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DIGESTI VE SYSTEM

Watch the Digestive System podcast (on the A215 website) PRIOR to coming to
lecture. Be sure to take notes from the podcast, as this material will not be repeated
in class. Also watch all videos mentioned in the podcast and assigned on the
McGraw-Hill website.
I. INTRODUCTION (Fig 26.1)
-- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract:
tube that extends from mouth to anus
* mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, and anus
* functions include:
* digestion: process of breaking
down food into small fragments
* mechanical digestion
* chemical digestion

* absorption: water and food molecules pass
through to GI lymphatics and blood vessels
* elimination of wastes
-- accessory digestive organs: not part of GI
tract, but assist with digestion
* tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas

-- abdominopelvic cavity is lined by peritoneum (serous membrane) (Fig 26.7)
* parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall
* visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs
* peritoneal cavity

-- digestive system controlled by autonomic nervous system (figs 18.5, 18.6)
* parasympathetic: in general, it stimulates or increases activity of GI tract

* sympathetic: in general, it inhibits or decreases activity of GI tract


COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE SPECI FI C ACTIONS OF
PARASYMPATHETIC
AND SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM BY
COMPLETING
THE GI INNERVATION LEARNING EXERCISE .

Watch the"Digestive System Overview" animation in the Connect site
II. ORAL CAVITY (MOUTH) (Fig 26.3)
-- continuous posteriorly with oropharynx
-- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-- upper part of the oral cavity: palate
* hard palate: anterior 2/3 of palate, bony
* soft palate: posterior 1/3, formed from skeletal muscle
* uvula
EXTRA CREDIT: Osmosis Jones and Drix
* function of soft palate and uvula:
-- teeth: (fig 26.6)
Deciduous teeth (baby teeth) 20
Permanent Teeth - 32
-- tongue
* stratified squamous epithelium
* functions:
Perceives taste
-- 3 pairs of salivary glands: (Fig 26.4)
* secrete saliva Water, mucus, amylase (enzyme that digests carbs), lysozyme
(antibacterial agent), and antibodies
-- functions:
Moistens food and turns it into bolus (mushy glob of food)
Dissolve food
Chemically digest carbs
Cleanses mouth
Inhibit bacterial growth

What do you think? Research suggests that a dry mouth (inadequate production of
saliva)
is correlated with an increase in dental problems, such as cavities.
What are the possible reasons for this correlation?
Less opportunity to clean the mouth regularly with less saliva
III. PHARYNX (phar-INKS) (Fig 26.3)
-- "throat"
-- muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth, to larynx and esophagus
* function:
Propel food and drink to the esophagus and air to the larynx
-- only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx conduct both food and air!


IV. GENERAL HISTOLOGY OF GI TRACT (ESOPHAGUS TO LARGE
INTESTINE) (Fig 26.9)
-- the walls contain 4 layers, or tunics:
A. Mucosa: innermost tunic
1) epithelium:
* esophagus has nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
* stomach to anal canal has simple columnar epithelium
2) areolar CT
3) Muscularis Mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle

B. Submucosa:
* connective tissue
* contains major blood vessels

C. Muscularis:
* typically contains 2 layers of smooth muscle:
* exception: stomach
1) inner circular layer
2) outer longitudinal layer
* responsible for peristalsis: alternate waves of contraction and relaxation (fig
26.2)


D. Serosa or Adventitia: outermost layer
* serosa = visceral peritoneum + areolar CT
* adventitia = areolar CT only

V. ESOPHAGUS (Figs. 26.1, 26.10, 26.11)
A. Gross Anatomy:
-- muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach
-- function:

B. Histology:
-- mucosa: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-- muscularis: 2 layers of muscle
* upper 1/3: skeletal muscle
* middle 1/3: skeletal + smooth
* lower 1/3: smooth muscle only

Reflux Esophagitis ('Heartburn') (p. 792 clinical view)
VI. STOMACH (Figs 26.1, 26.12, 26.13)
A. Gross Anatomy:
-- connects to esophagus and duodenum
-- main function:

B. Histology:
-- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium
-- mucosa contains gastric pits

-- branching off of gastric pits are gastric glands:

-- muscularis: has three (3) layers of smooth muscle, not two!
* innermost oblique, inner circular, outer longitudinal

What do you think? What prevents the gastric juices from eating away at the stomach
itself?

Peptic Ulcer (see p 796 clinical view)
VII. SMALL INTESTINE (Figs 26.1, 26.14, 26.15)
A. Gross Anatomy:
-- functions:


-- 3 specific segments:
1) duodenum:
* receives chyme from stomach
* receives bile and pancreatic enzymes through duodenal papilla
2) jejunum: 2nd part
3) ileum: 3rd part
* connects to cecum of large intestine

B. Histology:
-- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
-- small intestine contains circular folds (plicae circulares):
* folds of mucosa AND submucosa!
* functions:

-- on circular folds are villi
* folds of the MUCOSA only!
* function:
* in center of each villus are blood vessels and a lacteal


VIII. LARGE INTESTINE (Fig 26.1, 26.16, 26.17)
A. Gross Anatomy:
-- functions:



-- different segments :
1) cecum: sac, connects to ileum
* lower right part of abdomen
* vermiform appendix
2) ascending colon: right side of body
3) transverse colon: runs from the right to left side of body
4) descending colon: left side of body
5) sigmoid colon: in pelvic cavity, S-shaped
6) rectum and anal canal: terminal portion of large intestine
* feces leaves anal canal through anus (external opening)

B. Histology:
-- mucosa has simple columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
-- muscularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle
* outer longitudinal layer consists of teniae coli
** haustra

Colorectal Cancer (see p. 802 clinical view)

NOW YOU SHOULD KNOW HOW FOOD TRAVELS THROUGH THE GI
TRACT.
REVIEW THIS PROCESS WITH THE FOOD FLOW LEARNING EXERCISE .
REVIEW THE EPITHELIAL LININGS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GI
SEGMENTS WITH
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: EPITHELIUM/FUNCTION MEMORY MATRIX .
NOW COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE "TUNICS" AMONG THE
DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE GI TRACT, WITH THE GI TUNICS MEMORY MATRIX .

IX. LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS (Fig. 26.1)
A. Liver: (fig 26.18)
-- upper right part of abdomen
-- functions:



B. Gallbladder: (fig 26.18, 26.21)
-- underneath liver
-- function:

Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
C. Pancreas: (Fig 26.20, 26.21)
-- behind stomach

-- acinar cells
* secrete pancreatic juice
* pancreatic juice leaves via a pancreatic duct

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wa5MrT3yY-I video about the pancreas
WE NOW HAVE COVERED ALL OF THE ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE
ORGANS. REVIEW
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS WITH THE
ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS MEMORY MATRIX .
SEVERAL ACCESSORY GI ORGANS SECRETE MATERIALS TO AID
WITH DIGESTION.
REVIEW THEM WITH THE GI SECRETIONS MEMORY MATRIX .

X. BILIARY APPARATUS (Fig 26.21)
-- biliary apparatus: a network of "tubes" that transport bile and pancreatic juices
TO the
duodenum!
-- right and left hepatic ducts (from liver) unite to form the common hepatic duct
-- Gallbladder has a cystic duct
-- Cystic duct and common hepatic duct unite, forming common bile duct
* it connects with pancreatic duct

-- common bile duct opens into duodenum at the duodenal papilla
* here, bile and pancreatic juices are secreted!


XI. BLOOD SUPPLY TO ABDOMINAL GI TRACT
A. Arterial Supply: (Fig 23.15)
-- from branches of:
1) celiac trunk
2) superior mesenteric artery
3) inferior mesenteric artery

B. Venous Drainage: (Fig 23.16, study tip image on p. 704, fig. 26.19)
-- hepatic portal system: veins that drain blood from GI tract directly TO liver

-- 4 main veins:
1. Superior Mesenteric vein
2. Splenic vein
3. Inferior Mesenteric vein
4. Hepatic portal vein - receives blood from 1,2, and 3, and goes
directly to the liver

-- blood from hepatic portal vein is
processed by the liver cells (hepatocytes)


-- once processed, blood leaves the
liver via hepatic veins and into the inferior vena cava

Check out the Anatomy and Physiology Revealed animation about the hepatic
portal system:
Go to "cardiovascular"
Click on animations
Click on hepatic portal system
REVIEW HOW VENOUS BLOOD TRAVELS FROM THE GI TRACT, TO
THE LIVER,
AND THEN TO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION BY COMPLETING THE
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM LEARNING EXERCISE .

Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the:
a. oral cavity
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. small intestine
e. large intestine

Back to the Anatomy A215 Home Page

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