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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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April 2014

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University of Balochistan, Quetta
Syllabus for B.Sc Physics for Examination of 2015 Onward

There will be Three papers in B.Sc Physics Theory, each of 50 marks and of three hour duration.
Each theory paper is expected to be covered in 70-75 lectures of 50 minutes duration in accordance with
prevalently adopted lecture duration in all colleges.

There will be Two practical exam each of 25 marks will be conducted on different days.

SCHEME OF STUDY

THEORY

Physics
Paper A
i) Vector Analysis, Mechanics
ii) Thermodynamics
iii) Properties of Matter
50 marks
Physics
Paper B
i) Electricity and Magnetism
ii) Electronics
50 marks
Physics
Paper C
i) Waves Oscillation, Physical Optics
ii) Modern Physics

50 marks
Sub total 150 marks

PRACTICALS

Pracitcal A Experiments on Mechanics, properties of
Matter, Waves Oscillation, Optics and Heat
25 marks
Pracitcal B Experiments on Electricity and Magnetism,
Electronics, Modern Physics
25 marks
Sub total 50 marks

Recommendations for Theory Exam:

Each paper will comprises of three sections i.e. Section A, Section B and Section C.

Section A will be comprises of 10 conceptual compulsory Questions each of One Mark covering the
entire course of paper uniformly.

Section B: In this section students will have to answer Two out of Three Questions. Each Question
will carry Ten Marks. The Questions will cover both mathematical derivation and qualitative
explanation of phenomenon based on law or relationship or application of a law to a physical problem.

Section C: This Section will be based on Numerical problems covering the entire course of paper. In
this section students will have to answer Four out of Eight Questions. Each Question will carry Five
Marks.
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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April 2014

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PAPER A VECTOR ANALYSIS, MECHANICS, PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND
THERMODYNAMICS
(A) Vector Analysis and Mechanics
1. Vector Analysis:
Review of Vector in Three Dimensions and Algebraic Operations; Direction Cosines; Spherical and
Cylindrical Polar Coordinates; Scalar and Vector Triple Product; Physical Examples; Gradient of a
Scalar Point Function; Divergence and Curl of a Vector Point Function; Physical Significance of Each
Type; Vector Identities; Line, Surface and Volume integrals; Gausss Divergence Theorem; Stakes
Theorem without their proofs: Physical Significance.
2. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions:
Motion with Constant Acceleration; Uniform Circular Motion.
3. Particle Dynamics:
Newtons Laws of Motion and their Applications; Frictional Forces; The Dynamics of Uniform
Circular Motion; Equations of Motion for Constant and Variable Forces; Time Dependent Forces;
Motion in a Resistive Medium; Projectile Motion with and without Air Resistance; Non-inertial Frames
and Pseudo Forces; Cohesive Forces.
4. Work, Power and Energy:
Work done by a Constant and Variable Force (one and two dimensional cases); Work-Energy Theorem;
Power; Conservative Forces; Potential Energy; Conservation of Energy in One, Two and Three
Dimensional Systems; Quantization of Energy.
5. System of Particles:
Two-Particle Systems; Many-Particle Systems; Centre of Mass (C.M), Calculation of Centre of Mass
using integral rules; calculation of C.M (Uniform rod, cylinder and Solid Sphere); Linear Momentum of
a System of Particles and its Conservation; Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Equation.
6. Collisions:
Collision; Impulse and Momentum; Conservation of Momentum during Collisions; Elastic and Inelastic
Collisions in One Dimension; Two-Dimensional Collisions; Inelastic Collision in Two Dimensions;
Centre-of-Mass Reference Frame.
7. Rotational Dynamics:
Relationships between Linear and Angular Variables; Scalar and Vector Form; Kinetic Energy of
Rotation; Moment of Inertia; Parallel Axis and Perpendicular Axis Theorems; Proof and Illustrations;
Application to Simple Cases; Determination of Moment of Inertia (Uniform Rectangular and Circular
Rod, Rectangular Lamina, Hoop, Disc, Cylinder and Sphere): Rotational Dynamics of Rigid Bodies;
Equations of Rotational Motion and Effects of application of Torques; Combined Rotational and
Translational Motion; Rolling without Slipping.
8. Angular Momentum:
Angular Momentum; Torque and Angular Momentum; Conservation of Angular Momentum; Examples:
Quantization of Angular Momentum.
9. Gravitation:
The Law of Universal Gravitation; Gravity near Earths Surface; Gravitational Effect of a Spherical
Mass Distribution; Gravitational Potential Energy; Calculation of Escape Velocity; Gravitational Field
and Potential; Radial and Transverse Components of Velocity and acceleration: Motion of Planets and
Keplers Laws (Derivation and Explanation); Motion of Satellites; Energy Considerations in Planetary
and Satellite Motion; Qualitative Discussion on Application of Gravitational Law to the Galaxy.

(B) Thermodynamics
1. Heat and Temperature:
Temperature; Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas; Work Done on an Ideal Gas; Internal Energy of an ideal
Gas: Equipartition of Energy; Van der Waals Equation of State; Phase Diagrams.
2. First law of Thermodynamics:
Introduction: First law of Thermodynamic and its Applications to Adiabatic Processes, Isothermal
Processes, Constant-Volume processes, Cyclic Processes and Free Expansion;
3. Second Law of Thermodynamic:
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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April 2014

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Reversible and irreversible Processes with Examples; Heat Engine and Refrigerator; Second Law of
Thermodynamics; The Car not Cycle; The Carnot Theorem; Calculation of Efficiency of Heat Engine;
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale; Absolute Zero.
4. Entropy:
Definition; Entropy in Reversible and irreversible Processes; Entropy and Second Law; Entropy and
Probability; Entropy Change of an ideal Gas.
5. Thermodynamic Functions:
Thermodynamic Function (Internal energy, Enthalpy, Gibbs Function, Entropy, Helmholtz Function)
Maxwells Relations; TdS Equations; Energy Equations and their Applications.
6. Low temperature Physics:
Methods for Production of Low Temperature; Joule Thomsons and Joule-Kelvin Effects; Adiabatic
Demagnetization Measurement of Low Temperature (Thermocouple, Resistance Thermometer,
Thermistors)

(C) Properties of Matters
1. Elastic Properties of Matter:
Physical Basis of Elasticity; Tension, Compression & shearing, Different Moduli of Elasticity; Poissons
Ratio; Relation between Elastic Moduli; Experimental Methods for determination of Elastic Moduli;
Determination of Poissons Ratio.
2. Viscosity Introduction:
Streamline and Turbulent Flow; Flow of a Liquid through a Capillary Tube (Poiseuilles Formula);
Experimental Determination of the Coefficient of Viscosity of a Liquid; Motion in a Viscous Medium
(Stokess Formula); Measurement of viscosity of liquid by falling sphere method (Stokess method).
3. Surface Tension Introduction:
Molecular Theory of Surface Tension; Angle of Contact and Curvature of Liquid Surface; Surface
Energy and Surface Tension; Formation of Drops and Bubbles; Capillarity and Measurement of Surface
Tension of a Liquid.

PAPER B ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONICS

(A) Electriclty and Magnetism
1. Electric Field:
Field due to a point charge and an assembly of point charges Electric Dipole; Electric field of
continuous charge distribution (e.g. ring of charge, disc of charge, infinite line of charge); A point
charge in an electric field; A dipole in an electric field (calculation of torque and energy of a dipole);
2. Gausss Law:
Electric flux, Gausss law (integral and differential forms); Gauss Law and Coulombs Law;
Applications of Gausss Law and (Calculation of electric fie due to an infinite line of conductor,
uniformly charged sheet, two parallel charged plates a charged spherical shell and volume of charges in
a spherical region); Differential Form of Gausss Law.
3. Electric Potential:
Introduction; Potential due to Point Charge and an Assembly of Point Charges: Electric Potential of
Continuous Charge Distribution (Infinite Line Charge, Charged Ring, Charged Disc. Infinite Plane of
Charge and Spherical Shell of Charge); Electric Field as Gradient of Electric Potential; Potential due to
Dipole; Poisson and Laplace Equations without their solution.
4. Capacitors and Dielectrics:
Capacitance; Calculation of Electric Field inside a Capacitor; Calculation of Capacitance of Parallel
Plate, Spherical and Cylindrical Capacitors; Storage of Electrical Energy in a Capacitor; Capacitor with
a Dielectric; Energy Stored in the Presence of a Dielectric; Molecular View of a Dielectric; Gausss Law
for Dielectrics.
5. D.C. Circuits:
Electric Current and Current Density; Resistance, Resistively and conductivity; Ohms Law; Energy
Transfer in an Electric Circuit; Equation of Continuity; Calculation of Current in a Single Loop; Multi-
loop Circuits; Voltages at Various Elements of a Loop; RC circuit (Analytical Treatment of Discharging
and Charging of a Capacitor).
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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6. Magnetic Field Effects:
Brief Review (The Magnetic Field B; Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge and Magnetic force on a
Current); Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Dipole; The Biot-Savart Law; Aphcatioi1s of Biot-
Savart Law (Calculation of B for Current Carrying Long Straight Conductor, Circular Loop, Solenoid
and Toroid). Amperes Circuital Law (Differential and Integral Form); Applications of Amperes Law
(Calculation of B for Current Carrying Long Straight Conductor, Circular Loop, Solenoid and Toroid).
7. Electromagnetic Induction:
Introduction: Faradays Law of Electromagnetic induction; Lenzs Law; Motional E.M.F.; Induced
Electric Fields.
8. Magnetic Properties of Solids:
Gausss Law for Magnetism: Origin of Atomic and Nuclear Magnetism; Magnetization; Magnetic
Materials (Para-magnetism, Diamagnetism and Ferromagnetism) Hysteresis Loop.
9. Inductance:
Inductance; Inductance of a Solenoid and Toroid; LR Circuits (Analytical Treatment of Growth and
Decay of Current); Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field; Qualitative discussion of Electromagnetic
Oscillation; Quantitative Analysis of Electromagnetic Oscillations; Damped and Forced Oscillations.
10. Alternating Current Circuits:
Alternating Current; Resistor in an A.C. Circuit.; Inductor in an A.C. Circuit; Capacitor in an A.C.
Circuit; RLC Series and Parallel; Circuits; Power in A.C circuits: Transformer.
11. Maxwells Equations:
The Basic Equations of Electromagnetism (Gausss Law for E, Gausss Law for B, Faradays law and
Amperes Law); Induced Magnetic Fields and the Displacement Current; Maxwells Equations, (Integral
and Differential forms); Electromagnetic Waves (The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Production of
Electromagnetic Waves, Energy and Momentum in an Electromagnetic Wave and Radiation Pressure);
The Wave Equation and its Derivation; Pointing Theorem and Energy Conservation.
12. Circuit Theory:
Basic Circuit Concepts; Kirchhoffs Laws and their use in Circuit Analysis; Star-Delta transformation;
Superposition Theorem; Reciprocity Theorem; Thevenins Theorem; Nortons Theorem.

(B) Electronics:
1. Semiconductor Diode:
Introduction; energy band in solid; Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductor; Formation of p-n junction;
characteristics of characteristics Diode; Diode as a Rectifier (Half-wave, Full-wave and Bridge
Rectifier); Smoothing Circuits.
2. Bipolar Junction Transistors
Introduction; Static Characteristics of a Transistors (CB, CE and CC configurations); Load line and
Output Characteristics; transistor as an Amplifier (CE); Positive & negative feedback amplifier; RC.
Oscillators: Monostable multi- vibrator (basic).
3. Logic gates
Logic gates (i,e OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR) and their basic applications, Basic Idea of an IC.

PAPER C WAVES, OSCILLATIONS, PHYSICAL OPTICS AND MODERN PHYSICS.

(A) Waves, Oscillations And Physical Optics
1. Harmonic Oscillations:
Mathematical Analysis of Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M); Energy in S.H.M.; Examples of
S.H.M.(Torsion Pendulum, The Simple Pendulum, A Physical Pendulum); S.H.M. and Uniform Circular
Motion; Resultant of two S.H.M. and Lissajous Figures; Damped S.H.M(Solution of its Equation and
Types of Damping); Examples; Forced Harmonic Oscillator (Solution of its Equation and its
Discussion); Resonance, Quality Factor and Examples.
2. Waves in Physical Media:
Types of Waves (Mechanical, Electromagnetic and Matter Waves); Transverse and Longitudinal waves;
Different Parameters of a Wave; Travelling Waves; Sinusoidal Waves; Energy in Travelling Waves;
Examples of One-dimensional Travelling Waves; Reflection and Transmission; Group and Phase
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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April 2014

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Velocities: The Linear Wave Equation and its Solution; Superposition and Interference; Superposition of
Sinusoidal Waves: Standing Waves with Examples; Beats and its Analytical Treatment.
3. Properties of Light:
The Electromagnetic Spectrum; Nature of Visible Light; the Speed of Light in Matter, the Propagation
of Light; Path and Phase Difference.

(B) Physical Optics
1. Interference:
Introduction; Superposition of Waves; Theory of Interference (Analytical Treatment, Phasor Addition,
Intensity Distribution); Youngs Double Slit Experiment and its Analysis; Coherence; Conditions for
Interference; Interference from Thin Films; Newtons Rings (Experimental Arrangement and Theory);
Michelson Interferometer and its Applications; The Fabry-Perot interferometer and its Use; Fresnels
Biprism and its Use.
2. Diffraction:
Introduction; Types of Diffraction; Diffraction due to a Single Slit and Analysis of Intensity Distribution
(Analytical and Phasor Treatment); Diffraction of a Circular Aperture; Double Slit and its Intensity
Distribution; Extension to Multiple Slits; Diffraction Grating and its Types: Theory of Diffraction
Grating; Use in spectrographs; Dispersion and Resolving power of a Diffraction Grating; Holography.
3. Polarization:
Introduction Nature of Polarized Light ( Linear, Circular and Elliptical Polarization); Polarization by
Reflection ; Brewsters Law; Polarization by Refraction; Polarization by Selective Absorption or
Dichroism (Wire-Grid Polarizer, Polaroid, Dichroic Crystals) Malus Law; Polarization by Double
Refraction or Birefringence, Nicols Prism; Polarization by scattering Specific Rotation of the Plane of
Polarization Laurents Half-Shade Polar meter.
4. Lasers:
Introduction; Laser beam Characteristics; Ruby and Helium Neon Lasers; Applications.

(C) Modern Physics
1. Origin of Quantum Theory:
Black body radiation, Stefan Boltzmann-, Wiens- and Plancks law, consequences. The quantization of
energy, Photoelectric and Compton effect.
2. Wave Nature of Matter:
Wave behavior of particle. De Broglie; Experimental Confirmation (Davisson-Germer and J.P. Thomson
Experiments), Waves, Wave packets and particles, localization of a wave Packet. Uncertainty Principle.
3. Atomic Physics:
Review of Bohrs theory of Hydrogen Atom, Frank-Hertz experiment, energy levels of electron, Atomic
spectrum, Angular momentum of electrons, Vector atom model, Orbital angular momentum. Spin
quantization, Bohrs Magnetron. X-ray spectrum (continuous and discrete) Moseleys law, Paulis
exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table.
4. Quantum Mechanics:
Postulates of Quantum Mechanics; Quantum operators, Linear operators & their properties (e.g.
momentum operator, energy operator), Eigen value equation, Eigen values and eigen functions,
Schrodinger equation (time dependent and time independent without derivation) Applications of
Schrodinger equation to free particle, step potential, Potential barrier(Basic idea of Quantum tunneling),
Infinite Potential well.
5. General Properties of the Nucleus:
Nuclear Constituents and their intrinsic Properties; Nuclear size; Nuclear Mass and its Determination
(Aston and Bainbridge Mass Spectrograph); Nuclear Angular Momentum; Nuclear Magnetic Moment;
Nuclear Spin; Binding energy, Nuclear force (Basic Idea).
6. Natural Radioactivity:
Introduction; Laws of radioactive decay, half life, mean life; Measurement of half life; Radioactive
series; Successive Radioactive Transformations: Secular and Transient Equilibrium; Unit of
Radioactivity; Radioisotopes and their Uses; Elementary Description of Alpha, Beta and Gamma
Decays.
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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7. Nuclear Reactions:
Basic Nuclear reactions, Q-value of Reaction (Exothermal and Endothermic Reaction); Nuclear Models
(Liquid Drop , Collective and Independent Particle Model); Nuclear Fission; Chain Reaction; Basic
Description of a Nuclear Reactor; Nuclear Fusion; Different Mechanisms of Stellar Energy.
8. Special Theory of Relativity:
Inertii1 and Non-inertial Frames of Reference; Michelson-Morley Experiment; Postulates of Relativity;
Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation Equations; Inverse Transformations Consequences of Lorentz
Transformations(Length Contraction, Time Dilation); Addition of Velocities; Variation of Mass with
Velocity; Equivalence of Mass & Energy and its Importance, Relativistic Energy and its relation with
Momentum i.e. E
2
= c
2
p
2
+ m
o
2
c
4
.


PRACTICALS

Practical A Experiments on Mechanics, Properties Matter and Heat

1. To determine the value of g by compound pendulum / Katers Pendulum.
2. To study the damping features of an oscillating system using simple pendulum of variable mass.
3. Modulus of Rigidity by Static method (Bartons Apparatus).
4. Modulus of Rigidity by Dynamic method (Maxwells needle).
5. Measurement of viscosity of liquid by Stokes / Poiseullis method.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary tube method.
7. To study the dependence of Centripetal force on mass, radius, and angular velocity of a body in
circular motion.
8. Determination of moment of inertia of a solid/hollow cylinder and a sphere etc.
9. To study the conservation of energy (Hooks law).
10. To determine Horizontal/Vertical distance by Sextant.
11. Determination of J by Callender Barnis method.
12. Determination of temperature coefficient of resistance of a given wire.
13. Calibration curve for a copper-constant thermocouple.
14. The determination of Stefans constant.
15. To determine the Thermal conductivity of good conductors using Searls apparatus.
16. To determine the Thermal conductivity of bad conductors using Lees apparatus
17. The determination of wavelength of Sodium D lines by Newtons Ring.
18. The determination of wavelength of light/laser by Diffraction grating.
19. Determination of wavelength of sodium light by Fresnels bi-prism.
20. The determination of resolving power of a diffraction grating.
21. The measurement of specific rotation of sugar by Polarimeter and determination of sugar
concentration in a given solution.
22. To determine frequency of AC supply using oscilloscope.
23. To study of Lissajous figures on oscilloscope (combinations of harmonic motion)
24. To study the phenomenon beats on oscilloscope.
25. Investigation of phase change with position in traveling wave and measurement of the velocity of
sound by C.R.O.

Practical B Experiments on Electricity and Magnetism Modern Physics and Electronics

1. Measurement of high resistance using a neon flash bulb and a capacitor.
2. Measurement of low resistance coil by a Cary Foster Bridge.
3. Conversion of a moving-coil galvanometer into voltmeter.
4. Conversion of a moving-coil galvanometer into ammeter.
5. Calibration of an ammeter using a potentiometer.
6. Calibration of a voltmeter using a potentiometer.
7. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer.
8. Comparison of capacities of two capacitors by a ballistic galvanometer.
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Syllabus for B.Sc - Physics Session 2014 Onward Approved by Board of Studies held on 16
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April 2014

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9. To determine the self inductance of a coil by Rayleighs Method.
10. To determine the self inductance of a coil by Andersons Method.
11. To determine the coefficient of mutual inductance of a pair of a coils.
12. To study the frequency response of RLC-series (acceptor) Circuit.
13. To study the frequency response of RLC-parallel (rejector) Circuit.
14. Characteristics of a semiconductor diode (Compare Si with Ge diode).
15. Setting up of half & full wave rectifier & study of following factors
16. Smoothing effect of a capacitor
17. Ripple factor & its variation with load.
18. Study of regulation of output voltage with load.
19. Characteristics of a PNP (or NPN) transistor in common-emitter configuration.
20. To set up a single stage amplifier & measure its voltage gain and bandwidth.
21. To set up transistor oscillator circuit and measure its frequency by an oscilloscope.
22. To set up and study various logic gates (AND, OR, NAND etc) using diode and to develop their
truth table.
23. To set up an electronic switching circuit using transistor LDR and demonstrate its use as a NOT
Gate
24. Determination of ionization potential of mercury.
25. Variation of Photoelectric current with intensity of light.
26. To study the characteristic curves of a G. M. tube.
27. Determination of range of particle.
28. Determine the absorption co-efficient of -particle in Aluminum.
29. Mass absorption coefficient of lead for -rays using G.M counter.
30. Determination of e/m of an electron.
31. Study of the parameter of wave i.e. amplitude, phase and time period of a complex signal on an
oscilloscope.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Resnick, D. Halliday and K.S. Krane Physics Volume I and II 5/e .John Wiley (2002) Main Text Book
2. Halliday. R. Resnick and J. Walker Fundamentals of Physics 7/e John Wiley (2005)
3. I.D. Young and R.A. Freedman Sears and Zamanskys University Physics 11/e Pearson Education (2004)
4. P.A. Tipler Physics for Scientists and Engineers 5/e, W.H. Freeman (2003)
5. R..A. Serway and J.W. Jewett Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6/e or Latest Edition, Thomson
(2004)
6. D C. Giancoli Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics 2/e or Latest edition Prentice Hall
(1989)
7. F.J. Keller, W.E. Gettys and M.K. Skove Physics: Classical and Modern McGraw-Hill (1993)
8. A.P. French Newtonian Mechanics. The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series Viva Books, New Delhi (2003)
9. D. Kleppner and R. J. Kolenkow An introduction to Mechanics McGraw-Hill (1973)
10. K.R. Symon Mechanics 3/e Addison-Wesley (1971)
11. H.S. Hans and S.P. Puri Mechanics Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi (1984)
12. A.P. French Vibrations and Waves The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series Nelson (1971)
13. I.G. Main Vibrations and Waves in Physics 3/e Cambridge University Press (1995)
14. H.J. Pain The Physics of Vibrations and Waves 6/e John Wiley (2005)
15. E. Hecht Optics 4/e Pearson Education (2002)
16. M. Subrahmanyam and M.N. Avadhanulu A Textbook of Optics 23/e S. Chand & Co., New Delhi (2006)
17. M.W. Zemansky and and R.H. Dittman Heat and Thermodynamics 7/e MGraw-Hill (1997)
18. C.B.P. Finn Thermal Physics Nelson Thornes (1993)
19. P. Lorrain and D.R. Corson Electromagnetic Fields and Waves 3/e W.H. Freeman (1988)
20. A,S. Mahajan and A. A. Rangwala Electricity and Magnetism Tata McGraw-Fill (1988)
21. P. Chakraborthy Electricity and Magnetism New Age International Publishers, New Delhi (1998)
22. D C. Giancoli Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics 2/e or Latest edition Prentice Hall
23. F.J. Keller, W.E. Gettys and M.K. Skove Physics: Classical and Modern McGraw-Hill (1993)