Andrew Pontzen Space: it is where things happen. Time: it is when things happen.

We can
measure where things are and when things take place but in __________ physics we realize "when"
and "where" are actually part of the same question. Because when it comes to understanding the
Universe, we need to replace three-_________space plus time with a single concept: four-
__________space-time. We explore and explain space-time in this series of animations.

Tom Whyntie - Animations?
Andrew Pontzen Yeah.
Tom Whyntie Well, we are not _________ animated, are we?
Andrew Pontzen - Sure we are. Look, I can go from here to here.
Tom Whyntie - Ohh, how did you get here to there? How fast did you go? Did you run?
Walk? Did you even go in the ___________ line?
Andrew Pontzen - Ah, to answer that you need to make our ____________ physics look more
like physics physics. You will need more panels.
Tom Whyntie - More panels, please!
Andrew Pontzen - Ok, in each panel Andrew is in a slightly different place. So I can see
each one records where Andrew is at a different time.
Tom Whyntie - That's great, but it would be easier to see what is going on if we can cut out all the
hundreds of panels and ________ them up like a flip book. Right, now lets flip through the book so
that we can see one panel after another getting through 24 in every second.

Andrew Pontzen - See? I told you it was an animation. Now you can see me walking along.
__________ all of those panels and putting them into a flip book is just one way of recording the way
I'm moving. It is how animation, or even movies, work. As it turns out, at my walking speed it takes
two seconds to get past each __________________ and they are spaced four meters apart. So we
can calculate my velocity - how fast I'm moving through space is two meters per second.

Tom Whyntie - But I ___________________ work that out from the panels without flipping through
them. From the edge of the flip book you can see all of the copies of fence posts and all of the copies
of Andrew and he is in slightly different place in each one. Now we can predict everything that will
happen to Andrew when we flip through 24 pages every second, including his speed of ___________,
just by looking. No need to flip through it at all. The edge of this flip book is known as a space-time
diagram of Andrew's journey through, you guessed it, space and time. We call the line that
represents Andrew's journey his ______________.
Andrew Pontzen - If I jog instead of walking, I might be able to get past a fence posts every second!
Tom Whyntie He is not very __________. Anyway, when we look at this new flip book from the edge,
we can do the same analysis as before. The _______________ for Andrew jogging is more tilted over
than the world line for Andrew walking. We can tell he is going twice as fast as before without
flipping the panels. But here is the __________________. In physics it is always good to view things
from other perspectives. After all, the laws of physics should be the same for everyone or no one will
___________ them. So lets rethink our cartoon and how the camera follow Andrew jogging along as
the fence posts approach and past behind him. Still viewing it as a flip book of panels, we don't need
to _________anything. We simply move all of the cut out frames slightly until Andrew's tilted world
line becomes completely vertical. To see why, lets flip it.
Andrew Pontzen Yes, now I'm stationary just jogging on the spot in the centre of the panel. On the
edge of the flip book my _____________ was going straight ___________. The fence posts are
coming past me. Its now their world lines that are tilted. This rearrangement of the panels is known
as a Galilean transformation and it lets us analyse physics from someone else's perspective. In this
case, mine.
Tom Whyntie - After all, its always good to see things from other points of view.
Andrew Pontzen - Especially when the views are moving at different speeds.
Tom Whyntie - So long as the speeds are not too high. If you are a ___________ moving at the speed
of light, our flip book of your point of view falls apart.
Andrew Pontzen - To stop that from happening we will have to glue panels together. Instead of a
_____________ of separate panels we need a solid block of space-time.
Tom Whyntie - ... which we will come to in the next animation