McMaster University

DigitalCommons@McMaster
EE 4BI6 Electrical Engineering Biomedical
Capstones

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

6-1-1974

Aspects of Airship Design

Hans J Kleiner
McMaster University

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Part of the Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Kleiner, Hans J, "Aspects of Airship Design" (1974). EE 4BI6 Electrical Engineering Biomedical Capstones. Paper 64.
http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/ee4bi6/64

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airllh1p ,static .bend1np; IIIOment ,tI,ertormance' charactedstics:.
auchaadrap;. ,and ,al~o ,the pressure distribution over'the'
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, his patient ,Utdance .and, advice .. ~naddlUon::'the ',author " .'
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Shape or en1el(1)e 't(Jl~\~,o ~ 2 , IPO.5,

,'Pip'". .,2."9.

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,

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21
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Pl.ure, 2.11 '

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. Shape ~r en~elope tor 1'1-0.3.,.0.6,'

r-~. 50 ""\ ' . "
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envelope
: t-3,..o ",

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,
en.,do~e. for n-O.IIOO ..

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Shane or
.... 0.50. f-2.75

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t- ,

..

Shap~ o.t env~~ oDI! tor; n"10. 3', . m-O. $ .'

.. ... 2.75 . '
,'.
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. .

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.2 ~18 . ~- S'hatle or enyel~p. ,r/r. ~-~. 30.
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Pl'RUr~' 2.16 .;.

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'I,IST :OP~LLUS'1'RATJONS c~n~lr)ue!S.

'J.i,
. ,.
Page
Deacr.1p'tlon
.
.
....
..... , ... .... . . ,"'..
.
.)
. Shape Q~ envelope .,r~r n-O. 2" maO. 5 . 2.7
-.
.. r-2.75
. . . . ..; . .
. ". .
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...3.~ .
,-,

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I-Pl~re 2.2.8

....

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- ;'Shapeot enyelope tor n-0.200.

..O.~OO. r-~.OO"

.0..

Shape or e~",lope for

n~0~250. '

, . . 0."00,' rail. 00 .
f~

,.!

'.

:(."""
---=--: ,-.'

Shaoe or .n".lop. tor n-0.215.

, . .O."OO,r-l.OO,
. .' ... ,'.
.
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.. jt1.~

. ' '4'

Sh";e ~t .nvel~e.
... 0 .... 00. ralJ.oQ

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to:t' ~O.300:"
~.

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. . . :.. oi.oo.
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of' enve lobe,: ;01'>"1110 ,185.

.:

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Shlt!)e ot en~e'lo~, ;r~r n-O. 275,. . ,.

, meO.5. r-II:.Qo,'
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,,1II:u ro 2.39

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P1101re 2.38

or eti~elope, ror'' : n;.0.350).

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,

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.Plsure c'. U
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~r~n~elopefo~

'Share

.. 0.5;

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60

Sh~"
en"eloPe tOt-n-O .... . '
. .0 .6, ~~~OD, "
r ' .,;
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.-

Stuqe ot"envelQPe f'o.r i,lrO.3,75.

.. 0.6 ,..... 0 0 ' : :
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56.

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S"-pe of' envelope f'or n-. 35~. ,

.. 0~60.r-""00, '"..
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Shane'~,. enveloperorn-.lOO.

2. 1(1

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... - ' ...

~.

, Sha~e ot envelope tor n-O.J85.

.0.6'..
,"00

2.'3'

I ..

StUIIUt ot ennlopet'or n-O.21S.

.0.6. r.... oo
., '.':'
.. '
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.

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,52
53 '"

, Shane of enveiop~ rDr n~O.200~

: ~0~6i ~".ao'

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".'
,. ",
.. 0.5~1 r-",.90

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5,1

. .0. 5. ~-". 00

" ~1~re'

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,Stfatre or en';"lope t:or Ii-O. 300"

,.' pC'J:5, r.-/l.OO, ," .. I ' - - - , ' . .

'1
P1ltUre 2.110
,

,
"P1~re

Sha", or envelQPe,' tor :;n-O'~ 25,

'.0;5, ,'.II;OQ, ' ' :
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. 111-0.110"
.

:,~lJtUrt'.c~ 35
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ShaPe o'r, 'nvel~e. ror n-Q. 375'.

, . .0.11. t.".O.O ' .,,'
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Coot1nued
'
,..,

'

'

."

LIS~
O'ILLUST~ATIONS
.
, :.

f'

61'

.',. 62

..

.,

'

,'

"

"

',I "

"

,;,

'.,.

'/

,
.

'"

...

6""

",

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"

fil~r. 2.51
"

PlfP,ur;'e 2.52
, , '
. . '
'

.. ,

~.511

,'P1"e~su...
"

-,

, '0

~"

.'

.'

'

'

0' .

75

..

..

76
l

'

".

avSte1lUl'

us,ed ~ i n

t~e,

\"

80

.'

'

.....

'

'1'rl~01IIetric relationshios ror a

~eneral,nolnt a10n~

82

the'hull shape

'

"
shear,

St~tlC

, \"

'Static

.r

tOrc~dlagram,

, .

"

'
"

IIOment d1tUI:rl!in,

bendln~

" 96

'

97

Airship Uls.

101
o'

'1~~ 1.2

, "ore Actln~on an Ainhlp ;,

(ldeallz.dc
.0. ...
.)

"

. I
"

'

an airship tor
'* , 'ol'c aatlnr.on
cOndition'
'3
'loadlnl'

PIui'e,1.5
,-

1'1~... '].,6

__- " '______

"

"

" ,

"

,aw

.ariatlon,oyer the
airotihlp lenlth
,"

~"

______

~~'~.

____

~..

~.

",

. ,

'

'91'00 acUns on all air.hlp at a '

, ,tlx_ ,av' anl. ,
An~le,o~

108

th~,'lll

ot C. . .

'

'106

A.1rahlp .t"aJectorles for varoious

loadlns, c'OndltS ons and' andes at
atta~k " ' ,
"
'
'" " '

\'

-"'~'

dlstrnu'tron tor an Alr-

Co-ordl nate
, analy~ls

'1 IN" '3 1

6__

'

t'

11-5.00

2".60
,)

3.-

it

tor an Alr-, '

aMp ,In 'non~level tl'1l1:.ht , t
~O:. 6'0 n-O .. II, 't-3 .00, Y-110 'tt/sec"

2.,59

,'1~
...
..

.'

;,
,

Proessuredlstr1bu~tlon

2.56.

~'.58

7'0

'

ship In le,!~l tl1ght

... 0.6-. n-O .,11, "'3.00. Y,-llOtt/sec' a

1'11Nn 2.57
Pl,ul'e'

..

,,

'J

II J,' '

Control Suri"ace Char.t '

2.55
.,

Pl~re

~ AEL ~d:~VS~
A.C va.

P1RU~

'fa.

Controi Surface Char,t

2.53

'!""

an~ V AyL

" AHL

.Plgure
.
.

Surtace Chart
',,' ,\,lr:T \.lru-'

Contro~l

Pl~re

.r Page "

'.',

" A" cOlIIPai-1aon ot three drag equ,tions ,66

'

"

D'ttscl'lpt14?n

"

'1

'

LIST,OP ILLUS'l'RA'l'InNS 'Continued,

.. ,.

'

..

118

121

~~~"~ '_'~f"__V.'~'~..~~,,~
___

, I

.'

, ,,

./

fl '

"

"

'

' 1.
'

,I

.i '

"

'ILLU~T'RATI()NS

LIST OP
,,'

,....

"

"

Cqntlnued,

, i

"

3.7
3.8

, 125'

Action or an'afrsllip durlnp: a

turn .', , 1 . .."

"

~ctlo~ _or)n', 11rsh~p; durlnf/:'

obsta..9~V()I~!ance

....

~d-tr1ed

3.9

' ., '

126,

, '
. '.

1]1

,isetor..llds

.
Trajectory.prrop;rlUllJlMt Input deck
setup. ,
'

I .'

3.11
3.12
I

"

1"3

Oraphlcal 111uil~~atlon or the

pro~&JIIIIMt gutout '- ru,!:l :rudde~
untll a 75, turn ach1eved

1"11

"

Ora~hlcal
PJ'O~&lIIIfte

137

Ol'aohlca1 11lustratlon cir the

proRr&mme output-take-orr
trajectory

'.

J
I

Page

Description

lllustration of th'"
outflut - rull Oppos'1 te
rudder until the orlp:inalheadlng
.z.ep:al nec1
.,

."

'

Orap'h1,cal l1lust.ration or the

'prop:rUlllle' output - rull u~',
e1evator-s and.a: st,eady. state t,urn
. frO .o.t.o 180 de[n'eea
,,'. . . I
.
,
I
, ' .

Plu~

, ,'PI~re
PI~

189
19.0 "
191

\.

Enllne/a~tach_nt, l~ealhat1on I

193

.,Enl~l.t.tfcweip:ht Input
&M"Ul~nt

_.6
,

,1KUre

,.

t1pp4tr, cabin .1ruct~re

-.-".5

Lower c.abln ' ~tructure/ .

-.3

'

Pl"ure

I.

I"

Cabin struc~ure Illustration

tJoont and side view

-.2

Plgure
,

1116

19-

' '.

.:.:. " ~ln~. ~tat1ewe1P:ht Input .. ,

~.
... ~.'.. .. ' .
.

195

,-

"

PlUH ....7

"

".8
P1~~9

'

....

.197 .

....

..

.('
,

'fran."erae atl"UcttlJ'e, load cQllPonenta 199 '

PlUri

'I.

..

~,.t.. 'me 'bodJdlilcru

"

'-'

'.

.>

, ""anawrae. sttuc,tw.. lett loadin

dtacr"

..

",

- ,.

"

"

of

, 201

. ;.,

'

..;

,./

..

..

..

.,

,I

'

,.

j.
"

'LIST Oil' ILLUSTR~TIOH!:J Cont1~,d'

?-

.~ .

Page

Phur~
,"

.... U, '

,- f

'..

203-'

r,'

Pl"urf! ".12,

'Qrllphl-cal analys1a rlp:ht' t;r~8VerStl', 2011.

structure',
. , ..

Ph:l:'re ... 13

Wind ,SUllt"l!Il tuatl,on

'Pliure'lI.lll

Load~nalYIl1a-gu .. t

Plgure ," .16 .'

- .-.-

Pi,;ure ".18 .

I '

l-'-I .:.

!''Oraphi'cal analysis ./!:Ust condition

.. :~'.~lght
tranllVI'rse
II tructur'e' ."
,
..

".

UPs);'r IIld".tructur,e ",

,
Upper IIld, IItructure'loadlnp;
'1Iltuatlon .' "

..

//

Upper alde IIt~cture Icteal1zecy""", .

11.22
.PIUN
.
.

loadln. Baale; c ..e 1

I . .

....

",

/"

Upperaldtt .t1"Uctut-e Id.aU&~ .

loadln.
'&a81c 0 . . . . 2
' ,t
.
\'
.
1'I'.n .,.r.... trua. aontlprat1on .

'11'1"".25. .
,

-...:'
, .
--.~

;ns
"

'

,'.

.
.~
eontl~atlon

'\

'

"

~~ltudl~..l .~~~
~~~~ "

Landlntt

'1'1"11.28

,.

~.

Loncltudlnal tTU

..

'.

.,

,I

~.

...

~.

,,//.'

atruetuN actp1l1'ioadlnp;
, B.. le caae' 2 '
./

);111CUN .. ;29

..

~pera1de

PI,uN' 11.23

216

{217

Upper alde' .tructu,re actual 10ad,ln;':

Bade cue 1 "

. 'Ip'r~ ... ~l

.
"1'1..... 26-

212
,
21'3

"

PllUre ... 20

211

I '. .'

~-==---.:::::---=:

,/~,

Pl,;u re ll .'19

210

Oraoh1-cal analYII~1I gust corldltlon

lett 'tranllverlle 'stru.cture.
I

-----,

. ."

O\.lllt loading rh:ht transverse

" .tructlire

'Plgure
".1'1
'

20L"

s.-1tuatlon

;, . Ouat loadlnft, lett transverlle'

'lltructur~.,.
.,'
e1 .

208

'.

Pl';Ure ".15

'

'

Graphical anal,s,ls lett transverse"

.. tru~t~re
."
..

'

202

Transverse strui:turerl'Rht
loadlnv. d,,'ap;ralll
'
'.

..

. 'DeS~r~ptlon "

'

'.

~IU" ..
.'

arran
: . '"
,

I!I8nt.
"

.;. She.rr~O.'Gl~~ ,(~I'II.~)

.

" !"

.,

'r' .

...

.I

,,0 I~

'.

..

"

~ "

{"
:"I"!

"

~,'

. :.

I'"

;',

.'/,

"

I.

'

"

~~d'.
,.! i

~.

, ... ~:~i "

,:'

", ...

'. '

Cabin lSt,l'\lctu~~ as 'coillPlet~!1' -:'.

-~35

Cab,in

. 4.36 ,,'

~..
"V

'.

,!

'

'~,

~~5

~,

-.'2.46,.,'

durin" con,lStMacU6n

struct~r,e'

\.

,;.{
':"

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':

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, '.

....

,.1:'

. . :'

".;

'2:35

.r....

'..

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234,

-.32

':

"

"

:',.' ...

LIST OPI~~;J'l'RA'J'rONS ,Con~inued.

,

,\

'

'I'" ~' .

,
"
I.

'.'

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.,"

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...

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"

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;'.,~,.,:':,

...

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-.. , ::"~

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... , .".,

../",".:'
,

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:,',

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'.-,
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... ' .'!

':''':' .'J",

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,

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.1

'010",

LIST 01' TAB,LES

,'I)

1e

~ .

'

','

2~1,,"

, -

' . ':,

"

".

",

tor various air-

De's1m,parlUllf~ers

ship shapes vith the, vitloc1 t1in

" feet per second-l1Q.OOOOOO ~,vo1ume '
,In cUbiC; reet.;-'91798. 6,0' and vlth "
all'1U',ellisin,squa~. teet and all,
d1atances in,ree,t and pressurel,n,
1bs/sq. f t . '
.

"
~

'

, Oescript'i}m ,"

I' '.

coe rhc1ent.is otaddt tiona1 Ma'S .

or' ell~psolds"
various length/'
.. ', dlaJiletjtrraUos [1ll',
" ' "
.','
.
':' :,.:

. "," . '.1,

..

Table' 11.1,',
.
"

~"

l~(ii.~. "

'

'".

".3 ,',

'.It, '
.'

,'

.'"

'hb1ec.:~5 '. ,.'

'. ' . ' ,
.

. ,'--

'Table".6
'" '.",.q,,'
, .. ' .

,. " " "

.. '

".'

. .':'

".,

"

169
.. 206

,SecUon10Ild1nfP,
,
.. .
.
'.

',,'

: . , '

"

load'. .l~.ei,cor:ul1t10n

;. "

'.

!. '.

, . ' ".

..

..

'.' ' .

'

,,'

.. 207

".8 '
.

! . ',".

'.

" . .;

.
'

.219
,

"

226~

A~rilh1p:Lo.dD1str:1but1on

. t.Oadd1.trS:b'ut'iono~underrloor'
structure'
.
. "
,

~~tu~1n.~ \und~r~loor
"'

",'

. : '

..
1" ".

,..,.

... --

..
'

. '"

,.

.'., -..

'.-

;.0-

'Lo~i.tucitMl.W1dertioor'structu~ , .' 239 .

' . ;.,'
''

;."

,~

..","
:....
.

. ,... ,"'.-.- .
: .: '..... ~' . . : .. :.< :: . ,"., '. '.:"-111'"'
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statiC" 10ad1n.f

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trej ectories " acceler~t1ona .1118
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and',velocities' ",' / . ,
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or

COlIIPu~er't\raJectory test'input

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p,re-oW~ld

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colIMrc1al .. rlgtd -,airsh1ps.culminating.!n. a .Ilerteaor: ,"cc1dent'a. '\'

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1n non-rig1d'rorm, continued to

a1rah~p.

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"~Ye"'1alu";~e '.e~Yiae" 'oDur1~woriiwarII e~hnal~~ co~v~'

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'.." 'eac()rt
work
waa done by
.airsh.lps
.': ,1'0
sh1pl
waa loattos.ublllarlnea.
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Wh11e,underal~hlp"coz.t., A~es-.the .. war~'even larger non- ' '.'..
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.'. s-1/gld
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hC*.e:'.eI',u"a1rahlpa.Caileto.be regarded aarel2,cs:Qt

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''1?'us:aJ.oa~the.~res~ilt;.1t~t1on' In wh1.chthe only

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'es-a'paat"1lrid.1n:1962the
U.;S;HilVd1sbarided ita a1rshlp

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aii"s-hip. letttltlng.ln the w01"l.d. arlit thoae. u.ae4 by the Goodyear.

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Despl,te the uny, pr'opoaal. .entloned' os-lier" it has been

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.,..ai'1nee. aneW afre'hlp, '<,.'.

has eiku'ged-holll the, dedsn
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. -propos.l stas" 'to an actual :plece or haJ'dware.

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tit iaod~~COIIIPU~ertttCh~lq.l!e. to, alraM~~e~~~gn.,<:."

"~o atnlar:ate'arttaS,~e:,be~ri,eX;'lfled . ~lrlJt

cOIIIP~~erh'aa"

,the

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::::~~~,':.:::~::~t:~::L~~.:::.:::;~..~:~::;;. .", .'

~o' 'the
dea1gner.'sec~n~l~.the~~'~uter'hli~:,:been
~t to uli;'t~,"
~. "'.: .,,', :.. , '., : _. : "," ..:: ','~\',.' .... :.._. -. '. " ,~" . "
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deteMllnethe,lo~~a'~n an airsbip b)'all11Ulatlm", t-be airshlp
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uneiuverswhlchare .speclrl~' ,1n, thegQvei'nmerit li1..-orthlnesa -

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tt. '1s,~oped.tha1::th1."vqrkvili'bel
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rlr:a,t ot' .ani ,on'

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,th.~ubJect,'or,airshlp . and .tbat,th" tnterest'd1isplQ,ed by the"

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Hot,Uon

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the eO-:ordi1natea1onsthe lonsltuc11nal i.xhor the .

.~rahil>env.~oJ)e .". ' . . . , ' . . , : : . , . . . . ;
the,' ~o-oJ'~l1ne" alo~g" thel' vert,leal: axia . or .th~ .n~~lope' .'

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. '~J'IIhlp envelilpe a.h.pe par.ame~e~
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cOE ". po.1Uon or. th., center ot poaYity or the envelope along.... x .. ~.tbelo~tUdlnll.x1a..
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tlte .oen;erot, .bIlCiJano1 aiorlgthelong1.tuc11nal

pOsition fir
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'the 'Yeibc1tycomponent.1n .the d1~eCt10n.

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the .,81oc1t,. cQmponent .1n ,the r.. direction
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the perp.,ncucl.Ilar"iu.tabce.tr'Olll the x' db. '

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th"a.r~~~ b~dt~~j'~ment
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PRELIMIN'ARY' ,DESIOtl.ANALYSIS

r,

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1,:--')

2.1 'Introdu,e.Uon. _.

"

Thtt ,v,ene.ra1 e
deaUral'! vlth a
'"

census. In .the. inOdern,dayUterature

~h1pis.

'..

la-.that any new alrilhlpappttarlnJl; 1n

,

.'.

'.

.'

.SI. '.

':,

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the tUtur~ :vlll b~ or the> pressilre.alrat:Jlp, type. (te. non- .

" .
. .
.
!!tId or Sell!l-rlJ,;l.d) . A pressu~~ alrstiip la' an~l_rshlp. I...
.,
',
\

. '

!,whdt,! envelope ..shape and

." ., ';' .' .

,J.. . "
"
Iftr~nth _1~, proY;'ded.~Y,a 8l1j11ht.
.'
.
-, '
I . ..'
..

~us

tlternal prlssu:re.

In.r~l'IIIat1on.

the preliminary deslm

p~~~n _tJis ehaPter.w~i~ apDl., dilr~.ch.,to) this type.

ot Il1rshl~. '- s,~"e paJOts .or the Snroi"r.laUbn Iftay '1l1so apply
,
,

torl,rld III raMps '. how eyer no speclai ditterent'latlon "lil

. belll&d~ .

. 'The
-

"

~.

. ,

.',

data presented can be ,8egrel':ated lnt'o tour c!lstlnct

' . ' , ' . '

artaa. . 'I'}...~sC!-, are:

_...

', . I

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".

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, -.
.selectlon' ot the 1trIV4t lope shaPe. .

~a o~

ar~tera :h~
d~pend~rit'
-....
.
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..

,anaiYs. .
var.iou=t.
.
on the .enyelODe
sh
~
.
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,.

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atatic:
o
. shear
.
. r~';'ce

an a~i'iJ"', o.r the

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b:;ndln~'r1t
~alYSl~.
.
.
'.
pre~.uredll~rlbutiot Q~ an

'.

; enveiooestta!)e' at various Speeds and andes or .

attack. ',,: : . . . . . .
. ..'. . . : ' . ,_., , " ,
,

., "

-.. Wlth ~he aid or this ~a:t'''~. t~ede~lRit 'ot., the Il1JO~h.lp
.

.,

. .

;'

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ahape: c!lftbe _de.tn a 'llUch iIoreraUonal..&nnel' :tl\an has

.b.eeri tltec e. preV1ousl:1.

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,2.2,
,

,..J

The 'n";elol)e Shape

trial ,and

Most alrshlpforma have been

j"

"

,error method ",reao~t1ns to wl,nd' tunnel teata to obtain, data

I
I

upon which 'to billie a ,decl8'lcin as to .the best tOMII.

i,

Strealli-,.

"

i'

frc.n the th'eoretlcal"rlow

resU'ltlrur,
from, arbitrarily
aSllumed
.
.
,
,atema-;' or'lIink~- and sotarces. '.

Wlocit~nnel

,l~dlca~~dan; ,out~ta::tnlf ~lr~ue~: In ro~

8

this: method.

~~l'

'."f

.'

d,eve,l<:lped by

....:"- .. --"

Shaoes drawn bydeal~ners Nltha natural

ant1tude ror theSft

In,

tests: have not

",attel'a'hR';~ beeri.,~~ccesstul" as
~

'f

anyU)]. ' ,
,

,e,"l's sha;uta were otten tOnr,ed "by sll11'Ply cOlllb!n!n.: '

'varlous-soUds or-;~ev~lutlon lhto it "slIIOoth"'bodY., Later

'"

, atte,lllPts 'wert! '';',ade' to ~lr1l1varlouscCmdlt1ons vlth the.e

.

.'

. .

"sol,lds 11:.," achlevln apRrticular. rate, of' c~llrip:e of cUrVa- '

turfL

'l'he ooslt1on has now' be'en attll1ned

",here !!Iathematieai'
..
.
.,

eXJ1reUlona. caDable of'generat,lAA various types or bod1es

or', ~~,lutlon .

are annable. "'l'h~ ~1I1\le' o~ an -;xpreaslo~','

. ~'
'.
..
.
.
.'.
.
pt t1tU tne ~. (Jul te a,!"ltl'ent esoeclally.1f the Il:eneratlnll' ','

..d~~elOJ'e,db~-ae.r'lerlli

,,

,1'UnC:Uon '18
Intev.rable.
'One sucH IMthematica-l rorm has been
":
. '
,
.'
.
- . . .' . ~
"

'"w

Milla[ 281. Inthe 'rollbWI'njP. manner:

.,

'A ,..neraUJ!ed
\

....

,'

..

',.'

".

,.,

~ha~e ,Re~eratlon eouat1ono~

...
~

:~~'Jtl:Jn-':(K2--X)~,'

'

the
'torlll
.

, wh&i:e Jr, .;; the ,co-ordinate ,ionl!: :tlie' centJ'al'~h. and 'I -.

';th&l'ad!ua'ata
.all1.
.
.

'l: X,t: w~ obt~1nedf'rOm aco~only

. ,

'

.. ,

<-'".

"',\

"

' ..~

~2~~)

' __.

'

.'

__

I_~

~'-

,',a..

_ _- - -

{.

"

,
'1'ttc constAnta Kl and KZ or eauation (2.1) were then dete,rmlned
rroM the tiound~rv condltlonft"o 0,'1 2 - 0 ,and ,y !!lax. L/Zr,
such thllt
,
l.

(n

(
+ 1 ) Cn +

1)

xn (L 2 r nn'L n

It )

C2.3)

r--.

'~

where

.~

th,.
.

cn-ordln~te

~lonp:

th,. eenth1 ,axis,

..
.

the radius or the hodv o~ rev~lutidn.about the

central axis at e"!,h vlllue or x,
,,'

"

L the, lehvth or ,thebodv,

,
,

f'... th". r1nenesft r'atlo ., J.1.2vmax.'

': n,. " dll!!C!r.illonless Dllr"..,etcr ...,

,,"d

The endpoint
. ' . .'cont11t1ona,or.... the p:encrated shllpe are g.lven by
~'".,

.:~ ,

d',

, '" (ax) ,

x-O

--

en

II

,
n '., l' ,
n ~ 1

2/r
0

c 1

"

1)
n + l,(n+
2 r n'n

',.'

However, the' v~nf!'r"tlnv. flover or' (2 .'J}' 1s ,11!!!1tf!'d 1n t,hc

,4

variety or ah"l'Ics thAt'tt is Dosatbl,. to lItener'llte.,

I!'I,

,into
MUIlt10n' (2.11,:l"esu1.ts in
I

4 MOre

lIteneral expression.

"

)1'11

't,

Vhlt:h. ""UI'll1J1"the'''~ol,lndl~ condttlons prev19us1v :~tated,

and KII ,

~!vu uoon lIohltt" ror ~

,

':t .

Cn" Ill) Cn +

'III)

~n(l: .;.

,dll

"
"

'2 r nn rrtnt fn +

,'\_

II -

1)

"

"

~,
'"

"

."

,
,

..

"

/u

. l,

"

'11th the boilndllrv condlt!oh,,:

0'

(M+ 1) (M+i)

,.

.;>

10

, ,

','

,:,,"'

.'

rilll

1 , all m

1 , 1111, ',"'

>

,1, d'l m

:'.
,

'0

0 <

-a

1, all n

r.'J c'

-!n+q (n+1)
"

tt,

.m

2 r nn

1 , all

..:

"

\"

III >

1,. alli "

Uiuatlon (2'.5) l!"ell"ployed w~t~,rollo"l~Jt condlt!lons

. . :',

'.----

'1111 p:er.~r"te 'In In"lnlte vllrlety or alrst'!:lp hull shanes.

,
'

J.

,I

,0 c ., {"l
,0

m ~;3

! .'

P'1sr:ure 2.1 tfilustrlltell,

to the

<;->0'
dood"~"r ~ode1XZP']K
,

.Il co~arhon'
....,

"

"

,; ,

g:

cOlI!oarlson of t'"ulltlon' (2.5)

,Z

40

1I'1gu!'e 2.2 Illustrates

AIrshIp.
'.

..:.

I ,

o!' en'ul'itlon' (2.5) to the cla1l5 "C" airshIp

"

"

'

shll~e t!'lat "liS ~uch In, fsvour' durlnr.the. aIrshIp era.

T'hese

cOnflllrillon!l' IncU cat,e the accutl,acy

avallable,when usIng
(.

(2.~n.

'

~.

The

t~re~ rarar.ete~a

share,

',II!,

n.

'

whIch directl, afteet the aIrshIp

~nd r .,can 'be v~rled,lo aUI~' ,the

.

:, . Thl"adaptlltlon.:o'" (2.')
.

"

desIgner ' , .'

""
'"
:.
.
to'the\it1dtlll 'COlIIPtlter and

',1:.

'

".,

l!IOt1'"ern eonpu~er plottln,: software pem1 ts. ex~ml",ltlon ,'or

,
o

~nY'

shapes. , ,A protr.raJ!!IIMI t,o'

aeco~l1llh, th~s

'

'

halt' been de!e10ped.

i
:
.i
,The varlet, or ahllf'ea poaalb~ ,ts: lilustr~ted by;Plv.ures.2-;J-'
,

. ....

.~

;~'.

j"

;.

,
.J

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. ,(n:'~;:)n.III'
n'" .c~
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.

;4

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to':Ooc'd.. vr.,,!,' '",olle I, X7.1',)KA.lrah1~'

-,

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1-:

, A.!'p-rox1l11ate, Cp'inparl~onot Eq I,I~ 1

, '.
....
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. "'~'"

"

'APPROlCIMATE,CCIIFIUIISoN OF ~no..,p ,i~.m)-rdJ-';;..j. '. ' .'

.
",' ".
. 2' nil m- L'"
. ~."'" ,':,1'0 GOoQYEAR MOoE~,4CZP5K AtRsHW '

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fif"'
.c .. II!C

(.; .J,

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to ,2.'50 "t;i ch are ,an Ol.ltpu.t or t,he, .prop;rall1ll1e:~ , A, printout

.'

~,

"or'the a.ctual progrll/llllle 11' ,~1veriln A.ppendlx A and should'

,
.
prove RMenllhle ,to 'l\!Q'dtfi'caUqn ror other vlllul:'s or, f" 'm,

tj.

and' n.

."
"

'r?

.'

.,

,,

Body Confburatlon Detlendent, Pap'alTl~ters,

2,3

ha.s

The choice orenv:elore sha.pj

an ertect on lIIany

~,',

.',,' 1 ,
"
'
"
par.ilmet.ers and inturninfl"uene~1t
,

' , , ' ,

"

"',,

which 'shape will' finally,

"

'

~',

, 'be used,' ' Inp:eneral, 'lt Is d~s1rU;ble to h'R'(~ l:Iulmum

'.,

"

,""

voluII!e for

:.. ,',

'

'..

andminlMUm aerodynamIc

~ln1I!1ur:.'jfe.1v.ht

In

dra~.

actual fact tile' 8ele~tlon or a' p~rt1c~lar shapea'l~b dep~nds

." , I

as

on ,sucl,l 'factors

'. '

thp. "ropulsl ~e technlttue, &tabl11 t" and

...

'.control re(l\il rerr.ents. tioundary hye,r er:feo,cts.' th~ de~l'ee'

. '
,
....
t'l1ght
.or,~slstlu,e~ to' lierod-"181'11c bend! ri~:moments" Rndth"
.
,"

,a

"

' ,

' . ' "

"

At th'o~1Ph '''no'~hlli-e ',can be, opt 1 ilium for

prorll,e,'
,

,'~

,abov~

<,,',

",

:...

'"

allor't.h~

, :

Shll'H~

condlt.1ons"
"
,
.

,that ,Is 8, satisfactory '

cornpro!l1ise
.. '
. '
must beuifill\Jlte IVd~clcfed,Ul'lon., ;:1 th, the aid,or ,(2.5)-'-.,
"

"',..:.!
O'!A1I
'i ,',

"

'

' " , ' ."

~",

'.

.'

pI eas1,n,,' sllapes can '-be e itamlned ,to de t~ne, willch ".

",' "
'.,. . ',' . . . ' ~' ,,', I " ';
, _ '"
,
beat . meet'a thedes1a.
,specification

,
A
prollrt'amsile
.has
been J
.' '.
..
.
,
.
wrltten'~hleh
wll I .calc"'lRte'
the 'followln,:
,parameters
tor
'.
.
.
.
. .
,

'

,.

'.

, <e.hs.haJle ;'~u1;'ed.
.'

,"n'exa~le

,"

"

, ' , ' J. ,., ,

r, :

: ,','

""1'

.. .:

'

'.

.','

'( <#

..

'

' , ,..' '.

'..

,'"

"

.'

o,r the typ'tiL of, output

obtainable 1., p:iven, by'Table 2.1.'

,
~

.'"

"

.-',

.....,

'

"

"

';'.

,.~"

.'

'

"

,,'
"

'"

"

.'
"

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1
,

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I,'

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'

,
-.

"

'1

.' .
"

~1gul'es 2~~

to

2.~ to, folloW.

ThtlY

'.'/,various'
~1
envelope

by use or

., ,,

equation

'.

,-

n".rtf'l Ln+'":"f

2r,

'I
~

xn

(n + 1I)n+I':.
'j

l'epr~sent;

...

t<'X)II ' ,

( L

Varlon', YJlluesor f'.

..

.,

II! .

and n' are used-.

..

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,
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137.1 760.2 1226'6; 8
i 39.3 '757.8 12261. 3
1111>6 ,755.3 i(l2112./i
,1113.9 752.8 12212.1
1.38.3 758.9 12273.9
139,9 757.1 12269.3
1111. 7 755.1 1<'2'.)2.8
1113.7 '753,,1 1.2226.0
100.2,
101.8
103.5
105.2
101.,1

Il.,.

118.3 47;2 11.1')61 .R

117 -.3' 115.2 1,1'195.9
4(..11 43.6 lSi IIR;9
ItS. 6 .42.1 19387.7
5 0 .5' 16527.6
~O.~
9. 118;4' 17313.0
118.11 46;6 }8237.0
117.11 II'),; 0 19?S'!-.8
S(I.5 53.3 1251 L2 "
5].4 51.1 13328.2
52.11 1192 14232.3
51.5 ilL 5 15 8
57.1 57.1' 129'(;0 '-9
5S.8 SII.7 11576.8,
SII-.6 52.6 14301. Ii .
53.,6 50:8 1510.1.9
('(,.0 611 ~ 5
a'i29.5
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63.5 59.6 9(,98.2
C,:L II ''>1 . 6.' 103(,0; ;>
(,9. 1 69.1 88]1.8
l. 7 5, (.i 3 9.:><;1 , ')
a, . 1 (,3.B 97 1<;.3
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(,1'.9 ('1,,-6' lQ?90.,A

60957.('

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6~9116. ~

639911.(l
61'490.6
62;>08.6
63022.5
63886.5
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699;>4.8
71081. 6
722611.1
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r
,

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401l'l'A~;I.f.VA"1 RUD-

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AREA
ARF.A

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AREA

DEft ,
AREA

}ll1I.1I '72.5 7143

142,2
71.4
\
. 75.8
11 ..5 '178.1
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9
,2 711.7-.,'
11;4 470.3
. 1.6 69.1 73.7
11.7- Hl9.5
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80.9
11.6 1.83.8
1111.5 71.1 79.2
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139.7 70_.1 77 .8
4.4 !1'71. 1
137.8 69.2 76.6
6.5 :137 .2
127.9 64.2 ' 87.3
-6.3 1130.11 -33"_. 1 125.9 63.2 85.6.
6.1 1123.11 328.11 123.9 62.2 . 84.3
5.9 1116.~ 323.3 121.8 61.2 83.2
6. II 113).11 336. '1 126.8 63.7 91.4
6.3: 28.4 332.6 125.3 62.9 89. 11
6.1: 1122'.9 328.3 123.7 62.1 . 87.8
5.9 117'.2 323.8 122 .0 61 ~ 3 86.,5
10.6. 3(,0.9 280.2 105.6 53.0 105't7:
10.2 W)'3 275~ 103.9 52.2 103.7
9.9 jIl9;'j , 2"11.3 102.2 '51.3 102.1.
9.6 !~/l3.8 2J;6.<l 100-.6 50.5, 100.8 '
277 .7 1011.7 52.6 110'.7
10.1
353;
.
. ' 3'19.1 nil :5 103.11 51.9 108.3
'10
9.9
771.0 102.l 51. 3 106,4
9 '-6 1411. II 26'/ 3 ~00.7 50.6 104.7
,
11.8

93.7

11.7 '186.1

383.3
377.3
371 .2365.1
379.9
3'75.6
370.7
'365.7
339.4

'i1

1"'"

"

tIlHMt.l"'M CAL
Pi: N

":JlVF.LQPE '!BEHDINI'i! URNOl NO ''NTF.~NA

co, .ell "'O"Fwr. MO"'F.tIT RP.SSUR
-

0\
W

.....,.".

"

,64

\
e~uatlon~

VarIous enplrlcal

have been developed over

Goodyear(?J)ror ~O~-rigid ~lrshl~s su~i~~ts

the years.

"

DR_A. (1""

.'

t1ilj-'I~"
-~,--,

V (C. 289, );

"

'IJ 2/ 1

+ 19.7 + 0.0000003 IJ -

c.

( 2 .6 i
,J

to. OOOU 1

..

v<),

'

i
"

velocIty In

rt/8ec~

II vo1uI!:e, or the
"V'.

'

ai.r8hlp~

In tt 1

a1rshlpveloc1ty
In' '\K!lOTS'
.

y .'kinemRtlc vis~dsltv or air in rt

Generlll VilIs

[28}'
"

'

2 (sec

'

thasdevelooed
I

",-'

20.0' 2 13,

'

----~---~T
10'(6' ).""

VI'8~

'617

'.

~'(1. 6 +

6SL aJ.

SL

(2.7)

+ .007,5 a V2
J

'\

6:' L

unIt '11rt.

or ~~

II:OS,

at ilea level

(~)
rt\

L, net

Klelner[~]

IIt8~lc

11rt (lbs.)

has develO1led.

b8:u~d'on

develoo!!!ents by

lI~erner(29).

"

.,
0_ 07"

(VLDiy)

;.

,.

lIs
,"

,
"

'

(2~8)

65

or ,these

A cOl'lpar13on

equat'ens, which ,only predict the

,drar: C!ue to level rUght. 111 }ShqWr,l 1n

?~gure

2. si.

It. can

be :seeR thAt (1,,8) provides thc r:O!'lt' COMcrvntlve el'lt.1M:lte

o~ the drn~.
tn vIew of th~ fRct thnt ~nnv prevlousalrshlp3
'\

,~

to be. ulled,

(? .. 8) ,~ould

have heen undcroowe!"ed

:seen to, be the pxpresslor.

It must also !:le rememh,cred ,ttiaYllP:ht at anv

anjr.le . or attack" a1ao produc.es an extra dral':.

Th1s necd not

be or concern at thl,!I stllp'e 0" th~ dC!lrvn an,l an anprol'lrl;}te

(

exprl"lJs!on will"be develone.d itl C;hatlter 3.

-.

2.3,2

,
c

in/!' pr,ov1:l10n 'or a vlIlue fo1' t.h~ !Iurface !!.ren or t"e

"

U.9).
:

The, BrclI ,lUI t'!Vll'n b',(2,9)

ill

anI', nn 'aPtlroxlr1Sltc VAlue :Ind'

111 !lu1tnble or.lv' for use over ,.. nartlcul'lr

Ir

"

.VR 1ue',

of r

'1 and '( 2.9) 111 used t~' rind t~e Br,ea of a

!lolle,e.; th" vl\}ue tl'u,' rell'ults

l\ctual

ran~e

1', RhclIlt 20S lowf'r than the '.

7h1:s error .i:!ecreascs rnpldb ,as the valu~

\
, ",3 .. 3

Center or

Bou~..,'nc.,

The locilt1on of" the center or\ bouYIlncv 18, or maJ.or

11!1t)ortanee t'o 'tl)e ,airSh,Ip' d~s1p;ner, '.It Is about thIs p",oint
,

.'

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66

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,...
,

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ft

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ttJe:ait'5hlj, . An ~xac:t dertnit1onoC' ~i,n POlll:tl.on Is

'~

.'

. '

.'

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. i '

. .

;,e:Jl

Pt'ell'eritj!d In Ct:t-'lP tcrJ.' . A conve.n l,(mteJtpt'(.s:tl on p:1

.
",.
, ,
.
.
for ~he' pos1.tlon orthe~enter of fJouvance. CB x ' a~np:' the

~on~l t~dl ~81 aX1s.b~Gener~r'lH'H~ [.2.13);15,_

, CB''; ?n + 1',. .: 'L .
:
I
x, . 2n + 2m + '.f!. :",

'(2',10)

...

, . '." '0

."

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'I'

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.

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to

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,

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. 1l1rshlpsbul~t hav~.beeh t'Oundt9possesssatlsfactorY .

S~abl1~tytj3J.,

'.

In,thtee.ilse th'~' maJor. Cunction ~r' the

.

'.

'

'

'

,,~

'

desi'p;ner 15 to use
,ali
~.~5!!!!>Je_.d.llta: to desip:n
s4.rCaces
. ." ,
.. - .
' . ,
.

hence' ~l.nll!lum welvht,. ,-S.ev/?rl;ll .

itr.d

OC' I'linl"uM s,iz.e

.'

'

'

'0

,-

. exoress1ons ha';t:: been'Sul:'l':ested ,V.Uhk C33 ]

~'

;. ,A

"

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~,

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o.

..

~ul-':p:es~s 'tha~

'\..

"1;

\,."

,-the contN>l sur-race area. c.anbe found. from

cs " ' , '
,.,". . '

.'

"'.' A,'cs'..~'(C'lC2C3
S"x"'\, .
.'
rr.a .

"

(2,12
,/

....
13' t~e

'

'

d~ rr.e~1t,l o!lsand: Sm~x ,

....../
.
'

max1rl1um cross~sect1on.a1 'area oC

",'

the. airship.
.:~,

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.

.--

, eft

.'

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~m~ir1~al

deve.loped nn
I..

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2 .:52,
'.

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7, ,53.

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,(]I'

methodhased '"

,"

Pl~res.
,

....

\ ,

'.~~lot. Or.~.lAH~ ~nd'

?!vUrcf
/521s
" . .

'~.:ver~~s~ .,Pt.v~re 2.5j~i~

.v '.'

'.'

aplot Of!..JA;.L

a~d"~ ~er$~.~ .
~ p1~~re ?,5 11 ' 1s. a Pl~~. of ~
. ver~'fs.~ .. The .racto~~s ~1nvol ved are:
'.

\..'

'til';

,
~

A:

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C1xedirer.t1c~1
~

.......

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r.. ... llirjb1p.len~th...

r." -

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.

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AI{ ru~der" 8J':~it '.

\"
tttal
. "

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AF. elevator ar: en

'.

surrltce area

....

. "a::

AI! :r1xl!i1l)or.1z~r.ts:lsuJ.race ,'area

. '

"

and 2 ,Skltreused: todetcrnln'e theeorrp,s.t

lO~ltt~:onand51Z~~.
'.

(2~12

.'! '

on dlttl\!'rom prevl,Quslvsat.lsCactor, .desip'ns,

:

.~

. j.''-: O,13l,l~/l .

f.ll~kemoret 12]M3

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80,.

120

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'(VOLUME)

:i~~
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"

P1p:ure 2.511.:

.....

Control su~race Chart ~vs" ~

cr.'),

>

.-~'

111

..

.
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J .

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72 .

;.

..
center or ~,rca'or th~' t'otai surfaces"
~

and

l\

total control surrace '/lrea

'l'he"p;ocedune
;.~s rol1ow~: .
. .
,. '1's
. .

,~arcuiate

1)'

. VA HL
VlivL

<VA.E.L

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1
..

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rrom' the' rigures :detefmlne v.alluia. ror'"

2) '.

Vf'

.
0

"

.h
.-

,.

"~

.,

then
(2.13) .
(2.14)
(2.15)
'.

--"
,,'

ra~to~Yrf!S~l ts have'bc~n

Satis
'.'

,..' I., ,'.

" . . ".' .'

,'.' . ~

. '"

..

:achl

.... I

, (2.16}

(2.17)

~e~'~:, .~hlS .ruhth"d.

'. '.

,-

: ~'

...'.

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. . .\-

.....

lA. b~n:dInp:" moment

. R.uch .th~t the tat

.

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hns

. the "lrShlr.fJ('ill
,

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to th~ ~8S h,,'ad~.

','.

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~I1!1head:!!e-:-~~red upward .~h.e~

'.

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. ~h1s .rnoment III due

.'

head: 111 .n~odu~ed.

of

, . '

,~.

to )';'1111

Ii pr~~buteo' ~ue
)

'/ .~'.

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"lIt8t1c,bend1~.\moincnt.'Th1S bendInp;

lIIoMntb .cAlled, tli~. ;'Ho .. p:lnli~C)l'1ent?:

:'

Ho~tever.

l!)in11:11zed.
,.'

'this ts p;1 yen bY .'

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th~ uhit

kh where kis

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73

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II

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I .

, .'

. .

~as. ~h1 s

i,Ht of theconta1ned

prel5~ure pro~uces a constant lol'l~'i tud'lnal., force. . The

pr~ss,ure, due ;tc, Jr.a:s . head ;11ncreas'es o~oward the to'. of the .

of

a1rshIp' and t-het'efcre the resultll~t

th~ lqnhtu~ai .

,force acts ah'o",e' ,the I'1rshl0 enveJope neutrll1" axi s.

"

,'.
'. ,
II Hop-Ilin,.. bpnd'~n~

. ConlJeqliently,,

I"

moment 115 pr\,duced, ,the:

max1mumvalu~',0'f','WtI!Ch lS'17,1Ven,'by',Kl1kOfr[2J" for a fully

. '.

'. .

\~:---..

, ,

,' , ,

inflated a.1rsh1p as
,

,.

BM

.,

"

,k .. r3 hili

..

(2.18)

"

where k ,. uf11t'11fi:
... O'f the conta1ned Fas
.

'

" ~ . __ .,r .thema.x1mumr'lldlus or die a1 rs~10

.
,

h ".... the head cf' the. !"a,s

1
' ..

2.].7

'

, ,

"

'

~ Aerodv.nar.1~c Bel1dlnl!'~c~ent

, . ...
" Naati 2S ] hils d'cvelooec! an, e~plr1cal expre5s1on f'q~
,

,the maxil'!Ur.J aeroc,!Ynpr:-! cbendlny moment.

"

S',. '. '.0' .nl<

"Y2 ,:,2 / 3'

.... ,.; .............. ,0.,

",

.' :.'

L'

(2.19)

~ ~ ."
{'s~' I!nterntA... "~refssiJre'
.. ; ...

..

" ."

.~ ' .. Assuinln~thJ!1t the -hoP:p'1np: rnonentas~1vcn 'by (2.18) resists

,

. ': fill. ~t~tlc ",b'.!nr:un~ ~or.tentlJ!,. the !nterniLpres~ure

of the
.
..
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bending
lIitihlp:
,!!ISV :th~n b,e' u:ie.dto re,s"1st tht' aerodynamic
..
,
.
~

-'

mo~nt. ,:y.'l1k'crr[
.
, .2J~1,;e8;
..

..' ' . ,

..

IIz11r.

P I liT- '.::,O,!..0;,;.;2:-...:.:'o~V:.-...;...,,......:.;

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assuIIlot1on' thilt the ,hoP:p.:lnll'bentllnr-l'lciin~nt resiststhe ,

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st.atie bencHnr:..

.....

.
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mom~r~~ 1~

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reasonnble for .des'.1p:n purnoGes .

KP,~,PI~~. In. ,r,lr,d th:.. ~e.e.d' J; 0 ',~'C'~J ~Ie Il~ ~1'rs~ ~ncen't :r' b r

P':ravltvloC'atlon~

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1!l.t;he' st/!t1.c lndit'l,on" dl.rect!y. belpw

the center'
)'

to achieve

A Ilrogramrr.e

,'~

'thllt. calc;ul.At~s
the static loadf'nll:benrllnp:
n;om'ent l!i pr,ese'nted
.
.
.
.
1n 8 lAter sect:1o'n of th1,s' cha'p.ter:

..
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2.3~9,

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Pro"a~E!ai1d Re~ult!s,.

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:r"

A pro~T.!ll;"l'le to! cillcli t'ate :toe: 'rorep.:ol npo ra~t.ors has'

'. -':.

.'

be'en develoned . ,E1r::ht' shanes' h~ve ~n ernined" for three

dlir~;e~~- ~ln~rlf~lI.~ ~~t1.~lI . . Th~ r~sult;'~O

','

arc

be';

.. '

...,

presentf!'d in

.. _

. . . . " . . . \~

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Tab'l~

~nvest!r.at10n

tht.S

2. L . The pr'oy,rnr.1ne Hself ls to

,'.

rO~~~'lepjF.Nn:X.,B:,~nq,.c~n;:;j~~' b.rmOd1r1ed .\o~l)e'- >'~'~.

th'~ .. outpu~1'o:r &n~/.sh,llpCl\ 'des~:red,:

U~l~\t:.l! ~C{i;
t'n
'

.col"bl Mt~l('ln

'lZhe.o,+~put

clln

~e

~ ..

wl~h '!"u;t~~rc~iter'fa'
.:or,c~~,nte({
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in iat~r !!'~ct10nsrir thts chP.ptel" . to deteNlllle t~e final

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90

:>

DISTANGEALONG'tfljLL iN

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110 ',,130
- ..
FEET'

:' 1'50
~

CV1
:>

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Pre':I:llIre nll'trlbllt Inn ror lin /1.1 rr.hlp In Level FUeht

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J30

10

DISTANCE

:so

70

ALON-G

IN

HULL

FEET

'-J

~ir:ure ;,> . 56:

"

.~

Pres:H1rf' f'!:;tr1blitl"n t;-o,l' an 111rship'in lion-Level Flight'

rn-O.6 ... n- o . I,.

r-'. 1. 00.
..

V 110 rt! 5 e c

5.00

--.-

.-.1'
0\

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77

"

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suJtab1l1ty of the ~hape ~r

hull.
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doe~

ty.oe-: ,'It
!!ha!"e

not

. '

Pt~idel anv

.....

1s of'th.e subJective

"

~8ta

the pressure distr.lbutldn,;

0"

The inFormation

ei'Qn

.supol1ed by thc~es,sure dlstrI

'beyond,the aQtual

H(')weve'r, from the

share or t"e dlst;,rlbup,on,~ ~n approx,i'mat.e s,ep.8r:ltlon 'point" ,

may'bedetermined.
,

Thu., the,suitabillty of.any sha!"i

may be det~rmlne,~' bv ,tne cOl'1paratlve' dl~tance aft"of'the

b'ow of the ,senaration .ooint.

The further aft the separation

.
,
poInt is , th~ more stable th'e a1'i-shlp Is' likel'! 'to be'.

T,he pressure
l\i,.

"

th~ bas~s

15 used as
~he

an'l

dt'strlb~tlon

as

~alculated b~arl!lB,n(l]

6f a comouter pnop:ramme

Wh1~

calcu'Iates'

pressure dlst~!~utfon or an~'a1tsh1p hull shaoe at

o.r,

velocity and Ilt .. anp:les

at,tack

UO,

to

10. Q tier-rees.

The,prop-raMl'le 15 l1sted 1n Appendi'x 'c and exar.oplesof the

'Iresult'~

b~l

to 'lie obtained are 11lustra"ted

, .

""<ll

PIp:ure 2.')5 and

.. -~

2.4.2 . Theodor' Von KarMan's Pres!lure D1s'tr1b.ut,lon on Afrshlp

Hulls "
,/

"

'.

In order: to 'und'er:stand the workjnp:s of theorograr..me

df'veloped, a cQlld(lnlled versIon
I will be presented.

or

the theory of Von Kar!:lan

An" m6dH'lcatlo.n!l made v11lalso be

shown~

The fol

lo~1np:' ;lr.m)i,f.lClltloni(were
"

2)

,ali cross":sectl,ons were, rep,r~se.nted b:1 circular

crpss ';lu!.~H onll'

'.

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.

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78; ,

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Two, easeli, were calculated:

,
'

1)

Now parallel

2)

rlow at IIIn anp:le to

,the lbnp:,1.tudinal axis

~o

th~

10np:1 tudinlll, axis

-"

"

Calie 12 1'01 lows d!rectly, rrom Case

The rlow

WIHI

a,ssurned to be produced 07/' lWperposinp'

, I

a t:low'. ,ari8il)I!' from

. a sys tern

or

of dHfel"lnp:'

!?osl tioned along the 10nP'I- .

P~Oductl ... enE!!ls.

l!'ne sources and, sInks,

tudinal axis.

The rIow over' the front 'part oJ'the hull

.'
must be separated rr?mt:hat ov..erthe rear or the hull."
Von Ksrrr.uJ'n deve,looed his theory .for airshl~s 'II th lonp:

con~tant

radius center

~'ectfons

and used II'

c6ristan~

distance between ,the sources, or 's1nks, on both the bow

lind the stern seetlo~.

~

{1'

As modern RllrShll"...s are unnkel~1

to have th~ forme~ f~ature It l~ n~oes~lIry t~~fvid~ ,

the a1rsh'lp,hull Into bow and ster'n se..c,t;lons,at the point'
of Maximum dlaMfter and due to tMe'dltrE!'re~ce fn lenF'-th

b~"tween 'thf' bow, and s t~~n' sect! ons. d! rrerent sepllrat Ion
values must l.>e u:led in each tlalr
.

'"

Introducl,np: tnt' cylindrical co-ordinate system to

be used:
x the

10n~1tud'~nal

axis or sYlll!'1etry
.
,
thp perpendicular distance from the x axis
,

l'

onll'le or orip.ntaJ;ion of the ~eridlan plan~ "

as calculn,tedrron the vel-tical section or the
bo(iy; Orr revolution

,th~

,'~

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'

..

,..

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79

<l

~\
~

The veloc1ty components 1n thes, directions are :'

Ux

0,

tJ -

-.
~

./

ax

-u

.0

~r

"

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,.

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.,

where 15thI.' potential run'ctl on.

.,

, '.,~Sl~/Ir~:oh/~strea".' :U~~~iOI'!'
compon~nt,s 'npw r~~

.0

I I_
U I i . -.
x'
r~r"O
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"'. th,: velo;,1tv

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,

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r.,

- -

1 l.
r 1~x

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p'

t- 0'

Replacln~ th~

eo-ord1n~te svste~

c,llndrical

b, a spat1al

polnr co-ordln;.te s'/se';M (1)lvurc. 2:"'7.) whe~e

,

or

'" the lpr.yth

the

'-''1dlu~ ve~tor

the anr'le between the rad1u!! vector 'In'; the axi:;

s,mrletr',

It

Or

o the

poten~!nl

function

T~~ ve~c~tv co~nonents.

Q

1n th~ d1rection or tr.~ ratllus

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vpetor

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flr~tlauri .

d'YMJII! c"
..

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for

;.

point

tM s~ap!na~,lo.n

','

z,.,

.-,'

.'

k 2 ,_ 0

, . . ',

.;

,"

i .

'.

....,..".,.

",:~~othe- ~f~r!,\salonll

?X.

rO.r

.'

t;. .

~nd

"".':;..,. ',,:

".

'resul ts 1.n

4 '.'

'.

, '

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"

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,'\

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The"lnt~pduct1onor
J,

.,

'iC1:.- .. ki)u:t.:

1_,'

Md

" ,

p'.

',"

,~

..

,. ;,'

f'
~

..

;.'

.'.

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'j

. ..... , . '.,'rr;:-:.
Ie 1-1
, . "'1

,1,'

J.

.' . ' ,(b)

b~,t,

ar'l!

, .',

'.

'~CfUJ'; I? ,:

'- ,.'

'

1I.

'

,Thescttuant.t,tles ,ere' not' .,.o"ul,red ,In thIs cane

,.

\"

..

. . ..

. .{.

..

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,1

'.

. I

~,~ ., .~ ~ ..... i. (~O~~"-co~'e.

.,' "l'

~.

0',

'.Ux .U';U'~~l'lztrsln&,,,. -"s1~&;}

.
"
'1"k , ..
. . ,1 . ~', '.
,1
.

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..

' "

.' ..
:

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.

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......

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''' ..

..

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,

by superThe. ,situatIon or obl1quetloW' c'an b'e obtained

.
1'-.'
.
.

pos'1ng'theeases . ' or rtowat zero Incldenee' ~le and an

.'

...... '

'

'.

1ncl~t'"elt'ande

...

......

. ".

.~~

'

'.".

....

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""

.IZI

l>

.:....

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..

'of' ninety' dCl'lI:J'ees. ~'Plov't zero

."

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, '. ,,1il- .hu b~en InvelStiA:atectlnthe "P",';eedln

.

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J.....:..

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....

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. . ".

lnc.!d~nee.
;
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s~etlon.:'10

.:
.'

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'r"

. ,solve ror tM' eaSed' a;nlnei.-:th'F:r4H.1 .1ncldene~a.ngle. '~.

.
,:~ ." '.
.' . ',. . . ~~ '. '. '. .' \ ": . '.. :. '.... ., . ~' .. ,'. '.' -' '.' ..... '. .' . .. . "; ,,;> . . ' .
.. 'l!)e",~"e?~~nOti0r Y~iocltJW~lStbtt ~a~up;ed~ndthe~ rlO)f-: ,~..
: ....'.' ,potenttal
. ealeUlatedualnr.
tM. rot.iovln~' theorem., " ,. ..' -'. '. .. '"
.. '
.. '.. ,.
.
.
;'
' ' ' , ... '
.

",

'.

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.. ;.

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...... (;:: :.... ~ .. ::~ .

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,

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.'

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.

:. .

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to 11 Crill :

. !,II

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.:

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.,

-Consider,I) sourel' and a stnk. or,I!O'ua1'lleld: Q .,.,

.
, .
'separated' bv i.- distance 2,. Th1a" P!1 Yes' X" .y' ;"0 and ..

.,.

'

:',;,.

.
.

.'

./

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.

,.

..

.:' .. 't( ,.} .

.

:.

.,

~ e-.<x

. _.' .

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,:'~ '+ , . The'potentlal

..

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runetiofUlorthe sa.urc:e arvj s1nk

,

'~r

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I.

'.

' '/>" . _' ,

vi~\:'~\ i: P}-I/

2 ...
"11 " .
,:

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.,

'.

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..

.'
,

...

-;'-

. .
.. -....:.- ..

_;

.,
, o.

llie.ilM~ion '0," 'an~' radlulI

,veer-o,1" to

fhe z. axis

"
.

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and

..

""~, _,

-Je:1 '.

.Q.

:.'

co.

........

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+.~~~her:ordei-

te"". ". . . . . .

Lettl~'c.~itrollch
zero aJ'Id Q.apnr'Ollch.lntlnltY1II9
that
."
. .
.
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product or 2Qc .p"ro.c~e. a t'1nltevalue M. we get
,

.,

.. , '~"

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b ',,'

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.,

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.'

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I.'

: l'

the

.,,- .

,fI ~

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. 1iJ

" to,

, ;.~' ,; to '.. . .

I.:

...
." .

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o

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.. .11.',
t ' '.
. . '..

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cos, "t
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,0

'if ,.' , .'

.,

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: 87

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,,'

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. 't.he- 'J'lote~t1;.l/runct'1on : roi;- ,il doub let I . ' , ' ,

. .
.
, ,.'. ' "
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t'

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SUl)erooa
parafl.l
rtov 1n, the.
II
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,cUt'l:!c,t.10n '

,,,,.

(low about a-3c:iher~. ':hev~~oc,f,t.." cor.iponent 1n

,prOduced'

i
,I

'.

0,

".

,.,"

'11

the (t!rect1on'or. t~to~'rad1us "vl.!.ct~r .

"

.... .

.-

....

is

fI',

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, 'I

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.'

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e1:tY(l1" -.W,thl!'n',
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,: . , .,'let ,.'~W 'Cf.S

.. '

Puttln",
....

,
.

:"~

/or .t~e su~raee

()("ft

m:

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,I

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.-

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, t!'it'ye'l~lty,
c_onentpt'~endlcUlar
to the t!lI1'face:-of the
.
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IIphere. ~r radIus
.
,

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' .. :. . . :.a~ln~8~e:.::0:.::s:.::..

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R1urnln~ to' P1~ure'2 ,/58 ..

. 1

/ I

oot

C-1'

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.. .'

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r

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0 81n8

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doublet ~lne

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,
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bY..j.

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,n

to

lett amr.lp;ht
. ".

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t'o Iyldda
, .......

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ot .the

~a

J .

I' .

..:.;,....IL
:coat. . ' .
. 2'ri'.

,.

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, . ',- . .rh;(
e~s,," I -.' ao~
~i) cost
.. ,
~D
. \. .

',Int~~rat1nl';
rl'"OCIt -, Qc
.
.-:' .. ~.

..

l1ne doublet length" a" .

.. ,.

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~~natant:

.~

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-'

. 0 '

'~/ lr1d~eati~'" the oanp;lell.

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tntegrattrip:ror' a
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.
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dt:. ..-~-.'.:...I!...
' If.-r.:Sln"Ii"eoa.
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and d ( e , r
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I,

,,

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sae:d by,

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y rtieal section, \~.~Ot' arid 'dep.en.dl oni-v

,

r,o' .'

and

l:,
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artY

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veloelt~

'~e~ldl~n'~l~!e';'b; .,ultIPlYln~' by .;o,~~. '. 'J:~~'

'

.'.

."

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;1~ "t~e'plane1t.o 'c'.,:1\ oi~ne)i. ' p~llOv,lnlr.

'~

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ti;j;-

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,~cos" 'I

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,.II '.,..'~

prObltflll '

!llri1~

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llIethOd,':

th.

',.

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or the
.".

. as In C e II, the po.UnUal runctton or the"1

,

.', I

Pt'rpen<Jlcular' riov abou't 'the 1l1,rSh1p.,

de~e~lf!\lnli th~

hull' 1s . t;h~reror~,reduc'edi to
aolut10n
" tM
.
...

"

The attelUll11.ne pllttern In'th~ vert1cal seH1'on J:mr..edlately

.'

. ' . '

'e~on~,nta

';

."

rurnlal)es thi> streaml!ne., pllttern 'and th-e cC'rrespondlnp:

leh to' repr'es'ents' the pot<,nt1'al'run410n ror the

.~

/'

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,',,'

..t .' cOlJ',t ,'t'

0 ("

"

'.

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n system pr doublet:s elln, ,be' -

ru"~t1on

"

"

'.,

".

c~ be obtained" by.' ,co';,er.~n." the cyUnder: llil,S,~l th 'a

"

,
,

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89

, '

,
'

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'source .111

.. " ~,

,.

cose"
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,', 1

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.... ,x!.

lti
uf . . . 18'1
rS ar'Ii~r ~atno'.l'"'i"r ... ' ~ln
, I

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"} V '

II

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.......
. .'

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(t

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H~.

.; ..

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,.

: ',,'.

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',. 'Hrnct'

..

..-

..L

where ' ..retan

...... !:x
,.

.
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.,

'r, :
..,..-.
.1 +,(i>l
. -1
..

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~---'. ~~!"--~~
.~

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If

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Sin'

,.
_ I

t
II
,

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.il + (!;'p
~'.

...

coal ',.

".

I-I~_..:l~_...,_

..
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lritroduc1~
.

I,

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,

t(~.>". a1n~.. "

.-

'.

..

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!. tt) ., 2co ... - coa.)'

I .'
II
1 "'.

1
..
an4I 1I&ln
,dealvnatln"
then .by
...,
.. '
.

..

r.' 1.'.
'or

r;"

and: g' t

l'

1 '

~r

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g'1

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91
.I

I.

". .

.,. .

"

,,'he' parallel. rIo" hlUl CO!ftPOneNts ..

'J

g . '.
.

I,

I.et a denote the :Ilngle

ot"'lncllnnlon to'the r I'\CTld!an
plane,
,
II.
.,'

tanG

WI" 1 .+ ,gr

"

'W

dv1ny. .

"

x tan

.. W

JI

W
r

-w

'

W
x

. '- ,

,'!,

W
x

or

'.

'

.1

..

1
lI.r 2

. ,

Oef.1nI~1j~ all.
"

','

- "here a 1ft 'the sePlU'a.tlon dIstance, v.1ves

.'

..

oortron 'or'can Inrinite. cyl1rlder or rad1'U1I r 1 th.~ strenp:th

or':the doublet ~. ItlV.1y

,.
.

"

",

.lIi- 2.r1'2W

"

. '.

.
"

"

.,..

"-

..

"

.
"

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"

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.92

"

or

'
.Z1' .._,'1 (1'1)2
a'
'

...

'

The ve loC'! Ii v

co~pon~ntf'

by

-.J

'II

Itt

an-, point

1'1 2
(-)
( r 1'k " , '7
t 1'k

r lk'

It, can nOll'be eItPr.t'SlSe~

'

"

!: [
'2

'. Instead
. I ~

or

clIIleul.at.1np:, the p,1'eSllul'e distribution, Von Kaziman

.e"leulat~d a

'luantlty.
B
.
.

then~ranaVel'ae rOl'e~ coefricient",

For .the purpoSes thllt; we rCC'lull'e the dlttll,thIs hillS

11.'1

no ... rreet

.
.,
.
th/" ~h",,~ or the P%'.ealiure. dl:str!but,lon eurvt' and the'

.I

U iI

+'G{)
f

U W. 1

..

,
f5

then

.r(\I.U.+ . . \l1'Ur)

Whct're'Wx'~1":~x flr-dU)" :a1'e.nuantlt1es that have already

.~~!"een der1"ed.:
-f"

'

..

'

..
\

2 .. 5 .,Stllt'1e'
Sh,.ar Force and Bendt tip; !ilol!lent;
,
. I

.,

2.5.1 -lntJ'oduct!on

-.

r.

.. '.'
The .statle '.h~aJ' toree apd, . t:attc bendlnl'! 1IIOm~nt ,are

.or conafdeJ'able 1..pol'tance. In dete",1nln..: t,he

,

,lIul,t'"bUlt1y 'or

,"

..

"

"

,?

0'

'

"

'

93'

,.

,.

"

"

,,

any airship d~s flltn.

Th~

!ltatlc: ahollr
,

"

..

rore~

c:nn b.e uiled

"

'

to d'e~e",lne t'hc' opt ~I!lum locllt lo~ul ortQ,~ mll,f-Q.r s~ r'uc:tural

'

'eoMoOMnta,rrCM- II'

,,'

~novlf!~p:e

i:oedln~ p~~nt

or -Ifev,1

O,r

.I11

adlt1t1"on. a,

; ' .

'C:('ln:dr1t.>r~bl:1

:t.hft static: sho'lr'roru c:ap

aid

d~l!.hn'or, the 1nt~ernlll' lIu~,oenlllon' nYllte~ or th~:' nlr,'&h!p.

I thl"

Its

'!1l~ st~ti~ bC!ndln~'

mOMn,t hll,;
..
,

'!'h~ mlnll'lum b1ndlnp' momt'nt

Major, atructurlllcoJllt)onent IS.

,

,!?J

th~ ootll!ll.lr.\
loc:atlon.'
,
'
.,

..

I nd, !I c:at ell

or

valu,!' as nn'~'ndtc:ntor

I,
,

"

A COJlll)uter pz:'oll:r!lr.ll'l~ hu 'b,een devel,opoed vhlc:h 'enablesr,

i

the user

to

j'

'I

.,g

c:olI!PIlre vlll'lous dl's!nl!1 'by c:olftDutlnll' the',lItat1c:

IIh, ..'r tOI"C:~ an<! bendl",,' JIIonit-nt,ir.1v~n the nec:essary 1nl'WJ-ts.

.~~,
I
I

'

, ..

! "

.'

':"h'ls pro'lI;ra~e 111 Hsted In APPF.~IOIXO.

",

. '

'

"

"
"

p'ro~r~ "lr.p,uU and~hll':t)le R~sults

2.5.2

,
7he,pro~~a!l dev~loo~ 115 u~er oriented and b~,
"

I , '

valu~a

substituting VIIr,lous
,

"

.ror the

rollolfln~ para~eters

, alt~r~Il~1ve

~esll'!'M

XII

'..

.
factor

. :

.. a1rllhiP shaDe

~
" '"

XL "

.'

-,

,,

, '

'.

elln beet-alu .. t~ ..

"

IP
,

'

"

airship r1nl!ne!llS ratie:>, '

.

';- alrah1sr 11!nP.'t*,

"

.'~

"

'- nuJllbe" orl root"lnte~al

stations Into
wh1chthe'/alrsh1p ls divided at.art1n~
,
with 1 at -ttl. bow

.,

-,,-

.'
,.:.

'

I ,:"

'

,'-

'.i
;,:~,

'. ,

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.. .:

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I.

i,

, . j.

, r

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. ~ ',"

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-.' ';1

-t, .

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.'.'

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;>

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. "

,
.'

.....

~'.tIlJttlnr.
po.ltl~ri'
ot'. th~<ta!;f
ua~mbly
. ...
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-,',
" , '.

.. : . 'l:At~S",

. :.'

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+AU~~Sr

,~.:

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- .tOQ",1(n~po'1t;10not:the(it ~llalJSellib 1y
,

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' . ~.taJ"UnJl:/J)O.l t'Son or,'. the inte~n~l.sti.pemsfon

:S'u~P~'~ .
" ""';"', .,':
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I"~.;

..

otSC~l(.).th"oughSC;l(bO). coJllbl~e.d:'

."

. "

w1~hnall-;~p e1.y.toJ".apP11ea't~tthel~dllli.all co~irol rate.

itt,dnable t'anC! altema.Uvel; ~ with. t\ill-down ~le~ator .
'.

ela11arlJappl~,cs. .
,.' .': '. '.';. '"

.' . . . 'j .... ,:,..

. ... '.".

".

.'

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(d) .rnl
.... lt'ltpt~
applJ. rull-.down
.elevator'
at
.
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.
,
,

"

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o~t~:I. ii.i tt.ln~.l~ ~~in.' the' .pei:1t~ed . max:.l~ .

. . ~.t~otd"oe~t 1,~obtdne~ t~llQi,e:ct 'l~dlat.l.j b1~ tun.;; .
. ""d. . .
I

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....

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..... ,

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. up.l...to~. at.eIM control rate untH rate of 'deseent'

.

.~

,:',:"'.:'.":

-'

.".','J.~':'

.....

.... '.

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.'

'. eqUla ..ro.''ibe,eYrectl()f'QYercon.t..ol

"

,.,

',<: ,:. ,:~'.. '

" ." . :I\~' :....... ,',' ...

.:.

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....

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shaUb . taken Into

. . . . . . :.' '", "" .....

'. "

"':

.'Ccount.
..

. '.
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.
..
- .c
':
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. _.
.~,~ .
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'.,,'.(e) The aaneu.er. of' SC;,'(dr collblaed .1t"~lternat'1';e11 .

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'.~"'~

..... '

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....... :.".:

.:,:

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.' "

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. . . .'

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... "

bJtbe.. _IiaMu .n.anCs tbe:resultSns load. will beexaained" ..

'

t.

.' .

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,"

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.' .:azwi ~.~l.nteac~t.~'~.~kag. .~l~h,h"b.een~eyel'oped '.

.,.'. ':' . ,

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. .:'. ',':':.": . ':':'~.~", ... "_'> .. ':, . ."" . .

r'

1l~,~. d~sOl"lbH.. ..... :.

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2':'St"tiC1'OJ~,'apdMo';'nt AnalY~h

3.

-;

. '.... A

..

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I

I,

,.tat~,:/t~~t! 'a~"I.o":n~ an'l"i.~

.

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18 perrormed, ,In order

"-..
to r.neat ,tb~r~z'''~..",:~.lIOIItnt. ~nyol ~e~ ,,~enanalJ'&~lp~,
'

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" ' travela at .,~ 'CO~'~aII~ ~.lOC1t' ..", A, a111P1e,' unreal1at1?e II1t'ua~lj,~
;

""

.'."

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,. . . ,

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., ,

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. u 1 beanalned ,. rtrat,
.

,.' ',':

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,,"'

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and then extended to 'the real al tuatlon. .

' . '

'-"

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1_,

u~eaUst1c

,",einitial a1tuatlonia

. ' .

."

't'

,~,'

due to the tact that it

. ....
. . , I~~ "
'.
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.
. , ...UM. an'a1nhlp ln, nelltr.l.bo'41anc" that. Is with thestatle
"

., .,. . . . '

... ~.
..... ":",::'.
..', . . : ' . ' : - . , ' . , " ,
.
.,'
.
11ft toroe enct'l, equal t.o ~he ,weight' ot, ,the-,. .,.tell, 1n le1fel' ,..,

.~.'

.'.'

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:'

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,',

_,.....

tulht. 'l'b1" an . d"hip cannot,~'''ccolIPl1.h

withoilt
uSe" .ot
.
.
...
di. contrOl.,ateil~ " , . , ;"
"
-

.,

'..-,

' .

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....

. .
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.,

,,'rile ,&na1f'S. shoWn'hereWf.).,l late-r be. developed further:,

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inord,rto ;In.olud o~.~el'at1on'etr~cts .'A. tIIl.l 'I,!nderstandlng

.... : . . ~,. :': . ':' ::.::' .
:.".;. .. ,',.",.,
..
......
.,
ot
th.,.h,tic.
a1'tu,ation
1.' nec,.,s&r1 beto". clClal1ng with the
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or. ,. collb1nat10n
.

,.t.. "Sa:sbown 'In'. Table :3'.1.

ul
,

'...

",,-:

:;

..:.

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ottM'" IIOUo~;, .~'.;

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,:'ftI.....n~l.tuioe rel.tedto"the'Pr.doual~ deSCribed
'. : ~

'.

. AI\1,anp1ar"d.vlatibn ot the, .,

.1th.~p1ti:h,
.

"

_.'

., ..

'...

Uls'produces the co-onUnate syste.

" ,:'.,

,ll1~trat4ld In:~CW'''3.1.
~' .. -. ... ~'

..

.'

'".....

.,'

..

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. Aft,a1"h1pblll11.;a'~l1d" of'reyolutlon . I;abelllng',1ta

'.

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,(

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~~oriPt~o~,,:ot . A~rahlp:

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....

TABLE 3.1
,

"

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',.

,1I~nclature

-,
,

I '
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'

Axl.

,' De81m,
aUon

8,.01 "

Rq1-1

z~

"

y,

,
,

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'vZ..

, n, vr

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~y

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..

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,

;,

,,

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WZ

AX

'

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'

' VJJ

VI
"

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,Lin
Ang
'~ng.
ear
, ear'
"

0,

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"Y. .
,

'

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'fUm

Vertical'

..

~ln

~1l11bol

"

"

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'. 1'>

8,.01

~elo:c1 tiel) .",-Ac!c.

Lateral

I,

Inal

, Mo, .. nt,-.bout

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An~le

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y-

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,

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!

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lOr

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1,.~"'2:ouaaitle., 'In, both <ih~l tch

and "a.,

~lr~ctlons'

.... t be ,d~t1ned., Ret.renced, to the, .~ylng ,aus :ot the alrahlp "
three

:F~le..... ~eou1r.d. ''nI~' -an$~e

o't

~t tack

th~' verUcal

In

',plane ~w1th~.P.ct tc;the cen.t,if'

or bouJa~c:,. 11;' ,and the

th~ hoi-~&Ontal'plane. once': again' :.wIth', respect

angleot att.ack In

ot, bJ +

by y +. ',a'nd ,the total antr1e

..

].2.1

"

I.,

. ','

ft,

..,

:'

Center/or
Bou,anq
',,;
,

'

'.

~ .."

"

.:.

.'"

'

,. /'

...

~~t1:ned/'~

. 'nIece,nt,.. ot bou,anc10t 'an airshlp'lI8, be

;

--

,/,/.

,th,e ctf~t.r' or, .... ot: tb~t,l~ld'Cf1sPlac:.ed 'bJ ,th. ex~ef'flal shape
grtbe enyUope.

'nIla detln1Uon 1111)11,.,s ' ,that the airshlp "

it. ~e1Uft8 'altitUde and,tb'ct ballonet. arecaaplet.ely

, ,"

"

'

,,"

"

',,' ,

.. ' , " I

',

Ir:theballem.t "inn.ted equallJ . . . .waing' tore

.

,.

'.

M,d ,art' ~":L'lC'~t' at. tlien 'prbpe~lJ place.l! lallemeta, produce no, '
\'

'. J:.. .

' . ' , . . '

center or....
"

,.,'

it.

h~"rt' unequaUy '~nr1_'-d ballonet.: '

._.

:.

"

'I'

, j'

l!'eu.ed "0 trl.' the 'ai1.II"WI1~P; :ce"tn. ot'.... .hl.ttl.Ul occur. '

Th~, decr-.
. .. or,. innAton
..
'

"n~

' ,

,-

r!)1"c.p~uce4" b'.~he en~lo,ect, n.'~rIIII

,

.'

,
I

'.

;' .

. '.'

etrect on the; Urtclng

'.

.,

"

"

, .--~'

-'

"

'1,1
. ;...',

,I

"

, 1.

...

rrC;t1,~n

,.

- VSAL) .x ,-('AIR

- 'He) C

or thea1 t1 t,ude. '

'

"

"

....

.. '

"BAL, ret!),
I"

.h~'re

The Cttgl'ee 'Or Inr1al:1on or, the' ballonets pOIIBlb1e

at, &n,tltltude.
,

'

,
,

(VTOT

, ,,~'

~.'

"

..

' .

"~''''i
-,' .

x la the ...tlo or the denaltJ,',or all' at sea level to the

dlr'na1t1 or .all' at the

retida1te
'altitude.
,
I

,
'

Por .nalrahip .hlch 18 In atatic equh'lbr1u. the center

"

'or bciuJ8nC1 ahould, be located dlr-ectlJ abdY.e the, crtter or'

.

".

uaY1t1 or t1:'ealrahlp an4 on the longltud1nal ads

./

"

"."

"

].2.-3 Der1nliiona and AaauIIPt10ns

,

,~

Motl0~.~' 'an~ '.ll!ab-~. 'ri~;t' .-7, a)e derlned il)tel'lU

, f

~,,;,11,

~d ,.~allO~:.;;;~~'lcin~ltud1nal' ul8. A~ airs~lp'

pitch,

dUrers'
the'three
tlpea or 1I0tion are
. 'trOll an aircrarttn',that..... ,
.
,"

,Ijl,

;'

"'.

';);

'The following ,analJsl ui ~ .. -ed on the :usulIIPtion

'thai -

1)

th.~tat1,c,l:lttr.ce
re..lna constent',
......
.

2)

thetota1 .elBht r ...1na constant.,

,])

the,ai,r:sPJ'ed of the, airahlp "e. .lna constant,

'

' .. ) . tile airshfp roi'll Nll81na uncha",ed"

'5-) the' "~ter OriP-awn, and the :center' of bouJan~J, ,

, , 'I'eM1n rued ,wUh riape,c~ to the' airship u.s,
,
.
..
..
','

'

"

0,

'

.
'

"

....

;'
', ' '

'

"

i.

" I

105
, I

~) , the control. re.ain'neutral.

the ai'.... hlp IDovea In an ~deai. InCOlIPresa1ble!

t'rlctionl...
tll,a14.
,
,

1)

'

..'
...

3.2..

-'.

"

'orce. and MoMnta Actin..: on an, Airship

. ,
.
An"llf\reaUatlca1tuatlon w111 be exulned rlrst In' order
~

"

to estabUah a al.ple 111!8e ot aOM ot the torces and 1D0d'nh.

"Suppo'Se 'an airship, 1a

tra.ellln~

In neutral bouyancy. at a conatant

"speed. W.lth the hor1zo~,tal .db, co-~ncldent with the direction ot

IIOt~~n:'Can~le

attack~a

ot

zero), ..

ll).us~,rated

by Plgure' 3.2.\

The rorces and IIOIMnt. actin are .. tollows:

Porces.:"

1)
':",

Ca)

,,'Ir: -

the torce due 'to' the l1ttlngp:aa acUng through

tne, center ot bou,anc),. CB. '

.'

(b) <f Pit ,,. the t,otat we1~t or the,airahlp acting through
,., ' tne
. center or ~a.1t)'.
.. CO. ,j ,
'

'

Pd'~-, t~.,drqtorce

(e)

act).ng on the center or

pressure. CPo
""..

..,"

Pt- tlte'thr..ust torce or the'en~1nea acting along

,
the thrust, Une of the \tngln~a. CT.

Cd)

JfoMnts abeiut tIM center' ot bou)'anc)': "

2)

Ca)' ""- ~nt due to tM w81ght,

(b)

"
"

'

- 0
"
~. . . .tit dUe to the, lltt1nigaa
,I

;. 0"

"

, ,(0)

"td - lIe.ant, due t9

~,,~(.,.(,/ ' ?
"

thj

'

,,

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"

,
"

'

thrust and drag

..

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rOi'. the:. d:,nUl1C' unor. analr!lh.1.plst

.' .... , . .- .. lc. . v'2~'21 j . .

'

'.

..

'

a,~'trlca~
..Jrtoll
.
..
'

. ...

'1'h.~d1~Ul1~,:u~tlrorce:.

(a)'.

_,",:..'

'~ ,

..

,'-

'p,.t-.,., ~'4.'

However, the re~lnlng. r'orc.~

.

",'.

. ;

_ , '

",

'

'.

'.

. ,t. 't '.

,112, .

. ... :

',:'.

,",

"

,.

,',\

.,'

.'. ,,> .

..

"

..

,.'.\'

",'
"

.".'

I .
.

'~

"

'.

'

'.,'

'

'

'. :.
"

..

"

, . '. (b) . ~ . rC?f.ce .. ,.~. ;~~ ~h. 'rl1edtUl su~'rac~sllSg1 venbi.' .

I,

"

'.:

.,'"

"

.:,~,~:"j ,C.LtJ V2,.)'

..' .

I'

..'

.' ,~>.

'.'
' . (3'.5)
' .. Th~ litt.co~tnCie~i }.;t~1a'c ~ r!{~ependerit. o~the &irI

,,'

-: '.-

I' -"':.

rou, .~81)e

,'.':

"

~~

',".-',:.1

.'::," .;',

",

"',:',-,

"

.':

','

tor .thea,_ surraceaaJ1dA .1s the product.

~oPted

.of;tbe ~~'Ch~ .,~-t:~~;~~ span~'"

/ . '.

:,'., ...... , .....:.,

...

::. '.

..;; "

'. (e) ..' 'niecb.~ f'orc~ot{tb.'tllll.~urraceS1s :deter.1ned rroll

.

...'

..r~.~ i~:'11~2~'~::.:
'-; ....

. .'.

:'.~." '''

.(;~.6)

'

.and ..'CD~~;the4~accoett,lclerit' tor th'f ~hoaena1rroll . ~pe1-7.

. .. ., ,. . ... .
.
. .
.
.. .
. ',:
.and A 1. tbe:d.rqar...01' th4!t'alrrou.
~r
,. '. ,.'
'"
,:.
(d.1' .'nl.'i~i~to~"~rce,JI .~ionce qaln.depends on,tti~.lr~ .. ' .'
'.

"

-',

'

"

,'

'

'."

. . . -',"

. .roil
../.

..

,,',,:

'.:,:-

':.'. -< "!.':.'~ ,,-~"',-,:

'.'

.. : .....

.1'I~.~:.1a~1Y.n~,
.'
.
.....
:- .. ': .

'.'

.: . " . "~; "p.

'

It

"

..

cL v.~.: ~

.........~.'.

-;'

-. ...

'

'.

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.. ' - ' .

to.

...... ' ..

..... '; . . .
-,'-

,''''

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:.,.

'

,," .' d.t~n~~tb_,~"~~.::~~~(.~~ .. Tbe ~~~t~~le~ :,.~,'.~ ,:{d'.

"'.'

'.' .

:,', ,.'

0.7), .

,':' ',"'~" : ' .

.. :
'1ft .tbi~~.... , Ci."~. ~!,-. ~itt~~.tt<1Cl~~t ott~e.a1rtOll.as ..... ','
.

.'

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."

-,...... ::-

:' ... '.:'.;.

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.,

"'~ .. ..
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:",'
.

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j"

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.. 113
.,

..

'r;'

: .

I.

.....

~/1

'. .... .

. :

'. . .

,.41

...

V.ar. . . d.t1n.d
. . ' .In Chapter 2.
.

'"

..

JlllClMni.,about th. c~nt.1" .otbou;ancY:

'2)

"

:.

',0

:.'

','"

",

, ' . '.

J .

Ca) . st.t1crlflttnslllcuient
.
....

..

1 ) : : ..
"SR;-Wh.ln'<"!J
,.
..

':
.

'

.;

, .

0.2) ,

"

'where Va. totalwftlp;ht .ott,lle e,lrshIP. ' . ; .

.'

.::b . th"IY~f'tlc~i di.t~ai'U:e .'betweel'\t~~cel'\t~r of.

.'
(b) .. Endn.

:i'aYit7andthe c,nt~r'or bo~Yit,ne1. I

"

....

'1'Ca>. '.:'
(c ) Drnaa! c upse~ tin';
... ~'.. .."}, .. .......... :.-:.~. '.'"td,

,.

-.,,"

"

'

'

L :

. ' .,

'.,'.,

.,,'

.~:.

tbMistillo"'nt '.

'.

IIOlIIent': '.' '.' .

.... ,:'-...... ,'~

',

....

""".:

,"

"

", :'. 'ntIs .liIOIIent "."due to :the pre.sure.dl rreNnee between'

.'-:':"'.' .<','".:-.:-:"'j:""'~""',\~'.. , .:., .....:,!.'"
thet~o.:slde8or:
the hull. It !a'asslsted
by reduced'
.
.
.
.. ,
.
,c:.",".,','

'.'

"

'.'

".'

: . . -," .'

p~s.~on ; OM

-.

".

"

-"

'."

.,.,:

:.,'

:' I

",

:"

"

,.

'

-.,

- ,

.:'

",.,

. "

'. .

..

;dd,
of' the
.taJ'1.
.:the..... r,9rees 8c.tln
.
'.
".,:.
",

'

.'

Opposite d.1Nctlbtt but a~:th.. t:orce~ueto the .huUls ..

~.:.',
.

",'

:." ,:,",.!.

: ",: .'

',,"

,< _... "'.,'

", :"",

,:'t.

"'. , .';.

'"

",

hull..

.' ..

,",

'".

-,

lIo.n.r.:both'thes~ro;"des ~aulI~rot.tion In
". ..
,~. .
,.:
.:. '" :"
-: ' . '. .

.::,' . .',:
\

'

,.".":

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",:

';

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. -'

,.'"

'."

...

....

-,"

",',.'..

the

'.

.. II!UM:
dJ.reCt;1on
,prOduc1'nc
tlie qp.l?tUftlt
.
. - .
.'
....

'f'

rester,the
.1"esu1tent
djnara1c, 11 rt or the.
.
, .
.
. ' 1s. C:&lled. 'the
.
~lIIent
' . '.

The upsetting
.

.. . . : ' .: .... . . .
.....
.....
. . ' .' ' . ' . . '
. IIOMnt. 4"1' .to ,the.eaerod1nudctorc:es1s .0 great. that
, ': . ,"
...
,":-",
','.
:. - .
:'.'
.....
.
.' ':- ~"'. . ... .'
,"' :'". ' .
. .
"

" , ' .

."

"

wben

..

.~'

..

...'

"

'. rlJlnltJ'1th . p~hl"::pfti:banl.lti. n~ce.sar,'to hold

". ', -, . :.' _', '<:" :,',' ," .:" ....... ~ .:'" .: ......:. i~ . ' ....... '".'
d .....ton: down 1n&teait or .up . as .wovid be .expected. ' The

tll~t

".

'.' ,. .~"..

.........

.'.... :.. :> ". : ..;..... :

.p

.':,"

'

:'

'f

' :. . . .

:~:

" ....

. .: eO~"1"Se
appl1e.
',whenriylnc.
"nha negattv.pi
tpban~le.
.'
.' .
.,'
..
. '.
....
~k(13JPJ'~ld' th.~ jxpr"~lon '. .....
.~
~

'.

'~"

,~.,

,-

~~

... '. ""'1. ~V'~/2:Vr~~.,2. .;.~).~, .121>~ .. .

:'.".'

,.'. . '.,: _:.

,-....-,.... '

....

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.-,':

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'.

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.....
-: :.

:.

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.,

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.
.
,-'.'

;
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;.......

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,

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. .-,

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,.; '

u'

.:

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(~.8)~i ...

....... .

..... '~.:

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,:

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.;..

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...., ',' ..

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.,

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...............
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.,

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.....
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.

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,

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.......

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:114
..

f"

.,

,\

1n

"he.~~!I,. the~ot~lvoiumeo( thea1rahlp

rt 3J,:

tl'ieveloch,or ttleal,rah1pl" re/se'c.i.,

'y

o' io the d,nd t,or the 8:h;ln aluga/f't 3..

.

I .

an~le.

the
.

. ':.

..

"

r. p 1t:ctJ " . '

....

.,

. .

I
I

:.

. and(X~-Kl)' co.nllt~ntlJ to correct rO.r the ;ract th~t .mf:tsses

; o'r air arlt
.

C:~bd"10nll:vi.th~he
hull
.
.
.' .

lon~ltudln.al-';'
.

1n bot.h

"." I

.'

'and, transverse .oUo.n., ,alues. or Xl and K2 can be (ound' In

J

'.

'.'

Tahle3.2
.

'.

"

Cd) ". TaU surtaCe lIIOeent'

Thl~.~~~t c>pp~aes .t:hjt d'-na~:c .uS)~~t1ng

..

IIIOmentand

~sul~lI. trOll.the.t.l1torce ~.n.rated . bY the 'taU' alrtol"l

" .:. . i:;.., " . '~'.'.' /.:._; .'..

'._'.

- .

'. whenrl,Yln,t at' an' ande!)r pitch .

';1'

"',M;~"i~ c;~.f"'Cllin(~l

, . ..: ...

' .... .

~,",Id.

ee) . Dupin! lIOMi'lt

(3.,10)

"'"'

'..

'- , ' I '

,
. ." . ' .' , . " " i' . ,'.: ".

.' .

' . ' ,

-,
i ~ ','.'

..

'.

. ,

,,'~',.'

.,'

.'.',

'. Anairsh1ptranllln' along a IIpeciric: path 15 con.sldered

~.~"-;

aa

:",_.:::'4_l:,," ... ':-,.-;.,.. ~,,' ..

..

_ ',:',',.'

":':,

. . . .1

"

' , '

on~ililr

.who'le. and.
I,

. . .' , ' .

t"

..'

..

"

'.

ro.taUon about . . . a. pollilt~.

,l.

'._ :

. :',':,

. . '..

~bwt~h.p0-1nt:tIOl!Ien.ts
. ,l '. ',":_ : , ,J, .,~,' -,'. "."
..
_
':

..... '

lIIOt1ons ; one of translatlo.n all. a .

W.~nl ~,vo;.s"per1l1pOlled
~./ ,_,~

,,'

'. ."

,...

'

,,'

"".

',.

'

!>"rl~ the~otat1on

"

, "

.-

are produced.:: Suppcisethe. nOlle Is ..

>, ". _ '. : ',,'-

sts~.. E~4tIi!;p~-.Orth~a1~lpr~~~~tt.~~ ce\~er

_

.'

.'"

':

'.

'.

of . .

rotation' 1a .~~ "p1f~ .>"hllea.l1 Pu,ta; to the rear or~hat'

.'.

' . ".

-,

:1","

".

'.'

'.

.' .. '

......

..'

'. . .

;. c;.nter IU"ellOytns':dcnmWard. ThUs an ;up"aJ"dpresiulr.e of', the' .. ' .

'.. , : ' . . ... .. ' - ' "
. ...
....
.
.qai~t ,theretdo,ot'th.a.1rllh1pvUl. beprodifced'~ as ~bl:

,',

..11'

.. ' ~

'.

'

,:.: .......,'_:.::'.

..

",

'~'""'-~' ...""":""

".

'

'.,".

..

':' ... : ...

'-"

'

',

'-

..

'

' . ' --

.. :'

'.

".

'.

"

..-:a dOV"aj,"dpN".Ur.; o~t"'all'onthe .' forv~part. '. These ", .

'tq~ci~' -~~C~l~:tar';.;.;. ~~~~it~lna.l~O~10~ 1ac~ncemed . ' ,.
'.,
,-"'-:, .. .......:.:., ,':;,~,:' ':';.'. -.":', .;:,.-:,:-".,"",""":'.' ....... - ...
... .
',,',

'

"

.' . .
'

"

. . !?ut.<acttosetberto&1ye a:lIO'iIien.t >to~'1.~ the' elC1.Ung . ' .

,
"

' , ' , ,.... ;_

_ '. "
.",

.:,

-.'

.. -:~;
.

'.,'

-',
.',

. . ,'

,,;)'"

".

',;:
,

;.-

";'.":'.;::

:, "'."

..

'

'.
,,-,

~'~".'

".:;;.

". ",.'
".'..

\ .J_:_.":,

,,~

,,: .. ~

..
';
."

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.;6

":.:

. ' ",

"

.. '

.....

'

:".

..

'

..

.'. ",i

"

....
'.

.,:

,
,,'

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.........

,,:.11

..

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,
,

. '"

'

'

"

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"

115.. '

'

,
tl

~h1a'IIIO..ent

A,s

IIOtlon.

"

.'

'
,

.. r.

'

,,

dampoutro~atlonal

acta only 'to

,.IIIO:aent:i~nce th~, ror~e,1I ,that have . caused ,ttlefle moments hAve

"

bf1~i'llre'i'Ovl!d
,th"',wUl
not
!,)1ter
Into the
anaiysis "t:ccl58ary
. .'
'..
,,'
.
",

,~

>,

, to ',perro", ttienumeuyers
.,.
. .o,utll'ned' In )'.1. '

(n

ElevatorPorce' I!ol!lent

Me-, Pe -(C'P'I' ~CB),

'. ..'

\;

"

el~yators

, 'rhe
,

~,

"'.

'

. . .

no~
f

an

at such
';,

. .

(3.11)
'
I.

'

'. '

~.

.1.

lsposa1b~e

,Hott.ver "It
,

"

to be

aI1~le,or,pltCh,ttuit'thelrelllPloyizient is
."".'

.'

.'

,'.,'.

';01"11181 ~1,cona1dered' when' examining

, ' . , '

the a'tatie' situatio,n"

....

Ilre

. ' ~. '. . I.

'.

..

f'l11ng~

requlred

to counterthed,nUlic upsettlnl$'lftOII\ent

/
,

3:2',5: to~lt~dlnal Steady Mot1o~

"

," '.

'.

. . . .

Pol'
pltch/'stability
the suill
..
.
,~

thl!' r'elltorlnp;
moment's
.

.ttte. upsetting !ftC_nts.

=u.te~ual,th8.unQr

,nO

'.

or

~l~vat~~ dePio,~nt(Me., 0)

,Aasum1n;;,

~'

"'

"

'

"

,,

"

(3.12) ..

,
"

..
.. ..
. .. :
EquaUon " 6'holdS."orilyto:r, t,hecue 111u1Jtratedby,
,

'"

'

'

t1""r~ l.-.Re~M"a~Pd
;"er.'i~M' orth1.
equation apply' In'
.
.
.
.
,the other c~,e ' ,'.por,~.x~~e . :d~~l~1I:1l d\Ve.t:he ,1S~atlc (
"

"

, . -J"lgbtln~' Iimlent,.a1da 'the i:t~n"lcupaettll"g flIaMen~and 'th~ ,

. '
.
"
.'

'.'

"

"

/
,

./
',.'

..
. ~.

.".
",

.... :,
. ' ..
.:. '- . ' :'

'

I'

"

l'

,
.. '

"

),

"

'.

:-,'"

."

. .' ,

':.,

:,

.1

:'.'

..... '

L.. ,';"
"

.'

.'

..
~: . .

.I

.\
.

. ,:' , ,

".

Coerficients
MalIS
. ".
. or Addi,t1'onal'
.
. of EIUpllo-1ds or' Var1oulI.~Lengthl
\"

. Diameter l\atlol1 Tn]

,

I~

, . ' . .' ,O\<.,::~ TABLE: 3~ 2

,I .

. I.

. , "

"

'

",

.'

.'

Jet,

Lenl!&th

DlaMter

"

..

'.

.2.51

,'.

2.99

..

3.99
.

.763

.,122

. 803

'.9.9 . , .

6.01'

. 059'.

, .

:/193
"

',...
'

.0115 .

"

.6.97

.036

.09/1
,

'.2/10.

.607

.367

. ,

"65

.'.-681

.7,78

, .608

' .89'5
, .

;836

.701

,
c ..

.76/1,

.9'-18 ..

.81'3,"

.9. 33 .

.897

.805

_.916

.8/10

/9'~02
.

'.-93D-

.865

. ,.939

.883

1.000

1.000

"

'

..

'.

.-

"

.,5 11 .

.021

.,960

>

'1.000
>

. "':'

'.~.-"

"

"

"\'

't ....
'.:.::

..

",

'

7.
,

. ...'

-'

'.

....

.'

..
..,'

....

,."

"

.,

.'

.. . I

" i

.02.

..

,
,

'.

..

.9"5

.'.
,\

.'

-.

9n

>.029

"

'f.

~.

.8.0.1

. 860

."

.08~

.316 ,

/,02

. 156'

.. 621.

.' ,.,500

.j09 .
'.

Itl

,.

~3Q5

2.00
I

.500'

-,

1.'0'

.1;50

1(2

K2

..

'K'
,Rotat.ion

.'

. ' I'

..

',

...

.'

.
.

.'
!

..

.I

.
>

.1iiJ.
.'.

.,'

','I

..

..

.,
..

117

Sta'b1Uty.1n Rol,.l.
~..' .:

,I.

'

3.2.6

"

/.

'.j

Stab:lJlty 1n rol1. wh1ch" 18 . yery d,irrlCU,lt problelll'

",

In

,lnalrcl'att t 111 not/. a pl'obln

.rlght1~

all'ish1plI . The' atat1c~

aiso>,~.tth r.~~~d to.~,~li,

..oi..nt'acta

arid .alncc th+C

\'la !lOdynplcupa.tUI1J.llollent,rolllng only .occurs due

~o

I . .

" ,

side ~.t. qa1ri.. t the' C~I"

and . n.,~ lo~e and due to' 'Ccntri rugal .
.
"

rorce
when
turcnlns.
,
,

'!'be II:IOIII.nts. 0t: 'thelle ror.ce. are 1 I11III cd lat ely.

oyerco.~
b,th.larg. r.storlng .lIOlIMtn,t
du. to " the
low pOllltlori
. .
.
. .
.
,
.'
.
Rolling m.". be .uncolllrortable b~t.

or t~e cent.1' otgra"l ty;

ill n."er anjl dang.'" of 1t rea'cMn.,; an. excesslJ1ve valuc.

there

3~2.7

"

. .

....,..

Stead; ,Mot10n at P!xed Ya~ Angl,e,

- .

,"

'!'b. torcfill and ~...nts acU'n~ dur1ng steady 1II0tlon,at.

,

"

#I

.
3.5

"

;'

rixed' yawanp.:le prellent, a 'rathel' more complex' pIC1ure.

.

Plpre

o~

' .

111ullt1oat.II,

aoUoo.,
,

th~

"

forc.1I acting ilurlnp: th1s type

'Bu~g.~sC13J~lnj, ,the tol1~lng ex.p~essI0A'

derIved
.

't'U~k t" ~or thetran~ye"~

~erOdYri8Jll1C:
forces
.. ,
.

,b)' Dr. N. N.

.ct1~ ~n an 0_.
aJnh1pllOving
at 'a f1xed
angle ot"' yav.
'

".'
"
'
.' .

;,..

+, k' 'v. 2 .tR S coat:+ k'

1-

. .

"

...

",

dS cost ,.'

y,2 !IX

Fdi.
I

(3.13) .'

.. . ...

..

. ,In .....~~~"On.could ~all ~th1a. IIIOtion a steady state turn ..

~',.
.
,~:
".
':,.' '.
Th.,first t."'.ln' the abo.e. equation repl'*lIentll the force' along,

..

.'

"

,.::,

....

;....

,}'"

th. hUlldWt to t~uid. of

.

. .

'. I '

.,aw

-.

....:.

~d 1s~1"ard toward ttle center

'.

'.'

..

'.

of the ,tu~ On the .for..-bOd,1 and' outwarcf on the aft.r-body.

(I

~.

"

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to

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atranSY.rs. 1'0ree:
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cllntro1 rusal toroc. or, the displaced airo and

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.,'

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rllpresent,e~

or the hu,U, having the a...,'r ultant as the rorcea

by the s'llcond tertii., but or oPposite sign. and act-tng through

tn. center
,

or

bouyaricy.

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terM 1"
':1'. no reaultant rorc~ or lII01IIent.
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on' the tan surraces a,ct.s 1nwardl''1 towal'd
.

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the center orthe'turri.

~'slnce'

the theoretical'rorces on
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rorce. and only a ruultant
,
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InteR!at~on ,of'
.

lIO_nt due to

the r1!:st tertii or (3.13) ,'SV

i. equal In', IiagJ'Iltude to: the 'c~lItrlt'\,\gal' rorce or t;he s"tp .

.,

'nlus' ~he torce. acting Includ~

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N ;the .~er of' atattons al!:!ng the X ads

and

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angle Or. yaw at, the
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(i.).. Aerod;n,lJI1c:Mo"'nt'.'
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part. or the- taU,surface rorce .

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rorce'after .th."I'!~nu1c ~ iDo.-';t :ba"betln co"'~na&tedr~r. .

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to.. the
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o
'........... .... ........ ........ .'o ' .. " .' :.. : 'o.' . ' .' ' by the alrahlpa.ahd 1"equll',f!d. to. fulrUI. the specl'ricat Ions.
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wHl now

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rot ..tlon~.IIO~~on~:,'o Ro~a.t1Onal a~celel'at1onor ~lrishlps: 111
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control
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ab~ler d... cription .. o".eachwlUbe '~lYen. so that . tti,r~,der

.nlb. r~l.l~'Wlt~t~ ~O~~Z.~l ~~rect.:. ~..

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arelc:it.~~ed~' . 'l'hia ic~.e. ~ lipwU'd. force' 60 the' tan' surfaces

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and
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'r"

.,,"

,~

'

"

';.

'. "l~re
.3~'r:
.
.
.

.,

',

"",'

.',

',; ~,

"

...

,~,.'"

..

'

~'

'.

~,

',:.
,"

.,-'

. ':

','.'

':': :'

<:

.,

Dilrinp: . Turn

"."

f
'-~.

','"

'.

".,

,.

.'

I '.

'.'
".

"

/.

l'"

.r

...

'.

'.','

'

126

,.
...

"

.'

,i

'

',',

,
J
,'.

"

.I

'

.-

. .

"

.:;
l~

"C

'U

.~.

..

fII

..

'C

OBStACL.E

,.

.:

,..

>
.:C

'

."....

~
"

,.

,.
'.

'.

'I'

r..

.',

.'"

"J

.6,
,

.'
~',

.
:

...c:;

. ~.

J:

If),

'/
/; ...
.'

"

"

~,

:' .iI

RUD .'," '.,

....
.' : DER
,.

'

r..

or<

"

~,

..

,,'
. :'"

II:

J.

:'

<
c

'c

.f" ..

I::

"f

I .'

.-

.. '

"

. ,,'
,""

'

.-

"',

.,

tt'

.....c

If)

D'
0,,-,

U'
lIS

...

....

. .t.,

.. r
.,.
.

4,;,
,". "

.'

",'

'.

.:'

.',

"

..

::.'

.'
,.~

",
'.

:', .
"

" ,:~',

.,

:,'

: ':. '"

.'

: .. :;.

.J

'

. ,,'

... " ".

'

.;

-.

. ,.
,.'

.'

..

.
".::. '.' .'.

,. ,...

.,

, '

, ..

".,

. ',.
, '.t

' .' I ,

\:

'.

.' ' 127

. . lIt!en it .lade'lre4;.'to . turn ,to .thel'l~ht. th~ l'udd~1' 1s

, ,.. r-;"

. d~tlect'ed to

'

. .-"

-'

/' .'" ..... :.... '. '. ",. "_.".,, ,;

"

......,.

ttu~ r1pt~. Tb1a'prQduc,.~

,.,:' ' . - . ' , ':,':;' :........
. '::

-,

. _.'

two efrectsl.
.

"

,',

Pil'st :

','

. . .

,'"

: ari1nst.nta.)eo~stol'!:~
to thelett
actlng<on'
therlght
sld~
,.,:
'. . . .
. -. .'
..
.'
'.
..
.
~

"

'

'"

',"

,.'

'

"

or the' ~ctdel' .."SecO~d . th~.li-shlprotate~ab~~t its ce~ter,

"

' , '

'.'

'

','

"'j'

... otboUYanc1
a~ch that .. theriose awlngs .'to
.,.'..,
.'
.'
.'
,

'.

' . ' ...

~n1t1Jlll

i' ;

'I.;

'",

.:

'.

'.

the,~1ght

..

. Thus'

'. .

l-

the ,alrs,bip lIovea. to the: lert and, rotate's to the

rlgh.t..-n\e . ~~~.~r.~he.. nose to

",

",

'I

" ,.-':

~h~ d~ht

,'

..

sets up a

ce~trlt\is.~ rorce.~~ tothe ~1ght . :AS th~,angle or' yaw

" . .

'. ' .. _:,"

','" :,

'Increues

:.
,

'.,' .

. . :' " ,I, :;,'.

'

; ,",

'"

~tb.1a .~.ntl'ltuga:LtOl'~e

"

..

, "

: ..'

':

..

.1l';lcl'easea
. . until!t 1s

'.

. . . lare:rt~thel'U~~~r:.iorc. ';'d't~';~1l'tict10nor li1teral

.,"

.'

0',' : '

."

'.'.

'..

:.

::.'

:.

....
,'_

"

'.

. '

'.

"

'.'

also

~t:.~on 1.tothe~z.lfth~'., HOwey.r. the 78,! 'IIOIMnt lit

".,'-:',_:',.,:
-;'
..
,. .
..

".

,.'

'.

' , '

.'

'

increadng .andth~.,tbe >anpl.~Yttloi:d.t1otthea.i'rilh'1~ Wi 11

'. .Yentual1,
., ". ,. . . . . <: :
'. ." '. \' .' '. ," '" _':, ,', :. '. "... ',unUl t'he. -e1n111W11 . turnIng r&d! us '1" ' ..
i

'..':-~" "'."~'.: ~,,:"

-':'.":'~'

'

d.cre~ae'.

",,'"

',','

.....

: : . ' ' - : '.. :

. ,';. .: ..... ::,: . . .: .

.:_-~::.:.\.

_ ":,,.,

"-'"

<.'

','"

"

',.chleyed. ~rtbe: Madder l:a.lialntained1n.th4f

. ' . )odt.l.on, :..
.

'.'

,'

..

ha~

..:

rIght

ol',:~~~~:,~t;~Vdtoihe ~e~~~~i :poa~tion'th~ t~rnl~~

... .

"

_',"

{/

... ~

.,

'

."

,lilllcc:mUnue and'ln:'ol'der,.to ebe.ck this. tum it 111 necessarY

,to..is~e'tbe'~dd.1'
to.~~
,h~iet~
P~lI'iUOD:' "The t~i.nln~
. .:.
. .'
.
.. '. ':"
'. .
.

radlua 'laoy,~ct by. the.

,: .'

.'

.~..

Ja. Iio.ent.~f is jp"eater' (or

'

an ,

. . '~rihlP .'otl~rln.~e.s
r~l'~'~han;
tor. one
"hereth1s ratio"
.
.
. .
.... .
.
"
II'

'.'

.'

'I';'

3'.3. 3:- MechanIcs .

.,

......

, .'

"

.Equations"

.....

'."

: ..

.....

..

"

:.' -,::

~ .~, :.,

,.,'

. .',

..

. .

:....... "'.<,'

'

.. "',

;' .'

.,

... '

. ,'.
"

...

. J ;.~',- -. '

'.

'

..:

"

,..

,.;"~; .-.' ~ ,'.

:.

",.'
~ .,.

'

.' < '. -,"

..

..

. . ;'!.;..
,;;-.

,.

:.'

'.

.. ' f' .

,."

i" ....

"

..

,'

.'

"

I
.'

. ,. . 'f": . " ... '

. . '.

''','

.........:'.';t':..., ,:,.,.., <' "

',',".'.;:.;......
'
1_

'"

,-' . . . - . '

I .:: ,,"

"

'~.. " . .

. ~;,.' .

.,

.:.: .

. '.' '.

'/.':,

".1

"

.',-

'~:

'.

.,
"

. '. <. '.'

..
.. .,

'~be,t()11~n"4Hiu~tlonaf
','

. ,'.

'.

. -j .

f~tC1d'bodY,.'~~~~~;.~"-l.r~:~~ot1on~
~n: S~~Cf;'~S~
,
..

. .. ::.
obei

is . .all.:
. : ."
..

",>", ",

.,

",

.. "

. ....

, .

",

,'.:,11

_ I'

'.,., ..

'

. '. t.'

r;\:0 .

"
'.

.. ,'

"'

..

".

c..~

, ". . 1~8\

..

. 1

,'"

',','

.,'

"

.;.

, ,

"

,,'~x
.,

,.

I'.

It.,

-:&...

, I

1,; .

. .'

,'. ...

;,.

'.

"1.

".

".I:

.,

.,'
. '.

;-',0"

,WMJ:e Ix'
,

...

'

, '.

. ,,:;,

.~'.

.. ~ ..

..... ,.1

-.I V
,~,
J 1

. '!"
~

...

I'

..

'

',..

~,

. , , . - I, V
. ..~:
. & z'_ _01

.. '.

If' :an,d' Iz.ari the' au.. or th~, ..as IIOlilen.ts or,

,"

'" ,." A ,

'

',..

,.. - .

.,'

"'

In~1"~l&

or the . .rl~"cOlilPonenta.or the bodyreterence

:..,. ,. ', ,."'>. '. ',' ,:'. ,,' . ",:' ":'.. ', ;', . , : . ',' ... ,;..... ;,".: .... :: . , .. ,.. 1 . ..
"
to II .setot." vUh.thelror.1g1n at the centerot rotatiDn

"

. . . . . . '",

",.':

""

:'~"':".":":"'~::"":"_'-."~:':'-.

'1

':

,.': .. :."'.,,

.. -..::

'

.....

by UU,ot the parallel' ula tranat.ortiilt1on~."

" ' , , " 1 1.1 :.'_(, '~r+~ ,)' .
,
'. .
x :, II( "
c' . . c
.'/,:

.'

",I.,

".

I ' l i I '.; .~. _ .-(. ".~ +' Z ~2) .

\. '.f
>-1:
",

.,:'.,.

,.

.,

. ' . . ' c. , , ' : c, . .

+.(~' 2'~'J 2,- ..... .

I,.;;i

& ... &

' . c
. .' .. c
.'

'

" The'reSP~~"'~t';an,_as."h~~)O ~.,!aett~or,acorrec~lng

IIOlIIient .ls .fUnctiOn, or ,the .... liOIMtnt 01' lnerUaor ,the
t,
'

'; . . . . . . .'

' I

,'"

'

.,st:\".:.. . The' ........':,.".',ntot IneioUaot theaystelli

Is
.. ': ..:
.-

,'.

. -.

.:' .

,"

cOflP~.d

.',.'

'

" ..

,.-"'..;

": ~": .....

. .

"

.:.

',:'

',:,"',":.'"

'-'

',"

._.

",

..

'

'.

or tb.lne1"tlal.characterlat1ca
,01' th' '~nYe-l~e.
. ... :...
,..'.
. . tbe'enol~.ed 'as .,the P8Jlo.d. tlie' pr~pulaloii:.devl~ea; .arid

.....

.nJ'oth~lnd.nd~t'uJ~~t",ctural1 'p~t. ;'T~

.,

sllllp11ty ....

..

..';, .

. '.

'

"

, "

/,.'

.\ .'

. '

'

"

, 'T'

". .",' .I:t, 0 ' "

,"

parts,
ot
,
'

'.

- ,

the en(tlnea.

,oJ

1j)/th. tall.',
_

"

-.

'.

'

..

".,

the, cablil.

Include:

,cone. '

iioil~e
'

2)

"

t~e ,~~.~~p"tre:tl~~ ~n' ~b~~ 'asanner

"

and

,129'

.:0
I

Th~

"

.' ',;,'

"

'

...,

.'

. "

t,llese cOllPonenta' ,,11 1 only ,tend 't!llll&ke :the alrsh,lp 1II0re

~

:.

:.

-,'.

-'

',. '

'

.', I

.,: '

"

'

,",

..:;

:.

.'

': :,: I',:'

~.'.

, ' , ' . '. ,.

"

,.".

, '

stable, ,than ',tbeilOdelwouldindleate., .

, '" . . '

"

, ,

'
I

.'

. , 'l'Ke,reaai.nlng '~ht. or InerUa. thOse related' to the

.
,,'" ., .
~'.
, ennlopeand~he,'encloseda Will be analysed atJout., a set,
,

'

' t

, '.

.'

.'

.'.

... ': ,," ", -': . , .:" . .' ,"

, or

axea peiyendIcu.l

.' "x oiO.

. '

. ':', ~.'

ar

"

~o

.': . :.

"

' .

......" ,

J'

-."

'.

'..'. .

,',~

',".'

lJe~,rallUl~.{2~lde~el~peda
....

,""

""

.'

. I

.. ,

t,othe' ce,ntra1' ax.s and, located at

de~enl1ne' tiie.e _O!IIIItnta

,

"

';'

.~. '.: '~

'or 'lh~rtla.

ore~ua~loris .to

set

"

"

which

,.,',....
' . '.
_.,
,

are. q,u'l te

.. .

eon'venlent"

'

use ,1(n conju.netl',onwlthadl,Ual cOlllPuter. "

',\,'

" , '-. ':"1" '_'. ,: : . ,~_.~. ',' '.:'- ~:, ::'- f:' ':':;".

-:.:'

-'

'.,

'The, aUa. IIOlIIitnt' or 'InertIa ofthe,encloaed p:as is

....
'.
,

.>

'"

',-,

"

"

.,:' .
"

"

(3.25)
f

'":'..

(3.26)
.

"

.
",'

.
"

':.:

;~. .

..

-,

,.

.'

'

I '

, .

'.11 (H+M)CN+M)
.
N ::A

. . Ill'
I~ I z? +.,.
1
.'
.

, ' -N' . .1'[:

,'

"

1& .

.( 3.28)

As.'these mOlHnta.
o'lnertla h.ve:beenc.lculated with
,.
,';

"

'

respect to .... set or .eo-ordlnate ~lles, w1th" their otJ,g1n at

i

the nose or the.a.lrahlp, (x ~ 0). a' .tra'!srOMtat10n IllUst be

'perrOrM" ~ ~o

.~, ie~
.~ruea
whoa~,orlgln
'.
I
.
;..

.. .

which rot~ii'onoeetira.
-.,

U the point .bout

.

'Thlii ..{adO'ne 'ustng the pArallel' /

..'

I,'.

~1s
'tranatoniaUon dea'crlbed' prevloualy.
'. . ' , .
.

Thoae components\

whon
about thel,l" 'own allis '~as talcen as
. ,iIOMnt or 'Inertia
.
.
"
zero
reterenceclto
th.e'rotation center using
.....IlUllt.alao'b'
'. "
..", .

.. .

"

'

the; Pard,lel. ads' tt"ansrorutlon ai1d tHese w111 thus uquir~

. '" ';.' .;r: ",;..

IIOlIent or

..,

Inei'~1"b1~ans

or the quantities

. :',,( 1l2',.. , 2)
. . '. c'
.c

sii
2~ a 2')'
. c . '. c .

.;

"

~z2)':
c
C

'

',"(1 2

.
The ~a .. used In theaeequations are t~e 'lndlv1dua\ I118sses

of ttUt I cOllponentaand the 1Il&.a used In . the _chanlcs eq!Jations

. .
.
11 .the s,ste,,' ....... '
:
V . '

,: .'

~.' beln,

. . ) " ... Slat'!"':.

','.:-.r"

,.',.'

0"

(3.28)

I'"

,...

the lItt'a'Ht.~ionai" constant' and V., .tell' the. tota~ ,

.

'.

'",,',

"Il

'~.'

"

Weight,'or
airshiP.. .
. ..the'
.
. . ..,:
. '

'

...
I

.,
,.
.
','

," \

. ~."

':.

..

. '

- .

,'

..

"

,'

"

.. .

'

131

,",

'

..

"

>-

0:.

)-

2,

.;

~,!!!

~x
U)

.,

..

'

',

"

./

"

1', ~,..,

.,

'.

a.t::l
%:.

,.

."

-0

'"

I"

z
o

.,

,'~,'

"

/
,./.

'

C!)

z-ct)
>ox

'.

:ac,

. .'

'v'

..
f .

"

.."

Ul

:l'
0

....-

't:

Col

'-

0:
c!).

"0

2:

~xl

..
Co

....
t:l
....
....
IL

<'<

..,

'.

..

'.

$.

..

<
',0

..
"i

I)'

'. \.

,N

....

e!-

"

,
'

'

."

..

.
.

..

0'

,
"

:\

...

-_..-.,

....

.(

~. '

",

'-

r,

3.3.'

J"

,132

..

"

~"

Pql"cea anC1 Mo_nta Acttng 'on the Alnhlp

, The torces and ....nta ",actlng on the airshlp

durlng
. ,.

"

acederated

. '

~tion

are esaentially s1111;1,&r to those discussed

I'n ':the ,stlttic ease.

However,both the Unear acceleratlon "

~ , '

and the an~lar 'acceleration . .whlchlllaY' occur cause the torces

and ~lea to chan~e continuou'aly.

.
,
, ' .

coJislderln~

Hencei when

'

accelerated IIOtlon lt ls convenlent ,to cOnll.1der very

tlDe lricN_nt.and

t~

conslder

t~e. 's~tuationa

"'PaUc WIthln th time lncreaents'.

11111&11

as" being

The' acceleration

'

erre,cts .. can, be superpose,d "henllO.!ng t'roJl! 'one time 1nterva.l

~teJ'll\lna.tlon or. the Acceleration!!

3.3. 5.

(.-.

.,'

.!

RotaUonaland tranalatlon~i~ecder'&tlnna"1l1 be examined aa thl

,

alrllhl." rotates about~ts ceflter or .:ravlty.. Thull a

IIOdI rledaet:
I

, figure 3.9.

uea 1. n,", Int~uced ,and

ot

1 ~lustrated In

This. n" set ~r axes ~eS Itposslbleto

.

... .

1I,~rat.
the erreeta on' the, airs hlp and the 1I0tion Vi th
,

reapect t~th4t or1~lnd hot'lzontal axea . ,

1 direction

Proa'the .. chanlcs ,equation.

,
' . , I P ' ,".
"
,," ,x
as ..
,"
',' .- '1 '. . . .
I

. .--_..

Trarialat;1onlll Acceleration
(1)

(a)'

-_.- ..,

_.

"

.'

".

"

.'

',~

"

.-

".-"2./'" ,,'

'.

, "

I .

"

..
.

'.

'

"
-',

'

..

. '

"
,

133'

" where

'

I!'It'-. [(Pd+Pd .) coa(y)

- 'R ...

1'3) IIln(, >l

"

0.31 )
'-',

"

, (2) 't dlrection

Ft""l
.'1,

, I
'/

Shlllarl, 1,n the,

I .. , _

".,,-;:-

a,

dlrection,

" .:.....x.

'.

..; Pv]'+'P
L

0.32 )

. ,'.

,
'.

[p.

where

tP

'1."1

'"

,\

I!'

tTl' +, P

~Oll

'.1

(,) + Pe COli

COli

(y)
"

'

(3.33 )

t IIln (el ~ (~d + pdll),~lIln ,h) ,

+ P

, 111 deflned"by
I.e. c
,vhen
,

Ii \'

c;- T
., T

cUilbih~

, ;"'hen dl,,,lng
'

J '

and

, (3)

- 'wl\en: cU.bln

. \' .

In' a heavy condiflon,'

".

'\'

1n a l1ght

,cond1t1on,

&'

,, -,

.'

"

direction
"

0.311)

...

whe~

"

l.~~"

"

'e,

:J-

z' dlrection

tP

EPz

~.

0 In;" neutral condltion.

z -.!
'"

'

+,.'vhen dlylnp;

S1.Uarty in. the

"

1n lIectlo~3.2.~.
the calles cUll cUll.lled
,

and

.'

(t + II)

0011

+ PRJ IIln (', ~. 8)

[Pc

'+. ('L

'

. .

[(Pet .Pd'.lcoa ey)' t~(PL+' Pe ". 1'.) aHI (\,)]a1~ Ct + II) ,

",",

','

.' " . , ' ,

'1,.,

.,[P ~Rlcoah ).
C
.
..
..~

.,'

:'

'"

'I'

.',

,.

(335)
.'

-"
"

. ..:;:
WIIiII

...

,,

...........,......... . :,',

\""

,'

'

;.'

..

'"

..

"

.' .

'. '.

"

..

. :,'

. r .'

~o.

'~"I

..'

.'

'.

'f>' .

.1

and ..

.. - '..

.....

"

,',.

..

!l .

I.'
':' 1

'

'.

\.

".

..

','

. ".
'

.
_ o . '

'.

, .

... .

".
",

. .' (3.j~)' .

""

.'

'

,,'.

"'.'

..

"

. .,"

...

. '.'

,
Q

'.

,I

.'. "; ::'~:':~~'H:::i~? . . . '

.;.

.
.~ <;,~:..

'

.'

..". . ..' . . .,'..

..
~,",': ........ ~
'

,~'.:'.'

'

','

..

'. .','

'

.'
.

..'
~; ~"~~.:.:'
,

.'

'

..

" :.

..... j
.'

'

.. -....... "

\ . ' ,'

.....
..

'

..
. .. :.,

,'

.
....

"

.,-..

.;

'.

.'

..

. -' ~' :
.-:'

.. '

... .,.".

'

'.

,'

";

..
, .

..

. . '....

..

;',

.,

~.

., ..........."., ..;,

.:.., :.

"

:'"

....::. . ,:. ...'".:.:

..J,.':~:.t;:,
. . . .
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,undertMl!n', this thellis, also, provides thie' de,sl p:n and'analys 111

or

the ,ellblnatrueture
"

alrahlp CAS-l.

dll!1enalonswere,,~ovlded

to eabln

liS

or

The IIpee1rlcatlons

by CASG (Cllnadlan

o
"

AirshIp Study r;rou~ , subal!lluentlyCanadlan AirshIp Development

I. '.

"",".

.'.'

. "

'

The ~l.oadlnJr, renUlr,l!lInentll ,whi eh' the's t,rueture

COMlorat 1.on).

,."

t,o'mee-t, we-re ,oar!;!all! sneel rh!d by lo!lnistry cir transport,

','

11l1li

C,lvI 1 Ae-ronAuti-cs , Provldonal AIrWorthiness R.I!'"ulremen~s,

Alrs~10s(3J.-

",

se-ettons SC:
\-..
,,'
The delliP':n' phllosphy

'SC.2(b)",llndSC.ll .

2(8)"

ror

the. eabin,are Inc,C)f1)orated 111 thE!

. fo llow 1nil' "eona

'
ld e-ra tl ons :, \
,"; , .'
"
'{
. (X) The ,rlnal 'eonn~ratlonlor the' endne ,suPflortl! could.~
"

.,
(~ Consld~1""ble stren~th Waft tob'e b,ullf' Into the

<.

stMleture In ord~r'to perisltftub~ec1uent modlrIea,tlon ror testIng

or

'1,,'.

""r~ou/l

, " (.J),
~.

11-.

"J

. "

,envine supl'I,ort ,eonrIP'Urllt10na.

:.": ";.

'",'

"trenp,:th, and eO.1IIPt'eaaive

stren,~th

Inthl!' vertlcUII ,In order to

provIde re"aonabl~' protect,lon 1 nside the ellb1n In, ea~e ,or'

",

aeeId,nt";l Imp"ct.

....

~~'.""

"

'

.'

~.fI' ,,~tl!'l!lpt 'wila to be made,' to ptov1de under noor

"\.

. .'

'

'187

"

,
,'

','

-0,;
"

'

?-

"

.,

. ,'.

..
.'

'188

". "
,'.
.
"
..
Due to ll1.rscrew clearancereou'1reinents, w1th respect
,

'

t"1'l boetf .the ~ound, IHld t.he Jj,nvelone, the cab1n n:ust be hlp:her.

,J

' , '

. "

/ .

' . " .

!lueh as bAllastcontdnment,

'

,hlln~l1nl".cables. arld

r.uel'tanka ...

.'/

The Cllbin s~ni~ture 'can b~ seDllrated 1:nto ~o Mati.net

1

..

,./

. ,

th/ln needed r~r. 8ceol'l1!lodat{0~.-: Th:1.s pro;,liledthe baslsro'r

., . -. ,
'
' . '
.
t!il' dec:l.slori . to f'rov~de
a.dee.ll"rloor
strllcture
provldlnp:
'P'Rodo
. ,
..
, ,
. ,
!'loor IItren,th "nd liene,r:,oUII'st!8.c'e ror .ot,her ~ reou 1'l"ement9

"

I.

sec.tlona ~,ach
or which r.lUst wtths,tltnd 'I:ertaln'
loadlnp:
.
"
.
.
cond! Hons. PI.gure".l lliuat~atea tile, total cab!n with both'
"

'

side and.rront views.

I

.,

noor level).

The lower cabIn structure (belo ttle

:.

"

:1l1ustrat~

1n

r.

p1sr.ur~ lI.a,~s.' reoulr~d,

t.o wlth-.

iiand tile load 11'111' ImJ)osed~v iandllill: on th'e "s 1np:-ie"

. rna In wheel
~

HO)fejler, t'vo othet: condit1ons snould

1St a ''',tlee 1 r1 e,d s1 nk .'rllte.

.

'.'

.,'

"

;'

"

,
~

(1)

...:'

..

"

'I

the staticcond1t1on o'courlhp: .he,n She al,rship'ls

"

Il.t rest 'ci'n 1ts, a1n",~e larn!'lnJ!: wheel,

f~}, therll1:~'ng cond~tion odcur1n~.~ej,.~he

Cabl'f\,.1s

!let'I~.r1l ted' frol!i the. al rs hip And 1S' M,S t..1 nil' on rour removeab 1e

eaators.
The upper' cabin ~t,ruct\lre,

.. /
o .

ll~u~t'rilted

lnFlv:ure 'II.' 3. c!!n

'ltselr be divided 1nto two dIstinct s~~10nl~.

The tranl!....erse

sec:tions are t'eoulr~ to' w1thstand the., 10Ild'lnp: 'lmposc'd by ~he

lnte'rnal "catenary "System: ; 'Th~'lOnp;l'tudj'n~l

.~

..',

',t

.'

~.

..

. ;

, "

. '.

1:'

.'

~e~tlons
,~

'.

i:eaul~eci

are

'to wlthatit.,d the 'loadl~ due to .the extermal lIuspenslon system

'.,

...' ..

,.

...

".

{.

,\

~.

,-- ..

and due -to the, force lli1J)arlted by the .eng1nes ~

..

..

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.'

.,

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189"

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III
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.,

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U"p~
St~etQPtt
. . 'Cab1n,
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.

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. '192,

;'.
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a
. . . . . . .~ .

'.'

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,:'"

'., .

Upper. Transverse SectIon LoadIne: AnalvsIs

' ":
.,,'
'. . , . ,

r:

'.,

'

.
-

'

'

"

transverse .i.apperc'abln structure 'h.asthree 4l'aJ Qr

T~.

. '
,

.'

'

\.,

.:..

transverse sect
. 10nll', .. Each sectlon.provldes.~wo attach~nt
.

po1.ntS'tor .the .Internal sUspe.nslon a~at~m, . The cablll weIght
.
la' usually takim 60S o.n the Inter",11suspen~1on system and :
.','

".

'

ext.ernalsuspe~is,1onsysCfJ. ;

40S on the
.

"

purposes of

,',

However" tor the ..

j. ,
.,
'.
an'alys,1s 100S of the cabin w.elyJlt wIll be

,
th~s

'.

..r

Int~rn~~:\'u~~~ns1o~
Sy~t~in, . This "Ill- tend
.. ". ' "",
'. , "";. .,' , ~ ,.. '. ' ' , ' :

Ukenon. the.

/ .

.:1'

.,. .

. ." to, pro~lde a conservAtIve .dea1tm,'Another s1mpl1fl-catl n

In~l+s

s~aH~ ~np:Ine IWdgh~ dnpu;,

the.

. l11us.trated 'b'-lFl~re
'.

4,4.:'
The .struts'
. ,

'~

"

. The eoridl

:s~own..

t~on

lri. :the l1.1u trst.lon

"

areintenalonin 1)0ththe~8tatle ~ the dynamlC;,s1tuat o.n: ~

'"

to

Reterfn~.
i'

~trut. ~Ul
.

P1RUre. 4 .
.""

. Th6'Vorst
,

..

5 it

re.duce' ~t~&:
"

..

can be s.eenthat t:he terllslon In the

f~adln,~tut~ra~aver8e
~

.'

"

condl~lon'i:hat-:

. ... , . "

,"

"'.

,.,':, o!

structure, .

..

. '

occur's is

..

"

~he' ~nfl.1p;ht;'.dynillillc

,~"

"

,.

:,

"

\08'dln,:. . The aSSUlllPt10n ora

r1r:~d.,'.body coo.s!st1!1P:ot:".
.
. "
.
. t~e
~ .

,
,
.'

'.

.~.'

outrl~erJl,

en!f1nes,
.

'

.'

'

,:

','

and.,.",. underrloc;ir
.structure
.
. ' -.

"

ano"~~

"

an.af,ala: .t.o. bepertonD~ 'Tlle, t~tal torque .ot.the'enp:1nes

la~2r{JOt-POUrtd-; . Tjle ;resultantsltuatlon 1;S lU\1stra~ed

by Plv.ure ,.',6, . ~ atatlccons1d~rat10"a

.,' ':.'Cy' ... ~.

.'

.' CH!".~H'

'.

. ,

-'"

....

-';

------ .......

. .:. b

....

'.

. i

..

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..".

.'"

.
'.
andtrOllS a IIIOIIIent,ana11818pertorMedabout
point A
. . ...- . " . "
'.
,

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.~

'.

. .' ..... ~ Dy ,.
.
,

.
.

"

,~,.~. 7~ POUnd~.

.".
..
:
..
. :;~u~: l.pound., .... ~.
\

',-'

:~-:'~""
.. ,I

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,

,',

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"",.,:

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.,

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"

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, .

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.', 193'
./

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~1'

TRANSVERSE
, .. ' / ' . . SECTION,

,/.

".

"

, . STRUT

'.

I. ,

:.'..,.'

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.(

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"

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..

....

'.

n .

,to

..

.."

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....

. .

.R.lGIDBODYCONTAINING
THE--ENGINES 'AND: THE
UNDRFLOOR
STRUCTU~E
. '.
t. .

..

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:.... l. ~

\.~,

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1"

....

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".INTERNAL
"
, SUSPENSION"
'LOAD

p' ,

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~.

..
.~,

'.

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,
~',.I

,.

,I

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,

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I i , :rRANSVERE '

.......----- STRUCTUR

.
,

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P1-un '.';:

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Endhe Static Ve1"Jrht, I,no\lt AJoranp:ement

"

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"

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I'

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.... ' ..

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,".

19~

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..~ 0

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P!IrU" '.6:

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Dti

,..

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"

!n/l"e Sta~lc V.l~t Ini)ut

..

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.... /

,-~

.'

~H:'-, \38Z~-~j

;.;7

DV

"IF' ' . .

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0v

,.

"

I.

I)

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." ~4 '

.....
'

"

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'

..

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"f.

"

196

"

"

, These ar,e the addl tlonal rorcell",p,.o~ce~ byt,rae en,r,!ne tC!rque;

,

"

,,'

l,; \

'

These rorc~II,muat be ,d1vl~ed between;J~hl!'thre'e transverse c' _

,

.
'

"

,sec;ttonS, In', the tI8~p.roportlon

as the stat1c
'cabIn weIght
"
,
,'"
~

"

is

'

'propor~'lo~e'd 'to' the;i~~e;n~i aUllp~nalon

sY!'tem.,'
i

'r~'.

'The an81yll1ll or the internal ,suspenlllo~, system loads, 1sbased

on the aS8I.11npt1~n i as ,p~eVI0~SlYllta..hd" that lOfil or the S,t~tIc
\

,~e1ght

'cabln

?'

Carrl~

111

by ,the aystelll;

The system is

about the 10ngitIJdlnal cente~ line or t~e cabin"

.'"

cabin
w~l!'.ht
la' t'aken as )20.0 pounds.,
, . .
'
.

Tl)e.

"

, '

sy~etr1cal,

Theto~l
,

"

'

rree body
,
, d.1a.gram,
"

or theayatelll ~a shown by PiKure 11.7., 'Thesuspena1;ort ables

;'illhllVe load 'cells '1n'

orde~

10rid~

to allow the

tootle' set at: any des1red, (Juan~l ty'.

'hns10n., 'It"e 'polIs1ble, 1r
'"
'i '
tPv'~'o.
,

in 'the l;ableB

"

all

Hence
"

comb~natlonB
.

,at

'

(4.1 )

'

(4.2)
,

'

tMCQ~', 0.,
,

,"

'

(11.3) ,

SOIiIf arbitrary ,choices DlUllt' b'e Mde 1n order to ,solve the

s,ste~

-blP 'PSnre ill ~'7~' 'TJ,e, rollow1n~ ,Quant! ties were ..,
...'
.
t!,ererore. arb:i ~1".1'lb chOsen.

,
,

shoWn
.

'

~,

't~,

" , ' . .

"

,I>

"

"II -, ' ~5 'deln"eeis '

"

-"

.,

1#

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i't,

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c. ,
"

.'

,,' ".

197

...

"

I .

..

..

"

.,

.,

,.

1600

.-

..

",

."

,.
,.

.'"-_......-----....;...;-a.--~--------"-:-....;....,
""
\..0. ....

<0:., .....

.'

"

..

, '

..
....

..

",

'

"

,.,

."

-,

'

198' "
'

"

R~rer1nllt to the rr~e b~

,,' "

~ollov1np: enuRt 10ns

dhlr,rllJ!l, the:

J:OI'II\~1'18~~d. ' . '

elln be

~lna

.....

"

+ 7S0 + CB1n75 1600 0

(11.1 )

A coact - Ceos75 0

(11.2)

A sinax 66 + 150 ,x Ii! - CS1n7S x liB 0, (I(JJ3J'

",.,

3iB

, ...

..

'C I ~, 590 pounds,

,

..

poun4s

..
,

,.

B.

150, pound.s

61.5 dea:rees

"

'.

75

..

K.

...

'

,If

purposes ot'this anal:vsIs,. on,],v the, vert,fe,Ii,1 ,

"

eolll;i~nenta nave. sl,a,HIeanee:

~

6erees

"

I!o"eve~. 'ror,th~

'

"

1!',i!80;pounds

By' ,0. 750 Dounds '

'c"V,~.

d'

570
' "ounds
...
,

~,e l~dS' on, the structul"ecanb~o.lvedlntQ~,B1x components.

These' co,.,onen'ts. l11ustl"ated a10nll' wIth, .the bas.i,c structural

"deS111!n .'In :jrlv.u~'II. 8;." are

'.

'.'

'0)1'.(1
,

.
'

'.'

.>"

',(II)
.

..

"

'

the YeI"Ucal lo"d' due to th~ statie tension

ot'thesuspens1on cable plus or minus ,a rorce
due to the enp;ine' tOrtl ue. '

thehorl~nta1 load due to the 'stat,ic tension

or the suapena10n C,ftbleplu,s a. rOl"ce ~ue to
the endne,toroue'
.
,

(3~

"'<

1'VII the'v.~Ucalb'al8n'cln~rOrCe,

'PHli.tti~ hO~l~tal b~anCln~.,to~ce,'

'

'.~~'

'.

1,.
"

"I

"

"

'

,,

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.: ""

.,

'
,

'

"",

"
'

"

'1-99,

'

~'
,

'

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..

"

r-----'!';.;.''~'----.---- -,;,,;;''-,..
.,F H II

" 0

IF '.'

"

"

,"

,F VIi

4.

"

I'
'

"

..

'

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;,

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. :

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,I

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'.

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. . 0.

J'

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PIp;..
,

'

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, 'f'

- ..... F H,II,

',J.~,
, F,'

'

(V'III.
..
'~

.'

",

'

_.8:, Tl'an."e~e" StMicture 'Load, COlIIPo~nta

I....

'~

....

"

,,',

"

'

,
'

,.,

'

,J ,

;.

"

..

.j.,,'

,20j)

, I

'th~' ~er:t1~al 10~d, due ~o

o ,

the stat1c tenslon

or the I!USpenSfO'1~'Cble ~IUs or m1(lus a "
torce -due to 'the..
ne,' tOl"(!ue
~',

'.

PHIt! ,thde horl'zo~t"'l force d~e to,tt'u!' above'

,an obt81ned b~ ,Conslderlnv. moinents, about,
" the ,cabln center H~e.

(4)'
,,'

'

'. "

",

'-

These
"ror~.eao-h
trllnsv.erse
section;
- loads can be',d'etermlned
,....:
",
.
..,
.
In or4er' to, s~~u'ty the deS1v.n: the" dec~sfon ",~ maCle ~to \lse

'"

a COllllllOn' II 1 Z!! ~tubl'n~ in all thetran;sverse ,structura~ 's:eetlon's.

'./ .

., .

'-, :;,' . . . , t ,

- Hen~", only the

~. ' " .

'..

4,lIIUm 10ad1ng, ,whlqh"

~~

"

: ,',

occ~rsl~ ,sectlon B', "

c.

vas alse?

be talren,

1:

'I~

as~um,ed t~

.'

vas .:cons1dt:,red and, the total dynam1e loadln~~ or tbe enp;lne's

II

:.

,.. "

Inthl~ ~!I~

. . '

'

,seetion. ,The ,suspcmslol,l' .

cables, were assumed to hRlVe .anlncl1lTat1on.ot: 75 deJ&ees to ,the,'

. _.
.
- . ..' ,
'
, 'horlzont,al. lUI sbown 1n
Ph:ure
II~B.
a~d
the
resultlngloadlnll'
.
t
I"

"

7,

"

. .

ls~):lv~n, by Table 1I~'l~, The loadln~, s~uat1or'ls Ili'e sh-own In,

P11fU're

II.~" and~'
_,re',II.lo,.

wh;le ,the' ,",anh~c~l a:'1alys1s used

lelll 15 presented 1n PIJtUres. 11.11 and ~ .12.

, fl" .
," ,
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1I.2rrese'nts the loads,obt;fli,ned
rr01l1 the analysts" and also
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th~ 1l1~1111&te deab:n If?ad;' 'The" u.lthl8tede51~ load wa~' takeri,
.
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to, be tht' larjter ot 1;he lett
s1de
or
rlp:ht
s1de
.
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. 'loads 'and a
to solve the pro

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c;anb.-. c~lc~lftted to be 30 ,~err:ree.

t;h~n

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~h1a'loadinto 'the ,;,vilrl()us, .1o~da r,e~ulred

,'!'he. dlvls1.o.n, o,t

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loadlnJl: dla"iuwtsroi- these. loads are .l)r~sent.dlnFlrri1re 1I.f5 '

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IInd.plJ'Ure 11. 16,. Ilnd the,""8ph1cal 'analysis, per'rontled to

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obtall1 ,the loadsj,neach.
meriber
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In
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'q .17
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one, occuJ's . when the. above :loadl'nlt is !col!lblned' with, the prev16us
0

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loadln,fUslnp:superposltlon.
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or'
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10Ilds,ispr~!llented In. .Table 1I.2(a). '.
.
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thesfructuralmembers.,
.
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11.. j . Upper Side, Me,;~eris.L()8dlnlt: .Ana lYsis

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or t~ee!"~lnes
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21.00
. 26"6.0
2.080
399Q '.
6211 ..0
..

,
.

,-'

'.

30.0.0
- 728.0' .

1120,
188.0
.
.
0 63 .0
390 .

. 192.0' .
2"1111.0
. . 192Q .'
. 376.0
56.90

..' '1' .' . '

C

64.0.0
11.000

'.

. C.. ...
'1510
C' .
. 32.00'
.
. 763.0 .: '- C
'
'C
0
.
.
,
"0&0

- 13.0
' 280 ..
630
-2.110 .

'128.0'
511.00

., .

. Dynu1c . . Total

111110
2920.'
70.011 .
38"0

..

'.. Ript . .
-

..

-.

..

..
..

..

. T
. "1'otal .
. ' . C

. Dynudc'

. ~1d~

-'

. .

. Lett

,.t.eqth,.
' ...

'.'

.'

-.
T. . .'
.115.0 .
; 128.oT
l3.oc
,.
.T "
0'. 2nOT . ' 28.oc ". 236.0
.
T
05850"
6l0C
. "6I18OT . .
3920. . '. T. '.
II16.oT
2".oC
.
,
. . '"
,
'. 600 .
T
; .' Cl' -:
3.0 .5 .
112.o'P
1120C
C
3.011.0
1880T
-,,"92.oC
C3 ..
"2'.5
- .
, .
..
.. ' .
.
5811.oc
.
C
. ' .. 5
521.0
63.0'1'
'13.5
321.0 .
'. ~6"
. C,
390T
',33.5', '. 3ct60C'
I'

I ~~

. ",

"

...

C:ollb1ned Side )force .and Level ConcUtSon Load

"

."

TABLE./!.2(.'

0'

,,
I

215

,. .

4,3.1 'Basi,c Case 1

. Thls sltuat 10n combines the rUllWe1 g h'l at the center

,run

or "avlty wlth
- t

eMine thrust and a thlrt~ deg;ree dlve,' "

'~he
free
body .dla~ram
1llustratln~,thls81tuatlon 1s shown
.
.
'

1n ,Fl~re" 11.20.
,

, The value ot, fV'rel"/lfns 'as' determined In the prevlous

,

any

an81ys 15 as It cannot res 1st

t,ile' vertical
torce-s
Ilnd
.
.

.'

couples.

An aoaly'sls at'
t'

t'h" moments about the center ot, ':"

" .

,ltl'av1,t,lmp }les that a r;leltllttVe c'Rl-> le t_orce 1s, 'produced at A',.

'!'hl's is unrealistic.

The moat, that canhapDen ls that Av-O

wh1ch
the cable ls,&lllck.
,. lmpl1es-thllt
,
.

fo'ii0M1\~

\ '

.,

Assuili1hy., AV.O. the

8!lalysls ,can be, pertOl"Med. '\

"
tMC(J 'O"~
,

\.

-.

1280 x 72 ~ BV x'12 - eV,x 66 - 0

" .. C".1351 pounds

,
,

"

Sv', .'

11

"

'

,.~

"

2"9poun~
I

Th,e loadlnft
produced Is.lll4stzoated by
.. Situation thus
.
.'

P'l~re 11.21 . and the Ideal1zedsltuaUo'n us,eCl to',solve rprthe

'member load1~ffS ,1ashown bY.P1~re 11.22. "This situation 18
'

..

"

"

.,'

the

conservative as

..'

'; thlt-ldeallzed,
' .

.',

'.'.-

'.'

' , '

"

"

~
, 1

reafn<Jmber 'wlil,have smalle.r rore.es than,

.

tnelllb~r.
"lfhe~~~u1ts,ror tMse members to be .
..
'

~.

, ' -

.".,,1
. .

"

an.lty'sed In thts ,iieClt,lon a~e preaen"t;ed. ln' Table: II. 3.;

.... .
,

..

"

I.'
'

.
"

..

'.

'

,. ...
'

.,.,

.'~

..

'"

,.....

"

,
, "

"

'

'

,'.

",

J'

,.

,I

216

"
"

"

, ..

",
"

;,

,.i

"

.,

A,

E"

...

FRONT.

",

;'

. "'1"

..

,',

.'

'.

r
"

"

. 'f'

Up-per.Slde StructUl"e
J

..

, ,r

:.,",

"

..

'

,',

..' f, ,
~:

.~.~ :

','

'

,.

,/

,-

..

"f,'

.. , "

'.",

'.'
:

:'r

.' .' .r

, ,; ......

'. < ., ....

:;,;.

'.'

'

"

J'_

1,

'.:...~ "
,\

"

.',

"

.
"

,'

....

'.' '. \.

,,-'

.,

"

'

..

"

.V

"

'.

'

'

..,'.

.~,

.:

.~.

'

".'

"

:
.......

..

l ----4,'t+JL

I,

"

"

.,"

"

.., <;.,

'.

....., .

".'.

'

,8>,,'
"

.. :,

...

, '

','

."

."

','

"

"

'.'

,,'

"

\'

.,.,,

...

.211
. ,""!'

"

...

. . .; .*, '..* ..". ',~:j: '.,.

" .' ".'~ .,C,

:.'

"

.'

",.

!.'.'

"

,~

':

",
'. ~

,
"
.... . "1,'"

.. :

.. ,

.....
" -,f

;'" .

:;

"

1>: ..

~:

"

'.

..

. J . . "',;."

"

. -.""
f.

If,',

,'~;-.

';

':.,

~ ~.

..,~

'ri

.,

. ',' ~'" .

,~,

. .:

,,

., ,,

:;.,'

"

,- , '.'

\
. :';

',

..

;.

;.

,'

'j' . '

:!
~

",

...

.,.
,.

.,

".'

I':. _'.

'. I

I,

:- ~\'.

'"

';1~"':._~29.:
. .. '.: -:; " . ; ;'. '

. '.:

'.

'."

.".'::

"

t, .-

.,

"

'~

'.
'j'"

..

,.

'::.' 1o,;
. ...-

'I.'

''t'

':.'

'.

.~

. ".~ '.

:'.,'"

.',.

.,

-'

l' .

. :;'"
.'

.'
. ... :(

.,,~

'

' ....

,",
';',

,
"

",

.,

,.

'';

....

. ';'"

"

'.:

..- .

"

:~,

"

'.:

..

.'
:'.-

"

.... ,
',-.
. ',:'

'; ,

'"'t.

UDPer' SIde :StMact,j~~'

tOad in,,: , Situation.
';'
. .
.'

: ~ i.". .'

"11:,

.j!'

'

..

':"', . j ' . ' , .. ,. .-

;.

... '.... ,::

,'

'.'

'.

,'.'
"

'

"
...

"

,6
~~

.',

,.

'

....... ~ ...

'

..

,""

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,,' .,,'
""

"",,

;1.'..,

..

,' .

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; .:,

,',

':

.'

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.
'

2i8
.
..

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'1 ".,:'

".'!''' :
,0 "

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..

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.,

. .

.'

.,,' .

,, .

: ' 1
".
'

..

"

"

"

"

..

"

" '

"

," :r.

,".;,

~.'"

1' .
:

'. i

. '.
"

.'.
,,

,. .

..

':'",

'

c,.

".

"

, .",

,
"

'.

.... '
,

....

'.

"
;.

'.'

.'

......

,","

j
'.

:
",

p .........---~-"""';"'---I'---"""~-

:.: ..
"

."\..

.~.

"

., ....

,-

..
",'

r'

'"'.0,
;'.

"""'-.'
.~

'

....,'.
':

~--___---'.........:._"
.......~ .-'-'-1~80

;.

. . ~' .

;'

--"2:80

if
:1.82,'
\
\

..

..

1'-'

','

;.. .

."
"'j\ ,

':."

.....

. "
.. Plv.ure_~ 22:<t,tPpeI'Sld~.
"

..

~.

;' o....~~: ;.

. ... -....

.. ...

::.;;'::

.'. -"~

".

.:,::

. ~.'
"

...

";'-.

.,'.

.'. .
"

""',

.1

.,

.. "

"',.,:

...
.\

.,

.. ,

,'

:",

it ,"

.'
'. . ,

.' : .'

:.,

., - '

.
,',

.'

',.

.'

/.

.'

. ,',

"

"

:',.

",'",

'r"" .' ,:

"

),"

..
,

'~'

'

..

.219

, \ ~',

"
,,'

.'

T~BLE 11.3. .

Upper, ,Side. Structure Loading

,

r.'

:,

..

",

Load

(lba.)

..

1.710.

,-

.1'

'2910

PO

'

"

OD

. -,c'

1710

. ,

2910

.AJ.

1600
, ..
',-

-Cit

..

,~

oe, \'

,
,T,

,.

AO.

-,,,, ,

"

.T

-.
'T

2560.

.~-~.

..

'

,'!"
'

..

I
.'
~

.,
,.'

',.

I.

.,

"
"

,.

.. '

"

(
,,'

..

...:: . . .
/,

-..

..

:,"

".1,

:;

.,"

-:.:':

.'"

.'

....

.'

. \.

",

..
':

',.'

..

"i '

. >

"

'

?20

...

..

.',.'

\'

.'

'.

"'A" . . ' . 8 ' 1 ' . .

. . Cv

.'

"'1
'
f
f
800. r------.. . . .....,r--'-----OS

;.

j.

.'

AL.L LOADS
t( POllNDS .

'.

.' '0

..800~- - - - - -.......
: ~--.-~
..
"

.....

.,

'.

.'-'- .

'"

1600

1280

..

'.,

t"

'"

"

,"',
..

8OO ......ir-.~--.....--~--....,.
\

..

'.1 .'
'

.. "....
'

"

./

.. ,
'

"

.,-/'

,"

"/

:/

~.'.'

- ".

',.

.'

/'

."

'800 ___, ....... '.

.... '
741

,.

.....

.. ~.

___- - - - . - - -......____---.;.;;;',~.- - -___---.0-...... '.'

......-

up~1"- S1deStructur.Aetual.~olldlnp'
Baste
Case.' 2 ....
:.:
.
. "..
Pl;.ureII.2-:Up",er Side Structure'Ideall~ed Load1n~ Ballic. Case ..2
Plnlre'

",

,.nt

".

...

- .#

"

').
:"", '.

..

.:

..

'.',

:'."

'"

'

;.

'

"

. .J.

..

>,'

.:"

'.1

....
.'

.'..

......: " ,

"

'

'.,

...

','

:.,

'.

"

'.'

'.

....

-..

"

.
J

..,.
.'

"

'

.....
.

.
'

'

'

'-.":.'

.
,

,.'"

'

.;

.... ,-

'.'

'

..

"

"

"J

'

' ..

..

.
I
2i21.
/

"

./

Cl

"'.
"

.,

' ~,

'!

11.4.2

.'"

"

,-

. I".

'"

BUlc Case 12
t'

"',

,\

'

Wttlp;ht&t the. oCenter or, P:J,'av; ~Y Is

run

In this' cue' tht'

"

.'

,',

' " ,

"

,~'.

'

'

Ml'lblned,witb ath1.rtYAell;r~eUp'"ard!l
. ' . ' , In!!l1nat1on. 'The free

'..

~'

body' d1a~rain'b 11lust:tiated by P1.p;lIre, 1I.2i Co.ndltions

,..'

..

" ,

s,lml~ar

. '

'.

,,1.'\',

sltuat10np~eva~~.

to the. previous

" .

A~a1nan.,ldeal1zed

..

situatlon.h Isolved.. Tlfoa loadl.~p; of this Ideailzat'1on'1a

. shollnln Flp:ure4.2~.

AsSUllll!1I('CV

o.

tre 'force an~,ino)llent

analyds '.,c'an onceap;&J.n

be pertprmed .
.

Av'

IF' - 0
....
V . .. '.

800 x 72 + ~.'x 12 - AV x 48,. O

'./

"

/
.1280 . s>0unda

AvSV

The

-\

+ By . 1600

.'

320 pounds

re1ult~ ;~r th~sell\e~ento

be

~~~lYSed

1n this section.

,.

are also presented 1n t:able.4. 3.~several members' }Sho.wn in .

Pl(tUre 4.;'19 have no deis1~ struct ral t'unction'and are-~sed

~nlYfo~t~.,u,slnte~ltY.

In ord r to

IS lze

thes~

members the

decislon.was mac1etouse'asmuch coDunon..sized . material as

..',

'

'

oassible . BOund-ar.y
condltion,loadin,... lias used to estimate
.
~

th~

. 1r

'"

'-

I118terlal siz., vas satls.factory.

)

.,'

1I~4. Under floor Stru~t~re LO~d1n6 ~nabs1~

,',

Th~-unde~t.loojo ~tru~t.ur~
One
.

'

'

..

can be divided into tvo majOr segmentaJ'

se~nt coru.iata' ot:alo~7t\ldln&1'tr\lss sYistemt-.s .1l1ust~at~ .

. ,
...
,.
..
,'f'

"

,"

'

!'

,~

'"

o .

.,

",

'"

,222

I,

-t,
"

"

,,

"

f
"

..:

'.

"

'

",

of' .' ' . '.

"\

'.

\'.

l.~ WSTA~IO"

, '

"

Sa

"

'
,

'

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

..

!.'

.:

.. .
'

.,

"

rtrur.! ".25 J

'~'

":..

,',

. ...;,-

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I
.:

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L ,;

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...

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...
,

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.

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.;

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W 7.

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:' .:-

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'to

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... ' . . -

.t , '0

. ;:-1;.

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R'
/WF

.Ii .,2: . Lonp:1 ti.ldh,a1.;~TrI.lBa: Conr1~r.at10n

. . ' -','..
.
~. ~~ .. _. -: ~.~;:'-' ':-~-" . :..
~..:. ;~.
.>.:.'
....
-'

,.

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.
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=..

,
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~

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P1Rur~

.--

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6.

.~ .

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.,

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,

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t,

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2.

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,."

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......... ;0'

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....

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. .-'.;

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'0.

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. 0;>' .

,\..:?!,1<.. ',;..:-.'" -' - t.;

. ,.-'

~-:- ~

,
.'

,:.

::i~70.:.:,> -:::,~:.,:6 . . . ,.

. -.'

~~;-:"

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.'

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., ~..!

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. "Iii

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....,,,.. ..

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.,

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~

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. .224

1n, F1gure "~2~~The,aeco~ aegment 1~. ~~de.u~o\:the t~anliverse t;"'s~

.l0np;i~udlnal, ..t}:~~s

s1l1telll8. thllt; J.ol.n the

.the . tran~verse . tru~s

, ' '~

pos~ tions,

In, flve

donr1~urat1~-"';'is' :l'il'uilt~ated
I

' ~

"

'by Plgure 4,25,

"

..

AII,:pre'v:loUslY st'te.d. the 10n'lI:l tudlnal structure must be'

'

examl~edfor:th~ee
support conditions,'
The transverse s~ctlons
h ;... , ' ; ,
. '. .
..
~,

. ,

must be enmln~d Indl.vl(1ually a8thel?ad~ngc9rid1t10n ,Of

:

eac.h var1ell. :....

...~'''.'

.. '

't..'", . '

.. '

loeat~d
t~horl zonta'l.ceflter~f
gravl ty
. . o~e' foot fo",8.~or
.
.
.' .
,

"

posit1on of. the cabIn,'

This
oenter or ,",llvlt:r poslt10n
,
'
., .
corresponds to~tatlon~nUmber five as . shown ,In Plp;ure., 4',26,
'

' ,

'. , : ,

... ' " ,

'i

. .Inth1scontl~ratlon
... t'he, cab1n'w111'malntaln
a .. horizontal .
r"
.
., "
"
,. "
..
"
' "

,
"
, _
,

attltl,lde.

>Thl!welp'htprth~. ~at&'n.,aridi"ts ~~~10.d ,c~

1 ntothr.
,

./ .

be,spl1t

~~i".htc.tallorles Hated ,1 ~''l,'ab ~e 4 ,~ ,These we Ip;ht's

can" ~ow',be .d1strlbut'ed,

over the'
BeYen8t8t;~BsshoWn
In. .
'i"
,:' . . . . ,
"
' " , '

)H~r~ "~'26: ~.d1si~lbUt10~Or

t}le

~e1P;h4s 1s'~rbltrary

.....

'; '. .

tl'lewe1~ht of
.'
'..
.'

.'

.,',

' , ,

"',

.,:....,

,-,~,

.'

,'"

'.

j: f "

"

.. r

tar as the structural and. Dllvload' well1;hts 8.r~ concerned.. ' Only'
,I

,,:,.

.-~.

as'
. :.

the
tuel
lIIust be, sDec1fleally locatedln ,such
."
."
,

"

. r'

,~

"

'

.....

"lII8nr'ler:th.,.ttheeen1;~rorJr.i'avlt1t)C)slt10n prevlousl1 specHled

",

is

.ttai~e,,~ .. Tbt' ."lOc'at1~n 'or these '"el~ht;s In. ~elatlon'to .the

~~n8Verse seet10nah'lI"'ow~btF1~,~ ~;21.The lo~atlo~ Of .

. ..
", ... ,:.:'

.'

.'.

.:

the 'ru~l' 1I1obta1necf. b.Y means or a mOlnent balance.

'"

"

'

Table" 4.5'.:

/l:lvea't~e,~it~ai-;'~1~;tr.lb~u~n,br'.~helo~her:we1y.htIl~ U~1ng"

,'."

'

. . .1
',"

,'"

.'

"

..

, .~.'

'

-"J

. .-

--

.'R
."' ~. '.

,6'

'

. t .

"

;.

.'

"

"

, . ',7"

"".\-

IN POUNQS
.

....

...... ~.l ..

:~;

'. '-

~L-LWEIGHTS

..
. -,'

.'

o
",

'4

. ',.' ,t, ,
'.

.s
.

..

'.

"266

'

. :-'

. ,

,.

l '

I'

66., .. '

...

-T"

.l ..

", .
1

',', 2 4 _..' . "

, ",t"..

Ll

,
'

. 266,

':. 7 .: /

, :,t ."

f,

'.'

,.

640

..
..

;: ' .", '.....

ill
~"

'

"

'.

-.

..
.

..

,"

N'

',. J\n

P1gurell', 27: . Lonp:1tu.d1nal Truss Lo$,(Un~

-,

,;

:.

'

I.

960

.'-'/.

~.

.,
~

r, .

"
,";"

.. ...
''''

...

'--,.

. ,.",

. . " I':.

.~'.9,0,"

<,

..

'.

"

-'I

, I"

1"
,
"
.'
.
"
"
.:::;;r::::
. I

~,

.
"AA, ,
. -~ .

.,

"

"I

I.

.. '
,"',226

.. !.",;"

.,. .
, 'Tab le II . II

I.

..

"

n'

. Airshlp Load" Dlstrlbutio.n

.
,
200 pounds per slde'
. englnes ' "
outrlggers
50
,.

'pilots' (2)
passengers (2).'

',~

...

- , 2110

rIoorand '
'equlpment .01"1
. rIoor .. I

, ,300

III

160 "

..
,

tu~l

'.

~'.J

.'

i600:, .'

'

200
:. 200

above'rioor.
structure
, ,'below rtoCll'
'structure
..
. ':'

"

'.

'::'

,~

,.
"

--"

,.

:.

,.

...

.'

,
"

.,

-.
.

,.';

.
,

"

..

, .-.:'

.'

.>

d
.

.,

"

.. :
't>

..

...

,.

..

. ','

'.

,',

.,

'"

..

",

! .
-'j'

. ..

'-.'-

."

3 ..

"

'

t',

"

'"

..

,I

"

'

,I

..
'

"

'

"

'

"

'

,22,,7
, /

TABLE II .5

.'.
Distribution

"

LOa4
,

..

Above' floor,
litructure
,

, ,

'

"

..

..

'

/'

"

P.uel (used' ,
as, Bal. Vt.,)
,
,-

23 , ' 23

"

'23

65

113

"3

..

100

"

68

132
2'0-

30

'

"

.266

2111

,',266'

66

33"

1111

20

230

35"

3"11

f'
,"

...

"

"2l'l

266
,

90

"

266

66

"

"

'

....

..

. ",

....
"

-,
.'

, ..

.'

"

.'

.,.'
....

.'
'".

t'"

','

."

...

~',

"

113

'

..

','

Total
.

48

118

90'

, 23

..

100

"
,

'113
-

..

-,;'

- ..

,,

'(

"

200

"

..

Sub Total, ,

118

23

113

'

..

, .

"

oUtrlgcers '
,

118

Engines,

.. 23

,~'

-..

'Pasaengers

22

"

...

nbs ~ )

. .'2'0

"
,,

..

equ1pl'ient
"

' , .

"

Pilots (2)

'

on Underfloor StrUcture

118,

Below t'looi' '

litructure
"1001"

..

. r

.
We1gbts- on Station

Categ9 r ,'

"

....

'

,,'

..

, .

..

, I ' , '

l,

"

....

"
-c-!

OJ.

"

.'

".t;.

.
:

STATION 5

"

."

.,'

-,

..

"
-'
COMPRESSIBLE

,~-

~STRUTc
;0' 1

.
.'

"

.-.'

sl-

". .I

'RWF

<

'.

~-

-..

.....

.'

.;

.,STATION
4
.j
-.
'."

'-

'. '

',G

12-

..

-1', '

. YOKE
18-

F'

'-

'R'1l"ure 11.28:

Lant!1np:

(jelll'

,.

Arr-anp'cRlp.nt

/.'

\...

..

""",,-.-".-

I\J.

-,.....7.
.
,

r'

~~_

..... ...c-

'~' ...

,
.

,
,

'.'

,. .

:":''-

,"

. r?

...\.

229

',.

ecw

tMeo

90 x 99

8910
18 - 2137118
2111 x 118 ,- lo-n2
n88
66 it 18
41n8
..

. 26Q

ew

."

266 x 12
3192
3",11 'X 42 Ii ''i~028
114 x 67
1 6 18 -

X:

.-

. :.

moment

n~t

24858

1'6260

', the ruel welftht mUllt be'd18trlbuted between statIons

(
.
. ,
6 and 1~ so as. to pr'oducea .Cio'ckw-lse ~dment' of' 16269.
..

230 x 61 - 15410
..' -20 x 428110
16250
"

:. !I.t :statlon 6 'add

.

20' p<?unds

....

',

at station 7 acid 2)0 Dounda

\

-"
I

"

The total welf!;ht.

actl~r.

at each station after. the fuel,

'.

~.

we1p'ht allocat10n. 1II.al1So dVe,,!" Table ".5.

.~ar arranp'ement Is. 1l1Ufttrated by Phure

.The landlnp; ..

U~28'.It

should
I.

be -noted that not all ,tM 'weI~hts sho~~ act 1n the vertical
.'

'.

'

,.'

oq'

sense 10 real1ty
.
. and hence some of the stat,1ons- have a Jjorl- :
v

. have
thus b'een, .Ilmored;
'Ttle reaetlonforce"s, t~atthe land1ng
-../'
'
~ar

aJ)nl1eilllt statIons " and 5, can now be obtalned.

I

R;rerliu; to Pl~re4~28'a rot-ce and .moment'b-alance must

'.

be

obta1ned. : .'

~~

t1'

.'0 J .

'\is
. 4' :

. : '0

"

.'.",

"

. .'

..

,~

1~-f.lwp.X'l8 "'0 .. ')

It
.

. I
.

"

.
.

'.,

.\

-\ .

..I

'"

"

.,

. IrI
....

"

.... -'"

.."
,

'

,
,

,"

,6

7,

It'
.

. "'~
'Qo

'.,..

",

......

~",;"' 3'

4,

~,

"~7oL
, "

'%

I'-

L.' " L

' . "1

Ii

.. '

~6

"

"

:',

"

.'

-r

'
,

'

..

"

90

o,~
"

"

'

-'

.. -344

"

ALL FORCES IN POUNDS

,

,
,
"

-698

...

...

.'

F1gure 11,29:
)

Cd

.,

'

'

-'

Shear Force Dlagram'(Normal}

'

,.

",{

. ;.

"

, , ,"

'";0.";>.

.....

"

.'q.

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:-.:-

......
~~':

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... '.

~;:

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:'~::~ .

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I,

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.....
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.. .'0 _.

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.. " ;S

.'

. :l'
'-.'

., ,

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:-'.
.'

:",...

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.'

..

t-:'" ,
.',.,

2'

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- .r

:...... :

,:.

't -,

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......

,
,

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.:

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,- ~

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,.0-

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5\

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, ..'

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,

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T'I;-::

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: i

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....
" ~:.." ... :.~

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c. "

"

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. -,;,?:.

r',:.}t

. .:

". .. -:j-.' ."." . 29540

........
,

,7 ..... " " 6

','

""

'.

~. ';

.;

"

."

:\::

i.. ...

.,'

... ',1-.
',) .1 ........_

'

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.. ;,;.

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->

;'~:

....
......

'

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:.~_'_.I

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.-:.

~-

.'

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.,

"\.'
~.

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o ... __ : .

... .

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. '.-

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, <

",

..,..

-.
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ALL: MOMENTS IN

:~

'._'

i"

'

;'::.--

.....

,.0

."':-;

::-

F1gure

.'"

'

}I.lo: .
Bertd1ng
.,
,

'-

".' .~
. ':

....

;'

....
,

, .'

,'.'. "
"

.....

. ....

Moment,
.
~

~.

D1agr!lJi\
' .

(Normal)
. '

.,..

'

."

.~...~.
I,$-

:../.'

..
'-

,;

~:'.

""

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; ..

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.:

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.:-.'

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.... .!....

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. .

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, '

, "

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...

,'

,",

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,"

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"',

.'

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. ". .I', .'

..

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~
".',

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't'

...

J.

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.,i'

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,':

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r,

,-'

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,

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. -"",
,',

',.' : . , ' : '

'010

.'

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...:,

. Co""b~ n1.I'),rthese' YRluelJ

,.'

. stllt-l0.ri"a;

:,

,':"

:'

,',:,

"

'"

.:

each

"'J~h~t'M l~lld,lfl,rnpC).sedcin

.... .
'-----:
ishillr'r~rQe' 418irram~'~1S,1 ii1,l!ltr~t~d bY:Pl~ure '-4.-'~.....
29-..:

'"

"

"

' -'

.'

'

, .

'

'

,./' . nllY beB~t:8.1ned.~.'J:h~b'~nd inlt~o~nt " 1.n . 1~Ch ,pounds .,at . any

.'> ... ',

.,'. ", " . '
.. " , "
point aJonp;,tlie' structure.mav, be ,deser1.bed
. bv:
-" .

.'

g'

;','

"

'.

.'

. ' .

31t'lx.~

,':,: M

"

. , ' ,

'.,

. '

3S Il (x-25.>

"

".

/>'

'

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','

.,

"

266(x~55}

..

. '. , :',-'960(~~5~(.'66(lC";~5{
'.

;"dQ(~;"85)

,"

',.-

'

' .. ~211J(X-llS}+2'6~(x-H5)
+. 90(JC~166'),
.
.
.
.." .
,- ,

, ,

. :...', '.

~.

'

'.'

~.:

.' __ ", ..'

_,

:'

-,

"

,.,'.

'.'.

,'.

",:.

,~.

'.
I,

. .'

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'.: .

' , ' -'

where,
x "".'.
fa: the'd1lJtancp.,'o!',
rrQriI
thC'lonp:1tud1'nal
....
... '..
. '.the'
. ' . load'
. .'.
.
..
.
. ,
"
.
.
,....' .
.
.
. .
cente.r';or ,",~VitY'Po~1t1~n and' 1.r(X'::'lt)~~ then' Cx-y) 0.>
.'

'"

~.,

-.\

.."..-': ..... _

.' - '. ", .' ': .... , .

\':.~

'.';

.'

-',

"

. .__ ' :- " ,: I...

.7 ..

.'

','

. ,rhe~e~u,lt1.nP!tSend1nR'!. r.tol'!~ntdlap:rlll!1 .1sdescrlb-ed b? Fh:ure 4.30.

U~ 1~Ir., the belidi~~l'Ioriientt d1a.r:raM.. Artdthe' sMarror~e d1,a~rani.

th;lo~dS~~:~he,' ~~b~rl!::Ma~b~,de~~rn1ned'. ,The~~lo~d.~3ne .

~ v!!n1n.'l'ablell~6.rlC)1:e that i\,saretvractor.of two IMs been

",,"

'.

'.';~:"

""':'1':

.,':.,

.,,:' ":- . ,~'""

Jnco",or8tedwh~nr.iov1nlt
. . '.'
.'.
",.'
. .

_,.,'....... " . . . .

'

"

,:~,

,'..

....

,.

. ..

~.

re~u1'~e~~tlir3
J 0:'"
.
"

."

, .: ..

0'

....

. '

. l~a~~ . Thill> exct!l:dstM.s~rety f'llct.()r .or

..
1n.thea1io~thl~e~a
..
..

. .....

fro!'! thestllt1.c.load.1:Q
the ,des1p;n
"
.
. ':' , . '
.

'.

:' r

>~.

.~

i ,5', ~tiqt .1~sbecl.ped,

..

.....

. .''

. ".

.'

'. ~~~:~?LOIUli.1t~dlM~'!'fu~~ St~et~re St!'tl~ Ciistored.Condltlon ' , . :

":.~' ...."."

.'

. . . . .: ........ :....'.'.< : ... :;.:'.~ . . . . . . ,... ~

......

..'

,'J'

.... " , . Por purp08,es':or, ,found ~ovt!ine~t"henncit~ttl\~hed to the ' .. '

'. . f;~ve lo~~ :' thIL~~b~n:'b::ntt~d.~ ~tllremo~ab le,~~s t o,rosa t; s'tat' 1d~s"' ,. .

2~ ~nd6.,~~~~~.n1~~.-:ih;'lOlld1h~s:~s~r.~~e~ irlthe~uev1o~~,',

. . .,

'.' .~.,>".:\~. ,::

.~~

'~:''''''

.",.-- ~ '..>. :'"

'. '.:

~;.

,:, ", . " .'.

. .;' . '.'

. ,..

,.' ,.'

.",

. llMlySll1.':then:the Miictloils'atehe:cfa5tiors:clln~becalcu.lated .
. .-!. ~......... ; : ,. ~ .. ", .. '<~.~~ '"

;.> ,',,'., ,', ': ." ... ,. "'(; . . . '. :.' ..',

-,.'

Ii rorce llM moment: balance ~to, be, . , "

:.'~.
'.' ..' .. '"
:.. >,:' "',.
! ....
....,

"

.\.:,,~:.,,<

,bY"ll!C8nll of

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...... '

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23 '3
,.'1';'B~ ,Ii. 6'
. ..'
.'
.
.
" Long1 tudinal)Jnderrloor Structure Sta~lc Loading

,"'\

.'

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,"

.'

' .

.,'

I '

, ' . '

,'. ,

.... '.'

..

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iI

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;
,

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Statl'c

, ....

Load

, JIbs.)
,~

..

'.

'.

Al

~5

~2.

30
30
.. '30
30

"

AS" "

A6,

.A9,
'~10

21

B10 " .

1640'
1640
' ,lOS
105
': .. ,139"

3/f

B8, .

B7
p/f,

,3 0

.'

(;

698

,"

.'

"

.. !

,,"

18'

17"5

: 960, ;

I'

.0

66
I.

. .,1"25

$90

89"5

266

Itt

910,

,jS/I

"$,.
3 1 1 ' '1& '"
. ,~5
.. ,' :115 .','
>5~
,
'
18!.
<,67, ',,: .. liS.' '
78'
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. "2)',

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590

3 ..: ,"
3;

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1'2

';698

30
30,

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. 1178,

.,

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"/

..

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.';

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r'
,

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6

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.',

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,

":204 .

./
.

~344
,

"

"

"

Plgure,' II i 31.: '

.'.

'..

ALL FORCES IN POUNDS

ShCar~orce

tV

"

....,,;;

Dlap;ram, (Castored) ,

."

.-

.'
.

,....
.

'.-.~.

.. ~".".

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,
,

..,

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,

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1

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.,

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. :'S~'

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",

. '.8600

a - '

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o .'.(.

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....

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.

. . . .

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.:;

3 :

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18.eo
,:?K:

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.', ~

y'

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..

N'
'W

.",.

'

,ALL MOMENTS IN INCH PeOUNDS'

'.

PlltUre
4:32:
.
- ,

,'-

.
~

'~""

':::l'
Q

'",

, .

Bend1np: .
Moment.
(CastoredL
. D1agram
'
.-

.'

,.

. ,,'

.....

.','

"
'.'

1 .,' I

",

.',
,

.,:.

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...

"
'

kR2;';' ,,560' P~~dl\

,
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'

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.
,

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,
,

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."

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'R . 1040 ll.ourids ,

6

and

.,j

' .

':'he'lIh,,/lr fOrc!! d1l1~rAI'I

,ror t.h~,l,olldinlt condit1on 18 shown

'-'
, . ..0' .".
p~ee .a~al~ 'the ~endln~ . ~o~~nt at~ny point
,

'I

'

:fl.lonr' 't1Je lenp;th 1:1 v.lven h o t ' "

'!~ 3/j4X~35~h-25\

"

".

l .,' +

l040(x-'25) +2GC(x..,5/j)

r ()

66(.x:-'85\

'.

. '

.,

"

"

all"1n
the some
condit1ons'apply
..
.
.

wtlere

'

211l(X"US),+'266(li-11l5J - 560(x-lI/S)
.
'.
'

-t,

' , '

"

. ,.,

'.

~.

'

.:

th~'J)revlou8'm6inent

. cxprcllsloii\"; "There~u"lt ,~of' thh ex~ress~on 1~ p:1ven

.I:

'.

',hy

"

F'!.MJr~ 1(.32;,'

'.I

...

~'.

. '~.

'

Tne loadlnlt

'9:r th.emertber~ .8S~~lc.ulated' from

, , " I, ""

"

thp..

, " 1l.1
, ''

15}1C!l1" rnrcf" and 1II?~nt v,lJltsel!'.~!s ~?1ven'ln :tble.

,

. .......
" '. 3..

Lonv.Stud!naL
."

~e ease
'"

"

,I

",' ,

."

TrU8.1S Structur~, Dynamic

I'

-'

,"l

5(!r.es~n~rlltecllnbe
"

'.

'.

'. '.

','

."

.. . q

I.'

"

'

.J:'v. VOUld~ 'b~ "~URI

necelianr'/ to
'I'...

"

:', ' .

to' 64'00' pounds

IlCh1eVe th1,s loadlM ean be

:,"::,

'.,

of' the static

wheel rorce.Ir Il l'Iultiple or, t"o 1s <:hosen.

fQree

'~

"

\'"

the~

the wheel

The s' nk rate

e~lcul~ted

.. ' '

the tol.l~"1"p::e~reltsl(jns; '.

,.

"

f'

.'a IS'.'

6'
~,a
lIIAX
.
" ,w,' .' '
."
.

" P , k, ,: 6:j,ax
W

'.

"~

'

,'.,

".

. ~.

,.

, ./

j.'

..

(1I.6Y
.' #

,"

(1\..7)

'.,

. ..
'

.
,

'

(/1.5) "
I

' .. J,

,~

",

.....
,

"

(11'.4>" ','
,

2
': , ,E,.
A.. , 1!2k.a
".
, , , ,"
' . " , ' lI\lIX '.
,

usln,

",

"K~E.;';'ld(v/ll:)v2 ,

and

.,

considered bY; 8num1M that the wheel

'~tthi8 'ISSnkrRte'wo~ld, he"soM", mUltiple

roi-ee

'

Condt:tlpn

'

'

-c

'

,
,
th~ rltnlir.'1ciondt nr.' due to rRnMnv.'at

\of

. "

I,',

'

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'.~ .'

'

.~

.~ ~.. , '.' ..

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,

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. . , ;..<.'
"-'"

.. '.:'"

.'.

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.\..... ::, ". '\'.

. -"'.
'

I;:"::<"~,:,., ....,,.(,,,,~

"

~,'

..

..

.,",.

.J"
"

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. . . . .

.....j :'.

,:~ ....

'I

','

'

.-'

'. I

. . ':' .

.'

"{..".:,:,,"
. l;T~BLi 11::7'.

,.;

",.1', .. ,",,'

','

'4

f,"

_,\

'.'

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. .'

;.:~

:,-:,.)1 . .

I '.. "

4',

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-'1'\."'7"
c.J. .

,.

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.'

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I '.

'.

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"

.Lfn(c1~i141~a~t1nd',rr~()oi'J.t~cture.Stat1~ .Loa41n~ ".

.,....... ';.' ::;. '. (on,..~~~orll )
."
,.
"
,!
'. ,
.. .: -,".',,' ... ..' ': .. ' . . ' "
. ..
.~
.
.

",
" ~

.:....

"

',~

.
"

"

;.

,"

'.

T
.C

~e'ber
.
~:

'

".'

'

...

. *'i8
1118

..

. \ ,r

219 .

!05 .

105"

BIO

,235

B8 ", '.

.'

'.'

v ...

Cl
\',

'01

3"
,115 '
56
67

78

'. 2U

278
1396

." .

,-

.' ".C

. .708

'C
" .'T

532

.',

'.

~C,

'.. i7eO

C .. " "

.
;.

,.,

...

.. / .
,",

....

. '1'
C

532

'C' , .

.,

':, ~
",

. ,f.: .

.',

~
I

I'.~

.. '

.
.

''''~'iQ~.:
I,'

...
:

'\;,.

. .!

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"",

c:

\.

.,

. '.";"

'

.#'

'

...

>0

-"

T.

.: ~ ,.{.~ "

C "; .

31190 ,.
.

"

"

..

","

'c ,',

1920' .

.: " '50'
,'". .".

.',

."

c,..

3280

"
"

,.

1180, , .

. '"

'1'

.w:' 328'0< , .

,;C

":"T,

.. 1396

",1020'

. -. T,

.328p .
210
210 ..

'.

. -380'
';132 .

',,0

"-

510

B9
910' .

;:',7'08.

','

';3280

.'

'1'

;.

.25: .

T
T,

-95 6

T
'1'

. ,;''1710

.. ,66 .

..
' . "6
. .,95

'C

.1811
, .' 118i>

, .,.0
190'"

'.

.'

. 85'5."

23

2.10

". . i811
. .

92. i' .
-

1.2 '.

-:7'

"

, "92:,'
. '590
. .';'":
'35' '.,

,Cl

T.

~II70

,.

235,'

. B1 .

.210

278
'1170' '

139

'

,"'.

'T

'$ect,~on >/A

D.ell1~ L~ad

--- .. '1''1' ...,'....

956 .
9.56 . i ..
C
. 1138 , ..,
',1138
C'

..

219 ....

'. A,9 .
"
Ala' .

."

.'

i'

. <A5
A6

~,

Al
....2

," . I, '

..

,....

"

"','

"

"
",

"

,"

"

.'

"
, 0 ,

$ .

'",

.'

,
.;

'

...

.'

.'

......

.:

",

,.J.,'

'.

, . '.~ . I:'

."

-: ..

,','

:.

"

'

:'", :.'

," ..

"

Q ,.~.

"

"

'.

where
.. "

..at. ~,the, derl~~~lon po.aalble 1~' t~~ laridlnggear Wheel

!,t
"

. In Inchea ."

"

" t -: ,

: '..

.:'

,.~.,_"

,""

~,,'

"

,':,
. '

,:I

'

, ,6 a -.!l:he derl~c~1on poaslb 1e '11'l tl'l~'s trut'" ~n lncne.s

k.~ .. :~-t~e'k1neUcenergy of :t~~aystem

,"

i:,'"

"

_'

.,., .. '

;,.' ,

".

'.,

,.

.... :.

..

/ E .A,.,~the,~nergy'hat the syatem, can : absorb

:S~baUtUt'1~': ~~ia :(~.Ii)r~r, k :1'n ,(1i.7) arid eQ~t1ng

'r;

(.11. !i)
"

'and (1I.1Jglve.a'
;'x;g
x",, max
',
,'PV,
-, ',",

"
'

y - ,

where
'j

'c:""

'

,'W .. .:.

'

..

, '

."

g '. the gravitationa!' const~nt '

~t\ .', ': ' ',:"
....
.'.,

,,' ~' the, 'W~lAAt of

.'

,,/.'

"

thl' cabin

"

'

'.'

'

" ,", "'3"2'"

..'
~

. ,"

~v

:-

" ,',' .

','

-,

'

'.'

'.- ,linch,
,

",

:.,

. "

"

"

,',

.'

.'

'

'-91,ncheti'
,,-s
,

CIt,

'V -,' 6110QPOUfl~S

,Th!s glvea a

. ,_ '. ",

.',

slue of the s1nk rateu~on SUbstltutlon

1...

" .,'

In, (11:.8) rora /, lUpieof two,or 7.3 tt/sec., The'government

'r '~lre':nta[lJ.pe~i~Y~'
dea1gn, sink rate of
..
... " "not 'lesis ',than, 3'
~ . "Clearly 'a IllUlt1ple, ot two, times

. 'airworthlness
~

"

"

'.' , ' .

the atatic . .In wheel, 'conC11t10n

"

Is

'"

4' '

--

'"

satia tacto~y tor' "th1s

, de~lgn,pll~'~!le."Tableli~8g1~ea; tM dyn8Jlllcloadlng and ,the

.:>";'., '.:'-,,:<"" .:'''~ ..:,--' ..... '.' ,.:. . ,_\.'. ' _'"
'
". .
,d1fla1!l1c,de.1~ 10ad_:ote.~~ 'lDIt~er.' 'l'be ,d1118:m1c design load,'

I ....

,R.

: .... " .,.'

lncorpoJ'atellthe
,preYlo.ll'~l'at'at'd
aatety,
factor
ot tlio~ ,,'
,
' , , ' , ' " ' ,'"
'"
,
'"
' .... ,I
'
..
of

~'

..

.'

.": .-

..'

'

'

'\'
"

"

'.

"

.,:

"

.;

'.,
"~":.
"

I'

I. , '

"

...
','

{. 0"
.

,."

'

"'.

"

'r

,,' ,

. ,'.'

,',

\
',I',

'

o"J"

, .,',:

J:
.t

'

'

'.
~
..

9511,

:
'

..

, .

',AlO

BI0
B8 -

..

..

B7

~l~

12

2)"
311 .'.

'T

. ,

C
C

c'

'.'

.'.

c
..

'~"

I' I

T
C

532 '

"

C
C

.,

..

"

.'

T
C

...

~.

'

, C

.;.

.T

'

c
T

'T

.
..

,T

C
,C

"

or

'

"

"

"

,C

1912
1912
6560
6560
420
420

T.

Load'
,Des1gn

........

708
1710'
.0
380
132
, 5,0
',:.f '.0
102.0
532

,
,T
,T
T
T
T

f>

556
'2792
2792

6560

6560
2360

..

1416,
6980
3840
'0
26115700

./. .
,

. l8i( ~ "
1180 :

Dynam1c
"

1811

C
,

1780~. -

910

"

"

1280:,
n80. .

'

708'
31190 '
1920 ..
0
"132
:185,0
'0

,89

'\

\,

27~

'

'

, ,

115 '
56 ,.
67
18

1170
1170.

II'

. '32 8O. ,.,'c

011

C3
Cl

218'"
1396
-l396 :

956,
956
438 .
438
210
210
.

T
,T
!1'
T

"

956,
'3280
3280
. 210 ..;..
210,.

Lo':d1n~'

LOad
B ,

...

Des1gn

.,n..'.

.1\
.

',DesiRn':
~e"',ber' .
to d <,
"
" ' a,.
A

r~r.
\

A2
AS
1.6
A9

'

"

Ai

, 239

. ...

"

.'

r"

.". TABLE

Lo:01t.dt , .....~rl.~r

..

I. .
. '. \

'.' '

",',

" .J .'

"

"

,
0 '-','

'

,
"

, .

T
C

.,

3560
10-64

. '-

O.

C
C,
'

C
,T

'.

- ,.,

.'

'J

.
.'

.
,

.:.

'

..

.'

'

:~.

,:

~.

..

'

. ">'

. I ,:
,.

','

",

..
,I.:,'

' . ,.

"

"

~.

.;

"',

'

..

,.,

,,'1

....

I"

. .. .

~,:"

; f

"

.'

';

,.

'-

'~'.'

"

A comparison' of the value.s for the des1gn loads ,or the

.

~lven,by

lIIeJlbers
as
.

"

'

Table .11.6. Table

11.7 and Table'
11 . 8
,'.' . . . ,
.' ,

'.'

~specti~elyshovsthat tht: desl~ loads to be used ror the

.,s1de

'.
"
trusa .lIN!lIIbers are those or.Table 11.8
, . '

."

'I.~,

'.

",

..,

"
.;

".11.11 "nderrloor St1"\Jcture Trilnsverse S.eet;ions

~

....

. The uRde~r.1oorstructurecons1stli or two longitudl.nal

-

'.

~.

truss systemsjolned

.',./.-

. , ' -'j..

by transverse sectlons'at statlons 2,

' . . :

. ' . . '

- .

3, II. 5 . and '6::-, TtJese t1ve sections can be separated Into

>

three d1lltl.nctgroup~ having .d1trerent.des1gn 10al11ng

.

.conditions.
,

.' (1)

, 1

Sectlons ~t stati~ns'5 an~ 6

"

5 contalns t~~ r,earlandlnt'i I':ear attachment ,and

Station

....

h,npe..must "lthstan4'the dyn8Jlll.c 'landl~g' s1t~atlo.n.'Statlon 6

must alsowithsta~d heavy loads carrIed over rrom station

'.

5...

Thererore, the. see loadlnp: w111 be assume.d In bdth sectIons.

", ..

l' ,

'.

'.

'.

Ir ,P.., -. ~,.OO~ then the loadIng or these statIon.s Is

-

I.

. '. '~S 0.6 P.., '. 38110 p6unds

. d1.trlb~~ed"as .1l;luBtrated In Plgure 11.33'. '. 'The graph1cal.

analysis used to solvJ!' roz:. the 1IIetftber loaiSs, gi vim In Table

'11.9.

Is I11u!Jtrated~tiy::p~gure4.311~ "
'\.

.'.

(11). Sections at stations

" and 3.
"
.

.t.

.- .

Station" contai.ns theror.ard, iandIng, gear. att~chm~nt and thus

'.

th.eload'ln~ ot thls, ,aecUo'n. andais~ se~tlon 3, tor th~ reasons

,

.'

," I"

':",'

.,,".

".'

.'

"

,"

-,

, Co.nd,IUorl~:'.

..

".t

,"

,xpresaed pl"e~loUs11', Is ~lctated by ~he d~n8Jlllclandln~

,.,

.
:.

',.

"

.1
,

,
.' ...

',;".

. .

".,

..;-~,
"

"
"

"

. .,
p

.,')

".,

,.

"

'

2111

"

"

I,

r,

'.
...

1920

, 1920

...

.~------~~------~~~----------~--------y

. ,,' I
"

...

,..

ALL. FORC~SINPOUNDS

Transverse' Section Loading.'

I

..

,0

l'"

...1.

,
"

"

"

.,

__________ ______________ ____ __________________

CK
. 1\.,
~

____..30 .

>.

~'

. ' 1',,\
;.

~~

".

.'

.'

"

*"

.. j / '

"

~~

... r

'

. i.,"

SCALE 1- ~~

"
.<

k:, P1r:urc 'I, ]11:

nrnrhl~al

Analysis
~

..
o

or

'-.."

'"z:

CJ

~~an5verse

'--.--

Sect10n

.,
o

I\J

,,~

'

,'

!
"

..
"

211 3 '

"

Lenl,l:th
"

Load'

2850
2850 '
2850
'2850
/1810 .
/a810
, :6690

"

T
'lI
T
~

"

c
e,
c
,

5,1100
51100,

" 1'8

,
,

11125
13.5
1/125
18
' , .18
1/125 '
11125
1.3.5 ,
2/105
~2.5 "
22'; :,' ,"~2/a05
,36 ' . i} , ,33 11 5'
18
2700' ,
25
'2~
2700

,
T,

Dealgn ,Lo~d

I,

'Al

"

Melllber

A2
Ala
A5
B5
Cl
03
12
23
3/a
115

,
,

..)

Transverse ' SectlQn Loads

,11

"-

TABLE
9"

, II'
.'1.

T
'T

1:3.5
'18

AI

A2
All
A5
B5
C3
01,
,12
23
'3/a,
1,115,

18
13.5
22 .. 5
36.0
' " 22.5

D1

12
23
3/1
/a5

'

,
,

13.5,
,
18.0' ,
'18.0 '
, 13.5
';'22.5
36.0
22.5 '
1'8..
25', .
25 .
18

'

'

'

.'

'(;

19 11 0
19110
19 11 0
19110
'3260
, 19/a0
'3260

III

,
"

"
,

'

"

"
"

T-

..

'

,"o

c,

\.

970
970
70
,1,30 "
970
1630
0:

'

850
l/a30
850
11130

"

T
T

'850

970

850
850'

..

'25
,25
18

A2 , .
All
A5
85
CI ..
,

'

18,

Al

'

/125
/a25
' /a25 '
1125'
715
1125
715
0'

"

",
"

'

"

'

..

T ..

-T

T'

, ,

'

'. CT'.
,Il

'

" .

,,'

2.1111 .
,

,'.

. '

"

ftwp- 0:"

pOw. -2560 POUr'ld1l

All t,M. cont1gurtt1on.'18 the,.lIame 1'n aU the trans.verlle

IIlIctlons., the'meml1er.: loadll are
'attainedln (1)

>

JU~t

a mUltl Ple.."t thotel.

Theise'melllber l.oadll arealllo /l:lven.lnTable

I

J .

II 9. .

Sectfon
. . .at IItatlon 2

,(111)
"

'The maXli11umloadinp;

situ~t.ion at,lIt'atlon

2. 111' dlctated by' the' _'

, ~ond:l ticin ot the cabin rellttng on castora.

'~:.

Thill loading hall

~,.

.....

~/

.,~

preV10ulllybeeri determined'all
.
~

"

'~

. R2 -

I; :

560 p~u~ds ,',

th~'me~e'r l~~dll are' ~a1n~,.mU~t1Ple. o.f

all10 given In Table, ".9..
JJen!='e

',~

~.

.'

(1

.<

an~

are

I.,

11;5

'.

SUlllllla!I
.\

The ,ioad'lnllt whlch each member ot the structuJ:'e Is subjected to"

ha,,' been deter1ll1ned and .tabulated in Tablell 11.2, 11.3, II.B, and
':

l'

-.

. . '

11,'9: . Theee
lOads .
are '
'ror
the most part
l1ete>rmlned In an
.
.
.
"

. 'extremely conservae! ve.

..
manner

'.

"

'..

and ulle 'a lIatety (actor

higher than.' IIpec1t1ed. I. Rence. any inaccuracies due to

-,

aaaulIIPtloms

~e

lr:J -tbe

lU)a~yll1l1

"l~adlng aa.tll:bulated.~~s

should not pro"e lI,rlous.

.The

used to.detet'llllne ~Fr,uctu~al.member

slzes. tor .theconlltruction ot the cabIn., Th1'a 'conlltructlon

, .'.
. . . . -.
.
.
).~..
",:'has been
cO!liPleted
and the :jtructure as ..bu.1lt 1$ Illustrated
.
.
..... .
.
.

.'

,~.

b,'PIgures' ".35 'tbroup;h 4. 36. . The, caJ,c~'late!1~ IItructural ",elgh~., .

..

tr.,

"'.

",

Il.'

,'..

tor the ....lJIber as "per 'the' loadlng~.requS.re.ments " was'

,

,"t

'

.,',

'J'

.',',

2,BO,

' . -

",

pound~ and the ~ct~-i tlJ}al'velght ~ con~ tru~ted ..wall 316 ,"
.1

, :. - . I:'f'

'

.G..

\,

.'11

",oJ

...... :

_,i:.';

.::

"

I,,'

".

"

"

".. ",2,45;"

:..,~-

,.:,

..

',

'

..

"/'

"

','

,~

'

....

,"

.:, .

.'

"',

"

. ,'.,"
."

"

.,:":"
.,"

;:

...

'.

I,'

"

":.

,',

.. -

':

"

"

.......

..'.
'.' ~~':':

'.'

",,~

~':~....'.::.-'~~':~,:,

"

'-.':
'.

,\,

.~"

"

".:

'

,,'

.'

"

.,,

......,'
'1' ,

. :-+7.:, ':', '

"

'"

,"

., ....

.,

'"." :
,

,.

.',
i

C'
,

0'"

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"

_',

.11

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.,.':

":.:
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,

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...... .
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....
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APP~tIDIX

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. . A 328
.
CALL GAMMA CB.I'SA.IERI
.
A 33
J29
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A 332
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A
7
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CAL,L 'GAM"'A (Go..'GA ,IER I
A 339
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A
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A ..
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" .
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A 343
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A 46
CALL GAMMA (OQ'AA,IERI

A 3 .. 7.
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DIRECTION'

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.977

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.375
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A 379

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C.LCVL~T;IO;"

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CALC,ULA lION OF THE BO'UY ANCY' FORCE:

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C,

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A,H.

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CALCULATlON OF THE'.FIRST POINT OF t'HE TH".JECTORY

-.

A _116

A "87

A 49l'

t,

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A 48S

IN ,THE F DIRECTION DUE Td THE SUDDEN APPLlCATI'ON OF

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t

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A to'S

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A 4,67
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DEFINING
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A 563

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628
629
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632
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>A;.:.Von Ka~~'T~. "Cal.culaUonor Pressure Dl strIbu. t1~ o~ A1'1jahlp Hulls". IIACA Telfhnlca!
<.
Mellloran d !J1!' NO.;.5711, 1927"
..

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'2; .'<~Ukort.
w. i" l.pres~ureln
........ Tr.a.nsact!oI1
1 93L
,

..

,.

AIrshIps" ,'A,S.H,E.

8
'..
..

",

3~ '. "In1at-n of' ~.anS~~."CIvll Ae;'on~utlcs.

.'
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...

'.' '.... .PJ"Ov1s~o.l1a-l A'1Z:W0~h1ness .Reo\llrementJ!.

' . A1ra~lJ'sf'. '. .
'.'
' , '

'II, . ~l'eIne~:;. ;.:..... J .

. .....

"~e: Respo~'

HCMa:s~er

e 'to the
Un.1versl ty AIrshIp Pro 'sal". PrIvate Report.
. Mc"aater
Unl~ttra1t1. 197
.
"
.
..
..,
\..
\.

;:5.' Oot:'don~'S.~.~ "ThePosstble Role.of LIp;hter-than:-

....
A1~ .ye~Ic-1es In Canlld1an Trallsport?tion. Rep0rt.
": . , .prepared "rqr ~he TransDortation .Development
.
. . ' Allteney,
March
1973.
.. -:
,,' .

.'
.
;

6..Son!!t~R~ard~

M. H. , "Tr~.nsport1nlZ' .Gas by AIrsh!p.

'. .Mec.haruca:l
Enp:lneer1nR. June 197 l. pp. 19"::25.

,"
n

7'

,Q

'

HoWe~ D~,. "~e . ;FeaS}J)111tyofthe L8:rge .Freight

...AI.hhIp .... Cranf1eldlnstltute .of Technology

. . Re'port 'Aero. .No. 5 ~Marcti 1971 .
'

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8.

D.: ."It !lew .Look at AIrsh1ps". Plight

Stititon.,

.I~ternilt1onal

. 9." Iurich
~
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L. ~

,,'

'"The

,.November 19. '1970.

-

.'

Hue lear Powered AlrshlD". SAE

.

p~pe~ Up.. . 169 A/60 I April. 19~0.

~o.

.' .' :;'"

.,'
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,40"~. P,;~t . a1. .... DirigIbles:

. Aet:"9 s pace ..
. .QPportun1tle ror the 7.os and 'BOs, As tro. ' nautt-cs. and er'onautlcs.,November 1972, .

..

.~.

",,', -,
'32-110.
.
He"QJcs

... ".

...

'

'0

'1"2,' , Blak,l'lIOre ~ T, L. I and pAgan. W W.. "Pressure

'.
. AirshIps." Rohal~.Press. New York. 1927
.:. .
.,

...

J{.;. "Pre'sure .Alrshlps: a' review"

Aerbrtautie ... ' Journal., November '1972. pp. 647-

656,'
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333

8u~itesa .... c. P. ,'." A1rs~lp .Desh;n'!...-JI.onald P~ess,

. New ,York, 1.927. . '
-

13.

1"_., .Movtor.th.E~,
"'A'DesljmStudy ~or a Prel~ht
.. Carrying. Airship, Aeronautlcal 'Journal;
. March 197h pp.

166~1711.

. ..
.
.
....~ lS.' .' Uval,8 .,."Llp:hter-th~n-Alr In Can!lda,"
....... .Canadian Aer.onaut.1iCs ~nd Space Journal,
.
January I9'71,pp. ).5-23.
'.
.

,16.
.

.' -I.i

,
~

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Rynl~~;,~.J.,

a~an

~he

"Cargo A,"ShlPS"';'
'ror
. ~~;re"" Enp:lneerlng, June 1971,' pp. ,290I .

'.

. ~r:~'
OoodY&ar 'Aerospa~e, . Memorandum
,', '.' .' Septelllber 1970. '
...

ARD '13 ,551,

" 1.8.> G?Odyear- Aerc>spac8, MelllorandulII ARD 13.078,

.'.

Pebruary 1970.

1~~ .; Goodyear AerollPace. ~e'l'Ioranduri1 ARD 13 ;516,

.... : . '. Ail~st
1970. .
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20.. 'Ooodyear,~ Aerospace. ~er.'.orandum ,A RD 11,135.,

I

. March 1970.

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OoOdyearAerospace.Meniorandum .ARD.13~1I58,
.... (- . JulY 1970.
.

21.
..

22., .;goodyear .A.erospace, M~morandum ARD i 3

"
. 'S.eptelllber. 19.70.
.

'17....;, .

. 23.' QOOdyear.Aerospace, Reoort OER 135611.

. .
. 7,2.2-293

.
;

p. VIIl-

AtrshlpAer6dyriaml cs t U. s. War Department' I

.
Technl.cal Manual, T. Mo' 1-320, 11 February
.,
'.' . 19111.'
.
\J~!
.-..
on
an
Alrs'hlplri:
NavU.H :"8endlnp: Stresses Memorandum 1l0.276.,
.. - : .' ,. Pl1P;ht", HACA'Technlca1
"
, ' 192.
--~-

..

26~ - .Hans, H., "porces of! Flow on ~Movlng A1'rSh~p.

"
.... ,'and th.e Et'rect'p( the Cont;ro1 Surraces,
" ' , . MACA Technical fi4emorandutn No,. 275 .... 19 24
.

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,

27~

Kuethe;, A.' M., and, Schetzer, J. D"

"Poundations
o'r'Aerodyn&llllcs", John Wiley. and, Sons, Inc.,.
New York, 1950, pp. 70,-87.,

'28.

Anderson, A. ~., ErIckson, i.t. L., Prochlich, R. E.,

.. ' Henjum, H. E., Schwoebe1, R~ ~., Stone,., V. H.,
, . Torgeson, \f. L., .nL1v.ht..er-thlln-A~r Concepts
Study", ~1ri'1l1Repott IIonr1589 (67 ),Ge,nera1 .
M11ls" Inc Mlnnel1p.611s. M1nnesota, 1960.

29.

Hoerner. S. P., "PIUld DYnamIc Drag", Published byAUthor~ ~1dland Park,New: Jersy, 1958..

~'

I.

'--'"

30.

,Goodyear 'Aeros.paee,Executlve Suminary GER 16033

Volume r, "AIrshIps '!Por,'Use In Law, Enforcement",
January. 19H.,
I '

'31. ' Vaeth, 0., J "The Al~Shlp 'Can ~eet the' Enerp;y
Challenjte" , Astronautlcs 'and Ae!'onauti.cs,
February 1'91", po. 2,5";27.
I.
"
, 32.

Seefllari~, O. P.., Hllrr1s; G. L., BroMon, O. J.,

,
Culllan, C. A., ~Remote1" 'Piloted rA.1n1::Bl1mps
ror Urban "oPl1catio,ns" , Astronautics 'and
Aero,nautIcs,. February 197 11 , pp. 31-35.

MiU\k, ~: M. ,';'Aerodyna."IIic~ of A1rtrhips ~ .. Dt v:

.

Q:

Vol. VI, Aerodynamic Theory, edited by

W. R. Durand, Dover pub11cations, :-lew York,
1963'.
'"

K. and KlelnPerer, \1 '"Performance ~f

3,-, . A~nat~ln
"
Alr~hlps", Div. ft Vol. VI, Aerodynamic

I '

'l'heory'; edIted by,~,. P. Durand, Dover ,

,PubliclI.tiorts, rlew wrk,1963

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