Teleworker Connectivityy

Cable and DSL Concepts

CIS 186 ISCW
Rick Graziani
Fall 2007
Sources
This presentation includes
materials from several materials from several
sources including:
Online curriculum Online curriculum
CCNP ISCW Exam
Certification Guide Certification Guide
WLAN presenations
Other sources Other sources
2
Cable Access Technologies Cable Access Technologies
Cable Access Technologies
Cable access is one of the fastest growing technologies for
home access to multiple services home access to multiple services.
Community Antenna Television (CATV) a broad term
referring to cable television in general a form of referring to cable television in general a form of
transmission using shared TV signals.
Cable systems were originally built to extend the reach of
4
Cable systems were originally built to extend the reach of
TV signals and improve over-the-air TV reception.
Early Days
Pennsylvania,1948 = John Walson, the owner of an appliance store in
a small mountain town, needed to solve poor over-the-air reception
problems experienced by customers trying to receive TV signals from
Phil d l hi th h th t i Philadelphia through the mountains.
Walson erected an antenna on a utility pole on a local mountaintop that
enabled him to demonstrate the televisions in his store with strong
broadcasts coming from the three Philadelphia stations.
He connected the antenna to his appliance store via a cable and
modified signal boosters. g
He then connected several of his customers who were located along
the cable path.
This was the first community antenna television (CATV) system in the
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This was the first community antenna television (CATV) system in the
United States. A typical cable operator now uses a satellite dish to
gather TV signals.
Transportation
Network
Early systems were one-way with cascading amplifiers placed in series
along the network to compensate for signal loss along the network to compensate for signal loss.
Taps were used to couple video signals from the main trunks to
subscriber homes via drop cables .
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Modern cable systems provide two-way communication between
subscribers and the cable operator.
Comcast: TV, Internet and Voice
C bl t d i Cable access today is
typically sold in in
bundles offering: bundles offering:
Television
Internet Internet
Voice
7
What is a Cable System?
Cable Internet access has typical speeds of:
2 6 ( ) 2 Mbps to 6 Mbps downstream (Internet to home)
Less than 1 Mbps upstream (384 Kbps to 768 Kbps)
Asynchronous view of bandwidth allocation: Asynchronous view of bandwidth allocation:
The bulk of traffic load are small outbound requests, returning large
amounts of inbound data.
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Note: More upstream speed was the #1 request by Comcast customers
in an independent survey in 2006. #2 was lower prices.
Terminology
More in a More in a
moment!
Broadband:
(General) Data transmission using multiplexing methodology to
provide more efficient use of the bandwidth provide more efficient use of the bandwidth.
(Cable) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) of multiple signals
in a wide radio frequency (RF) bandwidth over hybrid fiber-coaxial
(HFC) network and the capability to handle large amounts of (HFC) network and the capability to handle large amounts of
information.
Frequency Division Multiplexing: FDM is a means by which information
f lti l h l f i b ll t d b d idth
9
from multiple channels or frequencies can be allocated bandwidth on a
single wire.
Terminology
Coaxial Cable
Carries radio frequency (RF) signals across the network.
Primary medium used to build cable TV systems.
Modern cable systems use:
fiber and
coaxial cable
Construction of the cable meant to minimize the effects of external
electrical and RF interference.
10
CATV typically uses RG-6 or RG-59
Terminology
CATV Trunk Amplifier
CATV Tap
Amplifier: A device that magnifies an input signal, producing a larger
i l output signal.
Problem with analog amplifiers is that they also amplify noise.
Tap: A device used to divide the input signal (RF) to support multiple
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Tap: A device used to divide the input signal (RF) to support multiple
outlets typically 2, 4, or 8 ports.
Terminology
Transportation
Network
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) A mixed optical-coaxial network in
which fiber optic cable is installed in place of some or all of the
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which fiber optic cable is installed in place of some or all of the
traditional trunk portion of the cable network.
Cable System Standards
National Television Standards Committee (NTSC)
Defines technical standards for analog television
systems in North America using a 6 MHz modulated
signal.
Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
A color coding system used in broadcast television
throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, Brazil and Argentina
using a 6 7 o r 8 MHz modulated signal using a 6, 7 o r 8 MHz modulated signal.
Systeme Electronic Caouleur avev Memoire (SECAM)
An analog color television system used in France and An analog color television system used in France and
some Eastern European countries using 8 MHz
modulated signal.
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modulated signal.
Cable System
Components p
Depending upon the provider the implementation of these components
Transportation
Network
Depending upon the provider the implementation of these components
may differ.
Antenna site:
Cable providers main receiving and satellite dish facilities Cable provider s main receiving and satellite dish facilities.
Location chosen for optimum reception of over-the-air, satellite, and
sometimes point-to-point signals.
Headend Headend
Master facility where signals are first received, processed,
formatted, and then distributed downstream to the cable network:
the transportation and distribution network.
14
the transportation and distribution network.
Usually unmanned (lights-out) and inside security fencing.
Cable System
Components p
Transportation
Network
Transportation network (Feeder network):
A transportation network links a remote antenna site to a headend
or a remote headend to the distribution network.
The transportation network can be:
microwave microwave
coaxial supertrunk
fiber-optic
15
Cable System
Components p
Transportation
Network
Distribution network:
In a traditional (classic) cable system called a tree-and-branch
cable system the distribution network consists of trunk and feeder cable system, the distribution network consists of trunk and feeder
cables.
Trunk is the backbone that distributes signals throughout the
community service area to the feeder community service area to the feeder
Typically uses 0.750-inch (19-mm) diameter coaxial cable.
Feeder branches flow from a trunk and reach all of the subscribers
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in the service area via coaxial cables.
Usually a 0.50-inch (13-mm) diameter coaxial cable.
Cable System
Components p
Node:
Transportation
Network
Node:
Performs optical to RF conversion.
Subscriber drop:
A subscriber drop connects the subscriber to the cable services A subscriber drop connects the subscriber to the cable services.
The subscriber drop is a connection between the feeder part of a
distribution network and the subscriber terminal device (for
example, TV set, videocassette recorder [VCR], High Definition TV p , , [ ], g
set-top box, or cable modem).
A subscriber drop consists of:
radio grade (RG) coaxial cabling (usually 59-series or 6-series)
17
g ( ) g ( y )
grounding and attachment hardware, passive devices
set-top box.
Cable System
Benefits
Cost-effective solution for densely populated areas.
Issue with non residential areas Issue with non-residential areas.
Cable systems support:
telephony
d t i data services
analog and digital video services
Larger cable operators adopted a common practice of keeping various
eq ipment (telephone s itches and Cable Modem Termination equipment, (telephone switches and Cable Modem Termination
Systems (CMTS)) in the same facility.
This integrates all types of servicestelephony, data, and analog
and digital video services
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and digital video services.
CMTS
Cable Modem Termination Systems (CMTS)
CMTS usually resides at the headend.
CMTS d l t d d d l t th i l t d f th bl CMTS modulates and demodulates the signal to and from the cable
modem (CM).
More later
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Radio Frequency
Signals g
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a broad range of
frequencies.
Radio waves (RF) constitute a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Radio waves (RF) constitute a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
roughly between approximately between 30 Hz and 3 GHz (depending
upon the chart and the definition.
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Overview of Waves
Wave is a disturbance or variation that travels through a medium.
The medium through which the wave travels may experience some
local oscillations as the wave passes, but the particles in the medium
do not travel with the wave.
Just like none of the individual people in the stadium are carried
21
Just like none of the individual people in the stadium are carried
around when they do the wave, they all remain at their seats.
Overview of Waves
Waves are one way in which energy can move from one place to
another.
The waves that you see at the beach are the result of the kinetic The waves that you see at the beach are the result of the kinetic
energy of water particles passing through the water.
Other types of energy (such as light, heat, and radio waves) can travel
in this way as well
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in this way as well.
Overview of Waves
The distance between 2 peaks (or 2 troughs) is called a wavelength p ( g ) g
The deepest part of a trough or the highest part of a peak is called the
amplitude
Th f i th b f l th th t b i 1 d The frequency is the number of wavelengths that pass by in 1 second.
General term: the rate at which a repeated even occurs over time.
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Overview of Waves
Sine Wave
With a frequency usually measured in cycles per second or Hertz
(Hz).
A million cycles per second is represented by megahertz (MHz).
A billion cycles per second represented by gigahertz (GHz) A billion cycles per second represented by gigahertz (GHz).
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Overview of Waves
Amplitude The distance from zero to the maximum value of each
alternation is called the amplitude.
The amplitude of the positive alternation and the amplitude of the The amplitude of the positive alternation and the amplitude of the
negative alternation are the same.
Period The time it takes for a sine wave to complete one cycle is
defined as the period of the waveform defined as the period of the waveform.
The distance traveled by the sine wave during this period is
referred to as its wavelength.
W l th I di t d b th G k l bd b l Wavelength Indicated by the Greek lambda symbol .
It is the distance between one value to the same value on the next
cycle.
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Frequency The number of repetitions or cycles per unit time is the
frequency, typically expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
Overview of Waves
Analog to digital conversion g g
1. Analog wave amplitudes are sampled at specific instances in time.
2. Each sample is assigned a discrete value.
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3. Each discrete value is converted to a stream of bits.
Overview of Waves
Bandwidth
There are two common ways of looking at bandwidth:
A l b d idth Analog bandwidth
Digital bandwidth
Analog bandwidth
Analog bandwidth can refer to the range of frequencies .
Analog bandwidth is described in units of frequency or cycles per Analog bandwidth is described in units of frequency, or cycles per
second, which is measured in Hz.
There is a direct correlation between the analog bandwidth of
any medium and the data rate in bits per second that the medium
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any medium and the data rate in bits per second that the medium
can support.
Overview of Waves
Bandwidth
Digital bandwidth
Digital bandwidth is a measure of how much information can flow
from one place to another, in a given amount of time.
Digital bandwidth is measured in bits per second.
When dealing with data communications the term bandwidth most
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When dealing with data communications, the term bandwidth most
often signifies digital bandwidth.
Radio Frequency Signals
CATV uses a portion of the RF electromagnetic spectrum.
Within the cable, different frequencies carry TV channels and data.
When tuning a radio or television, the tuner is finding individual
frequencies in their respective ranges: frequencies in their respective ranges:
TVs tune to certain frequencies that allow the user to view the TV
channel
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Cable modem, to receive high-speed Internet access.
Radio Frequency
Signals g
Much of the RF spectrum is reserved for radio communications and Much of the RF spectrum is reserved for radio communications and
therefore cannot be used for TV signals.
In the over-the-air TV broadcast environment:
VHF: 30 MHz 300 MHz
UHF: 300 MHz 3 GHz
In cable systems the signal is transmitted across the cable rather than
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In cable systems, the signal is transmitted across the cable rather than
in the air.
Radio Frequency Signals
C bl t l i i i d t d fi th t l i i t f th Cable television industry defines the television spectrum for the
downstream path only.
The following frequency scope is used:
Do nstream From the cable operator to the s bscriber the Downstream: From the cable operator to the subscriber, the
outgoing frequencies are in the range of 50 to 860 MHz.
Upstream: Reverse path from the subscriber to the cable operator,
the incoming frequencies are in the range of 5 to 42 MHz
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the incoming frequencies are in the range of 5 to 42 MHz.
The downstream frequency range is divided into channels (6 MHz
channels in North America and 7 to 8 MHz for Europe).
Digital Signals over RF
Channels
DOCSIS: Data-over-Cable Service Interface Specification
An international standard developed by CableLabs, a nonprofit p y , p
research and development consortium for cable-related
technologies.
CableLabs tests and certifies cable equipment vendor devices CableLabs tests and certifies cable equipment vendor devices
(cable modem [CM] and cable modem termination systems
[CMTS]) and grants DOCSIS-certified or Qualified status.
http://www eurocablelabs com http://www.eurocablelabs.com
Defines the manner in which the individual components
communicate in the cable network.
Cable operators use DOCSIS to implement Internet access over
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Cable operators use DOCSIS to implement Internet access over
their existing HFC infrastructure.
DOCSIS
Defines the OSI Layer 1 and Layer 2 requirements for connectivity between
cable devices.
Physical layer: Physical layer:
For data signals that the cable operator can use, DOCSIS specifies the
channel widths (bandwidths of each channel) as 200 kHz, 400 kHz, 800
kHz, 1.6 MHz, 3.2 MHz, and 6.4 MHz. DOCSIS also specifies modulation
techniques (the way to use the RF signal to convey digital data).
MAC layer:
Defines a deterministic access method (time-division multiple access
33
[TDMA] or synchronous code division multiple access [S-CDMA]).
Digital Signals over RF Channels
DOCSIS
1.0 April, 1997
1.1 April, 1999
2.0 January, 2002: QoS and IP Telephony y, p y
3.0 August 2006: IPv6 and Channel Bonding
Channel Bonding allows the use of multiple downstream and
upstream channels at the same time. p
Reaching speeds of 160 Mbps downstream and 120 Mbps
upstream
Current services based on cable architecture and provisioning
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p g
practices the typical range is 256 Kbps to 6 Mbps
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Transportation
Network
Attenuation is the reduction in amplitude and intensity of a signal.
Amplifiers can be used approximately every 2 000 feet Amplifiers can be used approximately every 2,000 feet.
In a traditional coaxial CATV network, a 20 mile plant would need
about 52 amplifiers.
However amplifiers also amplify the noise
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However amplifiers also amplify the noise.
Creates a distorted signal with a lot of unusable mass less quality
and less bandwidth.
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Amplifiers p
CATV networks incorporate broadband amplifiers spaced throughout
the network at intervals of about 2,500 feet.
Ric 36
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Amplifiers p
This pole supports CATV (broadband network) facilities only.
There are no telephone or other non-broadband facilities on this pole.
It's a cable-only pole. Or just cable pole.
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Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Use of fiber:
Transportation
Network
Dramatically reduces the number of amplifiers needed
Thin and lightweighttakes less space
Covers longer distances g
Induces less or virtually no noise
Less loss of signal
Immune to external influences, such as thunder or RF interference
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Immune to external influences, such as thunder or RF interference
Easier to handle
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Transportation
Network
Fiber trunks carry downstream traffic at a signal strength above 50
decibels (dB) and reduce the number of cable amplifiers in trunk lines.
A d ib l (dB ) i it f f i ti b t A decibel (dBm) is a unit of measure for expressing ratios between
two quantities, referenced to one milliwatt (mW).
Understanding decibels is beyond the scope of this curriculum,
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g y p ,
however I have information in my WLAN presentations.
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
HFC architecture is relatively simple
Transportation
Network
HFC architecture is relatively simple.
A web of fiber trunk cables connects the headend (or hub) to the nodes
where optical-to-RF signal conversion takes place.
The fiber carries the same broadband content as coax for:
Internet connections
t l h i
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telephone service
streaming video
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Networks
Coaxial feeder cables originate from the node that carries RF signals
Transportation
Network
Coaxial feeder cables originate from the node that carries RF signals
to the subscribers.
The effective range or service area of a distribution network segment
(feeder segment) is from 100 to as many as 2000 subscribers.
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Putting it all together
RF RF
RF
Step 1
In the downstream path the local headend (LHE) receives In the downstream path, the local headend (LHE) receives
television signals through the satellite dishes, antennas, analog and
digital video servers, local programming and other headends.
A modulator/scrambler appropriate for the specific RF channel
assigned on the cable processes these TV signals individually.
The CMTS modulates digital data on an RF signal and combines
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The CMTS modulates digital data on an RF signal and combines
that RF signal with the TV signals.
Putting it all together
light
Step 2
The combined signal is input to a fiber transmitter that converts the
signal from RF to light (optical) and transmits to a fiber node further g g ( p )
downstream.
The Fiber Node is located relatively close to the subscribers.
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Putting it all together
RF
Step 3
The Fiber Node coverts the light back to RF.
RF t itt d th i l t k i d f RF transmitted over the coaxial network comprised of:
amplifiers
Taps
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Taps
drops.
Putting it all together
Step 4
At the subscriber end:
RF splitter divides the combined RF signal into video and data
Cable Modem receives the data portion of the RF signal. Cable Modem receives the data portion of the RF signal.
Tuned to the data RF signal channels, demodulates the
data RF signal back into digital data and finally passes the
data to the computer over an Ethernet or 802 11a/b/g
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data to the computer over an Ethernet or 802.11a/b/g
connection.
Cable set-top box receives the video portion of the RF signal.
Putting it all together
Outbound or Upstream Direction p
CM decodes the digital information from the Ethernet connection,
modulates a separate RF signal with this digital information.
CM t it thi i l t t i RF l l CM transmits this signal at a certain RF power level.
At the headend, the CMTS, tuned to the data RF channels,
demodulates the data RF signal back to digital data and routes the
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g g
digital data to the Internet.
Cable Technology
Issues
Primary drawback for cable networks is the shared infrastructure Primary drawback for cable networks is the shared infrastructure.
Bandwidth issue resolved by:
Limiting subscribers
E di il bl d t h l Expanding available data channels
DOCSIS 3.0 channel bonding
Privacy issue resolved by:
Encryption
Other features in DOCSIS 3.0
Misconception p
A common misconception is that a computer may communicate
directly with another computer on the same segment.
This is not possible because the CM transmits on a completely
47
p p y
separate frequency than the frequency on which another CM would
receive.
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Data and TV signals travel down the cable on different channels.
Downstream data travels to a user on a 6-MHz channel Downstream data travels to a user on a 6 MHz channel.
Data looks just like a single TV channel and takes up the same
amount of space.
Upstream data sent back up the cable, only 2 MHz are used.
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Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Putting both upstream and downstream data on the cable system
requires two types of equipment: q yp q p
A Cable Modem on the customer end
A CMTS at the cable operators end
Between these two components, all the:
Computer networking
Security
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Security
Management of Internet access
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
There are several steps used to provision a Cable Modem. There are several steps used to provision a Cable Modem.
The CMTS at the headend must have operational provisioning servers,
such as:
DHCP server DHCP server
TFTP server
DOCSIS defines the initialization and registration steps.
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Cable Modems are designed and coded to follow specific steps.
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 1 Downstream setup (Obtain Channel Frequency):
Cable Modem powers up Cable Modem powers up
Scans and locks the downstream path for the appropriate RF
data channel (frequency) that will be used for the physical and data
li k l t b t bli h d link layers to be established.
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Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 2 Upstream setup (Get Upstream Parameters):
The Cable Modem listens to the management messages received The Cable Modem listens to the management messages received
through the downstream path.
The messages include information on how and when to
i t i th t th communicate in the upstream path.
These messages are used to establish the upstream physical and
data link layers.
52
y
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 3 Layers 1 and 2 establishment:
The Cable Modem communicates with CMTS to establish physical p y
and data link layers.
Step 4 Obtaining an IP address (for Cable Modem):
Cable Modem requests IP configuration parameter information (IP Cable Modem requests IP configuration parameter information (IP
address, default gateway, and TFTP server) from the DHCP server.
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Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 5 Getting the DOCSIS configuration:
The Cable Modem requests a DOCSIS configuration file from the TFTP
server.
A DOCSIS configuration file is an ASCII or binary file and has parameters
for cable modems to come online in accordance to what the ISP is
provisioning, such as:
Maximum downstream and upstream rates Maximum downstream and upstream rates
Maximum upstream burst rate
Class of Service (CoS)
Baseline privacy settings
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Baseline privacy settings
Management Information Bases (MIBs)
Other parameters
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 6 Register QoS with CMTS:
The CM registers negotiates and ensures QoS settings with the The CM registers, negotiates, and ensures QoS settings with the
CMTS.
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Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 7 IP network initialization:
Once Layers 1 2 and 3 are established and the configuration file is Once Layers 1, 2, and 3 are established and the configuration file is
pulled from the TFTP server:
Cable Modem provides routing services for hosts on the
b ib id f th C bl M d subscriber side of the Cable Modem.
Cable Modem performs some NAT (Network Address
Translation) functions so that multiple hosts might be
56
) p g
represented by a single public IP address.
Next
Provisioning a
Cable Modem
Step 7 IP network initialization (for Hosts):
Cable Modem contacts DHCP server for: Cable Modem contacts DHCP server for:
IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
TFTP server
DHCP l t
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DHCP relay agent
Syslog server address and ToD server address (clock set)
Extra:
Size of a Wave
Speed of Light
Speed of light = 186,000 miles/sec or 300,000,000 meters/sec (approx.)
Start here
End here
1 second
Start here
End here
186 000 miles 186,000 miles
Mile: 0 Mile: 186,000
1 mile 1 mile
5,280 feet per mile; so 186,000 miles = 982,080,000 feet
63,360 inches per mile; so 186,000 miles = 11,784,960,000 inches
Rick 59
, p ; , , , ,
Wavelength
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/wavelength.html
All About Wavelength
Speed of the wave = Frequency x Wavelength
W l th S d f th d f li ht / F Wavelength = Speed of the wave or speed of light / Frequency
Speed of light =
186 000 miles/sec or 186,000 miles/sec or
982,080,000 feet/sec or
11,784,960,000 inches/sec
Ri 60
Wavelength = Speed of the wave or speed of light/ Frequency
10.93 feet = 982,080,000 feet per sec / 90,000,000 cycles per sec
Speed of Light
Speed of light = 186,000 miles/sec
Mil 0 Mil
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
rope
Mile:
186,000,
end of rope
0 seconds
After 1/2 second
After 1 second
1 second
0 second 1 second
1 second
Length of rope 186,000 miles long traveling at the speed of light,
186 000 miles/second
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186,000 miles/second
In 1 second we would see the entire length of rope go by.
Speed of Light 1 Hz
Speed of light = 186,000 miles/sec
Mil 0 Mil
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
rope
Mile:
186,000,
end of rope
186 000 miles
1 second 0 second
186,000 miles
So, if 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second, traveling at the speed of light.
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So, if 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second, traveling at the speed of light.
The length of the wave would be 186,000 miles long (300,000,000
meters).
Speed of Light 2 Hz
Mil 0 Mil
Speed of light = 186,000 miles/sec
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
rope
Mile:
186,000,
end of rope
93 000 miles
1 second 0 second
93,000 miles
2 Hz is 2 cycles per second, traveling at the speed of light.
63
2 Hz is 2 cycles per second, traveling at the speed of light.
The length of each wave would be 186,000/2 or 93,000 miles long
(150,000,000 meters).
Speed of Light Lets do inches
11,784,960,000 inches
6,000,000,000 inches
11,784,960,000 inches in a mile
1 Hz wave = 11,784,960,000 inches (11 billion inches)
64
2 Hz wave = 11,784,960,000 / 2 = 6 billion inches (give or take)
What would a wave the size of 11 GHz wave be?
Speed of Light Lets do inches
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
Mile:
186,000,
end of rope
Length of rope 11 8 billion inches long
1 2
11 billion
rope
end of rope
Length of rope 11.8 billion inches long
1 second 0 second
1 inch
1 second 0 second

What would a wave the size of 11 GHz wave be? What would a wave the size of 11 GHz wave be?
Size of the rope divided by the number of pieces = size of each piece
About 1 inch! (11,784,960,000 in. per sec / 11,000,000,000 pieces or cycles or Hz)
S li i th 186 000 il i t 11 billi l i
65
Same as slicing up the 186,000 mile rope into 11 billion equal pieces.
Each piece is 1 inch, 11 billion pieces equal 11 billion inches, the size of our rope
traveling at 186,000 miles per second.
Speed of Light Lets do inches
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
Mile:
186,000,
1 2
1 billion
beginning of
rope
end of rope
Length of rope 11.8 billion inches long
11.8 inches
1 second 0 second

What would a wave the size of 1 GHz wave be? What would a wave the size of 1 GHz wave be?
11 inches! (Actually, 11.8 inches because we rounded off values.)
(approx.: 11,784,960,000 inches per sec / 1,000,000,000 cycles per sec)
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 66
Same as slicing up the 186,000 mile rope into 1 billion equal pieces.
Each piece is 11 inches, 1 billion pieces equal 11 billion inches, the size of our
rope traveling at 186,000 miles per second.
RADM Grace Hopper
Grace Hopper, Mother of Cobol
The size of a nanosecond, 11.8 inches
The distance the speed of light travels in
a billionth of a second.
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Size of a 2.4 GHz WLAN
wave a e
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
Mile:
186,000,
L th f 11 8 billi i h l
1 2
2.4 billion
beginning of
rope
end of rope Length of rope 11.8 billion inches long
4.8 inches
1 second 0 second

S li i h 186 000 il i 2 4 billi l i Same as slicing up the 186,000 mile rope into 2.4 billion equal pieces.
Each piece is 4.8 inches or 12 cm (.12 meters)
(approx : 11 784 960 000 inches per sec / 2 450 000 000 cycles per sec)
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(approx.: 11,784,960,000 inches per sec / 2,450,000,000 cycles per sec)
2.4 billion pieces equal 11 billion inches, the size of our rope traveling
at 186,000 miles per second.
Size of a 5.8 GHz WLAN
wave a e
Length of rope 186,000 miles long
Mile: 0,
beginning of
Mile:
186,000,
L th f 11 8 billi i h l
1 2
5.8 billion
beginning of
rope
end of rope Length of rope 11.8 billion inches long
2 inches
1 second 0 second

S li i h 186 000 il i 5 8 billi l i Same as slicing up the 186,000 mile rope into 5.8 billion equal pieces.
Each piece is 2 inches or 5 cm (.05 meters)
(approx : 11 784 960 000 inches per sec / 5 800 000 000 cycles per sec)
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(approx.: 11,784,960,000 inches per sec / 5,800,000,000 cycles per sec)
5.8 billion pieces equal 11 billion inches, the size of our rope traveling
at 186,000 miles per second.
Describing DSL Technolog Describing DSL Technology
What is DSL
Several years ago, research by Bell Labs identified that a typical voice
conversation over a local loop only required the use of bandwidth of
300 Hz to 3 kHz.
This was enough of a frequency range for normal voice conversation g q y g
low to high.
For many years, the telephone networks did not use the bandwidth
beyond 3 kHz.
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y
What is DSL
Service providers deploy DSL connections in the last step of a local
telephone network, the local loop.
The connection is set up between a pair of modems on either end of a p p
copper wire that extends between the customer premises equipment
(CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM).
A DSLAM is the device located at the central office (CO) of the
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A DSLAM is the device located at the central office (CO) of the
provider and concentrates connections from multiple DSL subscribers.
DSL Modem
The DSL modem or transceiver connects the teleworkers computer to
th DSL li the DSL line.
USB or Ethernet cable
Can be built into small routers with 10/100 switch ports Can be built into small routers with 10/100 switch ports
The DSLAM is at the central office and combines individual DSL
connections from users into one high capacity link to the Internet.
The advantage that DSL has over cable technology is that DSL is not a
shared medium.
Each user has a separate direct connection to the DSLAM.
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Each user has a separate direct connection to the DSLAM.
DSL
DSL types fall into two major categories, taking into account
downstream and upstream speeds:
Symmetrical DSL: Upstream and downstream speeds are the
same same.
Asymmetrical DSL: Upstream and downstream speeds are
different. Downstream speed is typically higher than upstream
d speed.
Term xDSL covers a number of DSL variations.
Data rate that DSL service can provide depends on the distance
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Data rate that DSL service can provide depends on the distance
between the subscriber and the CO.
The shorter the distance: the higher the bandwidth available.
DSL Variants
DSL
Technology
Data Rate
Down/Up
Maximum
Distance
Nature Data & POTS
same time Technology Down/Up Distance same time
ADSL 8 / 1 Mbps 18,000 ft. Asymmetric Yes
RADSL Adaptable Adaptable Asymmetric Yes RADSL Adaptable Adaptable Asymmetric Yes
VDSL 55 / 13 Mbps 4 500 ft Asymmetric Yes VDSL 55 / 13 Mbps 4,500 ft. Asymmetric
Symmetric
Yes
IDSL 144/144 Kb 18 000 ft S t i N IDSL 144/144 Kbps 18,000 ft. Symmetric No
SDSL 768/768 Kbps 22,000 ft. Symmetric No
G.SHDSL 2.3/2.3 Mbps 28,000 ft. Symmetric No
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Asymmetric DSL Types
ADSL
Most commonly deployed.
Supports data and voice simultaneously over existing copper lines Supports data and voice simultaneously over existing copper lines.
The downstream rate ranges from 256 kbps (1.5 Mbps more
common) to 8 Mbps
Upstream rates 16 Kbps 1 Mbps
Local loop range 18,000 feet
ITU-T Recommendation G992.1 and ANSI Standard T1.413-1998
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ITU T Recommendation G992.1 and ANSI Standard T1.413 1998
specify full rate ADSL.
Asymmetric DSL Types
G.Lite ADSL
Known as splitterless ADSL for plug-an-play consumer market.
U t 1 5 Mb d t Up to 1.5 Mbps downstream
Up to 512 Kbps upstream
Voice and Data coexist without use of splitters
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Voice and Data coexist without use of splitters
ITU-T G.992.2
Asymmetric DSL Types
RADSL (rate-adaptive DSL) ( p )
Nonstandard version of DSL
Automatically adjusts the connection speed to adjust for line quality.
Allows RADSL to function over longer distances than ADSL.
N t ADSL l it th ADSL d t d t d f d t
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Note: ADSL also permits the ADSL modem to adapt speeds of data
transfer.
Asymmetric DSL Types
VDSL
P id b th t i l t i l i Provides both symmetrical or asymmetrical services
Between 13 55 Mbps downstream and upstream
Distances up to 4,500 feet p ,
Usually over fiber optic cable.
Also supports data and voice over a single copper line at lower speeds.
Cisco Long Reach Ethernet (LRE) solution is based on Ethernet over
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Cisco Long Reach Ethernet (LRE) solution is based on Ethernet over
VDSL.
Symmetric DSL Types
SDSL
Note: Symmetric
DSL is not as DSL is not as
common as
asymmetric DSL.
Downstream and upstream rates from 128 Kbps to 2.32 Mbps
Most typical implementation is 768 Kbps
SDSL l t f i d i l t ti i t SDSL general term for various vendor implementations, proprietary
and non-standardized
Data only, no voice (POTS)
Distances up to 21,000 feet
Symmetrical nature of SDSL makes it ideal for commercial use when
the end user must send large amounts of data by applications such as
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g y pp
e-mail messaging to customers with large attachments, uploading data
to corporate servers, or updating web pages.
Symmetric DSL Types
G.SHDSL (Symmetric high-data-rate DSL) ( y g )
Industry-standard SDSL ITU G.991.2
Distances up to 26,000 feet
Downstream and upstream rates from 192 Kbps to 2.3 Mbps
Data only, no voice (POTS)
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Symmetric DSL Types
HDSL (High-data-rate DSL) ( g )
Downstream and upstream rates up to 768 Kbps (Total 1.544 Mbps)
for T1
Available for T1 (1 544 Mbps) or E1 (2 048 Mbps) of symmetrical Available for T1 (1.544 Mbps) or E1 (2.048 Mbps) of symmetrical
bandwidth
HDSL as a substitute for T1 and E1
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HDSL only carries data only (No POTS)
Symmetric DSL Types
HDSL2 (Second Generation HDSL) ( )
Downstream and upstream rates up to 1.5 Mbps
HDSL only carries data only (No POTS)
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Symmetric DSL Types
IDSL
Downstream and upstream rates up to 144 Kbps (two 64 Kbps B Downstream and upstream rates up to 144 Kbps (two 64 Kbps B
channels plus one 16 Kbps D signaling channel)
Distances up to 18,000 feet, but up to 45,000 feet using repeaters
This configuration makes IDSL essentially a leased-line ISDN BRI in
which there is no D channel.
Data only ( No POTS)
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Data only ( No POTS)
Advantage over ISDN in that it is always on.
Factors Affecting DSL Performance
All DSL types are limited in:
Distance
speed. p
Speed is inversely proportional to distance.
Longer distance in the local loop means a lower maximum speed
Various impairments in the local loop that attenuate or distort the
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Various impairments in the local loop that attenuate or distort the
signal also affect the maximum speed of certain DSL connections
Factors Affecting DSL Performance
Signal attenuation:
Attenuation means signal loss over distance and is determined by
the distance between a subscriber and the CO.
The longer the distance between the two, the more attenuation
occurs and therefore the lower the speed.
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Factors Affecting
DSL Performance
Bridge Tap
Bridge tap:
An extra telephone wire with an un-terminated cable end connected
to the local loop.
Common problem
Phone company runs a cable down the street the cable may extend
a mile or so passed your house.
No other house or device is using your specific copper pair.
Installer takes the wires that come from your demarc, and "Taps"
the wires coming from your house on to a copper pair.
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(continued)
Factors Affecting
DSL Performance
Bridge Tap
B id t ( ti d) Bridge tap (continued):
They do not cut the cable pair at the junction box.
In order not to drastically reduce the amplitude and of the signal
i f t l h th d t t t i t th t d d coming from your telephone they do not to terminate the extended
cable end either.
Your telephone line is simply tapped into the middle of it.
It' t f lik h i dditi l h lf il t i ki ll It's sort of like having an additional half-mile antenna picking up all
the garbage in the air and feeding it to your telephone equipment.
Such an un-terminated tap can cause noise and reflections and can
radiate power that reduces signal strength and consequently
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radiate power that reduces signal strength and, consequently
speed.
DSL providers should remove bridge taps before installing a DSL.
Factors Affecting
DSL Performance
Load Coil
Load coil:
Provisioning of loading coils was a standard procedure used to
improve plain old telephone service (POTS) voice quality on longer p p p ( ) q y g
local loops.
This procedure is called conditioning the loop.
A loading coil is a wrap of wire placed at specific intervals along the g p p p g
local loop that extends the local loop distance.
With voice, you want the original signal to arrive intact, as close to
the original transmitted signal as possible. You need to retain the
hi h f i high frequencies.
By adding load coils periodically the capacitive effect can be
cancelled, thus causing the attenuation across the voice band to be
equal same for both low and high frequencies equal same for both low and high frequencies.
Recommended spacing would be at intervals of 6000 ft., with the
first coil place 3,000 ft. from the start of the cable run
This wire creates a low-frequency band pass filter and cuts off or
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This wire creates a low-frequency band pass filter and cuts off, or
blocks, the DSL frequencies.
For the DSL to operate, load coils must be removed from the loop.
Factors Affecting DSL Performance
Wire Gauge g
Wire gauge: g g
Wire gauge is the thickness of the wire that is used in the local
loop.
F hi h d thi k i i d For higher speeds, thicker wire is used.
24 and 26 gauge is common
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Factors Affecting DSL
Performance
Impedance Mismatch p
Impedance mismatch:
Noise or an echo in the local loop that is caused by changes in: Noise or an echo in the local loop that is caused by changes in:
wire gauge
wire splices p
corrosion
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Factors Affecting DSL Performance
Crosstalk
Crosstalk: Crosstalk:
Crosstalk is the interference between two wires in a bundle.
Electrical energy causes crosstalk.
AM di i t f AM radio interference:
AM radio frequencies can interfere with a DSL signal and reduce
speed.
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The interference is particularly a problem with in-house wiring when
untwisted or poorly twisted wiring exists.
Deploying ADSL
ADSL
Three information channels usually exist over the same wiring
(depending on the variety of ADSL): (depending on the variety of ADSL):
a POTS channel for analog voice
a lower-speed ADSL upstream data channel
a high-speed ADSL downstream data channel
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ADSL Deployment
Service providers deploy ADSL service between ADSL modems at the
subscriber and the CO locations with an ADSL modem at each end:
An ADSL Transmission Unit Remote (ATU R) located at the An ADSL Transmission Unit-Remote (ATU-R) located at the
subscriber end
An ADSL Transmission Unit-central office (ATU-C) located at
the service provider end; a DSLAM at the central office
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the service provider end; a DSLAM at the central office
encompasses multiple ATU-Cs
Line Coding
Line coding represents a means of transmitting bits by increasing or
d i ( l i ) lt th i t t bit l f 1 decreasing (pulsing) voltage on the wire to represent bit values of 1
and 0.
There are three basic line-coding techniques associated with ADSL: g q
Single-carrier: Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation (CAP)
Multicarrier with DMT: Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation
Multicarrier with G.lite:
G.lite, also known as splitterless ADSL, offers slower speeds
but does not require the signals to be split at the subscriber end but does not require the signals to be split at the subscriber end.
This technique is the most popular method for the mass market.
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Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying a periodic waveform in order to
use that signal to convey a message use that signal to convey a message.
Similar to how a musician may modulate the tone from a musical
instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch.
ADSL uses two types of modulation techniques:
single-carrier CAP (Carrier Amplitude Phase), which is proprietary
lti i t d di d DMT (Di t M lti T )
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multicarrier standardized DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone)
CAP (Carrier Amplitude Phase)
1.5 MHz
160 KHz 240 KHz
25 KHz
0 KHz
4 KHz
Easy to implement
Was used in many early ADSL installations.
0 KHz
y y
CAP-based DSL makes use of three separate channels on the wire by
dividing the signals into three distinct bands:
Voice channel: 0- to 4-kHz band for POTS Voice channel: 0- to 4-kHz band for POTS.
Upstream channel: 25- to 160-kHz range.
Downstream channel: 240-kHz to 1.5-MHz range.
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The actual width of the downstream channel (the upper
frequency) varies and depends on a number of conditions, such
as line length or line noise.
CAP (Carrier Amplitude Phase)
1.5 MHz
160 KHz 240 KHz
25 KHz
0 KHz
4 KHz
The three channels are widely separated to minimize the possibility of
interference between them on one line or between the signals on
0 KHz
g
different lines.
CAP is similar to Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) changing
the amplitude 90 degrees out of phase the amplitude 90 degrees out of phase.
Only used in legacy ADSL.
Significantly less performance compared to DMT.
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g y p p
CAP Is not an industry standard, but the de facto standard up until
1996 and is still common
DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone)
The main difference is that DMT does not use only two wide channels y
for upstream and downstream data traffic.
DMT divides the frequency band into 256 separate 4 kHz-wide
channels.
Implementing DMT modulation is more complex than implementing
CAP modulation because DMT modulation uses a large number of
channels.
H DMT d l ti ff fl ibilit h t i li
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However, DMT modulation offers more flexibility when traversing lines
of differing quality.