, Chamorro G.
Anticlastogenic effect of Spirulina maxima extract on the micronuclei induced by maleic hydrazide in
Tradescantia.
Life Sci 72, No 12 (2003) 1345-51.
PMID: 12527032
pdf: Ruiz Flores L 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Anticlastogenicity; $Spirulina; $Micronuclei; $Tradescantia-bioassay.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **plant-activity.
rsum:

The aim of this investigation was to determine if extracts of Spirulina maxima reduce the genotoxic
damage induced by maleic hydrazide (MH) using the Tradescantia bioassay. Two types of extracts
from the alga were prepared: an aqueous extract with two different concentrations, 100 and 500
mg/ml, and a second one, the extract of a 1% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) which
corresponded to 100 mg/ml of the alga. The capacity of MH to induce micronuclei (MN) was initially
276
established by administering 0.005, 0.01, and 0.015 mg/ml of the chemical to the Tradescantia
inflorescences, and observing its effect after 24 h.The results of this experiment showed a significant
MN increase with the two high concentrations tested, although no dose-response effect was observed.
For the anticlastogenic assay, the extracts of Spirulina were applied to the inflorescences alone or
immediately before the application of MH (0.01 mg/ml) and the induced MN were observed 24 h later.
We found that none of the extracts increased the MN level with respect to the untreated plants; also,
that MH more or less doubled the basal micronuclei frequency, and finally, that all tested extracts
reduced the genotoxic damage caused by MH. The inhibitory indices obtained for the aqueous
extracts (100 and 500 mg/ml) and for the DMSO extract were respectively 59, 85, and 56.3%. These
data indicate that Spirulina is an anticlastogenic agent and suggest that it is advisable to extend
studies on this matter using other biological models.

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697: Sachdeva R, Kaur R, Kaur Sangha J .
Effect of supplementation of spirulina on the haematological profile and intellectual status of school
girls (7-9 years).
J Hum Ecol 15, No 2 (2004) 105-108.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sachdeva R 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Haematological-Profile, $Intellectual-Status, $Spirulina, $Supplementation.
rsum:

A sample of sixty girls aged between 7-9 years belonging to low middle income group were selected
from Government senior secondary school, P.A.U., Ludhiana. The subjects were equally divided into
two groups viz. Experimental (E) and Control (C) group. The mean per capita monthly income was Rs.
837/- and Rs. 869/- in group E and C respectively. Subjects of E group were supplemented with two
capsules (1g) of spirulina daily after mixing in one serving (30g) of Panjiri daily for five days a week for
a period of two months, while C group was given placebo for the same period. Haemoglobin (Hb),
PCV, RBC count were estimated before (T1) as well as after supplementation (T2). Ravens coloured
progressive matrices was used to assess the intellectual status at T 1 and T2. An improvement in the
haematological as well as intellectual status among respondents of E group when compared to C
group showed positive effect of spirulina and proved to be an effective source of protein as well as iron
and retinol.

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698: Saha SK, Misbahuddin M, Khatun R, Mamun IR.
Effect of hexane extract of spirulina in the removal of arsenic from isolated liver tissues of rat.
Mymensingh Med J . 2005 J ul;14(2):191-5.
PMID: 16056210
pdf: Saha S 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; foie.
rsum:

The present study was conducted to investigate whether the active compound(s) of spirulina is
present in its -- alcohol extract, hexane extract, DCM extract or in their residues. In phase I the
accumulation of arsenic in isolated liver tissues of rat at different incubation period (15, 30, 45
minutes) was seen. In phase II arsenic-loaded liver tissues were incubated in presence and absence
of alcohol extract, alcohol extraction residues, hexane extract, hexane extraction residues, DCM
extract and DCM extraction residues of spirulina respectively. The percentage removal of arsenic from
liver tissues by different extracts and residues of spirulina was estimated by Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer. In phase III arsenic-loaded liver tissues were incubated in presence and absence
of different concentration of hexane extract of spirulina and the percentage removal of arsenic from
liver tissues was estimated. This study showed that the accumulation of arsenic in isolated liver tissue
was time dependent and highest accumulation found was 0.69 microg/g tissues after 45 minutes
incubation, which was highly significant. The percentage removal of arsenic from arsenic loaded liver
tissues by alcohol extract, alcohol extraction residues, hexane extract, hexane extraction residues,
277
DCM extract, DCM extraction residues were 33.8%,4.4%,83.0%,10.2%,7.3% and 2.9%, respectively.
The percentage removal of arsenic by hexane extract at the concentration of 1, 10, 100 microg were
13.2%, 29.4% and 89.7%, respectively. Among the different extracts and residues of spirulina the
hexane extract causes highly significant (p<0.001) removal. In conclusion the present study suggests
that the active compound(s) of spirulina is present mostly in its hexane extract.

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699: Salazar M, Martinez E, Madrigal E, Ruiz LE, Chamorro GA.
Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Oct;62(3):235-41.
PMID: 9849634
pdf: Salazar M 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Algal-toxicology; $Blue-green-algae; $Cyanobacteria; $Spirulina.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **toxicity, **mouse.
rsum:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of Spirulina maxima, a blue-green alga used as
food supplement and food coloring, after 13 weeks of treatment. Groups of ten mice of each sex were
given S. maxima in the diet at concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20 or 30% (w/w) for 13 weeks. The
alga ingestion had no effect on behavior, food and water intake, growth or survival. Terminal values in
hematology and clinical chemistry did not reveal differences between treated and control groups.
However, male and female mice showed significant changes in serum cholesterol levels at 20 and
30% algal concentrations, but a toxic effect of S. maxima was excluded. Post-mortem examination
revealed no differences in gross or microscopic findings. Our results show that S. maxima up to high
feeding levels did not produce adverse effects in mice after subchronic treatment.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

700: Salazar M, Chamorro GA, Salazar S, Steele CE.
Effect of Spirulina maxima consumption on reproduction and peri- and postnatal development in rats.
Food Chemical Toxicol 34 (1996) 353-359.
PMID: 8641661
pdf: Salazar M 1996.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; B.
rsum:

Spirulina maxima, an edible micro-organism useful in human nutrition, was examined for its effect on
general reproductib=ve performance and for peri- and postnatal toxicity in rats at levels of 0, 10, 20
and 30% (w/w) incorporated into the diet. There was no reduction in body weight gain of males or
females and no deaths or clinical signs of toxicity. Treatment was not associated with any adverse
effect on any measure of reproductive performance, including male and female fertility and duration of
gestation. There was no increase in the number of abnormal pups at cesaean section or at birth. S.
maxima consumption did not result in adverse effects on developmental markers of the pups.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

701: Sall MG, Dankoko B, Badiane M, Ehua E, Kuakuei N.
La spiruline: une source alimentaire promouvoir.
Mdecine d'Afrique Noire 46(3) 1999, 2pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sall M 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline, $Malnutrition-protinonergtique, $Proprits-nutritionnelles.
rsum:

Les auteurs sintressent une ressource alimentaire non conventionnelle: la spiruline. Cest une
algue bleue qui offre jusqu 70 % de protines. Ils insistent sur les qualits nutritionnelles
278
exceptionnelles de cette algue, les principales utilisations et la facilit de sa culture. Partant de ces
donnes, ils proposent le dveloppement de la culture de la spiruline en Afrique et son utilisation dans
le traitement et la prvention de la malnutrition protinonergtique.

--------------------------------------------------------

702: Sall MG, Dankoko B, Badiane M, Ehua E, Kuakuei N.
Rsultats d'un essai de rhabilitation nutritionnelle avec de la spiruline Dakar (A propos de 59 cas)
Mdecine d'Afrique Noire 46(3) 1999, 4pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sall M 1999a.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

L'exprimentation d'une algue bleue (la spiruline) chez 59 enfants atteints de malnutrition
protinonergtique a donn un taux remarquable de gurison de 88,14 % et une mortalit 6,78 %.
Nous avons pu constater que son administration est facile. Le produit est galement bien accept et
bien tolr. L'volution anthropomtrique (gain de 50 gr/jour), clinique et biologique (+175 % pour la
pralbumine), tmoigne des qualits nutritionnelles remarquables de la spiruline.
Si son prix de revient est comptitif, la spiruline pourrait tre d'un grand intrt dans la rcupration et
la prvention de la malnutrition protinonergtique.

--------------------------------------------------------

703: Salvi S, Trinei M, Lanfaloni L, Pon CL.
Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding an esterase from Spirulina platensis.
Mol Gen Genet. 1994 Apr;243(1):124-6.
PMID: 8190066
pdf: Salvi S 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The gene encoding a 23 kDA serine esterase from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been
identified, cloned, characterized and expressed in Escherichia coli. The primary structure of the
esterase deduced from the DNA sequence displayed 32% sequence identity with the carboxylesterase
(esterase II) encoded by estB of Pseudomonas fluorescens; the highest degree of homology is found
in a stretch of 11 identical or highly conserved amino acid residues corresponding to the GXSXG
consensus motif found in the catalytic site of many serine proteases, lipases and esterases.

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704: Samuels R, Mani UV, Iyer UM, Nayak US.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome.
J Med Food. 2002 Summer;5(2):91-6.
PMID: 12487756
pdf: Samuels R 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; reins.
rsum:

In nephrotic syndrome, large amounts of plasma proteins are lost in urine, causing a decrease in the
plasma oncotic pressure. This leads to enhanced hepatic synthesis of albumin and other proteins,
including lipoproteins, causing a secondary hyperlipidemia. Essential fatty acids such as gamma-
linolenic acid (GLA) can prevent accumulation of cholesterol in the body, and spirulina has an
appreciable amount of GLA. In this study 23 patients (age 2 to 13 years) with nephrotic syndrome
received either medication (group I) or medication plus 1 g/day Spirulina (group II). Height, weight, and
serum levels of fasting blood sugar, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and low- and high-density
cholesterol fractions (LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively) were measured before and after the 2-month
279
study period. Mean height and weight were normal compared with healthy, age-matched Indian
children. Lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased at baseline. TC significantly
decreased by 116.33 mg/dl, LDL-C by 94.14 mg/dl, and triglycerides by 67.72 mg/dl in group II; in
control group I, these values fell by 69.87, 61.13, and 22.62 mg/dl, respectively. The LDL-C:HDL-C
ratio also decreased significantly, by 1.66 in group II and 1.13 in group I. TC:HDL-C decreased by
1.96 in group II and 1.19 in group I. HDL-C:LDL-C also improved significantly in both the groups. It can
be concluded that spray-dried Spirulina capsules, rich in antioxidants, GLA, amino acids, and fatty
acids, helped reduce the increased levels of lipids in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

705: Sanangelantoni AM, Tiboni O.
The chromosomal location of genes for elongation factor Tu and ribosomal protein S10 in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis provides clues to the ancestral organization of the str and S10
operons in prokaryotes.
J Gen Microbiol. 1993 Nov;139(11):2579-84.
PMID: 8277243
pdf: Sanangelantoni A 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The structural gene (rps10) encoding ribosomal protein S10 of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
has been localized both on chromosomal DNA and the previously characterized recombinant plasmid
pSp7 harbouring the 3'-terminal portion of the gene for elongation factor G (fus) and the gene for
elongation factor Tu (tuf). Alignment of the predicted S10 sequence of S. platensis with the
homologous sequences from cyanelles, bacteria, archaea and eukarya showed that the
cyanobacterial S10 shares a high degree of sequence homology (74% amino acid identity) with the
cyanellar protein. Unlike the situation in Escherichia coli, the rps10 gene of S. plantensis is unlinked to
the S10 operon genes, being adjacent to the str operon genes. Since a similar organization could be
observed in cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa and in all archaea so far analysed, this probably
represents the ancestral state.

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706: Sanangelantoni AM, Barbarini D, Di Pasquale G, Cammarano P, Tiboni O.
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of an archaebacterial glutamine synthetase gene: phylogenetic
implications.
Mol Gen Genet. 1990 Apr;221(2):187-94.
PMID: 1973523
pdf: Sanangelantoni A 1990a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; gnomique; ADN.
rsum:

The glnA gene of the thermophilic sulphur-dependent archaebacterium Sulfolobus solfataricus was
identified by hybridization with the corresponding gene of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis and
cloned in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the 1696 bp DNA fragment containing the
structural gene for glutamine synthetase was determined, and the derived amino acid sequence (471
residues) was compared to the sequences of glutamine synthetases from eubacteria and eukaryotes.
The homology between the archaebacterial and the eubacterial enzymes is higher (42%-49%) than
that found with the eukaryotic counterpart (less than 20%). This was true also when the five most
conserved regions, which it is possible to identify in both eubacterial and eukaryotic glutamine
synthetases, were analysed.

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280
707: Sanangelantoni AM, Calogero RC, Buttarelli FR, Gualerzi CO, Tiboni O.
Organization and nucleotide sequence of the genes for ribosomal protein S2 and elongation factor Ts
in Spirulina platensis.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990 J an 1;54(1-3):141-5.
PMID: 2108895
pdf: Sanangelantoni A 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A 6.5 kb region from the genome of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was cloned using as a
probe the Escherichia coli gene for ribosomal protein S2. Sequence analysis revealed, in this region,
the presence of the gene for ribosomal protein S2 and part of the gene for the elongation factor Ts
(EF-Ts). The arrangement rpsB-spacer-tsf resembles that reported for E. coli. The deduced amino
acid sequences of the platensis S2 and EF-Ts show significant homology with the E. coli counterparts.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

708: Sanchez M, Bernal-Castillo J , Rozo C, Rodriguez I.
Spirulina (Arthrospira): an edible microorganism. A review.
http://www.javeriana.edu.co/ciencias/universitas/vol8n1/J _bernal.htm
PMID: pas
pdf: Sanchez M XXXX.pdf (HTM converti en PDF)
mots-cls article: $food, $microalgae, $nutrition, $Spirulina; $alimento, $microalga, $nutricin.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-maxima; O; B.
rsum: texte en anglais

Spirulina is a photosynthetic, filamentous, spiral-shaped, multicellular and green-blue microalga. The
two most important species of which are Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis. For these
microorganisms cell division occurs by binary fission. Since this material contains chlorophyll a, like
higher plants, botanists classify it as a microalga belonging to Chyanophyceae class; but according to
bacteriologists it is a bacterium due to its prokaryotic structure. Before Columbus, Mexicans (Aztecs)
exploited this microorganism as human food; presently, African tribes (Kanembu) use it for the same
purpose. Its chemical composition includes proteins (55%-70%), carbohydrates (15%-25%), essential
fatty acids (18%) vitamins, minerals and pigments like carotenes, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin. The
last one is used in food and cosmeticindustries. Spirulina is considered as an excellent food, lacking
toxicity and having corrective properties against viral attacks, anemia, tumor growth and malnutrition.
It has been reported in literature that the use of these microalgae as animal food supplement implies
enhancement of the yellow coloration of skin and eggs yolk in poultry and flamingos, growth
acceleration, sexual maturation and increase of fertility in cattle.

[Spirulina es una microalga verde-azul, fotosinttica, filamentosa, en forma helicoidal, multicelular. Las
dos especies ms importantes son Spirulina mxima y Spirulina platensis. La divisin celular se
realiza por fisin binaria. Segn los botnicos es una microalga debido a la presencia de clorofila a al
igual que en plantas superiores. Pertenece a la divisin Cianofita y a la clase Cianofcea, pero segn
los bacterilogos es una bacteria debido a su estructura procarionte. Se conoce desde tiempos
precolombinos, que este microorganismo fue utilizado como alimento por tribus mexicanas (Aztecas)
y actualmente por tribus africanas (Kanembu). Su composicin qumica incluye protenas (55%-70%),
azcares (15%-25%), cidos grasos esenciales (18%), vitaminas, minerales y pigmentos como
carotenos, clorofila a y ficocianina; ste ltimo utilizado en industrias de alimentos y cosmticas. Se le
considera excelente alimento, exento de toxicidad y poseedor de propiedades correctoras de ataques
virales, anemia, crecimiento tumoral y malnutricin. La literatura ha reportado, que Spirulina, usada
como alimento de animales conlleva al realce de la coloracin amarilla de piel y yema de huevos, en
gallinceos y flamencos; aceleracin de crecimiento, maduracin sexual y aumento de fertilidad, en
bovinos].

------------------------------------------------------------

709: Sanchez N, Bu M, Len N, Prez-Saad H.
Efecto de la Spirulina platensis en la toxicidad producida por acrilamida.
281
Rev Cubana Plant Med 2003, No 1. 4 pp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sanchez N 2003b.pdf
mots-cls article: $algae; $algas; $acrilamida/toxicidad; $acrylamide/toxicity; $ratones; $mice.
rsum: en espagnol

La Spirulina platensis es una microalga verde-azul conocida por su alto valor nutritivo y considerada
como una de las fuentes naturales ms completas de protenas, vitaminas, minerales y otros
nutrientes. En el presente trabajo se analiza la potencialidad de esta alga en la prevencin y
tratamiento de las neuropatas sobre la base de sus principales constituyentes y de las diferentes
causas de estos trastornos. Se hace mencin a la neuropata epidmica ocurrida en Cuba y a la
hipotesis txico-nutricional como su causa ms probable. Varios constituyentes de la S. platensis
adems de desempear una funcin importante en el balance nutritivo, participan de manera especial
en el mantenimiento de la estructura y funcin normales del sistema nervioso. Sobre la base de estos
antecedentes se sugiere un posible efecto beneficioso del alga en trastornos neuropticos de diverso
origen.

[Spirulina platensis is a green-blue microalga with a high nutritional value and with pharmacological
properties of interest. 2 experiments were made. In one of them the lethality of DL_10 , DL_50 and
DL_90 of acrylamide in mice was determined. To this end, 1000 mg/kg of Spirulina were administered
by oral route 1 hour or 5 days before the administration of acrylamide. In the other experiment,
Spirulina was administered at doses of 500 mg/kg daily by oral route during 3 weeks previous to the
administration of
100 mg/kg of acrylamide by intraperitoneal route during 5 days. Litchfield and Wilcoxon's methods as
well as Fischer's Exact Probability were used with a p<0,05. In no case Spirulina prevented the
mortality produced by acrylamide even when it was well used at unique doses or repeatedly for a short
period of time. The previous result discarded an antagonism of pathological character and gave the
possibility to study the influence of this microalga on axonal neuropathy induced by the prolonged
administration of acrylamide.Spirulina platensis].

--------------------------------------------------------

710: Sanchez N, Bu M, Len N, Prez-Saad H.
Fundamentos de una posible accin beneficiosa de la Spirulina platensis en las neuropatas
perifricas.
Rev Cubana Plant Med 2002;7(3):146-150.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sanchez N 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $proteinas-algaceas/uso-terapeutico; $algas; $enfermedades-del-sistema-nervioso-
periferico/prevencion-&-control; $algal-proteins/therapeutic-use; $algae; $peripheral-nervous-system-
diseas/prevention-&-control.
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **spirulina, **nervous-system, **human.
rsum :

La Spirulina platensis es una microalga verde-azul conocida por su alto valor nutritivo y considerada
como una de las fuentes naturales ms completas de protenas, vitaminas, minerales y otros
nutrientes. En el presente trabajo se analiza la potencialidad de esta alga en la prevencin y
tratamiento de las neuropatas sobre la base de sus principales constituyentes y de las diferentes
causas de estos trastornos. Se hace mencin a la neuropata epidmica ocurrida en Cuba y a la
hipotesis txico-nutricional como su causa ms probable. Varios constituyentes de la S. platensis
adems de desempear una funcin importante en el balance nutritivo, participan de manera especial
en el mantenimiento de la estructura y funcin normales del sistema nervioso. Sobre la base de estos
antecedentes se sugiere un posible efecto beneficioso del alga en trastornos neuropticos de diverso
origen.

[Spirulina platensis is a green-blue microalga known by its high nutritional value and considered as
one of the most complete natural sources of proteins, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. The
present paper analyzes the potential of this alga in the prevention and treatment of neuropathies on
282
the basis of its main constituents and of the different causes of these disorders. Mention is made to
the epidemic neuropathy epidemics occurred in Cuba and to the toxic-nutritional hypothesis as the
probable cause of this outbreak. Various constituents of S.platensis play an important role in the
nutritional balance, and participate in a special way in the maintenance of normal structure and
functioning of the nervous system. Taking these antecedents as a basis, we suggest that this alga
may have a possible beneficial effect on neurophatic disorders of various origins].

--------------------------------------------------------

711: Sanchez-Luna LD, Bezerra RP, Matsudo MC, Sato S, Converti A, de Carvalho J C.
Influence of pH, temperature and urea molar flowrate on Arthrospira platensis fed-batch cultivation. A
kinetic and thermodynamic approach.
PMID: 16988991
pdf: Sanchez-Luna L 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis; $fed-batch-process; $urea; $pH; $temperature; $kinetics-
and-thermodynamics.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; O.
rsum:

Arthrospira platensis was cultivated photoautotrophically at 6.0 klux light intensity in 5.0-L open tanks,
using a mineral medium containing urea as nitrogen source. Fed-batch experiments were performed
at constant flowrate. A central composite factorial design combined to Response Surface Methodology
(RSM) was utilized to determine the relationship between the selected response variables (cell
concentration after 10 d, X(m), cell productivity, P(X), and nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor, Y(X/N))
and codified values of the independent variables (pH, temperature, T, and urea flowrate, K). By
applying the quadratic regression analysis, the equations describing the behaviors of these responses
as simultaneous functions of the selected independent variables were determined, and the conditions
for X(m) and P(X) optimization were estimated (pH 9.5, T =29 degrees C and K =0.551 mM d(-1)).
The experimental data obtained under these conditions (X(m) =749 mg L(-1); PX =69.9 mg L(-1) d(-
1)) were very close to the estimated ones (Xm =721 mg L(-1); PX =67.1 mg L(-1) d(-1)). Additional
cultivations were carried out under the above best conditions of pH control and urea flowrate at
variable temperature. Consistently with the results of RSM, the best growth temperature was 29
degrees C. The maximum specific growth rates at different temperatures were used to estimate the
thermodynamic parameters of growth ( DeltaH* =59.3 kJ mol(-1); DeltaS* =-0.147 kJ mol(-1) K(-1);
DeltaG* =103 kJ mol(-1)) and its thermal inactivation ( DeltaH(D) degrees =72.0 kJ mol(-1);
DeltaS(D) degrees =0.144 kJ mol(-1) K(-1); DeltaG(D) degrees =29.1 kJ mol(-1)).

------------------------------------------------------------

712: Sancho J , Peleato ML, Gomez-Moreno C, Edmondson DE.
Purification and properties of ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductase from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
Anabaena variabilis.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988 J an;260(1):200-7.
PMID: 3124746
pdf: Sancho J 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The isolation and characterization of ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase from Anabaena variabilis, a
nitrogen-fixing, filamentous cyanobacterium, is described. Purified enzyme was obtained in four steps
with a 55% yield and 300-fold purification utilizing chromatographic separations on DEAE-cellulose
and Cibacron Blue-Sepharose columns. The enzyme is quite similar but not identical to the spinach
enzyme as judged by isoelectric focusing, molecular weight determination, and amino acid
composition. N-terminal sequence analysis allowed identification of 28 of the first 33 residues.
Alignment with the corresponding sequences from spinach and Spirulina FNR preparations was
possible. A higher degree of homology was found with the Spirulina enzyme than with the spinach
enzyme. Small differences with the spinach enzyme were also shown by absorption and circular
dichroism spectral measurements. Oxidation-reduction potential measurements of the bound FAD
283
coenzyme show an Em =-320 mV at pH 7 for the two-electron process. Complex formation between
the reductase and ferredoxin from the same organism was observed by difference absorption
spectroscopy with a Kd =4 microM. Similar Kd and difference absorption properties were observed on
complex formation with spinach ferredoxin.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

713: Santillan C.
Mass production of Spirulina.
Experientia 38 (1982) 40-43.
PMID : pas
pdf: Santillan C 1982.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-Geitleri-J .-de-Toni, f.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

714: Sarada R, Pillai MG, Ravishankar GA.
Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp: influence of processing of biomass on phycocyanin yield, analysis of
efficacy of extraction methods and stability studies on phycocyanin.
Process Biochemistry 34, No 8 (1999) 795-801.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sarada R 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $Phycocyanin; $Stability; $Drying-methods; $Extraction-procedures.
rsum:

A number of drying methods studied for the processing of Spirulina (crossflow dried, spray dried and
oven dried) resulted in approximately 50% loss of phycocyanin. Therefore fresh biomass was suitable
for phycocyanin extraction. Of the extraction methods tested, freezing and thawing of cells,
homogenisation using a mortar and pestle in the presence of abrasive material and homogenisation
using a blender at 10'000 rpm yielded 19.4+/-0.4 mg phycocyanin per 100 mg dry weight of Spirulina
while water extraction was a slow process. Acid treatment also resulted in phycocyanin leaching.
Phycocyanin was stable over a pH range of 5-7.5 at 9+/-1 C, whereas temperature beyond 40 C lead
to instability. The pigment phycocyanobilin was separated from the phycocyanin.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

715: Sassano CE, Carvalho J C, Gioielli LA, Sato S, Torre P, Converti A.
Kinetics and bioenergetics of Spirulina platensis cultivation by fed-batch addition of urea as nitrogen
source.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2004 Mar;112(3):143-50.
PMID: 15007182
pdf: Sassano C 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $urea; $fed-batch-cultivation; $kinetics; $bioenergetics;
$microalgae-production.
rsum:

The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was cultivated in bench-scale miniponds on
bicarbonate/carbonate solutions using urea as nitrogen source. To minimize limitation and inhibition
phenomena, urea was supplied semicontinuously using exponentially increasing feeding rates. The
average growth rates obtained alternately varying the total mass of urea added per unit reactor
volume (275 <mT <725 mg/L) and the total feeding time (9 <tT <15 d) clearly evidenced nitrogen
limitation for mT<500 mg/L and excess nitrogen inhibition above this threshold. The time behavior of
the specific growth rate at variable urea feeding patterns allowed estimation of the time-dependent
Gibbs energy dissipation for cell growth under the actual depletion conditions of fed-batch cultivations.
Comparison of the yield of growth on Gibbs energy obtained using either urea or KNO3 pointed to the
284
preference of S. platensis for the former nitrogen source, likely owing to more favorable bioenergetic
conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

716: Satyanarayana L, Suresh CG, Patel A, Mishra S, Ghosh PK.
X-ray crystallographic studies on C-phycocyanins from cyanobacteria from different habitats: marine
and freshwater.
Acta Crystallographica F 61 (2005) 844-847.
PMID: 16511175
pdf: Satyanarayana L 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; photosynthse; C-phycocyanine.
rsum:

C-phycocyanins from three cyanobacterial cultures of freshwater and marine habitat, Spirulina,
Phormidium and Lyngbya spp., were purified to homogeneity and crystallized using the hanging-drop
vapour-diffusion method. Blue-coloured crystals in different crystal forms, monoclinic and hexagonal,
were obtained for the three species. The crystals took 1-12 weeks to grow to full size using
polyethylene glycols of different molecular weights as precipitants. The amino-acid sequences of
these proteins show high similarity to other known C-phycocyanins from related organisms; however,
the C-phycocyanins reported here showed different biochemical and biophysical properties, i.e.
molecular weight, stability etc. The X-ray diffraction data were collected at resolutions of 3.0 A for the
monoclinic and 3.2 and 3.6 A for the hexagonal forms. The unit-cell parameters corresponding to the
monoclinic space group P2(1) are a =107.33, b =115.64, c =183.26 A, beta =90.03 degrees for
Spirulina sp. C-phycocyanin and are similar for crystals of Phormidium and Lyngbya spp. C-
phycocyanins. Crystals belonging to the hexagonal space group P6(3), with unit-cell parameters a =b
=154.97, c =40.35 A and a =b =151.96, c =39.06 A, were also obtained for the C-phycocyanins
from Spirulina and Lyngbya spp., respectively. The estimated solvent content is around 50% for the
monoclinic crystals of all three species assuming the presence of two hexamers per asymmetric unit.
The solvent content is 66.5 and 64.1% for the hexagonal crystals of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina and
Lyngbya spp. assuming the presence of one alphabeta monomer per asymmetric unit.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

717: Sautier C, Tremolieres J .
Valeur alimentaire des algues spirulines chez lhomme.
[Food value of the spiruline algae to man].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):517-34.
PMID: 824995
pdf: Sautier C 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .

The acceptability of various culinary products based on the algae spirulina was tested by questionaire:
formulas rich in proteins, soups, omelets, desserts. Spirulina are little appreciated in France due to
offensive color, smell and taste. Tomato and chocolate are the most acceptable flavors. Lyophilisation
is preferable to atomisation, and discoloration using alcohol is preferable to the acetone method. The
hydrolysate obtained, having neither the smell nor the taste of algae, is excellent. Nitrogen, sodium
and potassium balances were recorded in 5 undernourished subjects fed via a gastric tube. The
spirulina provided respectively 15 p. 100 (1 subject), 30 p. 100 (2 subjects), and 50 p. 100 (2 subjects)
of the protein ration. There were no intestinal problems. The spirulina did not modify the investigated
balances. However, faecal nitrogen increased to 2.08 g (compared to control period values, 1.33 g
and 1.51 g). The various coefficients: digestibility, nitrogen retention and protein utilization did not
vary. In man as in animals, nitrogen retention is satisfactory, but digestibility is diminished. Uric acid
did not vary in the urine, but serum values increased slightly. Ingestion of spirulina in small doses even
over a long period should be tolerable in the normal subject.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
285

718: Savvaidis I.
Recovery of gold from thiourea solutions using microorganisms.
Biometals. 1998 Apr;11(2):145-51.
PMID: 9542067
pdf: Savvaidis I 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $biosorption; $gold-bioleaching; $metals-bioremediation; $thiourea.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biosorption.
rsum:

The recovery of gold from gold-thiourea solutions using various types of waste biomass was
investigated. All organisms tested, namely, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Spirulina platensis and
Streptomyces erythraeus removed gold rapidly from gold-thiourea solutions. The process of gold
accumulation was pH-dependent for Saccharomyces ceresvisiae and Streptomyces erythraeus and
independent of pH in the case of Spirulina platensis. Of all strains of microorganisms examined,
Spirulina platensis had the highest affinity and capacity for gold even at low pH values. Thus, all three
microorganisms tested for their ability to recover gold from gold-thiourea solutions can therefore be
used in biotechnological applications, especially Spirulina platensis which has the highest binding
capacity for gold at low pH values.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

719: Sawaya MR, Krogmann DW, Serag A, Ho KK, Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA.
Structures of cytochrome c-549 and cytochrome c6 from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima.
Biochemistry. 2001 Aug 7;40(31):9215-25.
PMID: 11478889
pdf: Sawaya M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

Cytochrome c(6) and cytochrome c-549 are small (89 and 130 amino acids, respectively) monoheme
cytochromes that function in photosynthesis. They appear to have descended relatively recently from
the same ancestral gene but have diverged to carry out very different functional roles, underscored by
the large difference between their midpoint potentials of nearly 600 mV. We have determined the X-
ray crystal structures of both proteins isolated from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima. The two
structures are remarkably similar, superimposing on backbone atoms with an rmsd of 0.7 A.
Comparison of the two structures suggests that differences in solvent exposure of the heme and the
electrostatic environment of the heme propionates, as well as in heme iron ligation, are the main
determinants of midpoint potential in the two proteins. In addition, the crystal packing of both A.
maxima cytochrome c-549 and cytochrome c(6) suggests that the proteins oligomerize. Finally, the
cytochrome c-549 dimer we observe can be readily fit into the recently described model of
cyanobacterial photosystem II.


--------------------------------------------

720: Saxena PK, Ahmad MR, Shyam R, Misra PS.
Chemical composition of sewage-grown Spirulina platensis.
Experientia 38 (1982) 1438.
PMID: pas
pdf: Saxena P 1982.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum :

Spirulina platensis has been grown in an outdoor pilot production unit, with an exposed surface area of
450 m^2, on a medium consisting of raw domestic sewage supplemented with sodium bicarbonate
and nitrate or urea fertilizer. The chemical composition and yield of the biomass grown on sewage-
286
nitrate was comparable to that grown on synthetic medium. The protein content was much lower in the
alga cultivated in sewage-urea medium.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

721: Saxena PS, Kumar M.
Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on testicular phosphatases in Swiss albino mice against
mercury intoxication.
PMID: 15511004
pdf: Saxena P 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Administration of mercuric chloride (HgCl2; 5.0 mg/kg body weight) to male Swiss albino-mice resulted
in significantly higher levels of testicular acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
activities as compared to control. In combination group where S. fusiformis (800 mg/kg body weight)
was given before and after HgCl2 treatment, the mercury induced toxicity reduced in terms of
decreased levels of ACP and ALP activities in the testis. The animal treated with only Spirulina did not
show any alteration in ACP and ALP values. It is suggested that oral administration of Spirulina can
modulate mercury induced testicular toxicity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

722: Scheldeman P, Baurain D, Bouhy R, Scott M, Muhling M, Whitton BA, Belay A, Wilmotte A.
Arthrospira ('Spirulina') strains from four continents are resolved into only two clusters, based on
amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis of the internally transcribed spacer.
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 Mar 15;172(2):213-22.
PMID: 10188250
pdf: Scheldeman P 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $rRNA; $Internally-transcribed-spacer; $Arthrospira; $Spirulina; $Genotype;
$Taxonomy
Index Terms: genotype; phylogeny; cyanobacterium; bacterium identification; ribosome DNA.
mots-cls Antenna: , platensis, B..
rsum:

We present the results of a phylogenetic study, based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis
of the rDNA operon, of 37 Arthrospira ('Spirulina') cultivated clonal strains from four continents. In
addition, duplicates from different culture collections or markedly different morphotypes of particular
strains established as clonal cultures were treated as separate entries, resulting in a total of 51 tested
cultures. The strain Spirulina laxissima SAG 256.80 was included as outgroup. The 16S rRNA genes
appeared too conserved for discrimination of the strains by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction
analysis, and thus the internally transcribed spacer was selected as molecular taxonomic marker. The
internally transcribed spacer sequences situated between the 16S and the 23S rRNA were amplified
by polymerase chain reaction and yielded amplicons of about 540 bp. Direct use of cells for
polymerase chain reaction seemed to inhibit the amplification reaction. This was overcome by the
design of a crude lysis protocol and addition of bovine serum albumin in the polymerase chain reaction
mix. The amplicons were digested with four restriction enzymes (EcoRV, Hhal, Hinfl, Msel) and the
banding patterns obtained were analyzed. Cluster analysis showed the separation of all the strains
into two main clusters. No clear relationships could be observed between this division into two clusters
and the geographic origin of the strains, or their designation in the culture collections, or their
morphology.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

723: Schlodder E, Cetin M, Byrdin M, Terekhova IV, Karapetyan NV.
P700+- and 3P700-induced quenching of the fluorescence at 760 nm in trimeric Photosystem I
complexes from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 J an 7;1706(1-2):53-67.
287
PMID: 15620365
pdf: Schlodder E 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Photosystem-I; $P700; $Energy-transfer; $Fluorescence-quenching; $Transient-
absorbance-spectroscopy; $Long-wavelength-antenna-chlorophyll; $Arthrospira-platensis.
rsum:

The 5 K absorption spectrum of Photosystem I (PS I) trimers from Arthrospira platensis (old name:
Spirulina platensis) exhibits long-wavelength antenna (exciton) states absorbing at 707 nm (called
C707) and at 740 nm (called C740). The lowest energy state (C740) fluoresces around 760 nm (F760)
at low temperature. The analysis of the spectral properties (peak position and line width) of the lowest
energy transition (C740) as a function of temperature within the linear electron-phonon approximation
indicates a large optical reorganization energy of approximately 110 cm(-1) and a broad
inhomogeneous site distribution characterized by a line width of approximately 115 cm(-1). Linear
dichroism (LD) measurements indicate that the transition dipole moment of the red-most state is
virtually parallel to the membrane plane. The relative fluorescence yield at 760 nm of PS I with P700
oxidized increases only slightly when the temperature is lowered to 77 K, whereas in the presence of
reduced P700 the fluorescence yield increases nearly 40-fold at 77 K as compared to that at room
temperature (RT). A fluorescence induction effect could not be resolved at RT. At 77 K the
fluorescence yield of PS I trimers frozen in the dark in the presence of sodium ascorbate decreases
during illumination by about a factor of 5 due to the irreversible formation of (P700+)F(A/B-) in about
60% of the centers and the reversible accumulation of the longer-lived state (P700+)FX-. The
quenching efficiency of different functionally relevant intermediate states of the photochemistry in PS I
has been studied. The redox state of the acceptors beyond A(0) does not affect F760. Direct kinetic
evidence is presented that the fluorescence at 760 nm is strongly quenched not only by P700+but
also by 3P700. Similar kinetics were observed for flash-induced absorbance changes attributed to the
decay of 3P700 or P700+, respectively, and flash-induced fluorescence changes at 760 nm measured
under identical conditions. A nonlinear relationship between the variable fluorescence around 760 nm
and the [P700red]/[P700total] ratio was derived from titration curves of the absorbance change at 826
nm and the variable fluorescence at 760 nm as a function of the redox potential imposed on the
sample solution at room temperature before freezing. The result indicates that the energy exchange
between the antennae of different monomers within a PS I trimer stimulates quenching of F760 by
P700+.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

724: Schmidt RA, Wiebe MG, Eriksen NT.
Heterotrophic high cell-density fed-batch cultures of the phycocyanin-producing red alga Galdieria
sulphuraria.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005 Apr 5;90(1):77-84.
PMID: 15723314
pdf: Schmidt R 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $batch-culture, $fed-batch-culture, $high-cell-density, $phycocyanin.
rsum:

Growth and phycocyanin production in batch and fed-batch cultures of the microalga Galdieria
sulphuraria 074G, which was grown heterotrophically in darkness on glucose, fructose, sucrose, and
sugar beet molasses, was investigated. In batch cultures, specific growth rates and yields of biomass
dry weight on the pure sugars were 1.08-1.15 day-1 and 0.48-0.50 g g-1, respectively. They were
slightly higher when molasses was the carbon source. Cellular phycocyanin contents during the
exponential growth phase were 3-4 mg g-1 in dry weight. G. sulphuraria was able to tolerate
concentrations of glucose and fructose of up to 166 g L-1 (0.9 M) and an ammonium sulfate
concentration of 22 g L-1 (0.17 M) without negative effects on the specific growth rate. When the total
concentration of dissolved substances in the growth medium exceeded 1-2 M, growth was completely
inhibited. In carbon-limited fed-batch cultures, biomass dry weight concentrations of 80-120 g L-1 were
obtained while phycocyanin accumulated to concentrations between 250 and 400 mg L-1. These
results demonstrate that G. sulphuraria is well suited for growth in heterotrophic cultures at very high
cell densities, and that such cultures produce significant amounts of phycocyanin. Furthermore, the
288
productivity of phycocyanin in the heterotrophic fed-batch cultures of G. sulphuraria was higher than is
attained in outdoor cultures of Spirulina platensis, where phycocyanin is presently obtained.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

725: Schwartz J , Shklar G, Reid S, Trickler D.
Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae.
Nutr Cancer 1988;11:127-34.
PMID: 3129701
pdf: Schwartz J 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; spirulina-dunaliella.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

726: Schwartz J , Shklar G.
Regression of experimental hamster cancer by beta carotene and algae extracts.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;45:510-5. PAS
PMID: 3108474
pdf: Schwartz J 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

727: Sebastian T.
Production de spiruline en Inde.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sebastian T 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

728: Seshadri CV, Thomas S.
Mass culture of spirulina using low-cost nutrients
J Biotechnology Lett. 1 No 7 (1979) 287-291.
PMID: pas
pdf: Seshadri C 1979.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Two species of Spirulina were cultivated in outdoor ponds using low-cost substitutes for some of the
recommended nutrients. In particular, bone-meal and biogas effluent were found to be very effective
for the growth of these species.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

729: Shakhovskaia AK, Gmoshinskii IV, Shirina LI, Mazo VK.
[Selenium sufficiency in patients with malabsorption syndrome and its optimization with selenium
enriched food supplements].
Vopr Pitan. 2003;72(6):32-5.
PMID: 14870587
pdf: Shakhovskaia A 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
289
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

730: Sharafetdinov KhKh, Meshcheriakova VA, Plotnikova OA, Mazo VK, Gmoshinskii IV, Nechaeva
SV.
[Effect of food diet supplements with chromium on the clinical and metabolic parameters in type 2
diabetic patients].
Vopr Pitan. 2004;73(5):17-20.
PMID : 15754482
pdf: Sharafetdinov K 2004a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

731: Sharafetdinov KhKh, Meshcheriakov VA, Plotnikova OA, Mazo VK, Gmoshinskii IV, Aleshko-
Ozhevskii IuP, Sheviakova LV, Makhova NN.
[Effect of a zinc-enriched diet on the clinical and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic patients].
Vopr Pitan. 2004;73(4):17-20.
PMID: 15460984
pdf: Sharafetdinov K 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

732: Sharma RM, Panigrahi S, Azeez PA.
Effect of cobalt on the primary productivity of Spirulina platensis.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1987 Oct;39(4):716-20.
PMID: 3120829
pdf: Sharma R 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

733: Sharma S, Sharma S, Sharma KP.
Protective role of Spirulina feed in a freshwater fish (Poecilia reticulata Peters) exposed to an azo dye-
methyl red.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2005 Dec;43(12):1165-9.
PMID: 16359129
pdf: Sharma S 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; culture-en-milieu-ouvert; toxicity.
rsum:

Acute toxicity of an azo dye-methyl red (5-40 ppm) was examined under starving conditions, on two
groups of Poecilia reticulata--a freshwater fish, fed on different diets prior to their exposure to dye.
Besides natural feed, fish of group-1 also received Spirulina feed for one month (feed population),
whereas those of group-2 received only natural feed (non-feed population). The mortality data
revealed non-feed population to be more tolerant to feed stress during acute toxicity study, whereas
feed population exhibited better tolerance to the combined stress of both feed and methyl red;
especially at higher concentrations of the latter. RBCs in methyl red treatments acquired different
shapes (poikilocytosis) and an increase in their size (anisocytosis) was also noticed. Percentage of
such abnormal RBCs was almost equal in both feed and non-feed populations, except at a lower
290
concentration (5 ppm), at which percentage of poikilocytic RBCs was lesser in the feed population.
RBC counts in the control non-feed fish (34.5 x 10(4)/mm3) were significantly lower than control feed
population (50.0 x 10(4) /mm3). Their number decreased with an increase in methyl red
concentrations in non-feed population (9-26%), but percent reduction in RBC counts was almost
similar (20-26%) at various concentrations of methyl red (5-30 ppm) in the feed population. Despite
reduction in RBC counts, feed population did not suffer from anemia in methyl red treatments, as
evident by their RBC counts which were almost equal to control fish of non-feed population. The
results suggest that Spirulina feed improves tolerance of test organism towards methyl red manifested
by noticeable reduction in the cytotoxic effects on RBCs and a lower mortality rate at higher
concentrations of dye.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

734: Shastri D, Kumar M, Kumar A.
Modulation of lead toxicity by Spirulina fusiformis.
Phytother Res. 1999 May;13(3):258-60.
PMID: 10353175
pdf: Shastri D 1999.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The modulatory effects of lead toxicity by Spirulina fusiformis (Oscillatoreaceae) were observed on the
testes of Swiss albino mice at a dose of 800 mg/kg body weight. The Spirulina fusiformis was non-
toxic at the dose given. A significant enhancement in the survival time was observed in the pre- and
post-treated Spirulina group compared with the control (lead treated) group. Lead induced toxicity was
also reduced in terms of testes weight, animal weight, tubular diameter in the pre Spirulina treated
group. The modulatory effects of Spirulina may be attributed to the presence of the antioxidants, beta-
carotene and SOD enzyme.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

735: Shatilov VR, Sof'in AV, Zabrodina TM, Mutuskin AA, Pshenova KV, Kretovich VL.
[Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Chlorella].
Biokhimiia. 1978 Aug;43(8):1492-5.
PMID: 737232
pdf: Shatilov V 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

736: Shergill J K, Cammack R.
ESEEM studies of the iron-sulphur clusters of succinate dehydrogenase in Arum maculatum spadix
mitochondrial membranes.
Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergeics 1185, No 1 (1994) 43-9.
PMID: 8142414
pdf: Shergill J 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Mitochondrion; $Complex-II; $Succinate-dehydrogenase; $Ferredoxin-Fumarate-
reductase; $EPR, $pulsed; $ESEEM; $(Plant); $(S platensis).
proteins.
rsum:

We have performed ESEEM spectroscopy in order to obtain structural information about the
environment of the [2Fe-2S] cluster and the [3Fe-4S] cluster of succinate dehydrogenase (Centres 1
and 3, respectively) in intact Arum maculatum mitochondrial membranes. Both iron-sulphur clusters
showed modulations indicative of 14N in the three-pulse echo decay envelopes. We have estimated
the hyperfine couplings for the reduced [2Fe-2S] cluster (A approximately 1.1 MHz) and the oxidised
291
[3Fe-4S] cluster (A approximately 0.8 MHz). Our results are compared with ESEEM data obtained for
purified [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing proteins, namely Spirulina platensis ferredoxin, a protein for which
the three-dimensional structure is known, and Escherichia coli fumarate reductase. The hyperfine and
quadrupolar coupling parameters determined are consistent with a weak interaction of Centre 1 and
Centre 3 with peptide 14N, rather than 14N of imidazole rings.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

737: Shih SR, Tsai KN, Li YS, Chueh CC, Chan EC.
Inhibition of enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis by allophycocyanin isolated from a blue-green alga
J Med Virol. 2003 May;70(1):119-25.
PMID: 12629652
pdf: Shih S 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $cytopathic-effect, $antiviral-activity, $phycobiliprotein, $cell-cycle.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **antiviral, **IV.
rsum:

Enterovirus 71 infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in children, yet there is no effective
treatment. In this study, a protein-bound pigment, allophycocyanin purified from blue-green algae is
first reported to exhibit anti-enterovirus 71 activity. Allophycocyanin neutralized the enterovirus 71-
induced cytopathic effect in both human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and African green monkey kidney
cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration of allophycocyanin for neutralizing the enterovirus 71-induced
cytopathic effect was approximately 0.045 +/- 0.012 microM in green monkey kidney cells. The
cytotoxic concentrations of allophycocyanin for rhabdomyosarcoma cells and African green monkey
kidney cells were 1.653 +/- 0.003 microM and 1.521 +/- 0.012 microM, respectively. A plaque
reduction assay showed that the concentrations of allophycocyanin for reducing plaque formation by
50% were approximately 0.056 +/- 0.007 microM and 0.101 +/- 0.032 microM, when allophycocyanin
were added at the state of viral adsorption and post-adsorption, respectively. Antiviral activity was
more efficient in cultures treated with allophycocyanin before viral infection compared with that in the
cultures treated after infection. Allophycocyanin was also able to delay viral RNA synthesis in the
infected cells and to abate the apoptotic process in enterovirus 71-infected rhabdomyosarcoma cells
with evidence of characteristic DNA fragmentation, decreasing membrane damage and declining cell
sub-G1 phase. It is concluded that allophycocyanin possesses antiviral activity and has a potential for
development as an anti-enterovirus 71 agent.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

738: Shinohara K, Kong ZL, Nagamine K, Shiraishi M, Murakami H.
A novel human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6KK) with rapid growth in serum-free medium without
extracellular matrix.
Agric Biol Chem. 1990 Oct;54(10):2599-603.
PMID: 1369296
pdf: Shinohara K 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa.
rsum:

A novel human hepatoblastoma cell line (HuH-6KK) with a high growth rate in a serum-free medium
without extracellular matrix was developed from an original one, HuH-6 c15 (HuH). The original HuH
cells (38 passages) did not proliferate well in RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% fetal calf serum
(FCS). The HuH cells (HuH-6KK) with a high growth rate were selected by culturing them in an
enriched RDF containing 20% FCS and 0.01% mucous polysaccharide (spirulinan) isolated from a
blue-green alga, Spirulina subsalsa. The HuH-6KK cells showed a rapid growth in serum-free eRDF
medium containing insulin, transferrin, ethanolamine, and selenite (eRDF-ITES medium) without
fibronectin. The proliferation of the original HuH cells was also observed in the eRDF-ITES medium,
but the growth was slow compared with the HuH-6KK cells. In the medium without ITES, the growth of
the HuH-6KK and original HuH cells was slow. Among the ITES ingredients, insulin promoted the
growth of HuH-6KK cells the most.
292

--------------------------------------------------------------------

739: Shiotani A, Saeed A, Yamaoka Y, Osato MS, Klein PD, Graham DY.
Citric acid-enhanced Helicobacter pylori urease activity in vivo is unrelated to gastric emptying.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Nov;15(11):1763-7.
PMID: 11683690
pdf: Shiotani A 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, the use of a citric acid test meal produced a rapid dose-
dependent increase in urease activity that was significantly greater than that resulting from a pudding
meal, ascorbic acid or sodium citrate. The mechanism was hypothesized to be related to the ability of
citric acid to delay gastric emptying and possibly to enhance intragastric distribution of the urea.
OBJ ECTIVE: To compare the effects of sodium citrate, two doses of citric acid and a pudding meal on
gastric motor function.
METHOD: Eleven normal healthy volunteers were investigated using non-invasive techniques to
measure gastric emptying and gastric motility. We evaluated gastric emptying using the Meretek
13Ceebiscuit solid phase gastric emptying breath test, which employs a 340-calorie biscuit containing
200 mg of the edible 13C-blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, after the administration of test meals of
pudding, 2 g and 4 g of citric acid and 2 g of sodium citrate. Electrogastrograms (Digitrapper EGG)
were also recorded for 30 min before and 180 min after the test meal.
RESULTS: Gastric emptying, as assessed by the half-time (T1/2), was delayed similarly with the
pudding (136.8 +/- 9 min) and with 4 g of citric acid (144.5 +/- 7 min) (P >0.7). Sodium citrate (108.7
+/- 6 min) and 2 g of citric acid (110.1 +/- 6 min) had similar effects on gastric emptying (P=0.986), and
were significantly less effective in delaying gastric emptying (P <0.01) compared to pudding or 4 g of
citric acid. The electrogastrograms remained normal and there were no differences among meals and
no relation with the gastric emptying results.
CONCLUSIONS: The increased intragastric urea hydrolysis associated with citric acid test meals
cannot be attributed to delayed gastric emptying. Changes in the intragastric distribution of urea or a
direct effect of citric acid on the bacteria (e.g. via the cytoplasmic protein, UreI) are more likely to be
responsible.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

740: Shklar G, Schwartz J .
Tumor necrosis factor in experimental cancer regression with alphatocopherol, beta-carotene,
canthaxanthin and algae extract.
Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 May;24(5):839-50.
PMID: 3139418
pdf: Shklar G 1988.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Regression of established hamster buccal pouch carcinoma has recently been demonstrated in
association with an induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages. Regression of hamster
buccal pouch tumors has also been demonstrated following the local injection of alphatocopherol,
canthaxanthin and an extract of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae. The current study demonstrates that
cancer regression is also accompanied by a significant induction of tumor necrosis factor in
macrophages in the tumor area, suggesting a possible mechanism of tumor destruction. One hundred
and forty young, male adult hamsters were divided into seven equal groups of 20 animals. Epidermoid
carcinomas were induced in right buccal pouches by 14 weeks of painting, three times per week, of a
0.5% solution of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Groups 1 and 2 were untreated and sham injected
controls. Groups 3-7 had injected twice weekly into the right buccal pouches 0.1 ml (1.9 mg/ml of 13-
cis-retinoic acid, canthaxanthin, algae extract, beta-carotene and alphatocopherol. After 4 weeks the
tumors in groups 3-7 demonstrated varying degrees of regression and the animals were sacrificed and
the right buccal pouches excised. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was demonstrated by
293
immunohistochemical techniques. A very significant increase in TNF-alpha positive macrophages was
found in the tumor-bearing pouches of animals in groups 5-7. Smaller numbers of TNF-alpha-positive
macrophages were found in group 4 pouches and a very slight increase in group 3 pouches.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

741: Shubin VV, Tsuprun VL, Bezsmertnaya IN, Karapetyan NV.
Trimeric forms of the photosystem I reaction center complex pre-exist in the membranes of the
FEBS Lett. 1993 Nov 8;334(1):79-82.
PMID: 8224233
pdf: Shubin V 1993.pdf
mots-cls article: $Pigmentprotein-complex-of-photosystem-I; $Trimer; $Electron-microscopy;
$Cyanobacteria; $Chlorophyll; $Circular-dichroism.
rsum:

Oligomeric and monomeric forms of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) have been
isolated from the mesophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina [(1992) FEBS Lett. 309, 340-342]. Electron
microscopic analysis of the complexes showed that the oligomeric form is a trimer of the shape and
dimensions similar to those of the trimer from thermophilic cyanobacteria. The chlorophyl ratio in the
isolated trimer and monomer was found to be 7:3. The trimeric form of PSI complex in contrast to the
monomeric one contains the chlorophyll emitting at 760 nm (77K), which is also found in Spirulina
membranes and therefore could be used as an intrinsic probe for the trimeric complex. The 77K
circular dichroism spectrum of the trimeric form is much more similar to that of Spirulina membranes
than the spectrum of the monomer. Thus, the trimeric PSI complexes exist and dominate in the
Spirulina membranes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

742: Shubin VV, Bezsmertnaya IN, Karapetyan NV.
Isolation from Spirulina membranes of two photosystem I-type complexes, one of which contains
chlorophyll responsible for the 77 K fluorescence band at 760 nm.
FEBS Lett. 1992 Sep 14;309(3):340-2.
PMID: 1516708
pdf: Shubin V 1992.pdf
mots-cls article: $Pigment-protein-complex-of-photosystem I; $P700; $Photosystem-I-variable-
fluorescence; $Cyanobacteria.
rsum:

Two types of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSIa, PSIc) have been isolated from the
membranes of Spirulina platensis using a Triton X-100 treatment and chromatography on DEAE-
Toyopearl. The complexes are equally enriched with P700 (Chl: P700 =100-110) but show different
electrophoretic molecular masses--140 (PSIa) and 320 kDa (PSIc)--and differ in the content of long-
wavelength absorbing Chl. PSIa has a typical PSI fluorescence band at 730 nm (F730) as the main
band at 77 K, whereas PSIc is responsible for F760, the intensity of which depends on the redox state
of P700. PSIc only shows 77 K light-induced variable fluorescence at 760 typical of Spirulina
membranes and cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

743: Silva LA, et al.
Purification of Spirulina platensis phycocyanin.
PMID: pas
pdf: Silva L 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:
294

----------------------------------------------------------

744: Silva LB, Santos SS, Azevedo CR, Cruz MA, Venancio TM, Cavalcante CP, Uchoa AF, Astolfi
Filho S, Oliveira AE, Fernandes KV, Xavier-Filho J .
The leaves of green plants as well as a cyanobacterium, a red alga, and fungi contain insulin-like
antigens.
Braz J Med Biol Res. 2002 Mar;35(3):297-303.
PMID: 11887207
pdf: Silva L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Insulin, $Insulin-like, $Antigens, $Evolution, $Plants, $Cyanobacteria, $Algae,
$Fungi.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; fundamental-biology.
rsum:

We report the detection of insulin-like antigens in a large range of species utilizing a modified ELISA
plate assay and Western blotting. We tested the leaves or aerial parts of species of Rhodophyta (red
alga), Bryophyta (mosses), Psilophyta (whisk ferns), Lycopodophyta (club mosses), Sphenopsida
(horsetails), gymnosperms, and angiosperms, including monocots and dicots. We also studied species
of fungi and a cyanobacterium, Spirulina maxima. The wide distribution of insulin-like antigens, which
in some cases present the same electrophoretic mobility as bovine insulin, together with results
recently published by us on the amino acid sequence of an insulin isolated from the seed coat of jack
bean (Canavalia ensiformis) and from the developing fruits of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), suggests
that pathways depending on this hormone have been conserved through evolution.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

745: Silveira ST, Burkert J F, Costa J A, Burkert CA, Kalil SJ .
Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis using factorial design.
PMID: 16962771
pdf: Silveira S 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $Extraction; $Optimization; $Phycocyanin; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

Phycocyanin extraction from cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis was optimized using factorial design
and response surface techniques. The effects of temperature and biomass-solvent ratio on
phycocyanin concentration and extract purity were evaluated to determine the optimum conditions for
phycocyanin extraction. The optimum conditions for the extraction of phycocyanin from S. platensis
were the highest biomass-solvent ratio, 0.08gmL(-1), and 25 degrees C. Under these conditions it's
possible to obtain an extract of phycocyanin with a concentration of 3.68mgmL(-1) and purity ratio
(A(615)/A(280)) of 0.46.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

746: Silveira ST, Silva LA, Burkert CAV, Burkert J FM, Costa J AV, Kalil SJ .
Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Silveira S 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

747: Simo C, Herrero M, Neususs C, Pelzing M, Kenndler E, Barbas C, Ibanez E, Cifuentes A.
Characterization of proteins from Spirulina platensis microalga using capillary electrophoresis-ion trap-
mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-time of flight-mass spectrometry.
295
Electrophoresis. 2005 J un;26(13):2674-83.
PMID: 15929060
pdf: Simo C 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Capillary-electrophoresis; $Electrospray; $Food-analysis; $Intact-proteins; $Mass-
spectrometry; $Microalgae.
rsum:

In this work, a new capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) procedure is developed to
analyze proteins in Spirulina platensis microalgae. It is demonstrated that a fine optimization of several
separation parameters is essential in order to achieve suitable CE-MS analysis of these proteins in
natural extracts from microalgae. Namely, optimization of the composition of the separation buffer,
electrospray conditions, and washing routine between runs are required in order to obtain reliable and
reproducible CE-MS analyses of the main proteins found in this microalga (namely, allophycocyanin-
alpha chain, allophycocyanin-beta, c-phycocyanin-alpha, and c-phycocyanin-beta). The relative
molecular mass of these biopolymers is determined using two different MS instruments coupled to CE,
i.e., CE-ion trap-MS and CE-time of flight-MS (CE-TOF-MS). A comparison between the results
obtained with both instruments is carried out. The high resolution of the TOF-MS enables the
distinction of small modifications in proteins and, thus, a more accurate mass determination.
Interestingly, molecular mass values obtained by both CE-MS procedures agree very well while these
experimental values are only in partial agreement with those theoretically expected (i.e., genetically
derived masses). Some protein modifications due to amino acids exchange induced by nucleotide
codon mutations are proposed to explain this difference.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

748: Simopoulos AP.
Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds.
Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr 11 (S6) (2002) S163S173.
PMID: pas
pdf: Simopoulos A 2002a.pdf
mots-cls article: $docosahexaenoic-acid, $eicosapentaenoic-acid, $metabolism-of-omega-6-and-
omega-3-fatty-acids, $ratio-of-omega-6:omega-3-fatty-acids, $secondary-prevention-of-coronary-
heart-disease-sources-of-alpha-linolenic-acid.
rsum:

Human beings evolved consuming a diet that contained approximately equal amounts of omega-6 and
omega-3 essential fatty acids. Over the past 100150 years there has been an enormous increase in
the consumption of omega-6 fatty acids due to the increased intake of vegetable oils from seeds of
corn, sunflower, safflower, cotton and soybeans. Today, in Western diets, the ratio of omega-6 to
omega-3 fatty acids ranges from 10 to 20:1 instead of the traditional range of 12:1. Studies indicate
that a high intake of omega-6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and
proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and
decreases in bleeding time, whereas omega-3 fatty acids have anti- inflammatory, antithrombotic, anti-
arrhythmic, hypolipidemic, and vasodilatory properties. These beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids
have been shown in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and hypertension, as for
example, in the Lyon Heart Study, the GISSI Prevenzione Trial, and in the The Dietary Approaches to
Stop Hypertension Study. Most of the studies have been carried out with fish oils (eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)). However, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), found in green
leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the body to EPA and
DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases. The
present paper identifies multiple sources of ALA from plants, legumes, nuts and seeds and
emphasizes the importance of the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids for proper desaturation and
elongation of ALA into EPA and DHA. alpha-linolenic acid is not equivalent in its biological effects to
the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in marine oils. Eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA are more
rapidly incorporated into plasma and membrane lipids and produce more rapid effects than does ALA.
Relatively large reserves of linoleic acid in body fat, as are found in vegans or in the diet of omnivores
in Western societies, would tend to slow down the formation of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from
ALA. Therefore, the role of ALA in human nutrition becomes important in terms of long-term dietary
296
intake. One advantage of the consumption of ALA over omega-3 fatty acids from fish is that the
problem of insufficient vitamin E intake does not exist with high intake of ALA from plant sources.

--------------------------------------------------------

749: Simpore J , Kabore F, Zongo F, Dansou D, Bere A, Pignatelli S, Biondi DM, Ruberto G,
Musumeci S.
Nutrition rehabilitation of undernourished children utilizing Spiruline and Misola.
Nutr J . 2006 J an 23;5:3.
PMID: 16430775
pdf: Simpore J 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition constitutes a public health problem throughout the world and particularly
in developing countries.
AIMS : The objective of the study is to assess the impact of an elementary integrator composed of
Spiruline (Spirulina platensis) and Misola (millet, soja, peanut) produced at the Centre Medical St
Camille (CMSC) of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on the nutritional status of undernourished children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: 550 undernourished children of less than 5 years old were enrolled in
this study, 455 showed severe marasma, 57 marasma of medium severity and 38 kwashiorkor plus
marasma. We divided the children randomly into four groups: 170 were given Misola (731 +/- 7
kcal/day), 170 were given Spiruline plus traditional meals (748 +/- 6 kcal/day), 170 were given
Spiruline plus Misola (767 +/- 5 kcal/day). Forty children received only traditional meals (722 +/- 8
kcal/day) and functioned as the control group. The duration of this study was eight weeks.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Anthropometrics and haematological parameters allowed us to
appreciate both the nutritional and biological evolution of these children. The rehabilitation with
Spiruline plus Misola (this association gave an energy intake of 767 +/- 5 kcal/day with a protein
assumption of 33.3 +/- 1.2 g a day), both greater than Misola or Spiruline alone, seems to correct
weight loss more quickly.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Misola, Spiruline plus traditional meals or Spiruline plus
Misola are all a good food supplement for undernourished children, but the rehabilitation by Spiruline
plus Misola seems synergically favour the nutrition rehabilitation better than the simple addition of
protein and energy intake.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

750: Simpore J , Zongo F, Kabore F, Dansou D, Bere A, Nikiema J B, Pignatelli S, Biondi DM, Ruberto
G, Musumeci S.
Nutrition rehabilitation of HIV-infected and HIV-negative undernourished children utilizing spirulina.
Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Nov-Dec;49(6):373-80.
PMID: 16219988
pdf: Simpore J 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Malnutrition, $Rehabilitation, $Spirulina (Spirulina-platensis), $HIV-infected-
children, $HIV-negative-children, $Burkina-Faso.
rsum:

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of an alimentary integrator composed of spirulina
(Spirulina platensis; SP), produced at the Centre Medical St Camille of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
on the nutritional status of undernourished HIV-infected and HIV-negative children. We compared two
groups of children: 84 were HIV-infected and 86 were HIV-negative. The duration of the study was 8
weeks. Anthropometric and haematological parameters allowed us to appreciate both the nutritional
and biological effect of SP supplement to traditional meals. Rehabilitation with SP shows on average a
weight gain of 15 and 25 g/day in HIV-infected and HIV-negative children, respectively. The level of
anaemia decreased during the study in all children, but recuperation was less efficient among HIV-
infected children. In fact 81.8% of HIV-negative undernourished children recuperated as opposed to
63.6% of HIV-infected children (Z: 1.70 (95% CI -0.366, -0.002, p =0.088)). Our results confirm that
SP is a good food supplement for undernourished children. In particular, rehabilitation with SP also
297
seems to correct anaemia and weight loss in HIV-infected children, and even more quickly in HIV-
negative undernourished children.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

751: Singh DP, Singh N.
Calcium and phosphate regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis
under the high light stress.
Curr Microbiol. 2000 Nov;41(5):368-73.
PMID: 11014876
pdf: Singh D 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

High light stress (40 W/m(2))-induced alterations in the nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in Spirulina
platensis were studied under the Ca(2+) and phosphate (Pi)-supplemented as well as starved
conditions. Results revealed that activities of nitrate reductase (NR), amino acid transferases
(AST/GOT and ALT/GPT), and protease enzymes in the high-light-incubated cells were relatively
higher under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions. On the contrary, relative rates of glutamine
synthetase (GS) and ATPase activities were lower in the Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved cells. But the
Spirulina cells under the Ca(2+)- and Pi-added conditions showed enhanced activity of both GS and
ATPase enzymes. During the high-light stress, a decline in the GS activity, particularly under the
Ca(2+)- and Pi-starved conditions, was indicative of a nitrogen starvation-like condition. This could be
one of the reasons for induction of the NR and protease enzymes. A higher rate of GS activity was
recorded under both the Ca(2+)- and Pi-supplemented conditions, perhaps owing to the enhanced
rate of ATPase activity in such conditions. But a declining pattern of both NR and protease activities in
the presence of Ca(2+) and Pi, despite the higher rate of ATPase activity, might involve some other
mechanism like the protein-kinase system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

752: Singh DP, Singh N.
Isolation and characterization of a metronidazole tolerant mutant of the cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis exhibiting multiple stress tolerance.
PMID: pas
pdf: Singh D 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $DCMU-(3,4-dichlorophenyl-1,-1-dimethylurea); $DCPIP-(2,6-dichlorophenol-1-
endophenol), $light-stress; $metronidazole; $mutant; $Spirulina-platensis.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **stress-tolerance.
rsum:

Mutant cells of Spirulina platensis isolated after chemical mutagenesis (NTG treatment) exhibited
approximately three-fold higher tolerance to metronidazole and DCMU (3,4-dichlorophenyl-1, 1-
dimethylurea) as compared with wild-type cells. At the same time, mutant cells exhibited a several-fold
higher tolerance to supra-high irradiance (38 W/m^2) than the wild-type, a further response involving
Hill reaction activity in the mutant towards the supra-high irradiance mechanism which enabled the
mutant cells to withstand the high light intensities. The metronidazole and DCMU tolerance in the
mutant cells could not be obviously attributed to lower rates of growth and photosynthesis as
suggested previously. A typical coiling pattern in the mutant cells might result in a reduction of
exposed surface area, thereby restricting entry of the above toxins. The mutant strains exhibiting
tolerance to multiple stresses are potentially useful for application under field conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

753: Singh SC, Sinha RP, Hder DP.
Role of lipids and fatty acids in stress tolerance in cyanobacteria.
Acta Protozool 41 (2002) 297-308.
298
PMID: pas
pdf: Singh S 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacteria; $desiccation; $fatty-acids; $lipids; $salinity; $temperature-stress.
rsum:

Lipids are the most effective source of storage energy, function as insulators of delicate internal
organs and hormones and play an important role as the structural constituents of most of the cellular
membranes. They also have a vital role in tolerance to several physiological stressors in a variety of
organisms including cyanobacteria. The mechanism of desiccation tolerance relies on phospholipid
bilayers which are stabilized during water stress by sugars, especially by trehalose. Unsaturation of
fatty acids also counteracts water or salt stress. Hydrogen atoms adjacent to olefinic bonds are
susceptible to oxidative attack. Lipids are rich in these bonds and are a primary target for oxidative
reactions. Lipid oxidation is problematic as enzymes do not control many oxidative chemical reactions
and some of the products of the attack are highly reactive species that modify proteins and DNA. This
review deals with the role of lipids and fatty acids in stress tolerance in cyanobacteria.

--------------------------------------------------------

754: Singh Y, Kumar HD.
Adaptation of a strain of Spirulina platensis to grow in cobalt- and iodine-enriched media.
J Appl Bacteriol. 1994 Feb;76(2):149-54.
PMID: 8144416
pdf: Singh Y 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Cobalt- and iodide-enriched (adapted, tolerant) strains of the protein-rich cyanobacterium, Spirulina
platensis, were produced by repeated sub-culturing in increasing concentrations of the two trace
elements. The strains enriched with cobalt and iodide showed higher uptake of these elements than
the controls. The LD50 values for the parent and cobalt-adapted strains were 95 and 231 mumol l-1
CO2+, respectively. Likewise, the LD50 values for parent and iodide-adapted strains were 12 and 42
mmol l-1 I-. The carotenoid:chlorophyll a ratio of the parent strains increased after cobalt addition. The
cobalt-adapted strain showed a much higher ratio than the cobalt-grown parent (sensitive) cells which
remained unchanged after cobalt addition. Intracellular CO2+uptake by the cells was concentration-
dependent and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with saturation in uptake occurring in the parent
and adapted strains at 126 and 189 mumol l-1 Co2+, respectively. At saturating concentrations, the
maximum CO2+uptake was 39.73 and 158.43 nmol CO2+mg-1 protein, respectively for the parent
and adapted strains. The adapted strain also showed greater cobalt adsorption. The Km of
intracellular CO2+uptake was lower in the case of adapted cells as compared with the parent,
whereas Vmax showed an opposite trend. Thus, the adapted cells appear to be more efficient than the
parent strain in intracellular uptake of cobalt. Differences between kinetic constants of both the strains
suggest that the strains may be physiologically different. Likewise, iodide uptake was significantly
higher in iodide-adapted cells than in controls.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

755: Sironval C.
La spiruline, une arme contre la malnutrition, histoire et perspectives.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sironval C 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

299
756: Smith PT.
Toxic effects of blooms of marine species of Oscillatoriales on farmed prawns (Penaeus monodon,
Penaeus japonicus) and brine shrimp (Artemia salina).
Toxicon. 1996 Aug;34(8):857-69.
PMID: 8875773
pdf: Smith P 1996.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; fundamental-biology; techniques-de-culture; toxicologie.
rsum:

Benthic and planktonic blooms of species of Oscillatoriales coincided with mortalities of Penaeus
monodon during four episodes at Australian prawn farms. Oscillatoria corakiana was the dominant
planktonic species at 65-90,000 cells/ml, but Spirulina sp., Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Nodularia
sp. were also identified from the water column, benthic layers or surface mats. The levels and variety
of Vibrionaceae in prawn tissue, suggest that mortalities were caused by secondary infections of
bacteria. However, experimental results indicate that toxicity of the blooms of Oscillatoriales was the
primary cause of disease. Pond water and extracts from a tank culture of benthic Oscillatoriales
caused mortalities when injected into P. monodon and P. japonicus. Immersion of artemia in extracts
from the tank culture also caused mortalities, with L.D50 values for the supernatant extract of 70
mg/litre for artemia cysts and 50 mg/litre for adult artemia, and LD50 values for the pellet extract of
110 mg/litre for artemia cysts and 200 mg/litre for adult artemia. Experiments with artemia suggested
the blooms of Oscillatoriales produced water-soluble, heat-labile toxin/s. Mortalities may have been
caused by a neurotoxin because: (a) there was a lack of histopathological evidence of damage to the
digestive tracts of prawns during each episode; and (b) artemia cysts immersed in extracts of
Oscillatoriales died before they developed digestive tracts. PSP toxin, anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a
and microcystins were not detected when pond water from a diseased pond was tested. It is proposed
that sub-lethal levels of toxin weakened the prawns, causing reduced feeding behaviour and an
impaired immune system. As a result, prawns were prone to secondary infection by pathogenic
bacteria. Because Oscillatoriales are ubiquitous in prawn farms, the findings have significant
implications for the assessment of disease in the prawn farming industry.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

757: Soeder CJ .
Massive cultivation of microalgae: results and prospects.
Hydrobiologia 72 (1980) 197-209.
PMID: pas
pdf: Soeder C 1980.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; f.
rsum:

An account is given of the development of the utilization of microalgae for food and feed with special
emphasis on the advantages of algal technologies for tropical and subtropical countries. The present
status of microalgae mass production is characterized with respect to technology, product properties,
yields, nutrition, toxicology and economics. As a multipurpose operation, the treatment of liquid wastes
with algae-bacteria systems is the most promising microalgal technology. It yields protein-aceous
microbial biomass as a comparatively inexpensive by-product of the operation of high-rate algal
ponds, either at the simplified rural level or at the technically more elaborate industrial level. The
aspect of hard-currency saving by employing algae-bacteria systems in sewage treatment for animal
feed production is stressed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

758: Solisio C, Lodi A, Torre P, Converti A, Del Borghi M.
Copper removal by dry and re-hydrated biomass of Spirulina platensis.
Bioresour Technol. 2005 Sep 12;.
PMID: 16162407
pdf: Solisio C 2005.pdf
300
mots-cls article: $Copper; $Removal; $Biosorption; $Spirulina-platensis; $Dry-biomass; $Biomass-
hydration.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; biosorption; B.
rsum:

Dried and re-hydrated biomass of Spirulina platensis was employed as a sorbent in tests of copper
removal from water. Biomass re-hydrated for 24h before use exhibited a shorter adsorption time as
well as an increased percentage removal when compared with simply dried biomass. The combined
effects of the concentrations of re-hydrated biomass (from 1.0 to 4.0gl(-1)) and copper (from 0.1 to
0.4gl(-1)) were then investigated. Copper was almost entirely removed (91% removal) at relatively
high biomass levels (X(0)2.0g(DM)l(-1)), while 1.0g(DM)l(-1) removed only 81% of copper present
initially, suggesting a situation of excess metal with respect to the adsorption capacity of biomass.
Additional tests performed with biomass re-hydrated for variable time demonstrated that no less than
48h of this treatment are needed to ensure a satisfactory copper removal, while no significant
improvement was detected using biomass re-hydrated for longer times.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

759: Sorensen KB, Canfield DE, Teske AP, Oren A.
Community composition of a hypersaline endoevaporitic microbial mat.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Nov;71(11):7352-65.
PMID: 16269778
pdf: Sorensen K 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A hypersaline, endoevaporitic microbial community in Eilat, Israel, was studied by microscopy and by
PCR amplification of genes for 16S rRNA from different layers. In terms of biomass, the oxygenic
layers of the community were dominated by Cyanobacteria of the Halothece, Spirulina, and
Phormidium types, but cell counts (based on 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining) and molecular
surveys (clone libraries of PCR-amplified genes for 16S rRNA) showed that oxygenic phototrophs
were outnumbered by the other constituents of the community, including chemotrophs and anoxygenic
phototrophs. Bacterial clone libraries were dominated by phylotypes affiliated with the Bacteroidetes
group and both photo- and chemotrophic groups of alpha-proteobacteria. Green filaments related to
the Chloroflexi were less abundant than reported from hypersaline microbial mats growing at lower
salinities and were only detected in the deepest part of the anoxygenic phototrophic zone. Also
detected were nonphototrophic gamma- and delta-proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, the TM6 group,
Firmicutes, and Spirochetes. Several of the phylotypes showed a distinct vertical distribution in the
crust, suggesting specific adaptations to the presence or absence of oxygen and light. Archaea were
less abundant than Bacteria, their diversity was lower, and the community was less stratified. Detected
archaeal groups included organisms affiliated with the Methanosarcinales, the Halobacteriales, and
uncultured groups of Euryarchaeota.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

760: Sorto M.
Utilisation et consommation de la spiruline au Tchad.
2me Atelier international Voies alimentaires damlioration des situations nutritionnelles [2nd
International Workshop Food-based approaches for a healthy nutrition Ouagadougou, 23-28 nov2003]
8 pages.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sorto M 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spiruline, $Dih, $Consommation, $Tchad.
rsum:

L'objectif de cette communication est de montrer, partir denqutes, limportance de la spiruline dans
lalimentation des populations du Tchad.

301
--------------------------------------------------------

761: Sotiroudis TG, et al.
Industrial large-scale culture of Spirulina sp. for the production of microalgae biomass and high
additive value products in greek arid seacost. A research project.
PMID: pas
pdf: Sotiroudis T 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

762: Steegborn C, Litvin TN, Hess KC, Capper AB, Taussig R, Buck J , Levin LR, Wu H.
A novel mechanism for adenylyl cyclase inhibition from the crystal structure of its complex with
catechol estrogen.
J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 9;280(36):31754-9.
PMID: 16002394
pdf: Steegborn C 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; protides-
cyclases.
rsum:

Catechol estrogens are steroid metabolites that elicit physiological responses through binding to a
variety of cellular targets. We show here that catechol estrogens directly inhibit soluble adenylyl
cyclases and the abundant trans-membrane adenylyl cyclases. Catechol estrogen inhibition is non-
competitive with respect to the substrate ATP, and we solved the crystal structure of a catechol
estrogen bound to a soluble adenylyl cyclase from Spirulina platensis in complex with a substrate
analog. The catechol estrogen is bound to a newly identified, conserved hydrophobic patch near the
active center but distinct from the ATP-binding cleft. Inhibitor binding leads to a chelating interaction
between the catechol estrogen hydroxyl groups and the catalytic magnesium ion, distorting the active
site and trapping the enzyme substrate complex in a non-productive conformation. This novel
inhibition mechanism likely applies to other adenylyl cyclase inhibitors, and the identified ligand-
binding site has important implications for the development of specific adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

763: Steinemann D, Lill H.
Sequence of the gamma-subunit of Spirulina platensis: a new principle of thiol modulation of F0F1
ATP synthase?
Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenergetics 1230, No 1-2 (1995) 86-90.
PMID: 7612646
pdf: Steinemann D 1995.pdf
mots-cls article: $ATPase, $F_0F_1-; $Regulation; $gamma-Subunit; $Cyanobacterium.
rsum:

The gene encoding the gamma subunit of Spirulina platensis F0F1, the relative of the chloroplast F1
subunit responsible for thiol activation, has been cloned and sequenced. As in other cyanobacteria, a
specific couple of cysteines like those involved in thiol modulation of the chloroplast enzyme was not
found. Instead, two cysteine residues were identified in the Spirulina subunit at positions unique
amongst all so far sequenced gamma subunits. Involvement of these cysteines in the thiol-modulation
of the Spirulina enzyme reported before (Hicks and Yocum (1986) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 245, 230-
237, and Lerma and Gomez-Lojero (1987) Photosynth. Res. 11, 265-277) would manifest a re-
invention of a regulatory mechanism.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

302
764: Stephens PJ , Thomson AJ , Dunn J B, Keiderling TA, Rawlings J , Rao KK, Hall DO.
Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of iron-sulfur proteins.
Biochemistry. 1978 Oct 31;17(22):4770-8.
PMID: 728385
pdf: Stephens P 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra are reported for the 2-Fe
ferredoxins from Pseudomonas putida and Spirulina maxima, Chromatium HIPIP, the 4-Fe ferredoxin
from Bacillus stearothermophilus, and the 8-Fe ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The
spectral range spans the near-infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet. In all cases except oxidized 2-Fe
ferredoxins, electronic absorption is observed continuously from less than 5000 cm-1 to above 30,000
cm-1. The CD spectra of the two 2-Fe ferredoxins are similar. In contrast, the CD of the 4-Fe and 8-Fe
proteins, for a given 4-Fe cluster oxidation level, varies considerable with protein. MCD is less
sensitive to protein environment than is CD. In the 2-Fe proteins, MCD at 5 T is appreciably smaller
than the CD; in the 4-Fe and 8-Fe proteins, MCD and CD are comparable in magnitude. Both CD and
MCD are more highly structured than the corresponding absorption spectra. The CD and MCD spectra
reported provide a broader base than heretofore available for the characterization of iron-sulfur
proteins containing 2-Fe and 4-Fe clusters and for the evaluation of electronic structural models for
these clusters.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

765: Stewart I, Schluter PJ , Shaw GR.
Cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides and human health -- a review.
Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 2006, 5:7.
PMID: pas
pdf: Stewart I 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; O.
rsum: (This article is available from: http://www.ehjournal.net/content/5/1/7 )

Cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide/s (LPS) are frequently cited in the cyanobacteria literature as toxins
responsible for a variety of heath effects in humans, from skin rashes to gastrointestinal, respiratory
and allergic reactions. The attribution of toxic properties to cyanobacterial LPS dates from the 1970s,
when it was thought that lipid A, the toxic moiety of LPS, was structurally and functionally conserved
across all Gram-negative bacteria. However, more recent research has shown that this is not the
case, and lipid A structures are now known to be very different, expressing properties ranging from
LPS agonists, through weak endotoxicity to LPS antagonists. Although cyanobacterial LPS is widely
cited as a putative toxin, most of the small number of formal research reports describe cyanobacterial
LPS as weakly toxic compared to LPS from the Enterobacteriaceae.
We systematically reviewed the literature on cyanobacterial LPS, and also examined the much lager
body of literature relating to heterotrophic bacterial LPS and the atypical lipid A structures of some
photosynthetic bacteria. While the literature on the biological activity of heterotrophic bacterial LPS is
overwhelmingly large and therefore difficult to review for the purposes of exclusion, we were unable to
find a convincing body of evidence to suggest that heterotrophic bacterial LPS, in the absence of other
virulence factors, is responsible for acute gastrointestinal, dermatological or allergic reactions via
natural exposure routes in humans.
There is a danger that initial speculation about cyanobacterial LPS may evolve into orthodoxy without
basis in research findings. No cyanobacterial lipid A structures have been described and published to
date, so a recommendation is made that cyanobacteriologists should not continue to attribute such a
diverse range of clinical symptoms to cyanobacterial LPS without research confirmation.

------------------------------------------------------------

766: Stolz J F.
The microbial community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California Mexico: from miles to microns.
Orig Life Evol Biosph. 1985;15:347-52.
303
PMID: 11539612
pdf: Stolz J 1985.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Laguna Figueroa is a lagoonal complex on the Pacific coast of the Baja California penisula 200 km
south of the Mexican-United States border. The hypersaline lagoon is 16 km long and 2-3 km wide
with a salt marsh and evaporite flat and is separated from the ocean by a barrier dune and beach. At
the salt marsh-evaporite flat interface a stratified microbial community dominated by Microcoleus
chthonoplastes is depositing laminated sediments. Similar stratiform deposits with associated
microbial mat communities have been found in cherts of the Fig Tree Group, South Africa which are
3.4 GE in age. Heavy rains in the winters of 1978-1979 and 1979-1980 flooded the evaporite flat with
1-3 meters of meteoric water and buried the laminated sediment under 5-10 cm of siliciclastic and clay
sediment. These flooding events had a dramatic effect on the composition of the mat community. The
Microcoleus dominated community, with species of Chloroflexus sp. and an Ectothiorhodospira-like
filamentous purple phototroph, disappeared leaving a community dominated by the purple phototrophs
Chromatium sp. and Thiocapsa sp. Recolonization of the surface by species of the cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria sp. and Spirulina sp. preceded the return of the Microcoleus community. Field conditions
were monitored by ground based observations and supplemented with LandSat and Skylab imagery.
The microbial community was studied with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
The change in dominating microbial species was correlated with the episodes of flooding.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

767: Stolz J F, Margulis L.
The stratified microbial community at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico: a possible model for
prephanerozoic laminated microbial communities preserved in cherts.
Orig Life. 1984;14(1-4):671-9.
PMID: 11536585
pdf: Stolz J 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The microbial mat community of the evaporite flat at North Pond, Laguna Figueroa (Baja California,
Mexico) was actively involved in the production of laminated sediments prior to 1978. Heavy rains in
1979 and 1980 flooded the mat with 1 and 3 meters of meteoric water respectively. The flooding
deposited up to 10 cm of silicoclastic sediment over the Microcoleus-dominated mat and resulted in
the cessation of laminated sediment deposition. In 1982, the surface had been recolonized by species
of cyanobacteria (Spirulina, Oscillatoria) and purple photosynthetic bacteria (Chromatium, Thiocapsa).
The silicoclastic sediments and residual evaporites, which overlaid the laminated sediment, had been
reworked into an anaerobic, sulfide-rich mud and contained well preserved sheaths of filamentous and
coccoid bacteria. The Swaziland Sequence in the Barberton mountain land (which includes the
Onverwacht and Fig Tree Group as well as the Swartkoppie zone between them) contains laminated
sediments and carbon-rich chert. Structurally preserved microfossils have been found in the smooth
black chert but not in the laminae. We concur with others who suggested that the laminated sediments
from the Swaziland Sequence were deposited by an active stratified microbial community. However,
we propose that these organisms which were preserved were originally buried in the associated
sulfide-rich muds and were subsequently silicified.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

768: Stromberg I, Gemma C, Vila J , Bickford PC.
Blueberry- and spirulina-enriched diets enhance striatal dopamine recovery and induce a rapid,
transient microglia activation after injury of the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system.
Exp Neurol. 2005 Dec;196(2):298-307.
PMID: 16176814
pdf: Stromberg I 2005.pdf
304
mots-cls article: $Neuroinflammation; $Microglia; $Parkinson's-disease; $Regeneration;
$Antioxidants.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in loss of dopamine neurons during brain injury and in
neurodegenerative diseases. Diets enriched in foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions
may modulate this neuroinflammation. The model of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected into the
dorsal striatum of normal rats, causes a progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the ventral
mesencephalon. In this study, we have investigated the inflammatory response following 6-OHDA
injected into the striatum of adult rats treated with diet enriched in blueberry or spirulina. One week
after the dopamine lesion, a similar size of dopamine degeneration was found in the striatum and in
the globus pallidus in all lesioned animals. At 1 week, a significant increase in OX-6- (MHC class II)
positive microglia was found in animals fed with blueberry- and spirulina-enriched diets in both the
striatum and the globus pallidus. These OX-6-positive cells were located within the area of tyrosine
hydroxylase (TH) -negativity. At 1 month after the lesion, the number of OX-6-positive cells was
reduced in diet-treated animals while a significant increase beyond that observed at 1 week was now
present in lesioned control animals. Dopamine recovery as revealed by TH-immunohistochemistry
was significantly enhanced at 4 weeks postlesion in the striatum while in the globus pallidus the
density of TH-positive nerve fibers was not different from control-fed lesioned animals. In conclusion,
enhanced striatal dopamine recovery appeared in animals treated with diet enriched in antioxidants
and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and coincided with an early, transient increase in OX-6-positive
microglia.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

769: Subhashini J , Mahipal SV, Reddy MC, Mallikarjuna Reddy M, Rachamallu A, Reddanna P.
Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell
line-K562.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 1;68(3):453-62.
PMID: 15242812
pdf: Subhashini J 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-PC; $K562-human-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cell-line; $Apoptosis; $PARP;
$Cytochrome-c; $Bcl-2.
rsum:

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), the major light harvesting biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is of greater
importance because of its various biological and pharmacological properties. It is a water soluble, non-
toxic fluorescent protein pigment with potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer
properties. In the present study the effect of highly purified C-PC was tested on growth and
multiplication of human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). The results indicate significant
decrease (49%) in the proliferation of K562 cells treated with 50 microM C-PC up to 48 h. Further
studies involving fluorescence and electron microscope revealed characteristic apoptotic features like
cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and nuclear condensation. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic
DNA of cells treated with C-PC showed fragmentation pattern typical for apoptotic cells. Flow
cytometric analysis of cells treated with 25 and 50 microM C-PC for 48 h showed 14.11 and 20.93%
cells in sub-G0/G1 phase, respectively. C-PC treatment of K562 cells also resulted in release of
cytochrome c into the cytosol and poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These studies also
showed down regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but without any changes in pro-apoptotic Bax and
thereby tilting the Bcl-2/Bax ratio towards apoptosis. These effects of C-PC appear to be mediated
through entry of C-PC into the cytosol by an unknown mechanism. The present study thus
demonstrates that C-PC induces apoptosis in K562 cells by cytochrome c release from mitochondria
into the cytosol, PARP cleavage and down regulation of Bcl-2.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

770: Sudhir PR, Pogoryelov D, Kovacs L, Garab G, Murthy SD.
The effects of salt stress on photosynthetic electron transport and thylakoid membrane proteins in the
305
J Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 J ul 31;38(4):481-5.
PMID: 16053716
pdf: Sudhir P 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The response of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis to high salt stress was investigated by incubating the
cells in light of moderate intensity in the presence of 0.8 M NaCl. NaCl caused a decrease in
photosystem II (PSII) mediated oxygen evolution activity and increase in photosystem I (PSI) activity
and the amount of P700. Similarly maximal efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and variable fluorescence
(Fv/Fo) were also declined in salt-stressed cells. Western blot analysis reveal that the inhibition in PSII
activity is due to a 40 % loss of a thylakoid membrane protein, known as D1, which is located in PSII
reaction center. NaCl treatment of cells also resulted in the alterations of other thylakoid membrane
proteins: most prominently, a dramatic diminishment of the 47-kDa chlorophyll protein (CP) and 94-
kDa protein, and accumulation of a 17-kDa protein band were observed in SDS-PAGE. The changes
in 47-kDa and 94-kDa proteins lead to the decreased energy transfer from light harvesting antenna to
PSII, which was accompanied by alterations in the chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of whole
cells and isolated thylakoids. Therefore we conclude that salt stress has various effects on
photosynthetic electron transport activities due to the marked alterations in the composition of
thylakoid membrane proteins.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

771: Suetsuna K, Chen J R.
Identification of antihypertensive peptides from peptic digest of two microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2001 J ul;3(4):305-9.
PMID: 14961345
pdf: Suetsuna K 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Chlorella-vulgaris, $Spirulina-platensis, $peptic-digest, $peptide, $angiotensin-I-
converting-enzyme, $spontaneously-hypertensive-rat.
rsum:

The peptidic fractions that inhibited angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were separated from the
peptic digests of 2 microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis, by ion exchange
chromatography and gel filtration. Oral administration of peptidic fractions into spontaneously
hypertensive rats at 200 mg/kg of body weight resulted in marked antihypertensive effects. Further
separation of the peptidic fractions by ODS high-performance liquid chromatography furnished the
following active peptides: Ile-Val-Val-Glu (inhibitory against ACE with an IC(50) of 315.3 microM), Ala-
Phe-Leu (63.8 microM), Phe-Ala-Leu (26.3 microM), Ala-Glu-Leu (57.1 microM), and Val-Val-Pro-Pro-
Ala (79.5 microM) from C. vulgaris; Ile-Ala-Glu (34.7 microM), Phe-Ala-Leu, Ala-Glu-Leu, Ile-Ala-Pro-
Gly (11.4 microM), and Val-Ala-Phe (35.8 microM) from S. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

772: Sugimoto H, Hayashi H, Yamashita S.
Purification, cDNA cloning, and regulation of lysophospholipase from rat liver.
J Biol Chem. 1996 Mar 29;271(13):7705-11.
PMID: 8631810
pdf: Sugimoto H 1996.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A lysophospholipase was purified 506-fold from rat liver supernatant. The preparation gave a single
24-kDa protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme hydrolyzed
lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylinositol,
lysophosphatidylserine, and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at pH 6-8. The purified
306
enzyme was used for the preparation of antibody and peptide sequencing. A cDNA clone was isolated
by screening a rat liver lambda gt11 cDNA library with the antibody, followed by the selection of further
extended clones from a lambda gt10 library. The isolated cDNA was 2,362 base pairs in length and
contained an open reading frame encoding 230 amino acids with a Mr of 24,708. The peptide
sequences determined were found in the reading frame. When the cDNA was expressed in
Escherichia coli cells as the beta-galactosidase fusion, lysophosphatidylcholine-hydrolyzing activity
was markedly increased. The deduced amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to
Pseudomonas fluorescence esterase A and Spirulina platensis esterase. The three sequences
contained the GXSXG consensus at similar positions. The transcript was found in various tissues with
the following order of abundance: spleen, heart, kidney, brain, lung, stomach, and testis =liver. In
contrast, the enzyme protein was abundant in the following order: testis, liver, kidney, heart, stomach,
lung, brain, and spleen. Thus the mRNA abundance disagreed with the level of the enzyme protein in
liver, testis, and spleen. When HL-60 cells were induced to differentiate into granulocytes with
dimethyl sulfoxide, the 24-kDa lysophospholipase protein increased significantly, but the mRNA
abundance remained essentially unchanged. Thus a posttranscriptional control mechanism is present
for the regulation of 24-kDa lysophospholipase.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

773: Sukmans'kyi OI, Levyts'kyi AP, Gridina LI, Makarenko OA.
[Effects of the food supplements EKSO, Biotrit C, and SPLAT, and their combinations, on the health of
young persons].
Lik Sprava. 2001 J ul-Aug;(4):159-62.
PMID: 11692703
pdf: Sukmans'kyi O 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en ukrainien

--------------------------------------------------------------------

774: Sun L, Wang S, Qiao Z.
Chemical stabilization of the phycocyanin from cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
J Biotechnol. 2006 Feb 24;121(4):563-9.
PMID: 16188340
pdf: Sun L 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacterium; $Phycocyanin; $Phycoerythrin; $Fluorescent-Probe; $Spirulina-
platensis.
rsum:

Phycocyanin (PC) prepared from a cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis by the DEAE-DE52 cellulose
column chromatography that was developed by gradient elution of 50-250mM phosphate buffer (pH
7.0) was stabilized by its subunits cross-linked covalently with formaldehyde. The single blue band
that the chemically stabilized PC showed in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the stabilized PC still maintained its trimeric aggregate form even
after its incubation at 60 degrees C for 3h and at 100 degrees C for 10min in the denatured buffer
containing 5% (w/v) SDS. Moreover, the stabilized PC exhibited similar spectroscopic properties of
absorption and fluorescence to those of the native PC, and showed adequate energy coupling with R-
phycoerythrin (R-PE) after it was conjugated with R-PE via glutaraldehyde.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

775: Sushchik NN, Kalacheva GS, Gladyshev MI.
[Characteristics of in vivo isolation of free fatty acids by prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae under
elevated and reduced temperature].
Mikrobiologiia. 2001 Sep-Oct;70(5):629-35.
PMID: 11763781
pdf: Sushchik N 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
307
rsum: en russe

The paper describes the composition of extracellular free fatty acids (FFAs) and intracellular fatty
acids (FAs) in the enrichment cultures of the prokaryotic alga Spirulina platensis and the eukaryotic
alga Chlorella vulgaris grown at optimal, supraoptimal, and suboptimal growth temperatures. With
increasing growth temperature, the degree of unsaturation of the intracellular FAs of both algae
decreased, while that of the extracellular FFAs of S. platensis increased. The composition of the
extracellular FFAs of C. vulgaris practically did not depend on the growth temperature.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

776: Takano M, Sado J , Ogawa T, Terui G.
Proceedings: Freezing and freeze-drying of Spirulina platensis.
Cryobiology. 1973 Nov;10(5):440-4.
PMID: 4202652
pdf: Takano M 1973.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **Freezing.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

777: Takeuchi Y, Amao Y.
Light-harvesting properties of zinc complex of chlorophyll-a from spirulina in surfactant micellar media.
Biometals. 2005 Feb;18(1):15-21.
PMID: 15865406
pdf: Takeuchi Y 2005.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $fluorescence-emission; $Mg-chlorophyll-a; $pH-effect; $photostability; $Zn-
chlorophyll-a.
rsum:

Zn chlorophyll-a was prepared from Mg chlorophyll-a from spirulina and the optical properties of the
ground state and the photoexited state of Zn chlorophyll-a in aqueous surfactant micellar media were
studied using UV-vis absorption, fluorescence emission spectra, electrochemical and fluorescence
lifetime measurements. In comparison of the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of
Zn chlorophyll-a and Mg chlorophyll-a, the blue-shift in the absorption bands and emission peak of Zn
chlorophyll-a was observed. The energies of the first excited singlet state of Zn chlorophyll-a was 1.87
eV. The first oxidation and reduction potentials of the photoexcited singlet state of Zn chlorophyll-a
were -0.67 and 0.60 V, respectively. Fluorescence lifetime of Zn chlorophyll-a was 9.0 ns in CTAB
micellar solution. The fluorescence lifetime of Zn chlorophyll-a is shorter than that of Mg chlorophyll-a
(9.8 ns). The photositability of Zn chlorophyll-a was superior to that of Mg chlorophyll-a in various pH
conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

778: Tambiev AK, Kirikova NN.
Effect of EHF radiation on metabolism of Cyanobacteria spirulina platensis and other
photosynthesizing organisms.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2000;28(3 - 4):589-602.
PMID: 11108235
pdf: Tambiev A 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; photosynthse.
rsum:

308
A stimulatory influence of EHF radiation on the growth and physiological activity of photosynthetic
organisms is shown. Some primary responses to this action are studied. Oxygen is considered to be
of great importance in the mechanism of the stimulators effect of EHF radiation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

779: Tanaka M, Haniu M, Yasunobu KT.
The complete amino acid sequence of the Spirulina platensis ferredoxin.
PMID: 817723
pdf: Tanaka M 1976.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

780: Tanaka M, Haniu M, Yasunobu KT, Rao KK, Hall DO.
Modification of the automated sequence determination as applied to the sequence determination of
the Spirulina maxima ferredoxin.
PMID: 811255
pdf: Tanaka M 1975a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; instrumentation; contrle; ferredoxines.
rsum:

The amino acid sequence of the Spirulina maxima ferredoxin was shown to be: H2N-Ala-Thr-Tyr-Lys-
Val-Thr-Leu-Ile-Ser-Glu-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ile-Asn-Glu-Thr-Ile-Asp-Cys-Asp-Asp-Asp-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Leu-Asp-
Ala-Ala-Glu-Glu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Asp-Leu-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ala-Gly-Ala-Cys-Ser-Thr-Cys-Ala-Gly-Lys-
Ile-Thr-Ser-Gly-Ser-Ile-Asp-Gln-Ser-Asp-Gln-Ser-Phe-Leu-Asp-Asp-asp-Gln-Ile-Gln-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Val-
Leu-Thr-Cys-Val-Ala-Tyr-Pro-Thr-Ser-Asp-Cys-Thr-Ile-Gln-Thr-His-Gln-Glu-Glu-Gly-Leu-Tyr-COOH.
The S. maxima ferredoxin is the first procaryote ferredoxin of the plant-algal type to be reported. A
modification of the automated sequence determination of a peptide, which was extracted by the
organic solvents used to remove excess reagents and the amino acid thiazoline, was utilized to
complete the sequence of a 36 residue tryptic peptide.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

781: Tanaka M, Haniu M, Zeitlin S, Yasunobu KT, Evans MC, Rao KK, Hall DO.
Amino acid sequence of the Spirulina maxima ferredoxin, a ferredoxin from a procaryote.
PMID: 807207
pdf: Tanaka M 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The amino acid sequence of the ferredoxin has been determined. is a blue green algae and is a
procaryote. The ferredoxins of the plant-algal type sequenced to date have all been isolated from
eucaryotes. The ferredoxin was composed of 98 amino acids arranged in a single polypeptide chain.
The sequences of the various procaryote-eucaryote ferredoxins are compared and the differences
discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

782: Tang J , Wu Q, Hao H, Chen Y, Wu M.
Growth inhibition of the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis by 1.7 MHz ultrasonic
irradiation.
J Appl Phycol 15, Number 1 (2003) 37-43.
309
PMID: pas
pdf: Tang J 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $Collapse-of-gas-vacuoles, $Cyanobacterial-bloom, $Growth-
inhibition, $Photosynthetic-activity, $Spirulina, $Ultrasonic-irradiation.
rsum:

Ultrasonic waves of high frequency (1.7 MHz) and low intensity (0.6 W cm^-2) were employed to
prevent cyanobacterial cells from growing fast and the effects of this growth inhibition were
investigated. At least five minutes of ultrasonic irradiation was essential for effective inhibition. The
growth rate of irradiated cells was reduced to 38.9% of the control during short-term culture. Longer
exposure did not significantly enhance the inhibition. For a particular level of energy input, distributed
ultrasonic exposure (more short intermittent exposures) was more effective in inhibiting growth than
fewer, but longer exposures. For instance, the final biomass decreased to 30.1% of the control after
ultrasonic irradiation for 4 minutes every 3 days, whereas it only decreased to 60% of the control with
exposure for 12 minutes every 11 days. It is suggested that distributed ultrasonic irradiation is a
practical method to prevent cyanobacterial cells from fast growth. A possible explanation for the
inhibition is discussed in relation to cell structure, the absorption spectrum of intact cells, chlorophyll
level and oxygen evolution.

----------------------------

783: Teas J , Hebert J R, Fitton J H, Zimba PV.
Algae -- a poor man's HAART?
Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(4):507-10. Review.
PMID: 15050097
pdf: Teas J 2004.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Drawing inferences from epidemiologic studies of HIV/AIDS and in vivo and in vitro HIV inhibition by
algae, we propose algal consumption as one unifying characteristic of countries with anomalously low
rates. HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence in Eastern Asia ( approximately 1/10000 adults in J apan
and Korea), compared to Africa ( approximately 1/10 adults), strongly suggest that differences in IV
drug use and sexual behavior are insufficient to explain the 1000-fold variation. Even in Africa,
AIDS/HIV rates vary. Chad has consistently reported low rates of HIV/AIDS (2-4/100). Possibly not
coincidentally, most people in J apan and Korea eat seaweed daily and the Kanemba, one of the major
tribal groups in Chad, eat a blue green alga (Spirulina) daily. Average daily algae consumption in Asia
and Africa ranges between 1 and 2 tablespoons (3-13 g). Regular consumption of dietary algae might
help prevent HIV infection and suppress viral load among those infected.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

784: Tejada de Hernandez I, Shimada AS.
[Nutritive value of the spirulina algae (Spirulina maxima)].
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1978 J un;28(2):196-207.
PMID: 753178
pdf: Tejada de Hernandez I 1978.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en espagnol

Nine experiments were conducted, five of them in vivo to determine the limiting amino acids and
digestibility of spiruline algae for the rat, and four in vitro to determine the digestibility of the product in
pepsin and ruminal liquid. None of the amino acids studied (lysine, methionine, histidine) added alone
or in combination to 10% protein (either crude or true) diets provided exclusively by spiruline, seems to
be limiting although the results could be masked by the low palatability and acceptability of the product
310
by the rats. The apparent digestibility of the algae was 67.4%. For the in vitro tests, the algae were
subjected to several physical or chemical treatments, and the digestibility of the resulting product
determined by four different techniques. In no case did the tested treatments have any effect on its
digestibility.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

785: Tel-Or E, Cammack R, Rao KK, Rogers LJ , Stewart WD, Hall DO.
Comparative immunochemistry of bacterial, algal and plant ferredoxins.
PMID: 836867
pdf: Tel-Or E 1977.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

1. Antibodies were produced in rabbits to the 4Fe-4S ferrodoxins from Bacillus stearothermophilus, the
2 [4Fe-4S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum, and the 2Fe-2S ferredoxins from the blue-green
algia Spirulina maxima, the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus, and the higher plant Beta vulgaris.
The antibodies were tested for immunoprecipitation activity with seven bacterial, twelve blue-green
algal, six eukaryotic algal and six higher plant ferredoxins.
2. Antibodies to the bacterial ferredoxins reacted to a significant extent only with their homologous
proteins. On the other hand, antibodies to the plant and algal ferredoxins showed cross-reaction with
other ferredoxins. There was a correlation between the degrees of immunoprecipitation and the
similarity in amino acid sequences. These results suggest that the method can be used as a marker in
taxonomic studies.
3. The interaction of the antibodies with the five native ferredoxins was compared with the reactions
with their apoproteins. In each case the degree of interaction was different. This behaviour was
interpreted as due to an influence of tertiary structure on the antibody-antigen interaction.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

786: Telford WG, Moss MW, Morseman J P, Allnutt FC.
Cyanobacterial stabilized phycobilisomes as fluorochromes for extracellular antigen detection by flow
cytometry.
J Immunol Methods. 2001 Aug 1;254(1-2):13-30.
PMID: 11406150
pdf: Telford W 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacteria; $Phycobiliprotein; $Phycobilisome; $Flow-cytometry.
rsum:

Phycobilisomes are cyanobacterial photosynthetic energy transfer complexes partly composed of
phycobiliproteins, proteins that are widely used as conjugable fluorochromes for flow cytometry. The
brightness and photostability of phycobiliproteins suggest that intact phycobilisomes could constitute
even brighter probes for fluorescence-based detection systems. Stabilized phycobilisomes have been
isolated and the red-excited, far red-emitting Spirulina platensis-derived complex PBXL-3 was
accessed as a fluorochrome for flow cytometric immunodetection of surface antigens on immune cells.
Although the large size of intact phycobilisomes initially precluded efficient cell surface labeling, the
addition of a PEG spacer arm between PBXL-3 and its conjugated avidin molecule (designated PBXL-
3L) reduced the steric hindrance associated with the high molecular weight PBXL complex. PBXL-3L
increased the surface labeling surface-to-noise ratio and subsequent sensitivity by several-fold over
commonly used red-excited fluorochromes such as APC. Interestingly, low power laser sources
(including helium-neon and red diode) were particularly efficient at exciting PBXL-3. PBXL-3 was also
compatible in with other fluorochromes for multicolor flow cytometry applications. In summary, PBXL-3
was found to possess superior sensitivity and efficiency for flow cytometric immunodetection,
particularly with low power laser sources.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

311
787: Teneva I, Dzhambazov B, Mladenov R, Schirmer K.
Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of phormidium species (Cyanoprokaryota) using the
cpcB-IGS-cpcA locus.
J Phycol 41 (2005) 188194.
PMID: pas
pdf: Teneva I 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanoprokaryota; $DNA; $intergenic-spacer; $Phormidium; $phycocyanin-operon;
$phylogeny; $systematics; $taxonomy.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira, f.
rsum:

The accurate determination of species of Cyanoprokaryota/Cyanophyceae has many important
applications. These include the assessment of risk with regard to blooms in water reservoirs as well as
the identification of species capable of producing valuable bioactive compounds. Commonly,
Cyanoprokaryota are classified based on their morphology. However, morphological criteria are not
always reliable because they may change, for example, due to environmental factors. Thus, genetic
and molecular analyses are a promising additional approach, but their application has so far been
limited to relatively few genera. In light of this, we present here the first characterization of species and
strains of the genus Phormidium Ktz. based on the cpcB-IGS-cpcA locus of the phycocyanin operon.
In phylogenetic analyses using deduced amino acid sequences of the cpcB-cpcA regions, Phormidium
was found to be polyphyletic. This analysis appeared to be dominated by the cpcB region, which is
characterized by a relatively high percentage of informative substitutions. The percentage of variable
positions within the cpcB-IGS-cpcA locus overall was 16.5%, thereby indicating a level of divergence
remarkably higher than that reported for Nodularia and Arthrospira in previous studies relying on cpcB-
IGS-cpcA. Further, alignment of informative nucleotide substitutions in the cpcB-IGS-cpcA sequences
revealed a mosaic distribution, which may be indicative of genetic recombination events. Finally, the
length and sequences of the IGS region alone proved useful as markers to differentiate the
cyanobacterial genusPhormidium. However, whether the IGS region per se is sufficiently
discriminatory to differentiate between Phormidium species or even strains requires further
investigation using newly identified Phormidium sequence data.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

788: Thacker SP, Kothari RM, Ramamurthy V.
Obtaining axenic cultures of filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina.
Biotechniques. 1994 Feb;16(2):216-7.
PMID: 8179878
pdf: Thacker S 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

789: Thajuddin N, Subramanian G.
Cyanobacterial biodiversity and potential applications in biotechnology.
Current Sci 89 (2005) 47-57.
PMID: pas
pdf: Thajuddin N 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , spirulina-subsalsa, spirulina-platensis, spirulina-gomontina; f.
rsum:

Cyanobacteria (also known as bluegreen algae) are a group of extraordinarily diverse Gram-negative
prokaryotes that originated 3.5 billion years ago. Their diversity ranges from unicellular to multicellular,
coccoid to branched filaments, nearly colourless to intensely pigmented, autotrophic to heterotrophic,
psychrophilic to thermophilic, acidophilic to alkylophilic, planktonic to barophilic, freshwater to marine
including hypersaline (salt pans). They are found both free living and as endosymbionts. They are
considered to be one of the potential organisms which can be useful to mankind in various ways. A
number of important advances have occurred in cyanobacterial biotechnology in the recent years.
312
World wide attention is drawn towards cyanobacteria for their possible use in mariculture, food, feed,
fuel, fertilizer, colourant, production of various secondary metabolites including vitamins, toxins,
enzymes, pharmaceuticals, pharmacological probes and pollution abatement. Only a few
cyanobacterial strains (including Spirulina) have been well-characterized or exploited commercially.
Basic research is needed to identify new cyanobacterial strains of high value products, strain
improvement using molecular tools for rapid growth rate, ability to withstand varied environmental
conditions and enhancement of synthesis of high value products. This review is intended to focus on
the biodiversity of cyanobacteria in various environments, recent application and new developments
that are diversifying the directions for commercial exploitation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

790: Thomson AJ , Cammack R, Hall DO, Rao KK, Briat B, Rivoal J C, Badoz J .
The low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of iron-sulphur proteins. II. Two-iron
ferredoxins.
PMID: 880310
pdf: Thomson A 1977.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of a number of two-iron ferredoxins
have been measured. The spectra of fully oxidised spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin are
independent of temperature between room temperature and 18 K, showing that no contribution to the
room temperature MCD spectrum arises from the small population of low-lying excited states
originating from the exchange coupling. However, the low temperature MCD spectra of the half-
reduced proteins spinach and Spirulina maxima ferredoxin and adrenodoxin are all reasonably intense
and temperature dependent. An interpretation of the spectrum of the charge-transfer region is
suggested by starting with the assignments previously obtained from rubredoxin.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

791: Thompson SN, Mejia-Scales V.
Effects of Schistosoma mansoni on the nutrition of its intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata.
J Parasitol. 1989 Apr;75(2):329-32.
PMID: 2926600
pdf: Thompson S 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and maintained on an artificial diet of
Spirulina alga displayed reduced growth during the 5 wk following patency. Food consumption per unit
snail weight was unaffected. Infected snails also failed to lay eggs. No difference in percentage of
assimilation was observed between control and infected individuals, but infected snails had
significantly decreased gross conversion efficiencies. The effects of infection on nutrition of B. glabrata
were similar to those observed in nutrient-deprived snails fed diets containing low Spirulina levels.
Nutrient deprivation, however, did not alter conversion efficiency.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

792: Thompson SN.
Experimental maintenance of the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata on an improved alginate
gel.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1988 Feb;82(1):59-63.
PMID: 3401070
mots-cls article:
313
rsum:

An improved alginate formulation containing Spirulina algae or freeze-dried lettuce is described for
experimental maintenance of Biomphalaria glabrata. Snail growth, food consumption and assimilation
were higher on the gel containing Spirulina. The increased growth was not entirely the result of the
higher food consumption observed with Spirulina, but appeared to be due to nutritional differences
between the two nutrient sources. Snails responded to decreased dietary Spirulina concentration by
increasing their relative level of assimilation rather than by increasing food consumption. An antibiotic
treatment with chloramphenicol and ampicillin for the reduction of bacterial contaminants associated
with B. glabrata is also described.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

793: Thompson SN.
Spirulina as a nutrient source in experimental media for maintaining the schistosome vector,
Biomphalaria glabrata.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1984 Oct;78(5):547-8. .
PMID: 6441531
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; instrumentation; contrle.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

794: Tiboni O, Di Pasquale G.
Organization of genes for ribosomal proteins S7 and S12, elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-G in the
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Feb 27;908(2):113-22.
PMID: 3101737
pdf: Tiboni O 1987.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The gene encoding ribosomal proteins S12 and probably S7 as well as protein synthesis elongation
factors Tu (EF-Tu) and G (EF-G) of Spirulina platensis have been identified and cloned. Gene
expression was determined for ribosomal protein S12 by genetic complementation of the appropriate
Escherichia coli mutant, whereas for the EF-Tu gene it was determined by production of the protein in
E. coli minicells. On the basis of these experiments we suggest the following gene order in the S.
platensis chromosome: S12, S7, EF-G, EF-Tu.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

795: Tiboni O, Di Pasquale G, Ciferri O.
Two tuf genes in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
J Bacteriol. 1984 J ul;159(1):407-9.
PMID: 6330044
pdf: Tiboni O 1984.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Probes derived from the tufA gene of Escherichia coli have been utilized to detect homologous
sequences on Spirulina platensis DNA. A 6-kilobase-pair fragment of S. platensis DNA appears to
contain two sequences homologous to the E. coli gene. Thus, as reported for gram-negative bacteria,
the cyanobacterium presumably contains two tuf genes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

314
796: Tiboni O, Ciferri O.
Purification of the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Eur J Biochem. 1983 Nov 2;136(2):241-4.
PMID: 6414811
pdf: Tiboni O 1983.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) has been purified from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. By gel
electrophoresis the Mr of the purified protein appears to be 49 000, a value close to that reported for
the EF-Tu isolated from a number of bacteria but higher than that reported for the protein isolated from
Escherichia coli (43 000). Functionally, however, S. platensis EF-Tu may replace the E. coli protein in
a protein-synthesizing system in vitro. In addition, its activity is affected by kirromycin, an antibiotic that
specifically interacts with eubacterial EF-Tu.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

797: Tomaselli L; Boldrini G; Margheri MC.
Physiological behaviour of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima during acclimation to changes in irradiance.
J ournal of Applied Phycology 9, No 1 (1997) 37-43.
PMID: pas
pdf: Tomaselli L 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $cyanobacteria; $photoacclimation; $irradiance-shift-kinetics; $Arthrospira-
(Spirulina)-maxima.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima; O.
rsum:

The physiological behaviour of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima during acclimation to sudden changes
in irradiance from high (HL) to low light (LL) and vice versa was studied by following parameters
concerning growth rate, pigment, carbohydrate and protein cell contents. Applying first order kinetics,
the specific acclimation rates for the parameters considered were calculated. During HL to LL shift,
pigments increased to compensate for a reduction in growth irradiance in order to maintain relatively
high growth rates, whereas carbohydrates decreased at the highest rate. The synthesis of
phycobiliproteins proceeded at a rate similar or little higher than that of chlorophyll a, indicating their
importance in the light harvesting at low irradiance. During LL to HL shift, carbohydrate biosynthesis
was increased, whereas pigment and protein cell contents decreased. The kinetic analysis suggested
that the pigment decrease could be accounted for both by dilution through growth and in vivo
degradation. During this transition, the initially high cell pigment content gave rise to a very heavy
carbohydrate synthesis, which for a short time, after the shift to HL conditions, overshot the final
steady-state. In the same period the specific growth rate also increased notably, overshooting the
max. The acclimation rates of the measured parameters were faster during LL to HL transition then
during the reverse. The physiological response of A. maxima during the acclimation to sudden
irradiance shifts points out the ability of this cyanobacterium to alter light harvesting and highlights
again the key role of carbohydrates when the cells underwent an energy crisis during down-shift.

------------------------------------------------------------

798: Tomaselli T, Giovannetti L, Torzillo G.
Physiology of stress response in Spirulina spp.
PMID: pas
pdf: Tomaselli T 1993.papier
mots-cls article:

----------------------------------------------------------

315
799: Tomonou Y, Amao Y.
Visible and near-IR light induced biohydrogen production using the system containing Mg chlorophyll-
a from Spirulina and colloidal platinum.
Biometals. 2003 Sep;16(3):419-24.
PMID: 12680704
pdf: Tomonou Y 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $colloidal-platinum; $Mg-chlorophyll-a; $photoinduced-hydrogen-production;
$visible-and-near-IR-light.
rsum:

Photoinduced hydrogen production with Mg chlorophyll-a from Spirulina as a visible and near-IR light
photosensitizer by use of three component system consisting of nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) as an electron donor, methylviologen as electron relay reagent
and colloidal platinum as hydrogen production catalyst was investigated. After 4 h irradiation, the
amount of hydrogen production with Mg chlorophyll-a and MgTPP, which was artificial model
compound for chlorophyll, were c.a. 2.7 and 1.8 micromol, respectively. When the near-IR light was
irradiated, little change of hydrogen production was observed. Thus, the effective visible and near IR
light induced hydrogen production system with colloidal platinum was established using Mg
chlorophyll-a.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

800: Tomonou Y, Amao Y.
Visible light induced hydrogen production with Mg chlorophyll-a from spirulina and colloidal platinum.
Biometals. 2002 Dec;15(4):391-5.
PMID: 12405534
pdf: Tomonou Y 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $colloidal-platinum; $Mg-chlorophyll-a; $photoinduced-hydrogen-production;
$visible-light.
mots-cls Antenna: ; biochimie; chlorophille; B.
rsum:

Photoinduced hydrogen production with Mg chlorophyll-a from spirulina as a visible light
photosensitizer by use of three component system consisting of nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) as an electron donor, methylviologen as electron relay reagent
and colloidal platinum as hydrogen evolution catalyst was investigated. By the addition of NADPH, the
photostability of Mg chlorophyll-a was increased. The effective visible-light induced hydrogen
production system with colloidal platinum was established using Mg chlorophyll-a.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

801: Tonnina D, Campanella L, Sammartino MP, Visco G.
Integral toxicity test of sea waters by an algal biosensor.
Ann Chim. 2002 Apr;92(4):477-84.
PMID: 12073894
pdf: Tonnina D 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; instrumentation; contrle; fausse-spiruline. .
rsum:

An integral toxicity test, based on an algal biosensor and suitable to be used in sea water, is
presented. The biosensor was designed and built by coupling a Clark oxygen electrode as transducer
and the marine alga Spirulina subsalsa as biological mediator; it constitutes the "core" in a lab-scale
prototype of a flow apparatus suitable to continuously monitor, in sea water, the photosynthetic activity
of the alga and, from its variation, the marine pollution from the toxicological point of view. Inorganic
pollutants (heavy metals) were tested in previous researches while organic ones (chlorophenols,
pesticides and surfactants) are the object of the present paper.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

316
802: Topchishvili LS, Barbakadze SI, Khizanishvili AI, Majagaladze GV, Monaselidze J R.
Microcalorimetric study of iodized and noniodized cells and C-phycocyanin of Spirulina platensis.
Biomacromolecules. 2002 May-J un;3(3):415-20.
PMID: 12005509
pdf: Topchishvili L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

It was shown that eight stages of transition are observed in the heating process of Spirulina platensis
cells in temperature range 5-140 degrees C. The first stage covers the temperature range 5-53
degrees C with maximum approximately 45 degrees C. The heat evolved in this temperature range is
equal to 380 +/- 20 J /g of dry biomass, it does not change at scanning rate lower than 0.083 degrees
C/min and belongs, mainly, to cell respiration in a stationary regime, in the dark. It was shown that
endotherm approximately 66 degrees C belongs to denaturation of C-phycocyanin which denaturates
in solutions with Td =64.2 degrees C, deltaHd =34.7 +/- 2.1 J /g and for it deltaHd(cal)/deltaH(V.H) is
equal to 10.8 +/- 1.2. The endotherms with Td equal to 58 and 88 degrees C are connected with
denaturation of phycobilisome proteins and endotherm with Td =48 degrees C and deltaHd =4.2J /g
of dry biomass-with denaturation of protein which, apparently, is connected with cell respiration.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

803: Torres-Duran PV, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Mascher D, Zamora-Gonzalez J , Diaz-Zagoya J C,
J uarez-Oropeza MA.
Protective effect of Arthrospira maxima on fatty acid composition in fatty liver.
Arch Med Res. 2006 May;37(4):479-83.
PMID: 16624646
pdf: Torres-Duran P 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Steatosis; $Antioxidant-effect; $Triacylglycerols; $Cholesterol; $Dietary-fiber;
$Proximal-analysis.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-maxima; O.
rsum:

BACKGROUND: Arthrospira maxima has been widely used for nutritional purposes. Additionally, A.
maxima has shown immunomodulator, antiviral, antioxidant, vasomotor and hypolipidemic effects in
laboratory and animal studies. A. maxima prevents fatty liver induced by either carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4) or fructose-rich diet; however, the liver lipid composition in these models is not clearly known
yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of A. maxima on the liver lipid profile in CCl4-
induced steatohepatitis.
METHODS: A single sublethal, intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 was administered to male Wistar rats fed
a diet with or without 5% A. maxima. Liver lipids: total lipids, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, free fatty
acids, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed 24 and 48 h after injury with CCl4.
Additionally, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated in blood.
RESULTS: Forty eight hours after CCl4 treatment, rats fed a diet without A. maxima had serum
aspartate aminotransferase and liver triacylglycerols values that were, respectively, 2.2 and 1.4 times
higher than those of animals receiving 5% A. maxima in their diet. The same pattern was observed for
liver free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The groups fed a diet with A. maxima
and treated with CCl4 showed a higher saturated fatty acid liver content than the groups without A.
maxima in their diet. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased 48 h after CCl4 treatment,
but its value was 0.5 times lower in the group receiving A. maxima than in the group fed without A.
maxima. In the liver, all animals receiving A. maxima showed a trend towards a lower percentage of
unsaturated fatty acids, despite the mentioned increase 48 h after CCl4 treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that, in the fatty liver induced by CCl4, the hepatoprotective
effect of A. maxima involves (a) an antioxidant mechanism and (b) a lower unsaturation of the liver
fatty acids. The preventive effect of A. maxima on the liver lipid changes induced by CCl4 could be
partially explained by its antioxidant action and the ability to increase the synthesis/release of nitric
oxide, but not by its soluble dietary fiber.

------------------------------------------------------------

317
804: Torres-Duran PV, Miranda-Zamora R, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Mascher D, Ble-Castillo J , Diaz-
Zagoya J C, J uarez-Oropeza MA.
Studies on the preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on fatty liver development induced by carbon
tetrachloride, in the rat.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Feb;64(2):141-7.
PMID: 10197749
pdf: Torres-Duran P 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Fatty-liver; $Carbon-tetrachloride; $Triacylglycerol; $Cholesterol.
rsum:

The aim of the present work was to assess if the feeding of either the oil extract of Spirulina maxima or
of its defatted fraction would prevent fatty liver development, induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal
dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Liver and serum lipids were evaluated 4 days after treatment with
this agent. Concentration of liver lipids did not differ in rats fed on a purified diet either without or with
one of the fractions of Spirulina, except for total cholesterol, which showed a slight increase in the
group receiving the oil extract of Spirulina. However, after CCl4 treatment, liver total lipids and
triacylglycerols were significantly lower in rats fed on a diet containing any fraction of Spirulina
(defatted or the oil fraction) than in rats without Spirulina in their diet. Furthermore, the increased liver
cholesterol values, induced by CCl4 treatment, were not observed in rats receiving Spirulina. In
addition, rats receiving whole Spirulina in their diet and treated only with the vehicle showed an
increase in the percentage of HDL values. The changes in VLDL and LDL induced by CCl4 treatment
were not observed in the whole Spirulina group. Furthermore, after CCl4 treatment the values of the
liver microsomal thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were lower in the whole Spirulina group than
in the control group. These results support the potential hepatoprotective role of Spirulina.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

805: Torres-Duran PV, Miranda-Zamora R, Paredes-Carbajal MC, et al.
Spirulina maxima prevents induction of fatty liver by carbon tetrachloride in the rat.
Biochem Mol Biol Int 1998;44:787-93.
PMID: 9584992
pdf: Torres-Duran P 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-maxima, $fatty-liver, $carbon-tetrachloride, $triacylglycerols, $cholesterol.
rsum:

The aim of the present work was to assess the capacity of Spirulina maxima to prevent fatty liver
development induced in rats by an intraperitoneal single dose (1 ml/kg) of carbon tetrachloride. Liver
and serum lipids were quantified two or four days after treatment with this agent. Liver lipid
concentration did not differ in rats fed on a purified diet with or without Spirulina. However, after
carbon tetrachloride treatment, liver triacylglycerols were significantly lower in rats fed on a diet with
Spirulina 5% than in rats without Spirulina in their diet (P <0.05). Furthermore, the increased liver
cholesterol values, induced by carbon tetrachloride treatment, were not observed in rats that received
Spirulina. These results support the potential hepatoprotective role of Spirulina.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

806: Torzillo G, Carlozzi P, Pushparaj B, Montaini E, Materassi R.
A two-plane tubular photobioreactor for outdoor culture of Spirulina.
PMID: pas
pdf: Torzillo G 1993.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $photobioreactor, $biomass-productivity, $Spirulina-viscosity.
rsum :

A photobioreactor in the form of a 245-m-long loop made of plexiglass tubes having an inner diameter
of 2.6 cm was designed and constructed for outdoor culture of Spirulina. The loop was arranged in two
planes, with 15 8-m-long tubes in each plane. In the upper plane, the tubes were placed in the vacant
318
space between the ones of the lower plane. The culture recycle was performed either with two airlifts,
one per plane, or with two peristaltic pumps. The power required for water recycle in the tubular
photobioreactor, with a Reynolds number of 4000, was 3.93 x 10^-2 W m^-2. The photobioreactor
contained 145 L of culture and covered an overall area of 7.8 m^2. The photobioreactor operation was
computer controlled. Viscosity measurements performed on Spirulina cultures having different
biomass concentrations showed non-Newtonian behavior displaying decreasing viscosity with an
increasing shear rate. The performance of the two-plane photobioreactor was tested under the climatic
conditions of central Italy (latitude 43.8 N, longitude 11.3 E). A biomass concentration of 3.5 g L^-1
was found to be adequate for outdoor culture of Spirulina. With a biomass concentration of 6.3 g L^-1,
the biomass output rate significantly decreased. The net biomass output rate reached a mean value of
27.8 g m^-2 d^-1 in J uly; this corresponded to a net photosynthetic efficiency of 6.6% (based on visible
irradiance).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

807: Torzillo G, Sacchi A, Materassi R.
Temperature as an important factor affecting productivity and night biomass loss in Spirulina platensis
grown outdoors in tubular photobioreactors.
PMID: pas
pdf: Torzillo G 1991a.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $tubular-photobioreactor; $outdoor-mass-culture; $temperature; $night-
biomass-loss; $carbohydrates.
rsum :

Outdoor experiments using tubular photobioreactors have shown that in summer the average net
productivity of a Spirulina platensis culture grown at the optimal temperature of 35 C was superior by
23% to that observed in another culture grown at 25 C. The rates of night biomass loss were higher in
the culture grown at 25 C (average 7.6% of dry weight) than in the one grown at 35 C (average 5% of
dry weight). We found that the night biomass loss was dependent on the temperature and light
irradiance at which the cells were grown, since these factors influence the biomass composition. A net
increase in carbohydrate synthesis was observed when the cells were grown under high light
irradiance or at the suboptimal temperature of 25 C. The excess of carbohydrate synthesized during
the day was only partially utilized for night protein synthesis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

808: Torzillo G, Sacchi A, Materassi R, Richmond A.
Effect of temperature on yield and night biomass loss in Spirulina platensis grown outdoors in tubular
photobioreactors.
J Appl Phycol 3, No 2 (1991) 103-109.
PMID: pas
pdf: Torzillo G 1991.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $photobioreactor, $outdoor-mass-culture, $temperature, $night-biomass-
loss, $carbohydrate.
rsum:

Outdoor experiments carried out in Florence, Italy (latitude 43.8 N, longitude 11.3 E), using tubular
photobioreactors have shown that in summer the average net productivity of a Spirulina platensis
culture grown at the optimal temperature of 35 C was superior by 23% to that observed in a culture
grown at 25C. The rates of night biomass loss were higher in the culture grown at 25 C (average 7.6%
of total dry weight) than in the one grown at 35 C (average 5%). Night biomass loss depended on the
temperature and light irradiance at which the cultures were grown, since these factors influenced the
biomass composition. A net increase in carbohydrate synthesis occurred when the culture was grown
at a low biomass concentration under high light irradiance or at the suboptimal temperature of 25 C.
Excess carbohydrate synthesized during the day was only partially utilized for night protein synthesis.

319
----------------------------

809: Torzillo G, Pushparaj B, Bocci F, Balloni W, Materassi R, Florenzano G.
Production of Spirulina biomass in closed photobioreactors.
Biomass 11, No 1 (1986) 61-74.
PMID: pas
pdf: Torzillo G 1986.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $outdoor-mass-culture; $tubular-reactor; $photobioreactor.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-maxima; m.
rsum :

The results of a six year investigation on the outdoor mass culture of Spirulina platensis and S.
maxima in closed tubular photobioreactors are reported. On average, under the climatic conditions of
central Italy, the annual yield of biomass obtained from the closed culture units was equivalent to 33 t
dry weight ha^-1 year^-1. In the same climatic conditions the yield of the same organisms grown in
open ponds was about 18 t ha^-1 yea^-1. This considerable difference is due primarily to better
temperature conditions in the closed culture system. The main problems encountered relate to the
control of temperature and oxygen concentration in the culture suspension. This will require an
appropriate design and management of the photobioreactor as well as the selection of strains
specifically adapted to grow at high temperature and high oxygen concentration.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

810: Toyomizu M, Suzuki K, Kawata Y, Kojima H, Akiba Y.
Effective transformation of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis using electroporation.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 3 (2001) 209-214.
PMID: pas
pdf: Toyomizu M 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira-platensis; $cyanobacterium; $blue-green-alga; $electroporation; $feed-
enzyme; $poultry; $Spirulina; $transformation.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; n.
B : **Technology, **Spirulina, **Electroporation.
rsum:

Although Spirulina (Arthrospira) is expected to be a suitable organism for producing recombinant
proteins, a gene transfer system has not yet been established, due to a lack of suitable vectors and
because Spirulina appears refractory to common genetic manipulations. As the initial stages of the
development of recombinant DNA methodology, we examined the effects on transformation efficiency
of electroporation conditions such as electric-field strength (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12kV cm^-1) and time
constant (2.5, 5 ms). At a time constant of 2.5 ms, few transformants were observed regardless of the
field strength. The longer time constant of 5.0 ms reproducibly yielded transformants at the middle
field strength of 4 - 8 kV cm-1, but gave high killing and no transformation at the higher field strength
of 10 - 12kV cm^-1. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activities were increased only in the
transformants from 26 kV cm^-1 and 5.0 ms. The density of the transformants was significantly
correlated with the relative value of CAT activity (r =0.89, n =11, p <0.01), suggesting that the
chloramphenicol resistance was due to CAT activity. We concluded that transformation of S. platensis
was most effective at a pulse duration 5.0 ms with an electric field of 4 kV cm^-1, and that foreign
genes can be expressed in this organism.

----------------------------------------------------------------

811: Toyomizu M, Sato K, Taroda H, Kato T, Akiba Y.
Effects of dietary spirulina on meat colour in muscle of broiler chickens.
Br Poult Sci. 2001 May;42(2):197-202.
PMID: 11421328
pdf: Toyomizu M 2001a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:
320

1. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary spirulina on growth
performance and pigmentation in the muscle of growing broiler chickens and to examine the possibility
that zeaxanthin in spirulina may affect yellow colour development in the meat.
2. Twenty-four, 21-d-old, male broiler chicks were fed an experimental diet containing spirulina at 0,
40, or 80 g/ kg for 16 d. No significant differences among treatments were observed in body weights,
nor weights or yields (as a percentage of body weight) for any of the selected traits, including liver,
abdominal fat, kidney and Pectoralis profundus.
3. Spectrocolourimetric analyses revealed that the redness of Pectoralis superficialis, profundus and
Sartorius muscles reached a maximum in chicks fed the 40 g/kg spirulina diet, while the yellowness of
all fillets, including the Semitendinosus muscle, increased in a sub-linear fashion with increased
spirulina in the diet. The overall correlation between the yellowness and zeaxanthin content in the
Pectoralis muscle was significant.
4. This study provides the first conclusive evidence that dietary spirulina influences both the
yellowness and redness of broiler flesh and that the increments in yellowness with dietary spirulina
content may possibly be reflected in the common yellow pigment related to the accumulation of
zeaxanthin within the flesh.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

812: Trabelsi L, et al.
antibacterial and cell dvision stimulation activities of Arthrospira platensis (Filamentous
cyanobacterium) extracellular metabolites.
PMID: pas
pdf: Trabelsi L 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

813: Tragut V, Xiao J , Bylina EJ , Borthakur D.
Characterization of DNA restriction-modification systems in Spirulina platensis strain pacifica.
J Appl Phycol 7, No 6 (1995) 561-564.
PMID: pas
pdf: Tragut V 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $cyanobacteria, $restriction-enzyme.
rsum:

Four unique restriction enzymes were identified in the soluble protein fraction of Spirulina platensis
strain pacifica, a commercially important strain of marine cyanobacterium that is used as a supplement
in a human diets. These are SpaI, SpaII, SpaIII and SpaIV, which are isoschizomers of Tth111I, Pvul,
PvuII and HindIII, respectively. The recognition sites of each of these four enzymes were identified by
restriction digests of different plasmid DNAs of known sequence and determining the cleavage sites
by sequencing. SpaI is the most predominant restriction enzyme present in S. platensis strain pacifica.
It shows high activity at 37 C compared to 65 C for its isoschizomer Tth111I.

----------------------------

814: Tranquille N, Emeis J J , de Chambure D, Binot R, Tamponnet C.
Spirulina acceptability trials in rats. A study for the "MELISSA" life-support system.
Adv Space Res. 1994 Nov;14(11):167-70.
PMID: 11540177
pdf: Tranquille N 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

321
Groups of five rats were fed for sixteen weeks a slightly deficient diet, supplemented with 0-40% of a
dried preparation of the blue-green alga Spirulina as a protein source. Control groups were fed a
normal rat diet. No significant differences between groups were found in food intake, growth rate or
carbon dioxide production. All animals remained apparently healthy, and had similar organ weights.
The study suggests that Spirulina may be used as a protein source in rat diets.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

815: Tredici MR, Zittelli GC.
Efficiency of sunlight utilization: tubular versus flat photobioreactors
Biotechnol Bioeng. 1998 J an 20;57(2):187-97.
PMID: 10099193
pdf: Tredici M 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $algal-cultures, $photosynthetic-efficiency, $light-saturation-effect, $spatial-dilution-
of-light, $Arthrospira-(Spirulina)-platensis, $tubular-and-flat-photobioreactors.
rsum:

The light saturation effect imposes a serious limitation on the efficiency with which solar energy can be
utilized in outdoor algal cultures. One solution proposed to reduce the intensity of incident solar
radiation and overcome the light saturation effect is "spatial dilution of light" (i.e., distribution of the
impinging photon flux on a greater photosynthetic surface area), but consistent experimental data
supporting a significant positive influence of spatial light dilution on the productivity and the
photosynthetic efficiency of outdoor algal cultures have never been reported. We used a coiled tubular
reactor and compared a near-horizontal straight tubular reactor and a near-horizontal flat panel in
outdoor cultivation of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis under defined operating
conditions for optimum productivity. The photosynthetic efficiency achieved in the tubular systems was
significantly higher because their curved surface "diluted" the impinging solar radiation and thus
reduced the light saturation effect. This interpretation was supported by the results of experiments
carried out in the laboratory under continuous artificial illumination using both a flat and a curved
chamber reactor. The study also showed that, when the effect of light saturation is eliminated or
reduced, productivity and solar irradiance are linearly correlated even at very high diurnal irradiance
values, and supported findings that outdoor algal cultures are light-limited even during bright summer
days. It was also observed that, besides improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the culture, spatial
dilution of light also leads to higher growth rates and lowers the cellular content of accessory
pigments; that is, it reduces mutual shading in the culture. The inadequacy of using volumetric
productivity as the sole criterion for comparing reactors of different surface-to-volume ratio and of the
areal productivity for evaluating the performance of elevated photobioreactors operated outdoors is
stressed; it is furthermore suggested that the photosynthetic efficiency achieved by the culture also be
calculated to provide a suitable parameter for comparison of different algal cultivation systems
operated under similar climatic conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

816: Tredici MR, Baglioni S, Chini Zittelli G, Montaini E, Favilli F, Mannelli D, Materassi R.
Fully controllable, high surface-to-volume ratio photobioreactors for the production of specialty
chemicals from oxygenic phototrophs.
In: ECB 6 - Proceedings of the 6th European Congress on Biotechnology
Florence, Italy, 13 - 17 J une 1993 (Elsevier Science, 1994) 1011-1016.
PMID: pas
pdf: Tredici M 1994.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum :

--------------------------------------------------------------------

817: Tredici MR, Chini Zitelli G, Biagiolini S.
Novel photobioreactors for the mass cultivation of Spirulina spp.
322
PMID: pas
mots-cls article:

----------------------------------------------------------

818: Tredici MR, Materassi R.
From open ponds to vertical alveolar panels: the Italian experience in the development of reactors for
the mass cultivation of phototrophic microorganisms.
J appl Phycol 4, No 3 (1992) 221-231.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $microalgal-mass-culture, $tubular-photobioreactor, $vertical-alveolar-panel-(VAP).
rsum:

The need to develop new concepts in reactor design and the growing interest in Spirulina prompted
our group to abandon open ponds in the seventies and to focus interest mainly on closed systems.
Two substantially different closed photobioreactors have been developed and are at present under
investigation in our Research Centre: the tubular photobioreactor (made of rigid or collapsible tubes)
and the recently devised vertical alveolar panel (VAP) made of 1.6-cm-thick Plexiglas alveolar sheets.
The technical characteristics of the two systems are described and discussed in relation to the main
factors which regulate the growth of oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms in closed reactors.

----------------------------------------------------------

819: Tredici MR, Carlozzi P, Chini Zittelli G, Materassi R.
A vertical alveolar panel (VAP) for outdoor mass cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $Algal-mass-culture; $photobioreactors; $Spirulina; $Anabaena-azollae;
$photoinhibition; $night-biomass-loss.
rsum :

A vertical alveolar panel (VAP) for microalgal mass cultivation has been devised and developed. VAP
reactors with a surface area of 05-22 m^2 were constructed from Plexiglas alveolar sheets 16 cm in
thickness and used from May 1989 to February 1990 to grow Anabaena azollae and Spirulina
platensis in the climatic conditions of Central Italy. The VAP has proven to be well suited to the
outdoor mass cultivation of cyanobacteria, allowing operation at high cell concentrations (47 g liter^-
1) and achieving high biomass productivity even in winter. The high surface-to-volume ratio (80m^-1),
its flexible orientation with respect to the sun's rays, effective mixing and O2 removal through air
bubbling and a good control of environmental and nutritional conditions seem to be the major
advantages of the system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

820: Tropis M, Bardou F, Bersch B, Daffe M, Milon A.
Composition and phase behaviour of polar lipids isolated from Spirulina maxima cells grown in a
perdeuterated medium.
PMID: 8914584
pdf: Tropis M 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
323
rsum:

The lipid composition of Spirulina maxima cells grown in a perdeuterated medium was determined by
using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fast atom-bombardment-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as conventional chemical methods. The extent of
deuteration was determined by mass spectrometry and was superior to 97.5%. The major lipids
identified in the strain were: non-polar lipids (9%), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (5%),
digalactosyldiacylglycerol (22%), phosphatidylglycerol (31%), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (32%),
phosphatidylinositol (traces). The major fatty acids were 16:0 (80%) and 18:1 (15%). These results
demonstrate that the adaptation of the cells to D2O did not imply a profound modification of the lipid
composition. The perdeuterated polar lipid mixture dispersed into an excess of water organises
spontaneously in a lamellar phase as seen by 31P and deuterium solid state NMR and can therefore
be used to prepare perdeuterated model membranes with a well defined composition. Liposomes
made using these lipids have a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition in the range 15-27 degrees C
and are in a fluid L alpha phase above this temperature.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

821: Tsavkelova EA, Lobakova ES, Kolomeitseva GL, Cherdyntseva TA, Netrusov AI.
[Associative cyanobacteria isolated from the roots of epiphytic orchids].
PMID: 12698800
pdf: Tsavkelova E 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

--------------------------------------------------------------------

822: Tseng CK.
Algal biotechnology industries and research activities in China.
J Appl Phycol 13, No 4 (2001) 375-380.
PMID: pas
pdf: Tseng C 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $algal biotechnology; $China; $Gracilaria; $Dunaliella; $Laminaria; $Nostoc;
$Porphyra; $Spirulina; $Undaria.
rsum:

In old China there were very few people engaged in the study of the algae, but in new China, fresh
water and marine algae are studied by over one hundred old and new phycologists. There is now an
algal biotechnology industry consisting of an aquaculture industry, producing large amounts ofthe
seaweeds Laminaria, Porphyra, Undaria, Gracilaria, eucheumoids, and the microalgae Dunaliella and
Spirulina. There is also a phycocolloid industry, producing algin, agar and carrageenan; an industry
producing chemicals and drugs, such as iodine, mannitol, phycocyanin, -carotene, PSS (propylene
glycol alginatesulfate) and FPS (fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides) and an industry
producing food, feed and fertilizer. The Laminaria cultivation industry produces about 900,000 t dry
Laminaria, probably the largest producer in the world and 13,000 t algin, undoubtedly one of the
largest algin producer in the world.

----------------------------------------------------------------

823: Tseng CL, Weng PS, Sun KH.
Sorption of low-level radwaste by Spirulina.
Radioisotopes. 1986 Oct;35(10):540-2.
PMID: 3101144
pdf: Tseng C 1986.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; puration; sorption.
rsum:
324

The feasibility of using spirulina as adsorbent for the treatment of low-level liquid radwaste is studied.
The experimental results indicate that the sorption capacity of spirulina is good for the di- and trivalent
metallic ions at pH 3-7, but rather poor for the mono-valent metallic ions and non-metallic ions. Some
factors affecting metal ion uptake by spirulina such as the content of detergent, sodium ion in liquid
radwaste and the stability of spirulina under gamma irradiation were also investigated.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

824: Tsukihara T, Fukuyama K, Mizushima M, Harioka T, Kusunoki M, Katsube Y, Hase T,
Matsubara H.
Structure of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin I from the blue-green alga Aphanothece sacrum at 2.2 A
resolution.
J Mol Biol. 1990 Nov 20;216(2):399-410.
PMID: 2123937
pdf: Tsukihara T 1990.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Crystals of a [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin (Fd) I with a relative molecular mass of 10,480 were obtained from
the blue-green alga Aphanothece sacrum. Each asymmetric unit of the crystal contains four
molecules. An electron density map calculated by the single isomorphous replacement method with
the anomalous dispersion at 2.5 A resolution was refined by averaging the four molecules in the
asymmetric unit. Positional and isotropic thermal parameters for the non-hydrogen atoms of the four
molecules and 158 water molecules were refined to an R-factor (R =sigma[Fo-Fc[/sigma Fo) of 0.23
by the restrained least-squares method. The estimated root-mean-square (r.m.s.) error for the atomic
positions is 0.3 A. The r.m.s. deviations of equivalent C alpha atoms of the asymmetric-unit molecules
superposed by the least-squares method average 0.35 A. The Fd molecule has a structure like the
beta-barrel in the molecule of the [2Fe-2S] Fd from Spirulina platensis. A [2Fe-2S] cluster is bonded
covalently to the protein molecule by four Fe-S, in which three of the Fe-S bonds are in a loop
segment from position 38 to 47. The hydrophobic core inside the beta-barrel is formed by seven
conservative residues: Val15, Val18, Ile24, Leu51, Ile74, Ala79 and Ile87. The molecular surface
around Tyr23, Tyr80 and the active center may interact with ferredoxin-NADP+reductase. One of the
two iron atoms of the [2Fe-2S] cluster should be more easily reduced than the other because of
differences in the hydrogen-bonding scheme and the hydrophobicity around the atoms.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

825: Tsukihara T, Kobayashi M, Nakamura M, Katsube Y, Fukuyama K, Hase T, Wada K, Matsubara
H.
Structure-function relationship of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins and design of a model molecule.
Biosystems. 1982;15(3):243-57.
PMID: 7139087
mots-cls article:
rsum:

[2Fe-2S] ferredoxins isolated from various plants and algae comprise 93-99 amino acid residues and
resemble each other not only in sequences, but also in physiological functions. One of them isolated
from Spirulina platensis was subjected to X-ray analysis and its three dimensional structure is now
known. [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins of a different type are found in halobacteria and comprise 128 amino acid
residues. Both types of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins exhibit low redox potentials. By comparing the amino
acid sequences of 28 [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins and the tertiary structure of S. platensis ferredoxin we
predicted a common three-dimensional structure to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins and proposed a
molecular surface area to be interacting with FNR. An artificial small molecule composed of 20 amino
acid residues is designed on the basis of the tertiary structure of S. platensis ferredoxin. The amino
acid sequence was predicted to be Pro-Tyr-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ala-Gly-Ala-Cys-Ser-Thr-Cys-Ala-Gyl-Pro-
Leu-Leu-Thr Cys-Val which should have a [2Fe-2S] cluster with a low redox potential.
325

--------------------------------------------------------------------

826: Tsukihira T, Fukuyama K, Nakamura M, Katsube Y, Tanaka N, Kakudo M, Wada K, Hase T,
Matsubara H.
X-ray analysis of a [2Fe-2S] ferrodoxin from Spirulina platensis. Main chain fold and location of side
chains at 2.5 A resolution.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1981 Dec;90(6):1763-73.
PMID: 6801028
pdf: Tsukihira T 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A [2Fe-2S] ferrodoxin from Spirulina platensis crystallized in space group C2221 with cell dimensions
of a =62.32, b =28.51, c =108.08 A, and alpha =beta =gamma =90.0 degrees. X-ray structure
analysis of the protein was carried out at 2.5 A resolution by the single isomorphous replacement
method coupled with the derivative and the native anomalous dispersion methods. Phase angles of
2182 independent reflections were determined and their average figure of merit was 0.58. Each of 98
residues was superposed on the electron density sections enlarged to 2 cm/l A with a half-mirror
device (Richards box). About 25% of the total residues form beta-structure and 10% fold in a tow-turn
alpha-helix. A beta-barrel-like structure was found in the main chain fold. A polypeptide segment from
residues 41 to 49 forms a loop structure outside the barrel. Two iron atoms of the [2Fe-2S] cluster are
coordinated by three cysteines in the loop and by Cys-79. Hydrogen bonds of NH....S and OH....S
stabilize the loop conformation. Most side chains are reasonably oriented in the molecule. The internal
volume of the barrel is occupied by aliphatic nonpolar residues. All the charged groups are accessible
to solvent molecules.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

827: Tsukihara T, Fukuyama K, Tahara H, Katsube Y, Matsuura Y, Tanaka N, Kakudo M, Wada K,
Matsubara H.
X-ray analysis of ferredoxin from Spirulina platensis. II. Chelate structure of active center.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1978 Dec;84(6):1645-7.
PMID: 104982
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A chloroplast-type ferredoxin from Spirulina platenis crystallized in an orthorhombic system, space
group C2221, with cell dimensions a=62.32, b=28.51, and c=108.08 A. The electron density map at
2.8 A resolution was prepared by using the best phase angles determined by the single isomorphous
replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion method. The chelating structure of the
acitve center was revealed as follows. Of the six cysteinyl residues in the molecule, Cys 41, Cys 4k,
Cys 49, and Cys 79 are involved in the active center. Cys 41 and Cys 46 are coordinated to one iron
atom, and Cys 49 and Cys 79 to the other iron atom. Only one of these cysteinyl residues, Cys 79, is
comparatively apart from the other three in the amino acids sequence of the molecule, as found in the
case of bacterial ferredoxin. It appears that the NH....S hydrogen bonds are around the active center,
as in other non-heme iron sulfur proteins.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

828: Tsutsui T, Tsukihara T, Fukuyama K, Katsube Y, Hase T, Matsubara H, Nishikawa Y, Tanaka
N.
Main chain fold of a [2Fe-2S]ferredoxin I from Aphanothece sacrum at 2.5 A resolution.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1983 J ul;94(1):299-302.
PMID: 6413499
pdf: Tsutsui T 1983.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
326
rsum:

Crystal structure analysis of a [2Fe-2S]ferredoxin I from Aphanothece sacrum, a blue green alga, was
carried out at 2.5 A resolution. The phase angle of each reflection was determined by the single
isomorphous replacement method coupled with the anomalous dispersion effect for the uranium
derivative. The four molecules in an asymmetric unit were clearly seen in a 3.9 A electron density
map. The main chains of three molecules were traced at 2.5 A resolution. The structure of the
remaining one molecule, however, remains unknown because of the poor electron density of the
corresponding region. The three main chain folds exhibit the same topology as that in Spirulina
platensis. The structural similarity between A. sacrum and S. platensis ferredoxins, whose amino acid
sequences are different from each other by about 30%, strongly suggests that all plant-type
ferredoxins have the same main chain fold.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

829: Tulliez J , Bories G, Boudne C, Fvrier C.
Les hydrocarbures des algues spirulines: nature, tude du devenir de lheptadcane chez le rat et le
porc.
[Hydrocarbons of the spiruline algae: nature, metabolism of heptadecane by rats and swine].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):563-72.
PMID: 824998
pdf: Tulliez J 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna:

Hydrocarbons represent about half of the insaponifiable fraction of spirulina algae (0.1 to 0.3 p. 100 of
the dry alga); n-heptadecane is the major component (65 p. 100). The retention of this paraffin has
been measured in animals receiving these algae as the main or partial protein source. Rats fed with a
diet containing 280 ppm n-heptadecane (25 p. 100 alga meal) from weaning show an accumulation of
this hydrocarbon in the carcass the retention levels off after 4 months and seems related to the lipid
content; preferential fixation occurs in adipose tissue. Sows receiving a diet with 52 ppm heptadecane
(5p. 100 alga meal) during growth, pregnancy and lactation retain comparatively much less
hydrocarbon; nevertheless n-heptadecane is excreted in the milk.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

830: Umesh BV.
Performance of two new filtration devices for harvesting of spirulina alga.
Biotechnol Lett 6, No 5 (1984) 309-312.
PMID: pas
pdf: Umesh B 1984.papier
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-fusiformis; f; B.
rsum:

Two new filtration techniques are discussed for large scale harvesting of spirulina fusiformis. They are
(1) a column-gravity filter (CGF) and (2) a rotary drum filter (RAJ I-I) which works using a simple
centrifugal pump or by gravity. Either independentely or in combination, these devices promise low
harvesting cost apart from simple fabrication and low initial costs.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

831: Unique S.
Spirulina production in Spain.
PMID: pas
pdf: Unique S 1993.papier
327
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

832: Upasani CD, Balaraman R.
Protective effect of Spirulina on lead induced deleterious changes in the lipid peroxidation and
endogenous antioxidants in rats.
Phytother Res. 2003 Apr;17(4):330-4.
PMID: 12722134
pdf: Upasani C 2003.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $lead-acetate; $MDA; $SOD; $catalase; $GSH.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Spirulina on lead-induced changes in the
levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in liver, lung, heart, kidney and brain of rats.
Levels of elemental lead were also measured in the organs of rats in all experimental groups. In the
liver, lung, heart and kidney of lead-exposed animals, there was a significant (p <0.001) increase in
the lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Although, Spirulina did
not affect the deposition of lead in organs apart from the brain, simultaneous administration of
Spirulina to lead exposed animals significantly (p <0.001) inhibited lipid peroxidation and restored the
levels of endogenous antioxidants to normal. To conclude, Spirulina had a significant effect on
scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting the organs from damage caused by the exposure to lead.
Further more, Spirulina showed a significant (p <0.05) decrease in the deposition of lead in the brain.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

833: Upasani CD, Khera A, Balaraman R.
Effect of lead with vitamin E, C, or Spirulina on malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and
hydroperoxides in rats.
Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 J an;39(1):70-4.
PMID: 11349530
pdf: Upasani C 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Lead (100 ppm) was given in doubly deionised water for 30 days to one group of rats. The other
groups received lead along with exogenous antioxidants like vitamin E (50 IU/kg), vitamin C (800
mg/kg) or Spirulina (1500 mg/kg) in food for a similar period. Levels of lipid peroxidation products such
as malondialdehyde, conjugated diene and hydroperoxide were measured in liver, lung and kidney of
treated rats. In lead treated animals there was a significant increase in the levels of these lipid
peroxidative products. Administration of exogenous antioxidants in the lead treated animals reduced
the levels of malondialdehyde, conjugated diene and hydroperoxide. It indicated that vitamin E,
vitamin C and Spirulina had significant (P <0.001) antioxidant activity thereby protecting the animals
from lead induced toxicity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

834: Usmanova A, Astier C, Mejean C, Hubert F, Feinberg J , Benyamin Y, Roustan C.
Coevolution of actin and associated proteins: an alpha-actinin-like protein in a cyanobacterium
(Spirulina platensis).
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Aug;120(4):693-700.
PMID: 9854817
pdf: Usmanova A 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Actin; $alpha-Actinin; $Filamin; $Prokaryote; $Cyanobacteria; $Evolution; $Anti-
actin-antibodies; $Glycosylation; $Spirulina; $Synechocystis.
328
rsum:

Actin, together with associated proteins, such as myosin, cross-linking or capping proteins, has been
observed in all eukaryotic cells. Presence of actin or actin-like proteins has also been reported in
prokaryotic organisms belonging to the cyanobacteria. Our aim was first to extend the characterization
of an actin-like protein to another prokaryotic cell, i.e. Spirulina, then to compare the antigenic
reactivity of this new protein with that of Synechocystis and skeletal actins. We observed that some of
the conserved antigenic epitopes corresponded to actin regions known to interact with cross-linking
proteins. We also report for the first time that alpha-actinin and filamin purified from chicken gizzard
both interact with a prokaryotic actin-like protein. Finally, we searched for the occurrence of a cross-
linking protein in these cyanobacteria and identified a 105-kDa protein as an alpha-actinin-like protein
using specific antibodies.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

835: Vadiraja BB, Gaikwad NW, Madyastha KM.
Hepatoprotective effect of C-phycocyanin: protection for carbon tetrachloride and R-(+)-pulegone-
mediated hepatotoxicty in rats.
PMID: 9712713
pdf: Vadiraja B 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $C-phycocyanin; $carbon-tetrachloride; $R-(+)-pulegone,-a-
monoterpene-ketone; $hepatotoxicity; $hepatoprotective-effect.
rsum:

Effect of C-phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis) pretreatment on carbontetrachloride and R-(+)-
pulegone-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was studied. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (200 mg/kg)
of a single dose of phycocyanin to rats, one or three hours prior to R-(+)-pulegone (250 mg/kg) or
carbontetrachloride (0.6 ml/kg) challenge, significantly reduced the hepatotoxicity caused by these
chemicals. For instance, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity was almost equal to
control values. The losses of microsomal cytochrome P450, glucose-6-phosphatase and aminopyrine-
N-demethylase were significantly reduced, suggesting that phycocyanin provides protection to liver
enzymes. It was noticed that the level of menthofuran, the proximate toxin of R-(+)-pulegone was
nearly 70% more in the urine samples collected from rats treated with R-(+)-pulegone alone than rats
treated with the combination of phycocyanin and R-(+)-pulegone. The possible mechanism involved in
the hepatoprotection is discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

836: Valderrama G, Crdenas A, Markovits A.
On the economics of Spirulina production in Chile with details on drag-board mixing in shallow ponds
Hydrobiologia 151-152, No 1 (1987) 71-74.
PMID: pas
pdf: Valderrama G 1987.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina, $cultivation, $drag-board, $production, $economics.
rsum :

The northern coastal zones of Chile are ideally suited for mass cultivation of microalgae due to the
availability of flat land, clear sky during the entire year, and stable weather conditions. Therefore an
economic analysis has been carried out on a Spirulina production facility located 600 km north of
Santiago. The site selected is close to the ocean and to the outlet of the Huasco River whose flow rate
is 2 m^3 s^-1. The lowest winter temperature there is 11 C and the highest summer temperature is 26
C. Rainfall is practically nonexistent in the zone. The facility has been designed and evaluated for
annual production of 100 t of dry biomass.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

329
837: Valderrama J O, Perrut M, Majewski W.
Extraction of astaxantine and phycocyanine from microalgae with supercritical carbon dioxide.
J Chem Eng Data 48 (2003) 827-830.
PMID: pas
pdf: Valderrama J 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum :

Astaxantine from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis and phycocyanine from the microalga
Spirulina maxima have been obtained by supercritical extraction using carbon dioxide. Prior to
extraction, the samples of microalgae were crushed by cutting mills (coffee mill) and then manually
ground with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). The Haematococcus extracts were analyzed by liquid
chromatography, using astaxantin (purity of 98%) as a standard. Phycocyanine, being insoluble in
carbon dioxide, was indirectly separated. Thus, lipid-soluble substances from spirulina were extracted
and analyzed by liquid chromatography, using as a standard a solution prepared on the base of
reagent (purity of 40%). For the astaxantine extraction, the results show that cellular wall breaking has
an important effect on extraction efficiency. The addition of a cosolvent (9.4 mass % of ethanol) has
little effect, reaching an extraction yield of about 1.7 mass %. The extraction yield is much below the
expected lipid content in dry Haematococcus alga samples, which is known to be close to 30 mass %.
The maximum total recovery of astaxantin, calculated from its initial and residual content in the alga
(0.0147 and 0.0004, respectively), exceeds 97%. For phycocyanine extraction, the addition of
cosolvent (10 mass % of ethanol) has a strong effect on the extraction yield of lipidic substances. This
value goes from about 1.1% for extraction without cosolvent to about 1.7 mass % when the cosolvent
is used. The total extraction yield of about 3 mass % corresponds well to the average lipid content of
3.27% in alga Spirulina maxima reported in the literature.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

838: Valls R, et al.
Lynbya majuscula: une source potentielle de composs aux proprits antifouling.
PMID: pas
pdf: Valls R 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

839: van Eykelenburg C, Fuchs A, Schmidt GH.
Some theoretical considerations on the in vitro shape of the cross-walls in Spirulina spp.
J Theor Biol. 1980 J an 21;82(2):271-82.
PMID: 6768932
pdf: van Eykelenburg C 1980a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Electron micrographs obtained after shadow-preparation of the cross-walls of cyanobacteria belonging
to the genus Spirulina showed that the walls have a perfect sectorial pleat, its size in different species
being related to the magnitude of their trichome pitch. Further, shadow-preparation caused a decrease
in diameter of the cells of Spirulina platensis of 40%, with a 10% extra shrinkage of the diameter of the
cross-wall. Both phenomena no doubt reflect certain material properties of the peptidoglycan layer
which is responsible for the inherent rigidity of the cell envelope, and also constitutes the cross-wall.
Probably, these material properties determine both the in vivo helical shape and the in vitro
occurrence of the overlap in Spirulina cross-walls, and also allow for flexibility and variability in shape
of the organism as a whole.
Four hypotheses are put forward to explain the observed phenomena; on the basis of mechanical
considerations it is most likely that the pleat in the cross-wall as observed in vitro must be ascribed to
330
anisotropic shrinkage upon dehydration during shadow-preparation of the cross-walls. This anisotropy
might be due to the polysaccharide chains of the peptidoglycan layer running in the circumferential
direction and the peptide side-chains running in the radial direction. With this hypothesis the difference
between the diameters in vitro of the cell envelope and the cross-wall can also be accounted for,
within an error of 12%.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

840: van Eykelenburg C.
Ecophysiological studies on Spirulina platensis. Effect of temperature, light intensity and nitrate
concentration on growth and ultrastructure.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1980;46(2):113-27.
PMID: 6776891
pdf: van Eykelenburg C 1980.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was studied in relation to temperature,
light intensity and nitrate concentration. The organism was able to grow in media supplied with nitrate
in concentrations up to 250 mM. High nitrate concentrations increased the yield and growth rate at
temperatures above 35 degeees C. Occurrence, distribution and abundance of cyanophycin granules,
polyglucan granules, cylindrical bodies, carboxysomes and mesosomes varied widely in relation to the
factors studied. At low temperatures (up to 17 degrees C) cyanophycin was the abundant organelle,
especially at high nitrate concentrations, whereas in the temperature range 17--20 degrees C
polyglucan was found in large quantities particularly at low nitrate concentrations. Special attention
was paid to the cylindrical bodies, the ultrastructure of which was dependent on temperature. Three
types of ultrastructure were distinguished each with several possible shapes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

The ultrastructure of Spirulina platensis in relation to temperature and light intensity.
PMID: 233414
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The ultrastructure of Spirulina platensis, a cyanobacterium with a helical morphology, has been
studied in relation to temperature and light intensity. An increase in temperature gives rise to a more
tightly coiled trichome, an increase in sheath material formation and a decrease in cyanophycin
(above 17 degrees C) and polyglucan (above 20 degrees C) granule concentration. An increase in
light intensity leads to an increase in gas vesicle concentration while the phycobilisome content
decreases. Furthermore, cylindrica bodies have been observed with a somewhat different
ultrastructure from those found in other species of cyanobacteria. The occurrence, size and
ultrastructure of polyhedral bodies, photosynthetic lamellae, mesosomes, lipid deposits and an
unknown kidney-shaped inclusion in relation to temperature and light intensity are described.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

A glucan from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1978;44(3-4):321-7.
PMID: 110253
mots-cls article:
rsum:
331

A polysaccharide was isolated from the cell wall of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Hydrolysis
of the polysaccharide only yielded glucose. Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry of the
polysaccharide resulted in a spectrum very similar to that of beta-1,2-glucan. Probably the glucan
originates from the fibrillar inner layer of the cell wall.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

On the morphology and ultrastructure of the cell wall of Spirulina platensis.
PMID: 413479
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The cell wall of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis was studied with the electron microscope using
ultra-thin sectioning, shadowing, carbon-replication or freeze-etching techniques for specimen
preparation. The cell wall could be resolved into four layers, L-I through L-IV. The L-I and L-III layers
contain fibrillar material. The septum is a three-layered wall: an L-II layer sandwiched between L-I
layers. The shape in vitro of isolated septa might be an artifact due to the preparation technique used.
Certain structural properties of the septum seem to allow tangential stretching; they might be reflected
in the flexible gliding mobility of Spirulina species. The outer, L-IV layer contains material longitudinally
arranged along the trichome axis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

844: Vannela R, Verma SK.
Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+accumulation by cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Biotechnol Prog. 2006 Sep-Oct;22(5):1282-93.
PMID: 17022665
pdf: Vannela R 2006a.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The Spirulina platensis biomass was characterized for its metal accumulation as a function of pH,
external metal concentration, equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, effect of co-ions under free (living cells,
lyophilized, and oven-dried) and immobilized (Ca-alginate and polyacrylamide gel) conditions. The
maximum metal biosorption by S. platensis biomass was observed at pH 6.0 with free and
immobilized biomass. The studies on equilibrium isotherm experiments showed highest maximum
metal loading by living cells (181.0 +/- 13.1 mg Co(2+)/g, 272.1 +/- 29.4 mg Cu(2+)/g and 250.3 +/-
26.4 mg Zn(2+)/g) followed by lyophilized (79.7 +/- 9.6 mg Co(2+)/g, 250.0 +/- 22.4 mg Cu(2+)/g and
111.2 +/- 9.8 mg Zn(2+)/g) and oven-dried (25.9 +/- 1.9 mg Co(2+)/g, 160.0 +/- 14.2 mg Cu(2+)/g and
35.1 +/- 2.7 mg Zn(2+)/g) biomass of S. platensis on a dry weight basis. The polyacrylamide gel (PAG)
immobilization of lyophilized biomass found to be superior over Ca-alginate (Ca-Alg) and did not
interfere with the S. platensis biomass biosorption capacity, yielding 25% of metal loading after PAG
entrapment. The time-dependent metal biosorption in both the free and immobilized form revealed
existence of two phases involving an initial rapid phase (which lasted for 1-2 min) contributing 63-77%
of total biosorption, followed by a slower phase that continued for 2 h. The metal elution studies
conducted using various reagents showed more than 90% elution with mineral acids, calcium salts,
and Na(2)EDTA with free (lyophilized or oven-dried) as well as immobilized biomass. The experiments
conducted to examine the suitability of PAG-immobilized S. platensis biomass over multiple cycles of
Co(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+) sorption and elution showed that the same PAG cubes can be reused for
at least seven cycles with high efficiency.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

845: Vannela R, Verma SK.
332
Cu2+removal and recovery by Spi SORB: batch stirred and up-flow packed bed columnar reactor
systems.
Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2006 J un;29(1):7-17.
PMID: 16496185
pdf: Vannela R 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biosorption; $Heavy-metals; $SpiSORB; $PAG-cubes; $Column-runs.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; puration; biosorption; B.
rsum:

The biosorption of Cu(2+) by free and poly acrylamide gel (PAG) immobilized Spirulina platensis
(SpiSORB) was characterized under batch and continuous packed bed columnar reaction systems.
The biosorption of Cu(2+) was shown to be highest at pH of 6.0 for both types of biomass. The PAG
immobilization process did not interfere with the Cu(2+) binding sites present on biomass leading to
cent percent (ca. 250 mg g(-1) of dry biomass) retention of biosorption as compared to free cells.
Transmission electron microscopy on Cu(2+) localization revealed that majority of metal is being
sequestered by the cell wall only. The infrared spectrum of metal treated S. platensis biomass
indicated the possible involvement of amide, amino, and carboxyl groups in metal binding. Up-flow
packed bed columnar reactor containing 2.0 g of PAG immobilized S. platensis shown a maximum of
143-fold volume reduction factor at the residence time of 4.6 min for Cu(2+) alone and found to
decrease dramatically when Zn(2+)is present in a bimetallic solution.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

846: van Rijn J , Shilo M.
Nitrogen limitation in natural populations of cyanobacteria (Spirulina and Oscillatoria spp.) and its
effect on macromolecular synthesis.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Aug;52(2):340-344.
PMID: 16347132
pdf: van Rijn J 1986.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Natural populations of the cyanobacteria Spirulina species and Oscillatoria species obtained from
Israeli fishponds were limited in growth by nitrogen availability in summer. Physiological indicators for
nitrogen limitation, such as phycocyanin, chlorophyll a, and carbohydrate content, did not show clear
evidence for nitrogen limited growth, since these organisms are capable of vertical migration from and
to the nitrogen-rich bottom. By means of C labeling of the cells under simulated pond conditions
followed by cell fractionation into macromolecular compounds, we found that carbohydrates
synthesized at the lighted surface were partially utilized for dark protein synthesis at the bottom of
these ponds.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

847: Varga L, Szigeti J , Kovacs R, Foldes T, Buti S.
Influence of a Spirulina platensis biomass on the microflora of fermented ABT milks during storage
(R1).
J Dairy Sci. 2002 May;85(5):1031-8.
PMID: 12086036
pdf: Varga L 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $bifidobacteria, $Lactobacillus-acidophilus, $Streptococcus-
thermophilus.
rsum:

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of a cyanobacterial (Spirulina platensis)
biomass on the microflora of a probiotic fermented dairy product during storage at two temperatures.
Spirulina-enriched and control (plain) fermented acidophilus-bifidus-thermophilus (ABT) milks were
produced using a fast fermentation starter culture (ABT-4) as the source of Lactobacillus acidophilus
(A), bifidobacteria (B), and Streptococcus thermophilus (T). Incubation took 6 h at 40 degrees C. As
333
for the cyanobacterial product, the S. platensis biomass was added to the process milk during stirring
at pH 4.5 to 4.6. Thereafter, the ABT-type fermented milks were cooled to 25 degrees C in ice water,
filled into sterile, tightly capped centrifuge tubes, further cooled at 4 degrees C for 24 h, and then
stored either at 15 degrees C for 18 d or at 4 degrees C for 42 d. Microbiological analyses and acidity
measurements were performed at regular intervals. Our results showed that the counts of the starter
organisms were satisfactory during the entire storage period at both temperatures applied in this
research. The S. platensis biomass had a beneficial effect on the survival of ABT starter bacteria
regardless of storage temperature. Postacidification was observed at 15 degrees C, whereas pH
remained stable during refrigerated storage at 4 degrees C. The abundance of bioactive substances in
S. platensis is of great importance from a nutritional point of view because thus the cyanobacterial
biomass provides a new opportunity for the manufacture of functional dairy foods.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

848: Vella A, Lee J S, Camilleri M, Szarka LA, Burton DD, Zinsmeister AR, Rizza RA, Klein PD.
Effects of pramlintide, an amylin analogue, on gastric emptying in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002 Apr;14(2):123-31.
PMID: 11975712
pdf: Vella A 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $glucose, $pancreatic-polypeptide.
mots-cls Antenna: ; instrumentation; gastric-monitoring.
rsum:

Pramlintide delays gastric emptying, possibly by a centrally mediated mechanism. Our aim was to
determine whether the effects of pramlintide on gastric emptying differ in people with type 1 or type 2
diabetes who had no history of complications. Using a randomized, three-period, two-dose, crossover
design, we studied the effects of 0, 30, or 60 microg t.i.d. pramlintide subcutaneously for 5 days each
in six type 1 and six type 2 diabetic subjects. Gastric emptying of solids was measured by 13C-
Spirulina breath test. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) response to the test meal was also
measured. Relative to placebo [t 50% 91 +/- 6 min (means +/- SEM)], pramlintide equally delayed
gastric emptying following 30 or 60 microg t.i.d. (268 +/- 37 min, 329 +/- 49 min, respectively; P <
0.01]. Postprandial HPP levels were lower in response to 30 and 60 microg pramlintide compared to
placebo. There were no significant differences in the effects on gastric emptying or HPP levels
between type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. Pramlintide delays gastric emptying in diabetes
unassociated with clinically detected complications. Further studies are needed in diabetic patients
with impaired gastric motor function.


--------------------------------------------------------------------

849: Venkataraman LV.
Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnologym, edited by Avigad
Vonshak.
J Appl Phycol Volume 9, No 3 (1997) 295-296.
PMID: pas
pdf: Venkataraman L 1997.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Recension du livre "Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell Biology and Biotechnology,
dit par A Vonshak (Taylor & Francis, London, 1996) 233pp.

----------------------------

850: Venkataraman LV, Somasekaran T, Becker EW.
Replacement value of blue-green alga (Spirulina platensis) for fishmeal and a vitamin-mineral premix
for broiler chicks.
334
Br Poult Sci. 1994 J ul;35(3):373-81.
PMID: 7953781
pdf: Venkataraman L 1994.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

1. The effect of sun-dried Spirulina platensis in poultry diets was studied in a 12-week feeding trial by
replacing either fishmeal (FM) or groundnut cake (GC) in a commercial diet with algae at
isonitrogenous concentrations of 140 g/kg and 170 g/kg respectively. Additional vitamins/minerals
were omitted from the algal diets because Spirulina is rich in them.
2. Efficiency of food utilisation, protein efficiency ratio and dressing percentage indicated that
substitution of FM or GC by alga did not affect the performance of broilers.
3. None of the diets affected the weights, compositions and histopathology of the various organs of
the chicks.
4. Meat quality remained unchanged except for a more intense colour in the case of birds fed on the
alga-containing diets.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

851: Verhagen MF, Link TA, Hagen WR.
Electrochemical study of the redox properties of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins. Evidence for superreduction of
the Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster.
FEBS Lett. 1995 Mar 13;361(1):75-8.
PMID: 7890043
pdf: Verhagen M 1995.pdf
mots-cls article: $Rieske; $Iron-sulfur-cluster; $Spinach-ferredoxin; $Cyclic-voltammetry;
$Superreduction.
rsum:

Direct, unmediated electrochemistry has been used to compare the redox properties of [2Fe-2S]
clusters in spinach ferredoxin, Spirulina platensis ferredoxin and the water soluble fragment of the
Rieske protein. The use of electrochemistry enabled, for the first time, the observation of the second
reduction step, [Fe(III), Fe(II)] to [Fe(II), Fe(II)], in a biological [2Fe-2S] system. A water-soluble
fragment of the Rieske protein from bovine heart bc1 complex exhibits two subsequent quasi-
reversible responses in cyclic voltammetry on activated glassy carbon. In contrast the ferredoxins from
spinach and Spirulina platensis only show one single reduction potential. These results support a
seniority scheme for biological iron-sulfur clusters related cluster size to electron transfer versatility.
Electrochemical reduction of spinach ferredoxin in the presence of NADP+and ferredoxin: NADP+
oxidoreductase results in the generation of NADPH. The second order rate constant for the reaction
between the ferredoxin and the reductase was estimated from cyclic voltammetry experiments to be >
3.10(5) M-1.s-1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

852: Verma K, Mohanty P.
Changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in Spirulina cyanobacterium by sodium stress.
PMID: 10739094
pdf: Verma K 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Spirulina platensis trichomes grown in Zarrouks medium having total Na+concentration as 0.14 M
when transferred to fresh Zarrouks medium containing enhanced level of Na+ions equal to 0.86 M
showed 30% more accumulation of Na+intracellularly as compared to the control. An inhibition of
photosystem II activity to almost 66% was observed. Also due to this exposure to high Na+, the room
temperature absorption characteristics of Spirulina trichomes and the thylakoid membrane
335
preparations were altered indicating changes in the chromophore protein interactions and alterations
in the phycocyanin/allophycocyanin ratio; there by affecting the energy harvest and energy transfer
processes. An increase in the carotenoid absorption was two fold over the control in the treated
sample. Similarly, room temperature and low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra
collectively suggested alterations in the chlorophyll a emissions, F 726 of photosystem I reflecting
changes in the lipid protein environment of the thylakoid. Our results indicate that in Spirulina the
enhanced Na+level alters the energy harvest and transfer processes. It also affected the emission
characteristics of chlorophyll a of photosystem I.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

853: Vermorel M, Toullec G, Dumond D, Pion R.
Valeur protique et nergtique des algues bleues spirulines supplmentes en acides amins:
utilisation digestive et mtabolique par le rat en croissance.
[Protein and energy value of spiruline blue algae supplemented by amino acids: digestive and
metabolic utilization by the growing rat].
Ann Nutr Aliment. 1975;29(6):535-52.
PMID: 824996
pdf: Vermorel M 1975.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

Protein and energy value of 6 samples of "Spirulina" was studied on growing rats in 1972 and 1973.
Sample RL 1(Spirulina platensis, originating from Tchad) was grown in artifical conditions in a
laboratory. Others samples (Spirulina maxima) were grown in the solar evaporator near Mexico,
washed and dried either on heated rollers (MR8, MR13) or by spraying (MA 7, MA10). Sample MA10
D corresponds to sample MA10, bleached by ethanol plus acetone (Baron, 1975). Each Spirulina
sample was the only protein source of balanced, starch diets. The diets were supplemented in
essential amino acids (E.A.A.) according to the requirements of growing rats (table 1). The ratios
[(digestible nitrogen/metabolisable energy (EM] of the Spirulina diets were similar to that of the control
diets containing herring meal. The diets were fed to groups of 15 to 17 growing rats. Energy and
nitrogen balances were established by the comparative slaughter technique. Blood and muscle
samples were taken at slaughter for the determination of free amino acids levels.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

854: Vernerey A, Albiol J , Lasseur C, Godia F.
Scale-up and design of a pilot-plant photobioreactor for the continuous culture of Spirulina platensis.
Biotechnol Prog. 2001 May-J un;17(3):431-8.
PMID: 11386862
pdf: Vernerey A 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Scale-up of bioreactors has the intrinsic difficulty of establishing a reliable relationship among physical
parameters involved in the design of the new bioreactor and the physiology of the cultured cells. This
is more critical in those cases where a more complex operation of the bioreactor is needed, such as in
photobioreactors. A key issue in the operation of photobioreactors is establishing a quantification for
the interaction between external illumination, internal light distribution and cell growth. In this paper an
approach to the scale-up of a photobioreactor for the culture of Spirulina platensis, based on a
mathematical model describing this interaction, and the operation of a previous reactor 10 times
smaller is presented. The paper describes the approach followed in the scale-up, the analysis of
different design constraints, the physical realization of the new bioreactor design, innovative use of
plastic material walls to improve reactor safety, and finally the corroboration of its satisfactory
operation.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

336
855: Vetayasuporn S.
The potential for using wastewater from household scale fermented Thai rice noodle factories for
cultivating Spirulina platensis.
Pakistan J Biol Sciences 7, No 9 (2004) 1554-1558.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vetayasuporn S 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $spirulina-platensis, $Zarrouk medium, $modified-wastewater-medium.
rsum:

In this study, the influence of various concentrations of wastewater medium, nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and soda ash (Na2CO3) using batch cultivation for S. platensis growth were examined. It
was found that modified wastewater medium, which contains a 1:11 dilution ratio of wastewater,
supplemented with 0.09 g L^-1 nitrate, 0.59 g L^-1 phosphate, 0.18 g L^-1 potassium and 3 g L^-1
Na2CO3, shows great potential for cultivating S. platensis. The growth of the algae was smooth in the
modified culture. Apart from chlorophyll (2.36 mg g^-1), approximately 1.0 g L^-1 biomass, 59%
protein and 14% phycocyanin were detected which was almost identical to that of Zarrouk medium.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

856: Vidakovic M, Germanas J P.
Electrostatic effects in electron transfer reactions of [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins with inorganic reagents.
Protein Sci. 1996 Sep;5(9):1793-9.
PMID: 8880903
pdf: Vidakovic M 1996.pdf
mots-cls article: $electron-transfer; $electrostatics; $ferredoxin; $kinetics.
rsum:

The kinetics of electron transfer from the reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins from the cyanobacterium
Anabaena 7120 and the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis to select cobalt coordination compounds
have been studied in order to gain insight into the mechanism of electron transfer and intrinsic
reactivity of [2Fe-2S] active sites. With tripositive cobalt complexes, reactions of both proteins
displayed saturation kinetics; values of association constants of 12,900 and 1,400 M-1 and limiting
rate constants of 7.6 and 3.5 s-1 were found for oxidation of T. vaginalis and Anabaena ferredoxins,
respectively, by Co(NH3)6(3+) at room temperature and I =0.1 M. An activation enthalpy of 12.1
kcal/mol and activation entropy of -14.3 cal/mol K for oxidation of T. vaginalis ferredoxin by
Co(NH3)6(3+) contrasted with corresponding values of 13.4 kcal/mol and -10.5 cal/mol K for the
Spirulina platensis protein, which is homologous to Anabaena ferredoxin. The dependence of the
reaction rates on ionic strength were measured to probe the importance of electrostatics on the
reactivity of the proteins. Analysis of the ionic strength dependence of the oxidation of the proteins by
Co(NH3)6(3+) by the "parallel plate" model of Watkins et al. (1994, Protein Sci 3:2104-2114) afforded
values for active site charges of -0.7 and -1.1 and limiting rate constants at infinite ionic strength of
25,800 and 76 M-1 S-1 for T. vaginalis and Anabaena ferredoxins, respectively. These results suggest
that the [2Fe-2S] center of the protozoal ferredoxin is more accessible and adjacent to a less highly
charged, more compact patch of negative charges than the photosynthetic protein.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

857: Vincenzini M, Sili C, de Philippis R, Ena A, Materassi R.
Occurrence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina species.
J Bacteriol. 1990 May;172(5):2791-2.
PMID: 2332408
pdf: Vincenzini M 1990.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

337
Several strains of photoautotrophically grown Spirulina spp. contained poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) at concentrations never exceeding a few milligrams per gram of dry weight. Under mixotrophic
growth conditions in the presence of acetate, PHB reached values greater than 2.5% of dry weight.
With pyruvate, no significant effect on PHB accumulation was obtained.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

858: Vincenzini M; Materassi R. Ena A; Florenzano G.
Characterization of a polar naphthoquinone from Spirulina platensis and S. maxima.
Microbiologica 7 (1984) 41-46.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vincenzini M 1984.pdf
mots-cls article: $Taxonomic-character; $Differentiation; $Oscillatoriales; $Naphthoquinone; $Polar-
molecule; $Ultraviolet-spectrometry; $Infrared-spectrometry; $Bacteria;
$Chemotaxonomy;$Cyanobacteria; $Critre-taxonomique; $Diffrenciation; $Naphtoquinone;
$Molcule-polaire; $Spectromtrie-UV; $Spectromtrie-IR; $Bactrie; $Chimiosystmatique;
$Spirulina-platensis; $Spirulina-maxima; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; spirulina-maxima; O.
rsum:

------------------------------------------------------------

859: Viramontes BE, Kim DY, Camilleri M, Lee J S, Stephens D, Burton DD, Thomforde GM, Klein
PD, Zinsmeister AR.
Validation of a stable isotope gastric emptying test for normal, accelerated or delayed gastric
emptying.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001 Dec;13(6):567-74.
PMID: 11903917
pdf: Viramontes B 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $breath-test, $gastric-emptying, $stable-isotope.
rsum:

To validate a 13C-Spirulina platensis breath test for measurement of accelerated or delayed gastric
emptying, we measured gastric emptying of egg containing 13C-S. platensis and 99mTc-sulphur
colloid by breath 13 CO2 every 15 min over 3 h and scintigraphy every 15-30 min over 5 h in 57
healthy volunteers. Thirty-three received no treatment, 10 received erythromycin, and 14 atropine. A
generalized linear regression model predicted half-emptying time by scintigraphy (t1/2S) from breath
13CO2 (t1/2B) data. Accuracy was assessed by standard deviation (SD) of differences between t1/2S
and t1/2B and by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Regression models using breath
samples at baseline, and 45, 90, 105 and 120 min, predicted t1/2B (mean +/- SD) at 118 +/- 59 min,
similar to t1/2S (118 +/- 67 min). Correlation between t1/2B and t1/2S was significant (r=0.88; P <
0.0001). Differences between t1/2S and t1/2B were: 18-19.2 min for t1/2 <70-150 min, and 68.3 min
for t1/2 >150 min. Breath test detected abnormal emptying with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of
80%. Thus, the 13C-S. platensis test measures gastric emptying t1/2 for solids, which is accelerated
or delayed to mimic a range of conditions from dumping syndrome to severe gastroparesis, with high
sensitivity and specificity. Additional breath samples are needed to increase sensitivity in detecting
accelerated gastric emptying.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

860: Viti C, Ventura S, Lotti F, Capolino E, Tomaselli L, Giovannetti L.
Genotypic diversity and typing of cyanobacterial strains of the genus Arthrospira by very sensitive total
DNA restriction profile analysis.
Res Microbiol. 1997 Sep-Oct;148(7):605-11.
PMID: 9765845
pdf: Viti C 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $DNA; $Arthrospira-maxima; $Arthrospira-platensis; $Taxonomy; $Cyanobacteria;
$Genotypic-diversity; $Strain-typing; $Total-DNA-restriction-profile-analysis; $UPGMA
338
Mots-cls: ADN; Arthrospira maxima; Arthropsira platensis; Taxonomie; Cyanobactries; Diversit
gnotypique; Typage des souches; Profils de restriction de l'ADN total; UPGMA.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis, arthrospira-maxima.
rsum:

Arthrospira maxima and A. platensis are two species of cyanobacteria cultivated and sold as health
food, animal feed and source of food additives and fine chemicals. The genotypic diversity of several
strains attributed to these two species on the basis of morphological criteria was investigated using
very sensitive total DNA restriction profile analysis. The restriction profiles were obtained after sodium
dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The unweighted pair-group
method using arithmetic averages applied to the matrix of Dice similarity coefficient values clustered
the electropherograms of the strains in two well-separated genotypic groups. These clusters
corresponded to those obtained with morphological criteria. The molecular approach used was also
able to type the examined strains.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

861: Volk RB.
Screening of microalgae for species excreting norharmane, a manifold biologically active indole
alkaloid.
Microbiological Research PRETIRAGE on-line
PMID: pas
pdf: Volk R 2006b.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cyanobacteria; $beta-carboline; $Norharmane; $9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-laxissima, arthrospira-maxima.
rsum:

A screening of microalgae strains is described, with the objective to discover more species besides
the known cyanobacterium Nodularia harveyana which excrete the manifold biologically active and co-
mutagenic indole alkaloid norharmane (9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole) into their environment. Seven more
cyanobacterial species, Anabaena cylindrica, Anabaena inaequalis, Anabaenopsis siamensis,
Chroococcus minutus, Nostoc carneum, Nostoc commune and Phormidium foveolarum, were newly
discovered. The norharmane concentrations detected for cyanobacterial culture media varied in a
species-dependent manner from less than 1 up to 525 microg l^-1. The risk for humans and livestock,
resulting from the natural appearance of norharmane as an extracellular metabolite of various
cyanobacteria, is discussed.

--------------------------------------------------------

862: Volk RB.
A newly developed assay for the quantitative determination of antimicrobial (anticyanobacterial)
activity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic test compounds without any restriction.
Microbiol Res. 2006 May 26; [Epub ahead of print] toujours pas paru
PMID: 16730964
pdf: Volk R 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $Cytotoxicity; $Antimicrobial-activity; $Porous-matrix-assay; $Agar-diffusion-method;
$Dilution-method; $Cyanobacteria.
mots-cls Antenna: Arthrospira-laxissima; O.
rsum:

This paper reports about a newly developed assay which enables the user to quantify and compare
the antimicrobial (anticyanobacterial) activity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic test compounds without
any restriction. The assay is characterised by the application of a test compound solution on a porous
matrix (silica gel) in well-defined concentrations per unit area, and by the coating of this matrix by a
concentrated suspension of the tested living cyanobacterium (using a spraying or a dipping
technique). The organism was only applied after the complete evaporation of the solvent used for
preparation of the test compound solution to avert potential influences of this solvent on micro-
organisms' viability. Toxic concentrations of a test compound caused a clearly contoured regional
damage in the blue-green coloured uniform layer of the cyanobacterial test organism. The resulting
regional decolourisation was readily identifiable within a species-dependant short time (e.g. for the
339
species Arthrospira laxissima after 24h). This newly developed assay is applied for a patent in
Germany.

------------------------------------------------------------

863: Volk RB.
Screening of microalgal culture media for the presence of algicidal compounds and isolation and
identification of two bioactive metabolites, excreted by the cyanobacteria Nostoc insulare and
Nodularia harveyana.
J Appl Phycol 17, No 4 (2005) 339-347.
PMID: pas
pdf: Volk R 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $agar-plate-diffusion-test, $Arthrospira-(Spirulina)-laxissima, $4,4'-
dihydroxybiphenyl, $indole-alkaloid, $microalgal-culture-medium-extracts, $norharmane, $TLC-plate-
diffusion-test.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-laxissima, d.
rsum:

Culture medium extracts obtained from 115 culture media of 35 different microalgae species were
screened for the presence of algicidal compounds, in particular for compounds which are cytotoxic to
Arthrospira (Spirulina) laxissima. In agar plate diffusion tests and in a test system combining thin layer
chromatography (TLC) with the use of an aqueous suspension of living A. laxissima cells as spray
reagent, 14 microalgae species were found with cytotoxic activity of different intensity to A. laxissima.
In a so-called TLC plate diffusion test, using A. laxissima and other microalgae as test organisms, the
culture medium extracts of Nodularia harveyana and Nostoc insulare possessed the highest strength
and range of algicidal activity. The algicidal compound in the culture medium extracts of Nodularia
harveyana was shown to be norharmane (9H-pyrido(3,4-b)indole), a known indole alkaloid. The main
algicidal compound in culture medium extracts of Nostoc insulare was identified as 4,4'-
dihydroxybiphenyl. The possible applicability of both compounds as therapeutics or as useful agents
for removing cyanobacterial water blooms or for developing new antifouling systems is discussed.

----------------------------

864: Vololonavalona R.
La spiruline Madagascar.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vololonavalona R 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

865: Von der Weid D.
La spiruline, une rponse la malnutrition en Inde.
PMID: pas
pdf: Von der Weid D 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

866: Von der Weid D.
Spirulina production: an indian village experience in Tamilnadut.
PMID: pas
340
pdf: Von der Weid D 1993.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

867: Vonshak A.
Mixotrophic growth modifies the response of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis (cyanobacteria) cells to
light.
J Phycol 36, 675-679 (2000).
PMID: pas
pdf: Vonshak A 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $growth-rate; $photoinhibition; photosynthesis; $PS-II; $spirulina-(arthrospira)-
platensis.
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------

868: Vonshak A, Torzillo G, Accolla P, and Tomaselli L.
Light and oxygen stress in Spirulina platensis (cyanobacteria) grown outdoors in tubular reactors.
Physiologia Plantarum 97, No 1 (May 1996) 175-179.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vonshak A 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:Cyanobacteria; $fluorescence; $oxygen; $photoinhibition; $photooxidation;
$photosynthesis; $PSII; $Spirulina.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; O.
rsum:

As the effects of light and oxygen stress in algae on mass culture has not been intensively studied, we
investigated them in Spirulina platensis under outdoor conditions in controlled tubular reactors where
the respective roles of each stress can be distinguished. It was observed that exposure of this
cyanobacterium at two oxygen concentrations (ca 20 and 53 mg 11) caused very little change in the
ratio between variable and maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) during the day even when the culture was
grown at higher oxygen concentration (about 7% lower in the evening than in the morning). Vice-
versa, when the photochemical efficiency of PSII (photon yield, phi-c) was measured, a reduction of
about 20% was observed. Neither the Fv/Fm ratio nor the c of the culture grown at the lower
oxygen concentration changed significantly during the day. The daily productivity of the culture
exposed to the higher oxygen concentration was reduced by about 20%. Laboratory cultures bubbled
with air or pure oxygen under continuous light showed a similar response; i.e., a smaller decrease in
Fv/Fm (17%) than in the phi-c (56%) after 4 h. After 32 h of culture in pure oxygen, a total lysis of the
cells occurred. Our results support the hypothesis that photoinhibition and photooxidation, two
traditionally linked terms, although often closely associated under similar environmental conditions,
may comprise two types of stress with different sites of inhibition.

------------------------------------------------------------

869: Vonshak A, Guy R.
Photoadaptation, photoinhibition and productivity in the blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis grown
outdoors.
Plant Cell & Environment 15, No 5 (1992) 613616.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vonshak A 1992.papier
mots-cls article: $spirulina; $blue-green-algae; $cyanobacteria; $photoadaptation; $photoinhibition;
$photosynthesis; $productivity; $biomass.
rsum:

341
Two Spirulina platensis strains, SP-G and SP-RB, resistant and sensitive to photoinhibition of
photosynthesis, respectively, were grown outdoors in dense cultures and under different photon fluxes
provided by shading. Cultures of both strains grown under full sunlight were more resistant to
photoinhibition than those grown under nets with 1550% decreases in the incident photon flux.
Cultures grown outdoors were more resistant to photoinhibition than the laboratory ones. At noon, the
photosynthetic activity, as expressed by O2 evolution, was higher for cultures grown under 50%
shade, as compared with unshaded cultures. Productivity of the shaded cultures, in terms of biomass
produced per day, was always higher when the cultures were protected from photoinhibition.

------------------------------------------------------------

870: Vonshak A, Sivac M, Walker D.
Use of a solid support in the study of photosynthetic activity of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
J Appl Phycol 1, No 2 (1989) 131-135.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vonshak A 1989.pdf PAS
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $cyanobacterium, $photosynthetic-activity, $solid-support-
system.
rsum:

Oxygen evolution activity of Spirulina platensis cells attached to nitro-cellulose filters or glass fiber
filters (GF/C) was measured using the leaf disc electrode (LD-2 Hansatech Ltd, Kings Lynn, U.K.),
originally designed for its use with leaves of higher plants. Measurements were performed in
saturating (CO_2) as described previously for leaf discs and pieces. Photoinhibition could be induced
in cells on the solid support as indicated by a significant increase in their quantum requirement (from
11 to 33 after 25 min exposure to a photon flux density of 2500 micro-E m^-2 s^-1 and a smaller effect
on the photosynthetic rate at light saturation. Photoinhibited cells showed recovery from the
photoinhibitory treatment when illuminated under dim light.

----------------------------

871: Vonshak A, Abeliovich A, Boussiba S, Arad S, Richmond A.
Production of spirulina biomass: Effects of environmental factors and population density.
Biomass 2, No 3 (1982) 175-185.
PMID: pas
pdf: Vonshak A 1982.papier
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis; $outdoor-algal-ponds; $photosynthesis; $population-density.
rsum :

The effects of environmental conditions (solar irradiance and temperature) and population density on
the production of Spirulina biomass are reported for cultures grown in outdoor ponds. Both the specific
rate of photosynthesis, expressed on a chlorophyll basis, and the rate of respiration, on a protein
basis, decreased as algal concentration increased. Higher specific growth rates were observed at
lower population densities. Lower growth rates were associated with the light limitation in dense
cultures for optimum conditions in the summer. Seasonal variation was observed in productivity. In
summer light was the limiting factor whereas in winter the low daytime temperature appeared to
impose the major limitation. It was found that the oxygen concentration in the culture can serve as a
useful indicator of limiting factors and can also be used as a means of estimating the extent of such
limitations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

872: Voronkova SS, Sadkova NP, Al'bitskaia ON, Pavlova SA, Rogozhin SV.
[Physico-chemical properties of water-soluble proteins from Spirulina platensis].
Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 1980 May-J un;16(3):363-71.
PMID: 7433430
pdf: Voronkova S 1980.pdf PAS
342
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

By gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was demonstrated that water-soluble
proteins from Spirulina platensis contained components differing in their structure and having
molecular weights ranging from 300,000+/-30,000 to 11,000 +/- 1,000. Electrophorectically the
proteins were heterogeneous and their individual fractions differed in the number of pigment and
protein components. The pigment-protein components were complexes in which the pigment was
strongly bound to the protein. The protein components could be in a free state and in a pigment-bound
state.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

873: Wada K, Tamura T, Matsubara H, Kodo K.
Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+reductase. Further characterization with an improved preparation.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1983 Aug;94(2):387-93.
PMID: 6415047
pdf: Wada K 1983.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The preparation procedure for Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+reductase (ferredoxin: NADP+
oxidoreductase, EC 1.18.1.2, FNR) was improved by adding protease inhibitors,
phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and EDTA, through the whole process of preparation and by
introducing an affinity chromatography step on Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The addition of the inhibitors
largely prevented the formation of the minor component (FNR I), and the affinity gel chromatography
simplified the preparation process, shortening the exposure period of FNR to proteolysis. However,
complete removal of the heterogeneity of FNR found at the amino (N)-terminal region was not
achieved even by applying the new method. The affinity chromatography on the Blue Sepharose gel
was also effective in purifying spinach FNR. The affinity of this gel for Spirulina FNR was compared
with that for the enzyme derived from spinach leaves. The spinach enzyme had a higher affinity than
the Spirulina one. Both enzymes showed the highest affinities to Blue Sepharose at 20--30 mM NaCl
concentration. The N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that there was 4 forms, which were
probably modifications produced by exopeptidase action during the preparation, or even in the living
cells. The longest component gave the N-terminal sequence Ala-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ile-Pro-Val-Asn-Ile-Tyr-.
The others lacked amino acids successively one by one from the N-terminus. In contrast, the
carboxyl(C)-terminal residues of all 4 FNR forms were tyrosine. The probable C-terminal sequence
was predicted to be -Trp-His-Val-Gln-Thr-Tyr based on a study of a cyanogen bromide peptide.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

874: Wada K, Hase T, Tokunaga H, Matsubara H.
Amino acid sequence of Spirulina platensis ferredoxin: a far divergency of blue-green algal
ferredoxins.
FEBS Lett. 1975 J ul 15;55(1):102-4.
PMID: 806473
pdf: Wada K 1975.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

875: Wagener K, de Luca Rebello A.
The mass cultivation of Spirulina platensis in Brazil
Hydrobiologia 151-152, No 1 (1987) 69-70
PMID: pas
pdf: Wagener K 1987.pdf
343
mots-cls article: $spirulina, $cultivation, $protein-source, $production, $amoeba.
rsum:

Two Spirulina platensis strains, SP-G and SP-RB, resistant and sensitive to photoinhibition of
photosynthesis, respectively, were grown outdoors in dense cultures and under different photon fluxes
provided by shading. Cultures of both strains grown under full sunlight were more resistant to
photoinhibition than those grown under nets with 1550% decreases in the incident photon flux.
Cultures grown outdoors were more resistant to photoinhibition than the laboratory ones. At noon, the
photosynthetic activity, as expressed by O2 evolution, was higher for cultures grown under 50%
shade, as compared with unshaded cultures. Productivity of the shaded cultures, in terms of biomass
produced per day, was always higher when the cultures were protected from photoinhibition.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

876: Walach MR, Bazin MJ , Pirt SJ , Balyuzi HHM.
Computer control of carbon-nitrogen ratio in Spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Walach M 1987.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum :

An on-line computer was used to control the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in algal biomass. An indirect
method of growth and biomass estimation was utilized. This was based on balancing the amount of
CO2 carbon in and out of the algal bioreactor. It was shown that growth conditions govern the
morphology and composition of Spirulina platensis. Cells grown under light limitation were narrower,
had high levels of phycocyanin pigments, and were packed full of small lipid granules. Whereas cells
grown under nitrogen limitation lost their characteristic blue-green color, had reduced levels of
phycocyanin, were fatter, and were packed full of larger lipid granules.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

877: Waleron M, et al.
Genetic diversity of the geneus Arthrospira.
PMID: pas
pdf: Waleron M 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

878: Wang XQ, Li LN, Chang WR, Zhang J P, Gui LL, Guo BJ , Liang DC.
Structure of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis at 2.2 A resolution: a novel monoclinic crystal form
for phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes.
Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2001 J un;57(Pt 6):784-92.
PMID: 11375497
pdf: Wang X 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The crystal structure of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium S. platensis has been determined at
2.2 A resolution. The crystals belong to the monoclinic crystal form, which has not been previously
reported for phycobiliprotein structures. The structure was solved using the molecular-replacement
method with a final R value of 18.9% (R(free) =23.7%) after model building and refinement. In the
344
crystals used for the study, the C-phycocyanin hexamers formed by face-to-face association of two
trimers are arranged in layers rather than in columns. Three different kinds of packing between
adjacent hexamers in the layer were compared. The tight packing of two adjacent hexamers formed
by four trimers in the asymmetric unit brings beta155 PCB chromophores close together, so it is
possible that lateral energy transfer takes place through the beta155-beta155 route.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

879: Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, Li H, Wang L.
Characterization and expression of AmphiCL encoding cathepsin L proteinase from amphioxus
Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense.
PMID: 15776312
pdf: Wang Y 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $amphioxus, $Branchiostoma, $cathepsin, $L-spirulina, $lipopolysaccharide,
$expression.
mots-cls Antenna: arthrospira-platensis; fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline;
enzyme.
rsum:

An amphioxus complementary DNA, AmphiCL, encoding cathepsin L proteinase was isolated from the
gut cDNA library of Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. It is 1480 bp long, and its longest open
reading frame codes for a precursor protein, which consists of 327 amino acid residues including a
signal peptide (preregion), a propeptide, and a mature proteinase. Northern blot showed that AmphiCL
was expressed in the gill, testis, hepatic cecum, and hind-gut with a molecular size of about 1480 bp.
AmphiCL was also expressed at low level in the muscle, notochord, and ovary as revealed by the
more sensitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques. Semiquantitative RT-PCR
also showed that although AmphiCL expression in the gut was significantly downregulated by feeding
Arthrospira platensis powder, a protein-rich food, its expression in the same tissue was upregulated by
exposure to lipopolysaccharide, an integral component of the outer membrane of gram-negative
bacteria. This suggests that although the involvement of AmphiCL in food digestion remains to be
confirmed, AmphiCL may play a role in inflammatory reaction in amphioxus.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

880: Wang Y, Chang CF, Chou J , Chen HL, Deng X, Harvey BK, Cadet J L, Bickford PC.
Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage.
Exp Neurol. 2005 May;193(1):75-84.
PMID: 15817266
pdf: Wang Y 2005a.pdf
mots-cls article: $Nutrition; $Diet; $Ischemia; $Neuroprotection; $Apoptosis; $Antioxidant.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Free radicals are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemia and aging. We have
previously demonstrated that treatment with diets enriched with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina have
been shown to reduce neurodegenerative changes in aged animals. The purpose of this study was to
determine if these diets have neuroprotective effects in focal ischemic brain. Adult male Sprague-
Dawley rats were fed with equal amounts of diets (blueberry, spinach, and spirulina) or with control
diet. After 4 weeks of feeding, all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The right middle
cerebral artery was ligated with a 10-O suture for 60 min. The ligature was later removed to allow
reperfusional injury. Animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for caspase-3 enzymatic
assays and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 8 and 48 h after the onset of reperfusion. A
subgroup of animals was used for locomotor behavior and biochemical assays. We found that animals
which received blueberry, spinach, or spirulina enriched diets had a significant reduction in the volume
of infarction in the cerebral cortex and an increase in post-stroke locomotor activity. There was no
difference in blood biochemistry, blood CO2, and electrolyte levels among all groups, suggesting that
the protection was not indirectly mediated through the changes in physiological functions. Animals
treated with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina had significantly lower caspase-3 activity in the ischemic
345
hemisphere. In conclusion, our data suggest that chronic treatment with blueberry, spinach, or
spirulina reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and cerebral infarction.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

881: Wang Z, Cui H, Zhu J , J ia X, Qian K.
[The comparison on growth rate and photopigments of filaments of Spirulina platensis strain Z with
different morphology].
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 1998 Aug;38(4):321-4.
PMID: 12549424
pdf: Wang Z 1998.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

The line-shaped filaments Sp-Z(L) were isolated and cultured from Spirulina platensis Sp-Z. The
growth rate of Sp-Z(L) was only 64% as much as that of Sp-Z when the light intensity was 4000 Lux.
The contents (x 10(-3) g/g dry weight) of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobilins of Sp-Z(L) and Sp-
Z were 20.6, 0.343, 5.00 and 24.1 0.297, 4.46, respectively. Moreover, as to the absorption spectra of
the three photopigments of Sp-Z(L), red shifts were observed. Therefore, after the spiral Sp-Z breeded
or changed into Sp-Z(L), The contents of carotenoids and phycobilins raised 23% and 12%,
respectively, but the contents of chlorophylls dropped 14.5%, and the growth rate dropped 36% too.
The results probably showed that the decrease of chlorophylls was one of the main reasons that
caused the remarkable decrease of the growth rate of Sp-Z(L).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

882: Wang ZF, Peng XM, Huang LJ , Peng ZY, Tian GY.
[Structure elucidation of glycan of a glycoconjugate SPPA-1 isolated from Spirulina platensis].
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2001 May;36(5):356-9.
PMID: 12584858
pdf: Wang Z 2001a.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

AIM: To elucidate the structure of the glycan of SPPA-1, a glycoconjugate isolated from Spirulina
platensis.
METHODS: Methylation analysis, GC/MS, and 1D, 2DNMR techniques were used to determine the
structures of the glycoconjugate (SPPA-1).
RESULTS: SPPA-1 was only composed of alpha-D-glucose and shown to be a (1-->4) linked alpha-D-
glucan to which a few glucosyl side chains are attached at O-6 of the glucosyl residues of the main
chain.
CONCLUSION: The glycan of SPPA-1 is a new glucan.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

883: Wang ZF, Peng ZY, Huang LJ , Lu R, Tian GY.
[Physico-chemical properties and biological activities of a glycoconjugate SPPA-1 from Spirulina
platensis].
Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2001 Feb;36(2):112-5.
PMID: 12579876
pdf: Wang Z 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

AIM: To isolate polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis and determine its sugar position, molecular
weight and biological activities.
346
METHODS: Sephadex G-75 and CM-Sephadex C-50 were used. The sugar position was analyzed by
gas chromatography, the molecular weight was determined by GPC. The homogeneity of this
glycoconjugate was determined by HPLC and CE. IR and NMR spectra were used to determine the
glycosidic linkage.
RESULTS: SPPA-1 was a homogeneous glycoconjugate, its carbohydrate chain was composed of
alpha-glucopyranan, carbohydrate content is 91.70%, Nitrogen content was 0.96%, the molecular
weight was 69.00 x 10(4), SPPA-1 could eliminate O2-. radicals.
CONCLUSION: SPPA-1 was an antioxidative glycoconjugate from Spirulina platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

884: Wang ZP, Zhao Y.
Morphological reversion of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis (Cyanophyta): from linear to helical.
J Phycol 41 (2005) 622628.
PMID: pas
pdf: Wang Z 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $helical; $linear; $morphogenesis; $RAPD; $reversion; $SDS-PAGE; $Spirulina-
(Arthrospira)-platensis.
rsum:

The cyanobacterium Spirulina Turpin is characterized by its regularly coiled trichomes. Under some
conditions, its helical filaments can convert to abnormal morphologies, such as irregularly curved and
even linear shapes, that had been considered as a permanent degeneration that could not be
reversed. However, here we found that the linear filaments of Spirulina platensis Geitler could
spontaneously revert to the helical form with the same morphology as the original filaments. Further
studies showed that the ultrastructural, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of linear
filaments were different from those of the original filaments, whereas they were the same for the
reverted and the original filaments. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed at least four proteins or subunits
related to Spirulina morphogenesis: The 21.9-kDa and the 20.3-kDa proteins were highly expressed in
the helical filaments, whereas the 52.0-kDa and the 31.8-kDa proteins were highly expressed in the
linear filaments. The random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis with 96 random primers showed that
the genetic background of the reverted filaments was the same as that of the original filaments but
distinct from that of the linear filaments. The results indicated that linear filaments of Spirulina could
revert to the original morphology under certain conditions, and their other distinctive traits were
regained.

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885: Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, Ebara S, Miyamoto E.
Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B12-compounds from edible algae.
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Oct;48(5):325-31.
PMID: 12656203
pdf: Watanabe F 2002.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; vitamin-B12; bioavailability; corrinoids.
rsum:

Substantial amounts of vitamin B12 were found in some edible algae (green and purple lavers) and
algal health food (chlorella and spirulina tablets) using the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis
ATCC7830 microbiological assay method. Corrinoid-compounds were purified and characterized from
these algae to clarify the chemical properties and bioavailability of the algal vitamin B12. True vitamin
B12 is the predominate cobamide of green and purple lavers and chlorella tablets. Feeding the purple
laver to vitamin B12-deficient rats significantly improved the vitamin B12 status. The results suggest
that algal vitamin B12 is a bioavailable source for mammals. Pseudovitamin B12 (an inactive corrinoid)
predominated in the spirulina tablets, which are not suitable for use as a vitamin B12 source,
especially for vegetarians. algal health food, bioavailability, cobalamin, edible algae, vitamin B12


347
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886: Watanabe F, Miyamoto E, Nakano Y.
Inactive corrinoid-compound significantly decreases in Spirulina platensis grown in a cobalt-deficient
medium.
J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Nov;49(11):5685-8.
PMID: 11714378
pdf: Watanabe F 2001.pdf
mots-cls article: $Vitamin B12; $pseudovitamin-B12; $algal-health-food; $spirulina-tablet; $intrinsic-
factor.
rsum:

Spirulina platensis NIES-39 was grown under open culture system in the presence or absence of
CoSO(4) (12 microg/L) and/or vitamin B(12) (10 microg/L) to confirm whether CoSO(4) and/or vitamin
B(12) stimulate or are essential for growth of the algal cells and for accumulation of vitamin B(12). The
addition of CoSO(4) and/or vitamin B(12) could not affect both cell growth and cell yield of the alga.
The amount of corrinoid-compound was increased significantly by the addition of CoSO(4) but not by
vitamin B(12). A C18 reversed-phase HPLC pattern of the Spirulina corrinoid-compound increased by
the addition of CoSO(4) was identical to that of authentic pseudovitamin B(12), which is inactive for
human. These results indicate that the algal cells grown in the absence of CoSO(4) are suitable for
use of human health foods because the inactive corrinoid-compound can be reduced significantly.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

887: Watanabe F, Katsura H, Takenaka S, Fujita T, Abe K, Tamura Y, Nakatsuka T, Nakano Y.
Pseudovitamin B(12) is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food, spirulina tablets.
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Nov;47(11):4736-41.
PMID: 10552882
pdf: Watanabe F 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $Vitamin-B12; $pseudovitamin-B12; $algal-health-food; $spirulina-tablet; $intrinsic-
factor; $Lactobacillus-leichmannii .
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The vitamin B(12) concentration of an algal health food, spirulina (Spirulina sp.) tablets, was
determined by both Lactobacillus leichmannii ATCC 7830 microbiological and intrinsic factor
chemiluminescence methods. The values determined with the microbiological method were
approximately 6-9-fold greater in the spirulina tablets than the values determined with the
chemiluminescence method. Although most of the vitamin B(12) determined with the microbiological
method was derived from various vitamin B(12) substitutive compounds and/or inactive vitamin B(12)
analogues, the spirulina contained a small amount of vitamin B(12) active in the binding of the intrinsic
factor. Two intrinsic factor active vitamin B(12) analogues (major and minor) were purified from the
spirulina tablets and partially characterized. The major (83%) and minor (17%) analogues were
identified as pseudovitamin B(12) and vitamin B(12), respectively, as judged from data of TLC,
reversed-phase HPLC, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and biological activity
using L. leichmannii as a test organism and the binding of vitamin B(12) to the intrinsic factor.

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888: Watanabe Y, Kita K, Ueda T, Watanabe K.
cDNA sequence of a translational elongation factor Ts homologue from Caenorhabditis elegans:
mitochondrial factor-specific features found in the nematode homologue peptide.
Biochim Biophys Acta- Gene Struct Express 1353, No 1 (1997) 7-12.
PMID: 9256058
pdf: Watanabe Y 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Translation; $Mitochondrion; $Elongation-factor-Ts; $RT-PCR-(Caenorhabditis
elegans).
rsum:
348

The cDNA for a homologue of elongation factor Ts which probably functions in mitochondria has been
sequenced from a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The deduced amino acid sequence (316 amino
acids long) has a possible transit peptide sequence at the amino terminus and several common
specific features for mammalian mitochondrial EF-Ts. The amino acid identities in the protein from C.
elegans compared with those of bovine mitochondria and Escherichia coli are 29.5% and 24.0%,
respectively. The C. elegans sequence was classified as a long EF-Ts (ca. 280 amino acids long)
similar to peptides from mammalian mitochondria and eubacteria other than Thermus and
cyanobacteria (except Spirulina platensis), rather than short EF-Ts (ca. 200 amino acids long) as
those of Thermus, cyanobacteria and plastids.

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889: Watanabe Y, Hall DO.
Photosynthetic production of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in a cone-shaped
helical tubular photobioreactor.
PMID: pas
pdf: Watanabe Y 1996.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum :

The photosynthetic productivity of the filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis was
investigated in a cone-shaped helical tubular photobioreactor. A laboratory-scale photobioreactor was
constructed with a 0.255-m^2 basal area and a conical shape (0.64 m high x 0.57 m top diameter).
The photostage comprised transparent reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing with spirally wound,
metal-wire reinforcing in the tubing wall (31 m in length and 1.6 cm internal diameter with 0.25 cm wall
thickness; total volume =6.23 l). The inner surface of the photostage (0.651 m^2) was illuminated with
compact fluorescent cool white lamps; the photosynthetically active radiation (400700 nm) energy
input into the photobioreactor was 1249 KJ day^1 (12 h day/12 h night). The operation of an air-lift
photobioreactor with CO2-enriched air (4%) at a flow rate of 0.3 l min^1 showed a maximum daily
photosynthetic efficiency of 6.83% under batch-culture conditions. This corresponded to a production
rate of 15.9 g dry biomass m^2(basal area) day^1 or 0.51 g dry biomass l medium^1 day^1.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

890: Watanabe Y, de la Noe J , Hall DO.
Photosynthetic performance of a helical tubular photobioreactor incorporating the cyanobacterium
spirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Watanabe Y 1995.papier
mots-cls article: $photosynthesis, $global-warming, $CO2-fixation, $photobioreactor, $Spirulina-
platensis.
rsum :

The photosynthetic performance of a helical tubular photobioreactor (Biocoil), incorporating the
filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, was investigated. The photobioreactor was
constructed in a cylindrical shape (0.9 m high) with a 0.25-m2basal area and a photostage comprising
60 m of transparent PVC tubing of 1.6-cm inner diameter (volume =12.1 L). The inner surface of the
cylinder (area =1.32 m2) was illuminated with cool white fluorescent lamps; the energy input of
photosynthetically active radiation(PAR, 400 to 700 nm) into the photobioreactor was 2920 kJ per day.
An air-lift system ncorporating 4%CO2 was used to circulate the growth medium in the tubing. The
maximum productivity achieved in batch culture was 7.18 g dry biomass per day [0.51 g d biomass/L
day, or 5.44 g d biomass/m2(inner surface of cylindrical shape)/day] which corresponded to a
photosynthetic (PAR) efficiency of 5.45%. The CO2 was efficiently removed from the gaseous stream;
349
monitoring the CO2 the outlet and inlet gas streams showed a 70% removal of CO2 from the inlet gas
over an 8-h period with almost maximum growth rate.

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891: Wen X, Gong H, Lu C.
Heat stress induces an inhibition of excitation energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystem II
but not to photosystem I in a cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2005 Apr;43(4):389-95.
PMID: 15907691
pdf: Wen X 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Chlorophyll-fluorescence; $Excitation-energy-transfer; $Heat-stress;
$Photosystem-I; $Photosystem-II; $Phycobilisome; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

The effects of high temperature (30-52.5 degrees C) on excitation energy transfer from
phycobilisomes (PBS) to photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) in a cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis grown at 30 degrees C were studied by measuring 77 K chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence
emission spectra. Heat stress had a significant effect on 77 K Chl fluorescence emission spectra
excited either at 436 or 580 nm. In order to reveal what parts of the photosynthetic apparatus were
responsible for the changes in the related Chl fluorescence emission peaks, we fitted the emission
spectra by Gaussian components according to the assignments of emission bands to different
components of the photosynthetic apparatus. The 643 and 664 nm emissions originate from C-
phycocyanin (CPC) and allophycocyanin (APC), respectively. The 685 and 695 nm emissions
originate mainly from the core antenna complexes of PSII, CP43 and CP47, respectively. The 725 and
751 nm band is most effectively produced by PSI. There was no significant change in F725 and F751
during heat stress, suggesting that heat stress had no effects on excitation energy transfer from PBS
to PSI. On the other hand, heat stress induced an increase in the ratio of Chl fluorescence yield of
PBS to PSII, indicating that heat stress inhibits excitation energy transfer from PBS to PSII. However,
this inhibition was not associated with an inhibition of excitation energy transfer from CPC to APC
since no significant changes in F643 occurred at high temperatures. A dramatic enhancement of F664
occurring at 52.5 degrees C indicates that excitation energy transfer from APC to the PSII core
complexes is suppressed at this temperature, possibly due to the structural changes within the PBS
core but not to a detachment of PBS from PSII, resulting in an inhibition of excitation energy transfer
from APC to PSII core complexes (CP47 +CP43). A decrease in F685 and F695 in heat-stressed
cells with excitation at 436 nm seems to suggest that heat stress did not inhibit excitation energy
transfer from the Chl a binding proteins CP47 and CP43 to the PSII reaction center and the decreased
Chl fluorescence yields from CP43 and CP47 could be explained by the inhibition of the energy
transfer from APC to PSII core complexes (CP47 +CP43).

--------------------------------------------------------------------

892: Witt H, Bordignon E, Carbonera D, Dekker J P, Karapetyan N, Teutloff C, Webber A, Lubitz W,
Schlodder E.
Species-specific differences of the spectroscopic properties of P700: analysis of the influence of non-
conserved amino acid residues by site-directed mutagenesis of photosystem I from Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 21;278(47):46760-71.
PMID: 12933812
pdf: Witt H 2003.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

We applied optical spectroscopy, magnetic resonance techniques, and redox titrations to investigate
the properties of the primary electron donor P700 in photosystem I (PS I) core complexes from
cyanobacteria (Thermosynechococcus elongatus, Spirulina platensis, and Synechocystis sp. PCC
6803), algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC2696), and higher plants (Spinacia oleracea).
Remarkable species-specific differences of the optical properties of P700 were revealed monitoring
350
the (3P700-P700) and (P700+.-P700) absorbance and CD difference spectra. The main bleaching
band in the Qy region differs in peak position and line width for the various species. In cyanobacteria
the absorbance of P700 extends more to the red compared with algae and higher plants which is
favorable for energy transfer from red core antenna chlorophylls to P700 in cyanobacteria. The amino
acids in the environment of P700 are highly conserved with two distinct deviations. In C. reinhardtii a
Tyr is found at position PsaB659 instead of a Trp present in all other organisms, whereas in
Synechocystis a Phe is found instead of a Trp at the homologous position PsaA679. We constructed
several mutants in C. reinhardtii CC2696. Strikingly, no PS I could be detected in the mutant YW B659
indicating steric constraints unique to this organism. In the mutants WA A679 and YA B659 significant
changes of the spectral features in the (3P700-P700), the (P700+.-P700) absorbance difference and
in the (P700+.-P700) CD difference spectra are induced. The results indicate structural differences
among PS I from higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and give further insight into specific protein-
cofactor interactions contributing to the optical spectra.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

893: Wu H, Gao K, Villafane VE, Watanabe T, Helbling EW.
Effects of solar UV radiation on morphology and photosynthesis of filamentous cyanobacterium
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Sep;71(9):5004-13.
PMID: 16151080
pdf: Wu H 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, arthrospira-platensis, B.
rsum:

To study the impact of solar UV radiation (UVR) (280 to 400 nm) on the filamentous cyanobacterium
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, we examined the morphological changes and photosynthetic
performance using an indoor-grown strain (which had not been exposed to sunlight for decades) and
an outdoor-grown strain (which had been grown under sunlight for decades) while they were cultured
with three solar radiation treatments: PAB (photosynthetically active radiation [PAR] plus UVR; 280 to
700 nm), PA (PAR plus UV-A; 320 to 700 nm), and P (PAR only; 400 to 700 nm). Solar UVR broke the
spiral filaments of A. platensis exposed to full solar radiation in short-term low-cell-density cultures.
This breakage was observed after 2 h for the indoor strain but after 4 to 6 h for the outdoor strain.
Filament breakage also occurred in the cultures exposed to PAR alone; however, the extent of
breakage was less than that observed for filaments exposed to full solar radiation. The spiral filaments
broke and compressed when high-cell-density cultures were exposed to full solar radiation during
long-term experiments. When UV-B was screened off, the filaments initially broke, but they elongated
and became loosely arranged later (i.e., there were fewer spirals per unit of filament length). When
UVR was filtered out, the spiral structure hardly broke or became looser. Photosynthetic O(2)
evolution in the presence of UVR was significantly suppressed in the indoor strain compared to the
outdoor strain. UVR-induced inhibition increased with exposure time, and it was significantly lower in
the outdoor strain. The concentration of UV-absorbing compounds was low in both strains, and there
was no significant change in the amount regardless of the radiation treatment, suggesting that these
compounds were not effectively used as protection against solar UVR. Self-shading, on the other
hand, produced by compression of the spirals over adaptive time scales, seems to play an important
role in protecting this species against deleterious UVR. Our findings suggest that the increase in UV-B
irradiance due to ozone depletion not only might affect photosynthesis but also might alter the
morphological development of filamentous cyanobacteria during acclimation or over adaptive time
scales.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

894: Wu J F, Pond WG.
Amino acid composition and microbial contamination of Spirulina maxima, a blue-green alga, grown
on the effluent of different fermented animal wastes.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1981 Aug;27(2):151-9.
PMID: 6794684
pdf: Wu J 1981.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
351
rsum:

--------------------------------------------------------------------

895: Wu LC, Ho J A, Shieh MC, Lu IW.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Spirulina and Chlorella water extracts.
J Agric Food Chem. 2005 May 18;53(10):4207-12.
PMID: 15884862
pdf: Wu L 2005.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina; $chlorella; $antioxidant; $activated-hepatic-stellate-cells; $liver-fibrosis;
$apoptosis; $phenolics.
mots-cls Antenna: ; mdecine; organes; foie; antioxydant.
rsum:

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease that will further develop to cirrhosis if severe damage continues
to form. A potential treatment for liver fibrosis is to inhibit activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC)
proliferation and, subsequently, to induce HSC apoptosis. It has been reported that antioxidants are
able to inhibit the proliferation of HSCs. In this study, the aqueous extract of spirulina was chosen as
the source of antioxidant to investigate the inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HSC. The growth
inhibitory effects of aqueous spirulina and chlorella extract on human liver cancer cells, HepG2, were
also studied and compared in pairs. Results indicated that the total phenol content of spirulina was
almost five times greater than that of chlorella (6.86 +/- 0.58 vs 1.44 +/- 0.04 mg tannic acid
equivalent/g of algae powder, respectively). The antioxidant activity of spirulina determined by the
ABTS*+method was higher than chlorella (EC50: 72.44 +/- 0.24 micromol of trolox equivalent/g of
spirulina extract vs 56.09 +/- 1.99 micromol of trolox equivalent/g of chlorella extract). Results of
DPPH* assay also showed a similar trend as the ABTS*+assay (EC50: 19.39 +/- 0.65 micromol of
ascorbic acid equivalent/g of spirulina extract vs 14.04 +/- 1.06 micromol of ascorbic acid equivalent/g
of chlorella extract). The aqueous extracts of these two algae both showed antiproliferative effects on
HSC and HepG2, but spirulina was a stronger inhibitor than chlorella. Annexin-V staining showed that
aqueous extract of spirulina induced apoptosis of HSC after 12 h of treatment. In addition, the
aqueous extract of spirulina triggered a cell cycle arrest of HSC at the G2/M phase.

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896: Wu X, Zarka A, Boussiba S.
A simplified protocol for preparing DNA from filamentous cyanobacteria.
Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 18: 385392, 2000.
PMID: pas
pdf: Wu X 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $DNA-extraction, $DNA-purification, $restriction-enzyme-digestion, $cyanobacteria.
rsum :

The preparation of good quality genomic DNA from microalgae and plants is often time-consuming
because of the need to remove contaminants that may interfere with the downstream enzymatic
manipulation of the DNA. Simpler protocols have been reported but these are applicable only to a few
species and in many cases are not effective for removing trace contaminants. In this report, we
describe a modification of existing protocols that significantly simplified the preparation of genomic
DNA from cyanobacteria and plants. A key step in our protocol is the precipitation of DNA in a high
concentration of salt (2-2.5 M NaCl) in the presence of isopropanol, immediately following phenol and
chloroform extractions. The preparation and enzymatic digestion of the DNA can be performed in a
single day. The DNA was easily digested in 2 h at normal restriction enzyme concentrations, and is
highly suitable for PCR and Southern hybridization. We successfully used this simplified protocol to
prepare genomic DNA from several filamentous cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120,
Anabaena siamensis, and Spirulina strains M2 and Kenya. This protocol may also be useful for
preparing genomic DNA from other algae and from higher plants.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

352
897: Xu CH, Nejidat A, Belkin S, Boussiba S.
Isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane by two-phase partitioning from the alkalophilic
Plant Cell Physiol 35 (1994) 737-741.
PMID: pas
pdf: Xu C 1994.papier
mots-cls article: $ATPase-activity; $cyanobacteria; $phase-partition; $plasma-membrane; $Spirulina-
platensis.
rsum :

Partition in aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase system was used to isolate the plasma
membranes from the alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The upper phase contained a
colorless membranes obtained in relatively short time, 34 h. This fraction had a different protein
profile than that of the thylakoid fraction obtained in the lower phase. It did not contain cytochrome c-
oxidase activity, but retained characteristic Mg^(2+)-ATPase activity that is sensitive to vanadate,
stimulated by K^+, and has a pH optimum near 8.5. These data support our assumption that the upper
phase of the gradient consist of the plasma membrane of S. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

898: Xue C, Hu Y, Saito H, Zhang Z, Li Z, Cai Y, Ou C, Lin H, Imbs AB.
Molecular species composition of glycolipids from Sprirulina platensis.
PMID: pas
pdf: Xue C 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $Gycolipid; $Molecular-species; $Spirulina; $Fatty-acid.
rsum:

The different fractions of glycolipids were separated by HPLC column. Lipase XI from Rhizopus
arrhizus was used to hydrolyze the fatty acids esterified in sn-1. The main fatty acids in MGDG and
DGDG were C16:0, C18:2n-6, and C18:3n-6; those in SQDG were C16:0 and C18:2n-6 with a small
amount of C18:3n-6. The molecular species analysis of the glycolipids showed that unsaturated fatty
acids, such as C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-6, mainly occupied the sn-1 position, while saturated fatty acid
C16:0 occupied the sn-2 position. MGDG contained 43.6% (18:3, 16:0), 13.9% (16:0, 16:0), 9.9%
(18:2,16:0), and 8.9% (18:3, 16:1). DGDG contained 37.6% (18:3, 16:0), 8.7% (16:0, 16:0), and 8.7%
(18:2, 16:0). Molecular species composition of SQDG differed from those of MGDG and DGDG, and it
contained 52.5% (18:2, 16:0), 11.0% (16:0, 16:0), 7.1% (16:1, 16:0), and 7.7% (18:1, 16:0).

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899: Xue LG, Li SW, Xu SJ , An LZ, Wang XL.
[Alleviative effects of nitric oxide on the biological damage of spirulina platensis induced by enhanced
ultraviolet-B].
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2006 Aug;46(4):561-4.
PMID: 17037055
pdf: Xue L 2006.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

Continuing depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer by atmospheric pollutants, in particular
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), has resulted in an increasing incidence of solar UV-B (280-320 nm) at
the Earth's surface. Enhanced UV-B radiation has been considered as important global environmental
problem and results in important effects to mankind and the entire global ecosystem. Nitric oxide (NO)
is not only a toxic molecule, one of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), but also an important redox-active
signaling molecule. NO is really a double-edged sword, it can be either beneficial and activate defense
responses in plants and animals or toxic, together with ROS. Besides those, NO can also act as a
signal molecule and play very important roles in life of organisms. To study the effects of NO on the
353
biological specific property of enhanced UV-B stressed Spirulina platensis, the chlorophyll-a, protein
contents and biomass were investigated under enhanced UV-B radiation and its combination with
different chemical treatment. The changes of chlorophyll-a, protein contents and biomass confirmed
that 0.5 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO), could markedly alleviate the
biological damage of cyanobacteria-Spirulina platensis 794 caused by enhanced ultraviolet-B. Further
results proved that NO significantly increase the content of protein and proline. Meanwhile, the
accumulation of reduced glutathione (GSH) in S. platensis cells were raised under normal growth
condition. But exogenous NO could decrease the increasing of reduced glutathione (GSH) in
enhanced UV-B stressed S. platensis cells. These results suggest that NO has protective effect and
can strongly alleviate biological damage caused by UV-B stress in S. platensis 794 cells. For the first
time, reported the effect of NO on the regulating ability of biological damage of S. platensis induced by
enhanced UV-B. Therefore, further investigations will be necessary to inquire into the interaction and
inter-correlation of signal molecules and the mechanism in cyanobacterium under enhanced UV-B
stress.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

900: Yada E, Nagata H, Noguchi Y, Kodera Y, Nishimura H, Inada Y, Matsushima A.
An arginine specific protease from Spirulina platensis.
Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2005 Sep-Oct;7(5):474-80.
PMID: 16187001
pdf: Yada E 2005.pdf (HTML)
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-platensis, $arginine-specific-protease, $fibrinolysis, $plasminogen-
activator.
rsum:

An arginine specific protease, Sp-protease, was purified by column chromatography from freeze-dried
Spirulina platensis using a five-step process. Purified Sp-protease has a molecular weight of 80 kDa. It
hydrolyzed the synthetic substrates containing arginine residue in the P1 position but did not hydrolyze
synthetic substrates containing other amino acid residues, including lysine residue in the P1 position.
Among the synthetic substrates tested, a substrate of plasminogen activator (Pyr-Gly-Arg-MCA) was
hydrolyzed most effectively with the enzyme (Km =5.5 x 10(-6) M), and fibrin gel was solubilized via
activation of intrinsic plasminogen to plasmin with the enzyme. Activity was inhibited completely with
camostat mesilate (Ki =1.1 x 10(-8) M) and leupeptin (Ki =3.9 x 10(-8) M) but was not inhibited with
Nalpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). The optimum pH of the enzyme has a range of pH
9.0 to pH 11.0. The optimum temperature was 50 degrees C; the enzyme was stable at 0-50 degrees
C.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

901: Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Kaji T.
The biological effects of depolymerized sodium spirulan and sulfated colominic acid on vascular cells
are beneficial in preventing atherosclerosis.
J .Health Sci 52, No 3 (2006) 205-210.
PMID: pas
pdf: Yamamoto C 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $sodium-spirulan, $colominic-acid, $atherosclerosis, $vascular-smooth-muscle-cell,
$vascular-endothelial-cell, $polysaccharide.
rsum: Minireview

Atherosclerosis is a vascular lesion that is a common health problem in advanced countries.
Functional damage of the vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and
procoagulant/antifibrinolytic state of blood are generally observed in the lesion. Since polysaccharides
such as heparin modulate vascular cell behavior through interaction with cytokines/growth factors, we
hypothesized that polysaccharides from natural sources may possess beneficial biological activities
that prevent atherosclerosis. Changes in cultured aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells were
investigated after treatment with the polysaccharides sodium spirulan (Na-SP) - a sulfated
polysaccharide obtained from a hot water extract of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis - and
354
colominic acid (CA)-prepared as a homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid produced by Escherichia
coli K1. The experiments suggest that depolymerized Na-SP and sulfated CA can function as
precursors of the agents that prevent atherosclerosis. In particular, both the chemically modified
polysaccharides significantly inhibit the proliferation of the arterial smooth muscle cells without
exhibiting any toxic effects on the integrity of the vascular endothelial cell layers. The results also
indicate that chemical modifications, for example, depolymerization of Na-SP and sulfation of CA, can
control the biological effects of these polysaccharides on vascular cells.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

902: Yamamoto C, Shimada S, Fujiwara Y, Lee J B, Hayashi T, Kaji T.
Proteoglycans released from cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell layers by sodium spirulan are both
perlecan and biglycan.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 J an;28(1):32-6.
PMID: 15635159
mots-cls article: $sodium-spirulan; $endothelial-cell; $proteoglycan; $perlecan; $biglycan; $vascular.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; mdecine; organes; systme-cardio-vasculaire.
rsum:

Sodium spirulan (Na-SP) is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina
platensis. Na-SP has anticoagulant and fibrinolytic properties in vitro, including activation of heparin
cofactor II, enhancement of vascular endothelial cell fibrinolytic activity and stimulation of endothelial
proteoglycan (PG) release. In the present study, we investigated the types of endothelial PGs whose
release is stimulated by Na-SP. Na-SP stimulated the PG release in a dose- and time-dependent
manner. However, heparin, dextran sulfate and hyaluronan stimulated the release of heparan sulfate
PGs rather than chondroitin/dermatan sulfate PGs, whereas the release of both types of PGs was
strongly stimulated by Na-SP. Sepharose CL-6B chromatography of [35S]sulfate-labeled PGs showed
that PGs were partially released after partial degradation of the core proteins without a change in
chain length of the glycosaminoglycan chains after Na-SP treatment. On the other hand, SDS-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of the PG core proteins indicated that
the Na-SP-releasable PGs are both a large heparan sulfate PG, perlecan, and a small
chondroitin/dermatan sulfate PG, biglycan, without change in the size of the core proteins. Taken
together, these results suggest that Na-SP stimulates the endothelial release of both perlecan and
biglycan with the intact structures, possibly by mechanisms different from those of heparin, dextran
sulfate and hyaluronan; a part of the PG core proteins may be degraded after Na-SP treatment. Since
perlecan and biglycan have antithrombin activities, the present data support the hypothesis that Na-
SP may enhance local anticoagulant activity in the liquid phase on the endothelium via stimulation of
endothelial PG release.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

903: Yamamoto C, Nakamura A, Shimada S, Kaji T, Lee J B, Hayashi T.
Differential effects of sodium spirulan on the secretion of fibrinolytic proteins from vascular endothelial
cells: enhancement of plasminogen activator activity.
J .Health Sci 49, No 5 (2003) 405-409.
PMID: pas
mots-cls article: $sodium-spirulan, $endothelial-cell, $fibrinolysis, $plasminogen-activator-inhibitor.
B: **Mediciney, **Spirulina, **optimisation, **polysaccharides, **PAI-1, **IV.
rsum:

Sodium spirulan (Na-SP) is a sulfated polysaccharide with Mr ~220000 isolated from the blue-green
alga Spirulina platensis. Na-SP influences the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system by activation of
heparin cofactor II in vitro, although it has been incompletely understood whether the polysaccharide
can act on vascular endothelial cell functions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Na-
SP on the fibrinolytic activity of human coronary endothelial cells in a culture system. It was found that
Na-SP enhances the activity of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators in the
conditioned medium of the cells through induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator secretion
355
and inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) secretion. The inhibitory effect of Na-SP
on PAI-1 secretion was maintained even when sodium ion was removed or replaced by calcium ion,
while it disappeared with desulfation, indicating that metal ion is not required but the sulfate group is
essential for the inhibition of endothelial PAI-1 secretion by Na-SP. The present study revealed that
Na-SP not only shows a strong antithrombin effect through activation of heparin cofactor II but also
exhibits a fibrinolytic property through differential effects on endothelial fibrinolytic protein secretion.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

904: Yang HN, Lee EH, Kim HM.
Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction.
Life Sci. 1997;61(13):1237-44.
PMID: 9324065
pdf: Yang H 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $anaphylactic-reactions, $Spirulina-platensis, $histamine, $mast-cells.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **spirulina.
rsum:

We investigated the effects of the powders of Spirulina platensis (SPP) on anaphylactic reactions.
SPP inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock 100% with doses of 0.5, and 1.0 mg/g
body weight (BW). SPP significantly inhibited serum histamine levels induced by compound 48/80 in
rats. SPP (0.5 mg/g BW) inhibited to 68.7% passive cutaneous anaphylaxis activated by anti-
dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. SPP dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release from the rat peritoneal
mast cells (RPMC) by compound 48/80. Moreover, SPP had a significant effect on anti-DNP IgE-
induced histamine release or tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from RPMC. These results
suggest that SPP may contain compounds with actions that inhibit mast cell degranulation in the rat.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

905: Yao Y, Wada K, Takahashi Y, Katoh S, Matsubara H.
The sulfhydryl groups of ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductases: is a disulfide bond really present?
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1985 Oct;98(4):1079-82.
PMID: 3935649
pdf: Yao Y 1985.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: , fundamental-biology; biochimie-de-la-spiruline; enzyme.
rsum:

The sulfhydryl groups of three ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductases [EC 1.18.1.2] (FNR) two from blue-
green algae, Spirulina sp. and Synechococcus sp., respectively, and one from spinach, were analyzed
by carboxymethylation and titration with sulfhydryl reagents under different conditions. Five sulfhydryl
groups in Spirulina and spinach enzymes and four in Synechococcus enzyme were found to be in
reduced forms. There was no disulfide bond in any FNR tested. The results in the present experiment
contradict those reported by Karplus et al. [Biochemistry 23, 6576-6583 (1984)].

--------------------------------------------------------------------

906: Yao Y, Tamura T, Wada K, Matsubara H, Kodo K.
Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+reductase. The complete amino acid sequence.
J Biochem (Tokyo). 1984 May;95(5):1513-6.
PMID: 6430889
pdf: Yao Y 1984.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductase [EC 1.18.1.2, FNR] from Spirulina sp.,
a blue-green alga, was determined. Spirulina ferredoxin-NADP+oxidoreductase was composed of
294 amino acid residues and the molecular weight of the holoenzyme was 34,135. An apparent
356
homology of the amino(N)-terminal region was found between ferredoxin-NADP+reductases from
Spirulina and spinach. We also found some sequence similarities in human erythrocyte glutathione
reductase and p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens, both of which are
NADPH-dependent FAD enzymes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

907: Yashiro K, Sakamoto T, Ohmori M.
Molecular characterization of an adenylate cyclase gene of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis.
Plant Mol Biol. 1996 Apr;31(1):175-81.
PMID: 8704152
pdf: Yashiro K 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

A cyaA gene, encoding an adenylate cyclase, was isolated from a filamentous cyanobacterium,
Spirulina platensis, by functional complementation of a cya mutant of Escherichia coli, defective in
adenylate cyclase activity. The predicted gene product of cyaA contains a signal peptide-like domain,
a putative sensor domain similar to the gene product of vsrA of Pseudomonas solanacearum, a
putative membrane-spanning domain and an adenylate cyclase-like catalytic domain. Two other
positive clones that complemented the E. coli mutant were isolated from the same cyanobacterium,
suggesting that several cya genes are functioning in S. platensis.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

908: Yoshida A, Takagaki Y, Nishimune T.
Enzyme immunoassay for phycocyanin as the main component of spirulina color in foods.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996 J an;60(1):57-60.
PMID: 8824825
pdf: Yoshida A 1996.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: ; biochimie; C-phycocyanine.
rsum:

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for phycocyanin in foods was developed. Anti-phycocyanin
monoclonal antibodies were obtained from A/J mice immunized with phycocyanin. The phycocyanin in
a food was extracted by dissolving the sample in a borate buffer solution, pH 8.0 (BBS) and adjusting
the pH value of this solution to 8.0 with NaOH. The extract was then diluted more than 10 fold with 1%
gelatin in BBS. Phycocyanin was determined by avidin-biotin sandwich EIA, using the P26-8
monoclonal antibody as the solid-phase antibody and the P277-4 monoclonal antibody as the enzyme-
labeled antibody. The working range for a quantitative analysis was 100-1000 ng/ml, and the detection
limit was 10 micrograms/g of the original sample. Recoveries of phycocyanin from foods by this assay
were >71% for candy, and >66% for ice cream and sherbet. Phycocyanin was assayed in 22 blue-,
green-, purple-, and brown-colored commercial foods, and detected in one green colored-jelly at 49
micrograms/g.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

909: Yoshida A, Takagaki Y.
[Detection of food additives by enzyme immunoassay].
Nippon Rinsho. 1995 Sep;53(9):2316-21.
PMID: 7474399
pdf: Yoshida A 1995.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: article de revue, en japonais

--------------------------------------------------------------------

357
910: Yoshikawa H, Tamura H, Ichiki Y, Cho N, Arashidani K.
[Synthesis and biological activity of pseudonucleotides based on the evolution hypothesis of the
glycocomponent of nucleic acid].
J UOEH. 2003 Sep 1;25(3):295-305.
PMID: 14503041
pdf: Yoshikawa H 2003.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en japonais

J oyce et al. proposed the hypothesis that the sugar moiety of nucleic acid evolved from some achiral,
stable and acyclic sugar into the ribose or the deoxyribose. According to their hypothesis, we designed
and synthesized new pseudonucleotides having pentaerythritol moiety as a sugar moiety of nucleic
acid and estimated their biological activities. Although all chemicals were not toxic to Lepidium
sativum, Rhodotolula rubra and Cercospora kikuchi in the eucaryotes, three compounds having
adenine, benzimidazole or 6-chloropurine residue as the base component of nucleotide exhibited the
growth inhibiting activity to a prokaryote Spirulina platensis at 100 ppm. In the plaque formation test
with Vero cells, a chemical with 6-chloropurine moiety inhibited 65.7% of plaque formation by Herpes
simplex virus(HSV-1) at 500 ppm. Three chemicals with 6-chloropurine, 2-
mercaptomethylbenzimidazole or guanine as the nucleic base moiety inhibited 62.3, 63.1 and 52.5%
of plaque formation by Parainfluenza virus(PIFV) at 500 ppm, respectively. The prepared chemicals
exhibited no effect on the Vero cells at the same concentration.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

911: Yoshimura H, Yoshihara S, Okamoto S, Ikeuchi M, Ohmori M.
A cAMP receptor protein, SYCRP1, is responsible for the cell motility of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Plant Cell Physiol. 2002 Apr;43(4):460-3.
pdf: Yoshimura H 2002.pdf
PMID: 11978874
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Disruption of the sycrp1 gene encoding a cyanobacterial cAMP receptor protein makes cells of
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 non-motile. Electron microscopy showed that the sycrp1-deficient strain
had a reduced number of thick pili on the cell surface compared with the wild-type strain. It is
suggested that cAMP-SYCRP1 complex controls the biogenesis of pili.

--------------------------------------------------------

912: Yu P, Li J R, Cen PL, Qui S, Lin F.
Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis.
J Appl Phycol 14, No 4 (2002) 307-310.
PMID: pas
pdf: Yu P 2002.pdf
mots-cls article: $phycocyanin-gene, $Spirulina-maxima, $Arthrospira, $evolutionary-analysis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-maxima, spirulina-platensis, d.
rsum:

The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, alpha and beta, of phycocyanin from the
cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima =Arthrospira maxima) strain F3. The alpha- and beta-subunit gene-
coding regions contain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The beta-subunit gene is upstream from the
alpha-subunit gene, with a 111-bp segment separating them. Similarities between the alpha-subunits
of S. maxima and nine other cyanobacteria were between 58% and 99%, as were those between the
beta-subunits. The maximum similarity between the alpha- and beta-subunits from S. maxima was
27%.

cf. l'errratum dans J Appl Phycol 15, No 1 (2003) 93 pour signaler que les 4me et 5me auteurs (Qin
S et Lin F) avait t oublis dans l'article originel.
358

----------------------------

913: Yu P, Li J R, Cen PL, Qui S, Lin F.
Erratum: Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary
analysis.
J Appl Phycol 15, No 1 (2003) 93.
PMID: pas
pdf: Yu P 2003.pdf.
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: erratum simplement pour signaler que les 4me et 5me auteurs avait t oublis dans
l'article originel (J Appl Phycol 14, No 4 (2002) 307-310).

----------------------------

914: Yuan J , Zhang Y, Shi X, Gong X, Chen F.
[Simultaneous determination of carotenoids and chlorophylls in algae by high performance liquid
chromatography].
Se Pu. 1997 Mar;15(2):133-5.
PMID: 15739401
pdf: Yuan J 1997.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en chinois

An isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of carotenoids and
chlorophylls in algae is presented. Both carotenoids and chlorophylls were separated by using a C18
column and a mobile phase consisting of dichloromethane/acetonitrile/methanol/water
(22.5:9.5:67.5:0.5). The flow rate was 1.0mL/min. These pigments were detected by a UV-VIS
absorbance detector set at 450nm. The average recoveries of these pigments by standard addition
method were 99.1% for lutein, 98.5% for alpha-carotene, 99.4% for beta-carotene, 100.6% for
chlorophyll a and 99.9% for chlorophyll b. The relative standard deviations of these pigments were
2.4% for lutein, 5.6% for alpha-carotene, 6.0% for beta-carotene, 4.1% for chlorophyll a and 4.0% for
chlorophyll b. The calibration curves for these pigments gave good linearity over a wide range of 0-
50mg/L (r =0.9992-0.9999). The retention times were 3.0 min for lutein, 4.7 min for chlorophyll b, 6.3
min for chlorophyll a, 14.1 min for alpha-carotene, and 14.7 min for beta-carotene. Using this method,
carotenoids and chlorophylls were determined in Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and
Haematococcus lacustris. Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus lacustris samples were ground in a
B. Braun homogenizer. Spirulina platensis sample was smashed by supersonic wave. Acetone was
used as extractant.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

915: Zaretskaia ES, Gmoshinskii IV, Mazo VK, Zorin SN, Aleshko-Ozhevskii IuP.
[Essential trace elements distribution in food micro algae Spirulina platensis biomass fractions].
Vopr Pitan. 2004;73(2):28-31.
PMID: 15154369
pdf: Zaretskaia E 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum: en russe

Distribution of some trace elements elements (zinc, selenium, iron, manganese, chromium) was
characterized in enriched biomass of food micro algae Spirulina platensis by means of water-methanol
fractionation. The majority of said trace elements was shown to be incorporated in intercellular
hydrophylic fraction, e.g. could be connected to cellular proteins. This result enable the conclusion,
that Spirulina is a suitable matrix for biotechnological incorporation of new food trace elements
preparations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------
359

916: Zaslavskaia LA, Lippmeier J C, Shih C, Ehrhardt D, Grossman AR, Apt KE.
Trophic conversion of an obligate photoautotrophic organism through metabolic engineering.
Science 292 (15 june 2001) 2073-75.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zaslavskaia L 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

Most microalgae are obligate photoautotrophs and their growth is strictly dependent on the generation
of photosynthetically derived energy. We show that the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum can be
genetically engineered to thrive on exogenous glucose in the absence of light through the introduction
of a gene encoding a glucose transporter ( glut1 or hup1). This demonstrates that a fundamental
change in the metabolism of an organism can be accomplished through the introduction of a single
gene. This also represents progress toward the use of fermentation technology for large-scale
commercial exploitation of algae by reducing limitations associated with light-dependent growth.

--------------------------------------------------------

917: Zeng WL, Cai ZL, Ouyang F.
[Studies on the growth characteristics of Spirulina cells under batch and continuous conditions].
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2001 J ul;17(4):414-9.
PMID: 11702699
pdf: Zeng W 2001.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en chinois

--------------------------------------------------------------------

918: Zhang CC, Zhou J , Zhang J Y.
Exploration du gnome Arthrospira.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zhang C 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

919: Zhang HQ, Lin AP, Sun Y, Deng YM.
Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of
mice and dogs.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2001 Dec;22(12):1121-4.
PMID: 11749812
pdf: Zhang H 2001.pdf
mots-cls article:
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **bone-marrow, **mouse, **erythrocytes.
rsum:

AIM: To observe polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis (PSp) on the hematopoietic system of mouse
and dogs which were damaged by injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and 60Co-gamma irradiation.
METHODS: CTX and 60Co gamma ray were used to induce bone marrow damage, and the
experimental animals were ig with different dose of PSp in vivo, after 12-d and 21-d administration, the
whole blood cells and nucleated cells in bone marrow were measured, and the DNA in bone marrow
were inspected by UV-spectrophotometer.
360
RESULTS: CTX and 60Co-gamma irradiation induced hemopoietic system damage in mice and dogs,
respectively. PSp 30, 60 mg/kg increased the level of the white cells in blood and nucleated cells and
DNA in bone marrow in mice but had no effects on red cells and hemoglobins. PSp 12 mg/kg
increased the level of red cells, white cells, and hemoglobins in blood and nucleated cells in bone
marrow in dogs (P <0.01), and the effects of PSp 60 mg/kg were better than that of berbamine
hydrochloride 60 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION: PSp has chemo-protective and radio-protective capability, and may be a potential
adjunct to cancer therapy.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

920: Zhang J Y, Zou J , Bao Q, Chen WL, Wang L, Yang H, Zhang CC.
A lithium-sensitive and sodium-tolerant 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphatase encoded by halA from
the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis is closely related to its counterparts from yeasts and plants.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 J an;72(1):245-51.
PMID: 16391050
pdf: Zhang J 2006.pdf
mots-cls article:
rsum:

3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphatase (PAPase) is required for the removal of toxic 3'-
phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate (PAP) produced during sulfur assimilation in various eukaryotic
organisms. This enzyme is a well-known target of lithium and sodium toxicity and has been used for
the production of salt-resistant transgenic plants. In addition, PAPase has also been proposed as a
target in the treatment of manic-depressive patients. One gene, halA, which could encode a protein
closely related to the PAPases of yeasts and plants, was identified from the cyanobacterium
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. Phylogenic analysis indicated that proteins related to PAPases from
several cyanobacteria were found in different clades, suggesting multiple origins of PAPases in
cyanobacteria. The HalA polypeptide from A. platensis was overproduced in Escherichia coli and used
for the characterization of its biochemical properties. HalA was dependent on Mg2+for its activity and
could use PAP or 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate as a substrate. HalA is sensitive to Li+
(50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] =3.6 mM) but only slightly sensitive to Na+(IC50 =600 mM). The
salt sensitivity of HalA was thus different from that of most of its eukaryotic counterparts, which are
much more sensitive to both Li+and Na+, but was comparable to the PAPase AtAHL (Hal2p-like
protein) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The properties of HalA could help us to understand the structure-
function relationship underlying the salt sensitivity of PAPases. The expression of halA improved the
Li+tolerance of E. coli, suggesting that the sulfur-assimilating pathway is a likely target of salt toxicity
in bacteria as well.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

921: Zhang S, Xie J , Zhang J , Zhao J , J iang L.
Studies on kinetics of reactions between phycobiliproteins and hydroxyl radicals by a pulse radiolytic
technique.
Chinese Science Bulletin 45, No 10 (2000) 899-903.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zhang S 2000.pdf
mots-cls article: $phycobiliprotein, $hydroxyl-radical, $scavenging, $pulse-radiolysis, $rate-constant.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis, j,.
B: **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanin, **antioxidant, **IV.
rsum:

Scavenging of hydroxyl radical (-OH) by phycobiliproteins (C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and R-
phycoerythrin) was studied by competitive kinetics methods. Hydroxyl radicals were generated from
pulse radiolysis of aqueous systems saturated with nitrous oxide (NO). The experimental results
indicated that the three types of phycobiliproteins are all strong scavengers of OH, the rate constants
are around (2.8 - 5.6)x10^9 L mol^-1 s^-1.

--------------------------------------------------------
361

922: Zhang SP, Qian SP, Zhao J Q, Yao SD, J iang LJ .
Characterization of the transient species generated by the photoexcitation of C-phycocyanin from
Spirulina platensis: a laser photolysis and pulse radiolysis study.
Biochim Biophys Acta-General Subj 1472, No 1-2 (1999) 270-8.
PMID: 10572949
pdf: Zhang S 1999a.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin; $Triplet-state; $Radical-cation; $Laser-photolysis; $Pulse-
radiolysis.
rsum:

Nanosecond laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis were used to generate and characterize the
triplet state and cation radical of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis. The transient
absorption spectra of C-PC were measured from direct excitation and acetone sensitization in
aqueous solution at room temperature by KrF (248 nm) laser flash photolysis. Laser-induced transient
species have been characterized by the method of acetone sensitization and one-electron oxidation.
In nitrous oxide-saturated phosphate buffer saline (pH =7.0) of C-PC, the produced intermediates are
assigned to the excited triplet state and the radical cation. Using acetone as photosensitizer, the C-PC
excited triplet states produced via triplet-triplet energy transfer and the C-PC radical cation from
electron transfer reaction were further confirmed. Furthermore, the corresponding kinetic parameters
were determined. To our knowledge, the transient absorption spectra of C-PC have been reported for
the first time.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

923: Zhang S, Xie J , Zhang J , Zhao J , J iang L.
Electron spin resonance studies on photosensitized formation of hydroxyl radical by C-phycocyanin
from Spirulina platensis.
Biochim Biophys Acta-General Subj 1426, No 1 (1999) 205-11.
PMID: 9878738
pdf: Zhang S 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-Phycocyanin; $Photodynamic-action; $Hydroxyl-radical; $ESR; $Spin-trapping.
rsum:

Visible light (>470 nm) irradiation of an oxygen-saturated solution of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) in the
presence of the spin trap 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) gave an ESR spectrum
characteristic of the DMPO-hydroxyl radical spin adduct DMPO-OH. The signal intensities of DMPO-
OH adduct were enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and partly inhibited by catalase. It was
partly responsible for the production of DMPO-OH that superoxide anion radical (O.-2) dismutated to
generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which decomposed ultimately to generate the highly reactive
.OH. In addition, it can be concluded that singlet oxygen (1O2) was an important intermediate
according to the strong inhibitory action of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and histidine on
DMPO-OH formation. The experimental results suggest that photodynamic action of C-PC proceed via
both type I and type II mechanisms. Furthermore, the decay kinetics of DMPO-OH adduct, the effects
of DMPO and C-PC concentrations as well as irradiation time on DMPO-OH adduct formation were
also discussed. Concentration of C-PC should be an important factor to influence the ESR signal
intensities of DMPO-OH. Therefore, it may be concluded that reasonably lower concentration of C-PC
might prolong the duration of photosensitized formation of .OH and might strengthen the
photodynamic action.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

924: Zhang X, Zhang X, Shiraiwa Y, Mao Y, Sui Z, Liu J .
Cloning and characterization of hoxH genes from Arthrospira and Spirulina and application in
phylogenetic study.
PMID: 16049666
pdf: Zhang X 2005.pdf
362
mots-cls article: $Arthrospira, $Spirulina, $hoxH-gene, $hydrogenase, $phylogenetic-analysis.
rsum:

Partial hoxH genes of 2 cyanobacterial genera, including 5 strains of Arthrospira and 2 strains of
Spirulina, were cloned and characterized. This gene encodes the large subunit of nickel-iron
hydrogenase. The results showed that these genes comprised 1349 nucleotides in Arthrospira and
1343 nucleotides in Spirulina, respectively. The GC contents of hoxH were 45.7% to 47.3% in
Arthrospira and up to 50.4% to 50.9% in Spirulina. The hoxH gene was demonstrated to be single
copy by Southern analysis, and its transcription was verified by reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction in Arthrospira platensis FACHB341. The similarities of nucleotide sequences among the
5 strains of Arthrospira ranged from 95.7% to 99.8%, which are higher than those between Arthrospira
and Spirulina (72.9-77.0%). However, similarity between the 2 Spirulina strains was only 72.5%,
slightly lower than that between the 2 genera. A phylogenetic tree based on hoxH was constructed. All
5 strains of Arthrospira formed a monophyletic clade, which was highly supported by bootstrap value,
while the 2 strains of Spirulina were separated into 2 different clades.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

925: Zhang XY, Liu LN, Chen XL, Zhang YZ, Zhou BC.
[Effect of CHAPS on the stability of Spirulina platensis phycobilisomes].
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2004 Oct;24(10):1224-6.
PMID: 15760026
pdf: Zhang X 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:

The Spirulina platensis phycobilisomes were isolated by sucrose density gradients ultracentrifugation,
and the fluorescence emission maximum of the phycobilisomes at room temperature was at 671 nm.
The effects of ionic strength and the zwitterionic detergent CHAPS on the stability of the Spirulina
platensis phycobilisomes were studied by room temperature fluorescence spectrum. The
phycobilisomes were stable in 1.0 mol x L(-1) phosphate buffer solution, and their fluorescence
emission maximum could remain unchanged for 7 days. The fluorescence emission maximum of
phycobilisomes was blue-shifted to 648 nm when the concentration of the phosphate buffer solution
was diluted to 0.1 mol x L(-1) with deionized water, which suggested that the phycobilisomes had
been dissociated. The phycobilisomes were readily dissociated in phosphate buffer solutions of low
concentrations (<0.6 mol x L(-1)) and the speed of the dissociation increased with decreasing the
concentration of the phosphate buffer solution. The fluorescence emission maximum of the
phycobilisomes in 1.0 mol x L(-1) phosphate buffer solution was blue-shifted to 648 nm when 10 mmol
x L(-1) CHAPS was added into the phycobilisomes solution, suggesting that CHAPS could dissociate
phycobilisomes under high ionic strength conditions. The results might be useful for isolating intact
substructures of phycobilisomes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

926: Zhang YM, Chen F.
A simple method for efficient separation and purification of c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from
J Biotechnol Techniques 13, No 9 (1999) 601-603.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zhang Y 1999.pdf
mots-cls article: $allophycocyanin, $c-phycocyanin, $purification, $separation, $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

c-Phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were separated and purified from Spirulina platensis by
precipitation with ammonium sulphate, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration
363
chromatography. Pure c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were finally obtained with an
A_620/A_280value of 5.06 and an A_655/A_280 value of 5.34, respectively.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

927: Zhang YZ, Shi DX, Zhou BC, Zeng CK, Pang SJ .
Study on the structure of C-phycocyanin in Spirulina platensis with Scanning tunneling microscope.
Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai). 1997;29(5):521-525.
PMID: 12215795
pdf: Zhang Y 1997.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
rsum:

The C-phycocyanin (C-PC) trimmer was isolated from the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, and
scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was used to investigate its structure. High resolution STM
images of C-PC were obtained. From the STM images, it could be observed that the C-PC molecules
were disk-like in shape and the subunits of C-PC arranged in ring-like pattern with a channel in the
center. After filter treatment, the folding of the polypeptide chains could be seen clearly. This is the first
time to observe directly the topography of phycobiliprotein, and the results showed STM to be a
powerful tool for the structural study of phycobiliproteins.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

928: Zhao B, Xie J , Zhao J .
A novel water-soluble nanoparticles of hypocrellin B and their interaction with a model protein: C-
phycocyanin.
PMID: 14738993
pdf: Zhao B 2004.pdf
mots-cls article: $Hypocrellin-B-gelatin-nanoparticle; $C-phycocyanin; $Complex; $Energy-transfer;
$Reactive-oxygen-species; $Photo-damage.
rsum:

A type of novel hypocrellin B gelatin nanoparticles (HB-G-NP), with size of 20-200 nm, was prepared
and characterized. The nanoparticles are readily soluble in water or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
The interaction between HB-G-NP and a fluorescence protein, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina
platensis, was studied. It was found that the energy transfer from HB to C-PC was quite efficient,
suggesting adsorption of C-PC on surface of the nanoparticles; secondly, the photosensitization of HB
resulted in not only the photo-damage of C-PC but also the photobleaching of HB in the presence of
oxygen while it did not in the absence of oxygen, suggesting that the movable reactive oxygen
species, instead of the immovable anionic radicals of the photosensitizer, should be responsible for
the photo-induced processes. Considering the short free diffusion path length of the reactive oxygen
species, it can be deduced that smaller or ring-like particles should be more effective for photo-
damage of biomolecules or target tissues.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

929: Zhao F, Zhang X, Liang C, Wu J , Bao Q, Qin S.
Genome-wide analysis of restriction-modification system in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria.
Physiol Genomics. 2006 Feb 14;24(3):181-90.
PMID: 16368872
pdf: Zhao F 2006.pdf
mots-cls article: $comparative-genomics; $horizontal-gene-transfer; $molecular-evolution; $Spirulina-
platensis.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; fundamental-biology; gnomique; gnome.
rsum:

364
Cyanobacteria are an ancient group of gram-negative bacteria with strong genome size variation
ranging from 1.6 to 9.1 Mb. Here, we first retrieved all the putative restriction-modification (RM) genes
in the draft genome of Spirulina and then performed a range of comparative and bioinformatic
analyses on RM genes from unicellular and filamentous cyanobacterial genomes. We have identified 6
gene clusters containing putative Type I RMs and 11 putative Type II RMs or the solitary
methyltransferases (MTases). RT-PCR analysis reveals that 6 of 18 MTases are not expressed in
Spirulina, whereas one hsdM gene, with a mutated cognate hsdS, was detected to be expressed. Our
results indicate that the number of RM genes in filamentous cyanobacteria is significantly higher than
in unicellular species, and this expansion of RM systems in filamentous cyanobacteria may be related
to their wide range of ecological tolerance. Furthermore, a coevolutionary pattern is found between
hsdM and hsdR, with a large number of site pairs positively or negatively correlated, indicating the
functional importance of these pairing interactions between their tertiary structures. No evidence for
positive selection is found for the majority of RMs, e.g., hsdM, hsdS, hsdR, and Type II restriction
endonuclease gene families, while a group of MTases exhibit a remarkable signature of adaptive
evolution. Sites and genes identified here to have been under positive selection would provide targets
for further research on their structural and functional evaluations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

930: Zhihui S, Guolan H.
Toxicity of triphenyltin to Spirulina subsalsa.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2000 May;64(5):723-8.
PMID: 10857457
pdf: Zhihui S 2000.pdf
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-subsalsa; toxicologie.
rsum: pas la bonne spiruline

--------------------------------------------------------------------

931: Zhou J L, Huang PL, Lin RG.
Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae.
Environ Pollut. 1998;101(1):67-75.
PMID: 15093099
pdf: Zhou J 1998.pdf
mots-cls article: $Biosorption; $Macroalgae; $Microalgae; $Copper; $Cadmium.
mots-cls Antenna: spirulina-platensis; sorption; bioaccumulation.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **bioaccumulation;.
rsum:

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of
microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum
kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae,
optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of
the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed
the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites.
For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by
Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros
minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show
that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from
macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed
undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such
material for use in water and wastewater treatment.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

932: Zhou ZG, Liu ZL, Liu XX.
Study on the isolation, purification and antioxidation properties of polysaccharides from Spirulina
maxima.
Acta Bot Sinica 39 (1997) 77-81.
365
PMID: pas
pdf: Zhou Z 1997.pdf
mots-cls article: $Spirulina-maxima, $Polysaccharides, $Antioxidation, $Isolation-and-purification.
B: **Technology, **Spirulina, **polysaccharides, **extraction, **antioxidant.

The emde polysaccharide was extracted from Spirulina maxima with hot water, and precipitated by
ethanol after depmteinization. Two portions of refined polysaccharides (SPS I and SPS H) were
prepared after further purification on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, and their
homogeneity was examined with Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The ultraviolet spectr
showed their characteristic absorption at 195.00 mn. In order to estimate the antioxidation activity of
SPS I and SPS II, three systems of generating superoxide radical (O2-), lipid radical (R') and hydroxyl
radical (OH') respectively in vitro were designed. The results showed that both SP I and SPS II from S.
maxima had significant capacity of scavenging OH' (P<0.05), but no effect on O2 (P>0.1); and that
SPS I could scavenge R' under lower concentration of polysaccharides (P<0.05), while the capacity of
scavenging R' of both SPS I and SPS II decreased in higher concentration (P>0.2). These results
demonstrated that the significant antioxidation activity of polysaccharides from S. maxima was
focused on scavenging OH', the most highly reactive one of the oxygen radicals.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

933: Zhou ZP, Liu LN, Wang J X, Chen M, Zhang YZ, Zhou BC.
Factors that effect antioxidant activity of C-phycocyanins from spirulina platensis.
J Food Biochemistry 29 (2005) 313322.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zhou Z 2005.pdf
mots-cls article:
B : **Medicine, **Spirulina, **phycocyanine,**antioxidant.
rsum:

Currently, antioxidants are added in the human diet to prevent free radical-induced cell damage, and
there has been an explosive interest in the use of antioxidant nutritional supplements. The effects of
different factors on the antioxidant activity of phycocyanins (PCs) were studied. The results showed
that PCs generated hydroxyl radicals in the light, while scavenging them in the dark. When PCs were
denatured by sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea and in alkaline condition, their ability to generate hydroxyl
radicals disappeared and that of scavenging them greatly increased. This showed that the phycobilin
moiety is the main part of PC involved in scavenging hydroxyl radicals. Trypsin hydrolysis of PCs
showed that the apoprotein portion of the molecule also made a significant contribution to the
antioxidant activity.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

934: Zhu Y, Chen XB, Wang KB, Li YX, Bai KZ, Kuang TY, J i HB.
A simple method for extracting C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis using Klebsiella pneumoniae.
PMID: 17013600
pdf: Zhu Y 2007.pdf
mots-cls article: $C-phycocyanin; $Klebsiella-pneumoniae; $Extraction; $Spirulina-platensis.
rsum:

C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was extracted from fresh Spirulina platensis by deploying a species of non-
pathogenic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, namely, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The algal slurry was neither
washed nor centrifuged; the bacterial culture was poured into the slurry, the vessel sealed, and crude
C-PC extracted after about 24 h. The extraction was clean and efficient, and the purity and
concentration of C-PC proved to be of adequate quality.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
366

935: Zozulia IS, Iurchenko AV.
[The adaptive potentials of those who worked in the cleanup of the aftermath of the accident at the
Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station under the influence of different treatment methods].
Lik Sprava. 2000 Apr-J un;(3-4):18-21.
PMID: 10921251
pdf: Zozulia I 2000.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum: en ukrainien

--------------------------------------------------------------------

936: Zulpa de Caire G, et al.
Spirulina platensis bioactive compounds on rice tissue metabolism.
PMID: pas
pdf: Zulpa de Caire G 2004.papier
mots-cls article:
rsum:

----------------------------------------------------------

937: [No authors listed].
Alternative remedies may activate autoimmune disorders.
Health News. 2004 Aug;10(8):15.
PMID: 15551470
pdf: No authors listed X 2004.pdf PAS
mots-cls article:
mots-cls Antenna: .
rsum:

Publication Types: News

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