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April 1984
MOBILIZATION CONSTRUCTION
Engineer Manual
No . 1110-3-164 9 April 1984
Engineering and' Design
WATER SUPPLY, GENERAL DISTRIBUTION;
Mobilization Construction
1 . Purpose . This manual provides information for the design and construction
of water dis-tribe>tion systems at U.S ., Army mobilization installations- .,
ANAUG
1, Corps of Engineers
f of Staff
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY . EM 1110-3-164
U .-S . Army Corps of Engineers
Washington, D .C . 20314
Engineer Manual
No . 1110-3-164 9 April 1984
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL
Par"raph Page
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL
1-1 .I Purpose and scope . This manual prescribes the standards, methods
and guidance to be used by personnel responsible for the design and
construction of water distribution systems at Army mobilization
installations .
pools without air gaps, lawn irrigation systems. with sprinkler heads
flush with the ground, and improper connections at vehicle wash racks .
CHAPTER 2
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
a . Pneumatic water supply systems are used for boosting water from
a low pressure source to a higher pressure, stabilizing a variable
pressure supply within acceptable limits, and minimizing frequency of
pump cycles . Hydropneumatic distribution systems are applicable where
demands are less than 500 gpm .
or more than 10 times per hour, unless the pump motor horsepower rating
exceeds 50, in which case the maximum number of cycles will be 6 per
hour . Completely automatic hydropneumatic tank controls are available
to maintain proper operating conditions (correct air-water volume
ratios) during each pump cycle . An auxiliary air compressor-type air
charging system will be used for tanks larger than 750 gallons and
pressures higher than 75 psi . An air volume control valve operation
will be used to maintain correct air-water volume ratios for all other
applications .
CHAPTER 3
DISTRIBUTION MAINS
or, Q = 193 .98 CD2 .63SO .54 for circular pipe flowing full .
where :
3- 2
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FEEDER
mmmmmmmmmm
WEEMENEENE
mmmmmmmmmm
FEEDER
mmmmmmmmmm
woommmmmmm
mommormmmm
(B) GRIDIRON PATTERN WITH CENTRAL FEEDER
mmmmmommmm
FEEDER mmmmmmmmmm
mmmmmmmmmm
mommoommmm
wommmmmmmm
(C) GRIDIRON PATTERN WITH LOOPED FEEDER
(AREA OF HIGHEST DEMAND CROSS-HATCHED)
d . Water main sewer crossings . Where water pipes and sewers must
cross, the sewer will have no joint within 3 feet of the water main
unless the sewer is encased in concrete for a distance of at least 10
feet each side of the crossing . If special conditions dictate that a
water main be laid under a gravity-flow sewer, the sewer pipe should be
fully encased in concrete for a distance of 10 feet each side of the
crossing, or should be made of pressure pipe with no joint located
within 3 feet horizontally of the water main, as measured perpendicular
to the water main . Pressure sewer pipe should always cross beneath
water pipe, and a minimum vertical distance of 2 feet between the
bottom of water pipe and the top of pressure sewer pipe should be
maintained . The sewer must be adequately supported to prevent
settling .
3- 4
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(3) Maximum protection . Where more than one utility crosses the
airfield pavement and individual crossings would be more expensive than
a combined crossing, the utilities will be enclosed in a utility tunnel
of sufficient size for in-place repairs . Special precautions must be
taken in the placement and protection of individual utility lines
within the tunnel to insure that failure of one utility does not affect
the service of the others . Special protection of mains is not required
where the mains are located beneath pavement areas that are not
normally subject to the movement of aircraft under their own power,
such as hangar access aprons on which aircraft would be towed .
EM 1110-3-164
9 Apr .84
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
Sizes to be
Type Applications Used
(diameter,
inches)
a . Gate valves . Gate valves may have either a single solid wedge
gate or double disc . Solid wedge gates are satisfactory in sizes up to
6 inches, but double disc gates should be used for larger sizes .
Because of the excessive wear and leakage of the gates and seats which
may result, gate valves should not be used where frequent operation is
required . If gate valves are left open for long periods, debris may
accumulate in the seat and prevent complete closure, but if left closed
for long periods, deposits may prevent opening . Gate valves should be
operated periodically to break loose any deposits which might have
formed . Large gate valves should be geared to make operation easier .
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9 Apr 84
d . Plug valves . Lubricated and eccentric plug valves are the types
of plug valves commonly used . Lubricated plug valves normally have a
cylindrical or tapered plug, intersecting the flow, with a rectangular
port opening . Round ports can be obtained in the smaller sizes .
Specially 'formulated greases are used both for lubrication and sealing
of lubricated plug valves . When operated periodically, these valves
are relatively easy to operate and provide a tight shutoff, but the
plugs may freeze if not operated for a long period of time . Plug
valves are especially good for high pressure applications . Eccentric
plug valves are preferable to lubricated plug valves because of greater
ease of operation and reduced maintenance req-uirements ; eccentric plug
valves are also less prone to freeze . Ball and plug valves will not be
used on buried pipelines, except when installed in a valve pit . The
basic application for the eccentric plug valves is normally on small
service lines .
g . Air release and vacuum relief valves . Air release valves are
required to evacuate air from the main at high points in the line when
it is filled with water and to allow the discharge of air accumulated
under pressure . Excess air allowed to accumulate at high points
5-2
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h. Valve location .
5-3
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e . Hydrant spacing .
5-4
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5-5
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f. Hydrant location .
(2) Street intersections are usually the best locations for fire
hydrants because fire hoses can then be laid along any of the radiating
streets . However, the likelihood of vehicular damage to hydrants is
greatest at intersections, so the hydrants must be carefully located to
reduce the possibility of damage . Hydrants should not be located less
than 6 feet from the edge of a paved roadway surface, nor more than 7
feet . If hydrants are located more than 7 feet from the edge of the
paved roadway surface and if the shoulders are such that the pumper
cannot be placed within 7 feet of the hydrant, consideration may be
given to stabilizing or surfacing a portion of wide shoulders adjacent
to hydrants to permit the connection of the hydrant and pumper with a
single 10-foot length of suction hose . In exceptional circumstances,
it may not be practical to meet these criteria, and hydrants may be
located to permit connection to the pumper using two lengths of suction
hose (a distance not to exceed 16 feet) .
6) Durability .
(8) Cost .
b. Types of materials .
5- 7
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5- 8
(b) Ductile-iron pipes are frequently lined with coal-tar
enamel or cement mortar to reduce corrosion of interior surfaces .
Cleaning and lining of corroded ductile-iron pipe can substantially
reduce the head losses in the pipe ; pipeline cleaning without lining is
not permitted unless the line has been relegated to short term duty
(less than 1 year) and will be abandoned .
5-9
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outlets for air valves and blowoffs . Details of these items should be
presented on the construction drawings to expedite fabrication .
(a) The properties of steel pipe favoring its use are high
strength, ability to yield or deflect under a load while still
resisting the load, the capability of bending without breaking, and the
ability to resist shock . Like ductile-iron, steel pipe is susceptible
to corrosion i-f effective coatings and linings are not applied and
maintained . Inasmuch as corrosion products do not adhere to steel
pipe, they are continually sloughed off, thus allowing further
corrosion . By contrast, corrosion products adhere to ductile-iron pipe
and offer some protection against further corrosion . Steel pipe is
generally available in diameters ranging to 144 inches and greater .
Maximum allowable working pressures depend on pipe wall thicknesses and
may be selected for the entire range of waterworks applications . In
designing steel pipe to withstand internal pressures, a factor of
safety of 2 .0 is generally used ; a factor of safety of 1 .5 or 2 .0 is
recommended in designing for external loads . Steel pipe may be used
for transmission lines and service lines with adequate protective
coatings and linings and cathodic protection as determined necessary by
site conditions . Steel pipe should not be used for distribution mains .
The basics of steel pipe waterlines are covered in AWWA C200 .
(b) Fittings and specials for pipe 3 inches and under may be
flanged, screwed, or mechanically jointed (dresser-type coupling) . All
fittings and specials must be galvanized . Fittings and specials for
larger sized steel pipe are not, in general, stock items . Therefore,
these items must be specifically made for each project . Detailed
information as to spatial limitations, size, pressure requirements,
angles, etc ., must be provided for fabrication .
5- 10
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9 Apr 84
(c) Several options are open to the designer for steel pipe
joints . Steel pipe may be welded, flanged, or connected by a
mechanical coupling . Threaded couplings are also available for pipe
sizes 3 inches and under .
5- 1 2
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9 Apr 84
CHAPTER 6
SERVICE CONNECTIONS
valves can be used for making large taps, under pressure, size to size,
i .e ., 8-inch outlet in 8-inch pipe, etc . Tapping sleeves should be
assembled in accordance with the manufacturer's directions .
a . Copper . Copper has been the most widely used material for
service piping due to its flexibility, ease of installation,
corrosion-resistance, and its capability to withstand high pressures .
Although the cost of copper pipe has risen rapidly in recent years, it
is still well suited for service connection use . Copper is a strategic
metal so its use for services should be limited to dire emergencies .
6-2
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9 Apr 84
CHAPTER 7
7-1 . -Minimum pipe cover . Minimum cover over pipes will be 2-1/2 feet
in grassed areas, 3 feet under unpaved driveways or roadways, and 4
feet under railroad tracks . Where frost depths are greater than the
above minimums, the cover should be at least equal.to the frost depth,
particularly for small lines which may not be flowing continuously .
Where lines pass under railroads, pipes may be encased in concrete or
enclosed in rigid conduit . Installation of pipelines and conduits
under railroad main lines is usually accomplished by carefully
controlled tunneling and jacking . For branch lines or lines used
infrequently, open cut installation may be permitted by the railroad .
Jacking or tunneling procedures are usually required if a pipeline is
to be installed under a major roadway with no disruption of traffic .
a . Air vent and vacuum relief valves . These items can be protected
from freezing.by installation in pits deep enough to place the valves
below the frost zone .
7-7 . Design analysis . The design analysis will indicate the essential
elements used in determining sizes and locations of mains, including :
- Storage input
APPENDIX A
A-1 . 'General . The sizing and location of mains, pump stations, and
elevated storage facilites are dependent upon hydraulic analyses of the
distribution system. The major techniques used in analysis of
distribution networks are reduction into equivalent pipes and Hardy
Cross analysis . For all but the very smallest systems, these analyses
are best performed on computers .
b . The 8-inch equivalent pipes for ACD and ABD will be converted
into a single equivalent 8-inch pipe . Since it is known that water
passing through ACD must have the same loss of head as water passing
\4, A ,I000 ' OF 8 ° PIPE
o.
0
0
2,00 0 OF 12 ° PIPE
4,240* 00 E° PIPE
51 1 ` OF 6° PIPE
Loss of head through ACD = 4 .18 feet + 13 .52 feet = 17 .70 feet
Loss of head through ABD = 0 .987 feet + 1 .16 feet = 2 .147 feet
c . Adjust the flow in branch ABD for the same loss of head as in
branch ACD . This can be done with the following equation .
0 .54
Q2 _ ~ HL2
Ql HL1
where :
A-3
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9 Apr 84
Thus :
0 .54 0 .5 X 17 .7 l 0 " 54
Q2 = Q1CHL2
H 1/ 02 .147/
d . Find the total rate of flow through branches ABD and ACD with a
loss of head of 17 .7 feet in both branches . The total flow is equal to
1 .56 mgd + 0 .5 mgd = 2 .06 mgd .
Length of equivalent 8-inch pipe = (17 .7/57 .3) x 1,000 = 309 feet .
A-4 . Hardy Cross analysis . Equivalent pipe techniques can be used for
finding flows or losses of head in simple systems, but more complex
networks involving multiple withdrawal points and crossover pipes
require different methods of solution . The Hardy Cross method is one
means of network analysis by which accurate determination of rates of
flow and losses of head through a system can be computed . It involves
the application of corrections to assumed values of flow or head until
the system is in hydraulic balance . If flows are to be balanced, the
correction factor to be applied to network flows is found by solving :
AQ_ - EH
n E(H/Q)
where :
In order to use the Hardy Cross method, the following guidelines must
be observed .
A-4
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9 Apr 84
Trial 1
II 4 8 8,000 + 5 .0 + 7 .4 1 .5 + 2 .0 + 7 .0
5 8 4,000 - 20 .0 - 48 .4 2 .4 + 0 .9 - 19 .1
6 8 3,000 + 17 .5 + 28 .3 1 .6 + 0.9 + 18 .4
7 10 9,000 + 5 .0 + 2 .8 0 .6 11 .2 9 .9 + 0 .9 + 5 .9
III 3 8 4,000 - 15 .0 - 28 .4 1 .9 + 1 .9 - 13 .1
8 16 8,000 + 60 .0 + 25 .3 0 .4 + 0 .8 + 60 .8
9 8 2,000 - 2 .5 - 0 .5 0 .2 + 0 .8 - 1 .7
10 10 9,000 - 2 .5 - 0 .8 0 .3 5 .2 4 .4 + 0 .8 - 1 .7
Trial 2
I 1 10 4,000 - 26 .1 - 26 .7 1 .0 + 0 .7 - 25 .4
2 20 8,000 + 73 .9 + 12 .5 0 .2 + 0 .7 + 74 .6
3 8 4,000 + 13 .1 + 22 .0 1 .7 + 1 .4 + 14 .5
4 8 8,000 - 7 .0 - 13 .8 2 .0 9 .0 6 .0 + 1 .0 - 6 .0
II 4 8 8,000 + 7 .0 + 13 .8 2 .0 - 1 .0 + 6 .0
5 8 4,000 - 19 .1 - 44 .5 2 .3 - 0 .3 - 19 .5
6 8 3,000 + 18 .4 + 31 .0 1 .7 - 0 .3 + 18 .0
7 10 9,000 + 5.9 + 3.8 0 .6 12 .3 4 .1 - 0.3 + 5 .5
III 3 8 4,000 - 13 .1 - 22 .0 1 .7 - 1 .4 - 14 .5
8 16 8,000 + 60 .8 + 25 .9 0 .4 - 0 .7 + 60 .1
9 8 2,000 - 1 .7 - 0 .2 0 .1 - Q .7 - 2 .4
10 - 10 9,000 - 1 .7 - 0 .4 0 .2 4 .6 3 .3 - 0 .7 - 2 .4
Trial 3
I 1 10 4,000 - 25 .4 - 25 .4 1 .0 - 0 .4 - 25 .8
2 20 8,000 + 74 .6 + 12 .8 0 .2 - 0 .4 + 74 .2
3 8 4,000 + 14 .5 + 26 .5 1 .8 - 0 .9 + 13 .6
4 8 . 8,000 - 6 .0 - 10 .3 1 .7 8 .8 3 .5 - 0 .6 - 6 .6
II 4 8 8,000 + 6 .0 + 10 .3 1 .7 + 0 .6 + 6 .6
5 8 4,000 - 19 .5 - 45 .9 2 .4 + 0 .2 - 19 .3
6 8 3,000 + 18 .0 + 30 .0 1 .7 + 0 .2 + 18 .2
7 ,10 9,000 + 5 .5 + 3 .4 0.6 11 .8 2 .2 + 0 .2 + 5 .7
III 3 8 4,000 - 14 .5 - 26 .5 1 .8 + 0 .9 - 13 .6
8 16 8,000 + 60 .1 + 25 .4 0 .4 + 0 .3 + 60 .6
9 8 2,000 - 2 .4 - 0 .5 0 .2 + 0 .5 - 1 .9
10 10 9,000 - 2 .4 - 0 .7 0 .3 5 .1 - 2 .3 + 0 .5 - 1 .9
A-6
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1,000 gal./min .
Flow
Pipe number (Percent) Direction of flow
Clockwise
ounterclockwise -(,Loq-p I)
Co~~ates criLOc~wi;se
17 .;5 Clockwise
5 .'0 Clockwiae
,60 Clockwise
2 .5 Counterclockwi :se
to - 2 .5 Counterclockwise
Flow Flow
Pipe number (percent) (gpm) Direction of flow
1 25 .8 1,033 Counterclockwise
2 74 .2 2,967 Clockwise
5 19 .3 771 Counterclockwise
6 18 .2 730 Clockwise
7 5 .7 224 Clockwise
8 60 .6 2,423 Clockwise
9 1 .9 77 Counterclockwise
10 1 .9 77 Counterclockwise
APPENDIX B
All residences must fall within the area thus scribed by one of these
circles . This is the case as shown in figure B-2 by the solid circles .
Figure B-3 illustrates an example for laying out fire hydrants in a
remote area . The facility shown is a warehouse requiring 12,000 gpm
fire protection . The warehouse has 15,900 square feet with the
configuration as shown . One hydrant can cover 40,000 square feet as
indicated in table 5-2, but consideration must be given to where the
EM 1110-3-164
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w0
0
B- 3
EM 1110-3-164
9 Apr 84
Radius of
Coverage area coverage
Required fire flow per hydrant circle
Facility -(f eet) ^ (feet)
The coverage area per hydrant figures are from table 5-2 and the radii
of coverage circles have been calculated in the same manner as in the
previous examples . In the diagram, the circles represent the coverage
areas for each particular fire demand . The radii vary since the
coverage areas decrease with the increasing fire demand . The circle
related to a particular demand must encompass the structures creating
this fire demand . An exception would be when another circle of higher
demand already covers the building or structure in question ., For
example, hydrant B, designed to protect the Mess Hall, also protects
the P-X . The P-X has a lesser fire demand than the Mess Hall .
Therefore, a hydrant explicitly for the P-X is unnecessary . Similarly,
a portion of the garages is protected by hydrant E-2 . Hydrants A-1 and
A-2 protect the troop housing area, hydrants C-1, C-2, and C-3 protect
the machine shop area ; hydrant D protects the remainder of the garage
area, and hydrants E-1 and E-2 protect the P .O .L . area . Th e layout
plan of fire hydrants is optimal when all buildings and structures are
covered and when the overlap$ among the various circles are minimized .
The minimization of the overlap area would tend to reduce the number of
redundant fire hydrants . . There are several restraints or restrictions
which must be taken into consideration . All hydrants must be kept a
minimum of 25 feet, preferably 50 feet, from the facility it is to
protect . There must be one fire hydrant within 300 feet and another
within 500 feet of any particular barracks or living quarters . Hydrant
mains should be kept as short as possible . The layout presented is not
the only possible solution ; other configurations are possible . Sound
B- 5
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WO-
crc
O C'
O
N
FIGURE B-4 . FIRE HYDRANT LAYOUT FOR COMBINED INDUSTRIAL AND HOUSING AREAS
B-6
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9 Apr 84
APPENDIX C
THRUST BLOCKING
where :
T = thrust in pounds
r = radius of pipe. joint in inches
p = water pressure in lb/in2
A = bend deflection angle
9o F- 200
54 is
~ 450 f --1,000
x-100 48of
45is
33 0
-20 -zoo of
-250 30
A P TA TED of
-10 27
ANGLE
-4 0 -100
THRUST -200
-5
-
210
_ 3
-30 - 180
-150 2
W
30 F
-I - 150
r- 20
F
W
= 15
W W d - .5
O Y --12!'
a
AN -100
i I=-10
NW N Y
1
F 1 a x ~ .2
U.O J F
W
F -9
p TA TE D W 0
F I-, I a
z
a END ? 0 c 80
THRUST 'a FQ FW 'r-- 3
.05
r- . 2
x- .03
L-1.5
L- 50
P TA TE D
F
TA TE D
60
2,000
54
~ 1,000
-1,000
45"
500 42"
- 500
39°
--100 -- 2768
- 30 -50
-20
-30
W
-10 Q -15 "
-20 0
- t5
r ~, 12"
-10
-3
Y
2
-5 ~9n
i---1
i ~r a~f
o"
-3 8"
O
r-- .5 T
of
- 2
t--. .3
10° i---1 .5 L- s",
P TE D
TA
CI . S . Army Corps of Engineers
FIGURE C- 2 . THRUSTS AT BENDS (GREATER THAN 10 DEGREES) AND ENDS
EM 1110-3-164
9 Apr 84
2 tan -1 Wf
(2irrzp)
where :
C-4
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9 Apr 84
APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
Government Publications .
Nongovernment - Publications .