1

!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &

1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 1hermal CapaclLy
1hermal lmage of bulldlng
8ulldlng ueslgn and 1hermal ComforL
Wlnd Scoops
Wlnd scoops capLure
coollng breezes
Lnergy-Conservlng 8ulldlng ueslgn unlLs of Lnergy
All forms of energy can be measured by Lhe
amounL of heaL LhaL Lhey produce:
Cne calorle ls Lhe amounL of heaL requlred Lo
ralse Lhe LemperaLure of one gram of waLer by 1
degree C.
Cne 8Lu (8rlush 1hermal unlL) ls Lhe amounL of
heaL requlred Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of one
pound of waLer by 1 degree l.
Cne 8Lu = 232 Calorles
2
unlLs of Lnergy - conL'd
A [oule ls a unlL of measure used for all forms of
energy. lL ls equal Lo Lhe amounL of work done by
a force one newLon movlng Lhrough a dlsLance of
one meLer.
Cne calorle = 4.183 !oules
ower
ower ls Lhe raLe of energy producuon,
consumpuon or converslon.
ower ls measured over ume
1 Wau = 1 !oule per second (1 !/s)
A 100 Wau Lamp produces 100 !oules of energy per
mlnuLe
Lnergy
Lnergy ls Lhe LoLal amounL of energy
consumed ln ume.
Cenerally measured ln kllowaus per hour
PeaL llow 8eLween 1wo Cb[ecLs
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Conducuon, Convecuon, and 8adlauon
Conducuon
PeaL Lransfer beLween molecules ln a solld
Convecuon
PeaL Lransfer by bulk mouon of a gas or llquld
8adlauon
PeaL Lransfer beLween Lwo ob[ecLs ln Lhe form of
elecLromagneuc waves
Modes of PeaL 1ransfer
3
Modes of 1ransfer of Solar PeaL
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8-value of a 8ulldlng ComponenL
1hermal 8eslsLance
1hermal reslsuvlLy (!) ls a consLanL properLy
of a maLerlal represenung Lhe ablllLy of Lhe
maLerlal Lo reslsL Lhe ow of heaL Lhrough lL.
8-value ls a measure of Lhe ablllLy of a
maLerlal of a specled Lhlckness Lo reslsL Lhe
ow of heaL Lhrough lL.
A maLerlal wlLh a hlgh 8-value reslsLs Lhe ow of heaL, and
ls called a !"#$%&' )*+,'&!-$.
A maLerlal wlLh a low 8-value allows heaL Lo ow Lhrough
lL easlly, and ls called a !"#$%&' /-*0,/!-$.
lnsulaung MaLerlals
8-11 berglass
lnsulauon ln bau form.
lnsulaung MaLerlals - conL'd
8-3 exLruded
polysLyrene lnsulauon
ln board form.
PeaL 1ransfer by Conducuon
8aLe of heaL Lransfer by
conducuon (q
c
)
4
Calculaung 8-value
" / !- 0%123456 3278795:;2 < %18;=:277>
lf Lhe ! value of concreLe ls 0.13 (see 1able 3.2),
whaL ls Lhe 8-value of a 6-lnch concreLe wall?
8 = 0.13 x 6 = .9
lf Lhe ! value of berglass lnsulauon ls 3.3 (see
1able 3.2), whaL ls Lhe 8-value of 6 lnch Lhlck
blankeL of berglass lnsulauon?
8 = 3.3 x 6 = 21
1hermal 8eslsLance
1hermal reslsLance ls lnuenced by:
uenslLy
MolsLure conLenL
LnLrapmenL of alr or gas
Cellular SLrucLure of lnsulaung MaLerlals
Cellular sLrucLure of
varlous plasuc foam
lnsulauons.
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8-value of a Mululayer ComponenL
8-value of a Mululayer ComponenL
8
L
= 8
1
+ 8
2
+ 8
3
+ 8
4
+ .

Lsumaung Lhe 8-value of an Assembly
$6242:9 "?@56A2
4-ln.-Lhlck brlck wall 3.623(0.2) = .0723
2-ln.-Lhlck xS
board
2.0(3.0) = 10.0
8-ln.-Lhlck brlck wall 7.623(0.2) = 1.323
8
L
= 0.723 + 10 + 1.323 = 12.23, round down Lo 8-12
5
Surface 8eslsLances
8
L
= 8
sl
+ 8
1
+ 8
2
+ 8
3
+ 8
4
. + 8
so
8-value of an Alr Space ln a Wall (Wall
CavlLy)
1he 8-value of a verucal
(wall) cavlLy ls
approxlmaLely equal Lo
8-1.
Addlng an emlsslve
layer Lo one slde of a
maLerlal ln a verucal alr
cavlLy lncreases 8-value

!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Surface LmlsslvlLy
LmlsslvlLy
LmlsslvlLy:
1he properLy of Lhe
surface of an ob[ecL LhaL
refers Lo lLs poLenual Lo
emlL radlauon.
Locauon of Low-LmlsslvlLy MaLerlal
(Alumlnum loll) ln Alr Space
8-value of a Wall WlLh an Alr Space
$6242:9 "?,56A2
lnslde Surface 8eslsLance 0.7
x ln.-Lhlck gypsum board 0.3(0.60) = 0.30
3 x ln.-Lhlck berglass
lnsulauon
3.3(3.3) = 12.23
0.3 ln.-Lhlck plywood 0.3(0.9) = 0.43
2 ln.-wlde alrspace 1.0
3 3/8-ln. Lhlck brlck
veneer
3.623(0.2) = 0.73
CuLslde surface
reslsLance
0.2
8
L
= 0.7 + 0.3 + 12.23 + 0.43 + 1.0 + 0.73 + 0.2 = 13.6 (round
up Lo 16)
6
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - u-value of an Assembly
u-value
Measure properLy of Lhermal Lransmluance
lnverse of 8-value
used ln heaL Lransfer calculauons
1
8
sl
+ 8
1
+ 8
2
+ 8
3
+ . + 8
so
Cverall u-value of an Assembly
u
0
=
A
1
u
1
+ A
2
u
2
+ A
3
u
3
+ .
A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
+ .

Lxample
u
0
=
160(0.064) + 20(1.0) +23(0.7) + 33(0.3)
= .24
240

8
0
=
1
= 4.2
0.24
1hermal 8rldglng ln 8ulldlng Assemblles
LecL of exLerlor lnsulaung sheaLhlng ln meLal sLud assemblles.
1hermal 8rldglng ln 8ulldlng Assemblles -
conL'd
1hermal brldges (shown by red arrows) ln an lnsulaLed meLal sLud wall.
1hermal brldges (shown by red arrows) ln a concreLe block.
7
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Where and Pow Much Lo lnsulaLe
Cuesuons abouL lnsulauon
Where Lo lnsulaLe?
8ulldlng envelope
Pow much lnsulauon Lo use?
varles wlLh
CllmaLe (heaung degree days, coollng degree days)
Lconomlcs (reLurn on lnvesLmenL)
Lnergy code
Locauon of lnsulauon CllmaLe Zone Map of Lhe unlLed SLaLes
CllmaLe Zones of Lhe unlLed SLaLes Lnergy use ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes
8
Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs (Walls)
Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for Lhe walls and roof of resldenual bulldlngs
(slngle-famlly and mulufamlly dwelllngs of up Lo Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed of wood
llghL frame.
lnsulauon ln lloors
lnsulauon ln a oor over a venLed crawl space.
Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for Lhe oors of resldenual bulldlngs
(slngle-famlly and mulufamlly dwelllngs of up Lo Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed
of wood llghL frame.
Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs (lloors)
Lxample
Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for condluoned basemenL and condluoned crawl
space walls of resldenual bulldlngs (slngle-famlly and mulu-famlly dwelllngs of up Lo
Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed of wood llghL frame.
Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs
(Condluoned 8asemenL/Crawl Space)
PeaL llow aLhs (S.C.C.)
A slmplled vlsuallzauon of heaL
loss from a slab-on-ground shows
LhaL Lhere are Lhree posslble
paLhs along whlch heaL may ow
from Lhe slab:
verucal paLh Lhrough Lhe
Lhlckness of Lhe slab and lnLo
Lhe ground
PorlzonLal paLh Lhrough Lhe
slab
1hrough-Lhe-ground paLhs
(shown by Lhe curved llnes ln
Lhe lllusLrauon )
varlous heaL ow paLhs Lhrough a
slab-on-ground
(also called +'&12-*23$&0# 4.
9
lnsulauon of S.C.C. (AlLernauves)
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8ulldlng ueslgn and 1hermal ComforL
1hermal CapaclLy (1hermal Mass) of a
ComponenL
1he ablllLy of a componenL Lo
sLore heaL ls referred Lo as lLs
!"#$%&' /&5&/)!6, whlch ls
dened as Lhe amounL of
heaL needed Lo ralse Lhe
LemperaLure of 1
2
of Lhe
componenL by 1
0
l.
1he greaLer Lhe Lhermal
capaclLy of Lhe componenL,
Lhe greaLer Lhe amounL of
heaL lL wlll absorb for a glven
rlse ln lLs LemperaLure.
Lnvelope properues LhaL govern heaL
ow under sLeady and dynamlc sLaLes.
1hermal CapaclLy vs. lnsulauon
under unldlrecuonal heaL
ow, only Lhe u-value of Lhe
envelope (l.e., Lhe lnsulauon)
deLermlnes Lhe energy
consumpuon of a bulldlng.
1he envelope's Lhermal
capaclLy plays an lnslgnlcanL
role under unldlrecuonal
heaL-ow condluons, even
when unldlrecuonal heaL
ow ls dynamlc. Lnvelope properues LhaL govern
unldlrecuonal and bldlrecuonal heaL
ows.
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe
Lnvelope for lnsulauon
1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe Lnvelope
for lnsulauon
1he placemenL of lnsulauon on Lhe ouLslde of Lhe
assembly (compared wlLh lLs locauon ln Lhe
mlddle of Lhe envelope secuon or Loward Lhe
lnLerlor of Lhe bulldlng) ls more eecuve for Lhe
followlng reasons:
lL reduces energy consumpuon because lL ellmlnaLes (or
reduces) Lhermal brldglng ln Lhe envelope.
lL moderaLes Lhe LemperaLure of sLrucLural componenLs,
reduclng Lhelr expanslon and conLracuon, Lhereby
lncreaslng Lhelr llfe span.
10
1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe Lnvelope
for lnsulauon - conL'd
Cnly when a bulldlng ls lnLermluenLly heaLed
or cooled, such as a church hall, Lhe lnLerlor
placemenL of lnsulauon may be consldered.
1he lnLerlor placemenL of lnsulauon allows
fasLer heaung or coollng of lnLerlor alr
because lL reduces energy loss Lo heaL or cool
Lhe sLrucLural componenLs of Lhe bulldlng.
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . &
8lnClLLS ln 8AC1lCL:
lnsulaung MaLerlals
rlnclples ln racuce - lnsulaung MaLerlals
A classlcauon LhaL ls more
sulLable for descrlblng
varlous lnsulauons ls based
on Lhe lnsulauon's physlcal
sLrucLure.
lnsulaung maLerlals may be
dlvlded lnLo Lhe followlng
Lhree caLegorles:
7)1$-,+ )*+,'&8-*
9$&*,'&$ )*+,'&8-*
7-&%#0 )*+,'&8-*
Craphlcal noLauons for rlgld and exlble
lnsulauons for use ln cross-secuons of
bulldlng assemblles.
llbrous lnsulauon
8aus
8lankeLs
Seml-rlgld 8oards
unfaced llberglass lnsulauon
unfaced berglass lnsulauon lnsLalled beLween sLuds. 1he lnsulauon wlll be
covered wlLh a vapor reLarder before gypsum board ls lnsLalled on Lhe sLuds.
unfaced llberglass lnsulauon WlLh
vapor 8eLarder
A clear polyeLhylene sheeL vapor reLarder belng lnsLalled over unfaced berglass
lnsulauon beLween wood sLuds.
11
kra aper lnsulauon Cranular lnsulauon
ln maLerlals wlLh a granular sLrucLure, Lhe alr
volds are conLalned lnslde uny hollow beads
or granules.
1hree Lypes of granules are ln common use:
Lxpanded perllLe granules
Lxpanded vermlcullLe granules
Lxpanded polysLyrene (LS) granules
8lown-ln lnsulauon ln an amc.
Cranular lnsulauon - conL'd
1hree sLages of perllLe producuon show Lhe greaL lncrease ln volume LhaL Lakes
place on expanslon by heaung Lhe perllLe rock.
Cranular lnsulauon - conL'd
ManufacLurlng process of LS boards.
LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms
(lCl)
LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms
(lCl)
- conL'd
12
LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms
(lCl)
- conL'd
lnsulaung concreLe form (lCl) walls are used as exLerlor walls for resldenual and
commerclal bulldlngs. 1he wall's hlgh 8-value makes lCl consLrucuon an auracuve
alLernauve where energy conservauon ls crlucal.
lnsulaung ConcreLe
Cross secuon Lhrough an lnsulaung concreLe roof deck wlLh sandwlched LS boards.
lnsulaung ConcreLe - conL'd
lnsulaung concreLe belng poured over a roof deck.
lnsulaung ConcreLe - conL'd
8ecause LS boards are sandwlched beLween Lwo layers of concreLe, Lhe holes ln Lhe
LS boards sLrucLurally lnLegraLe Lhe layers.
loamed lnsulauon
ManufacLurlng process of xS boards. ManufacLurlng process of lSC boards. Spraylng of polylcynene lnsulauon ln sLud cavlues. 1he lnsulauon expands and cures
(hardens) qulckly when lL ls shaved ush wlLh Lhe sLuds.
loamed lnsulauon - conL'd