Restricted Earth Fault Relay Project

EG/94/710
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Group Electrical Energy Systems
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Master Thesis of
Pierre Raphael Bermejo
EG/94/710.A.
The Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the
Eindhoven University of Technology does not
accept any responsibility for the contents of
training or terminal reports.
M. Sc. graduation report coached by:
Prof.dr.-ing. H. Rijanto (EUT)
Ir. P. Bertrand (Group SCHNEIDER)
Eindhoven, April 1994.
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
SUMMARY
The Restricted Earth Fault (REF) differential protection is a zone protection that has to be
able to detect currents to ground (zero sequence current). The principal of the Restricted
Earth Fault is based upon the distinction between a fault current inside the protected zone
and a fault current outside the protected zone. The REF is applied to protect e.g. power
transformer.
For faults inside the protected zone the protection has to react (switch-off) and for faults
outside the protected zone we do not want a reaction.
Further on the REF has to be able to recognise effects like saturation of a current
transformer -in consequence of a large short-circuit current or in consequence of an
inrush current from a power transformer- to avoid undesirable swith-off command of the
protection. Current transformers are used like a measuring instrument to reduce current to
an acceptable level for the hard-and software inside the computer.
The quantities diffusion current (id) and through current (it) are defined to distinguish a
fault current inside the protected zone from a fault current outside the protected zone.
As current transformers are not perfect (the can get saturated) the proportional current
(ip) is introduced.
To discover an inrush current in relation to an undesirable switch-off command of the
protection the detection of second harmoniC has been applied, however, without succes.
From measurements we learn that in case there is no inrush-effect there is a possibility to
detect second harmonics only for faults inside the protected zone and not for faults
outside the protected zone.
Another possibility to perceive the inrush-effect is by detecting fifth harmonics because
they are typically descending from power transformers (as we learn from literature). This
last possibility has not been examined because the research had to be stopped. Neverthe-
less an algorithme can be designed with the help from the flowchart diagram on page 37.
Conclusion:
The realised protection algorithme (see appendex page 92-94) functions if the inrush-
effect is left out of consideration.
Further the Restricted Earth Fault protection algorithme can not detect a Three-phase to
ground fault because the zero sequence current 1
0
is equal to zero.
CONTENTS
page
INTRODUCTION
I SIMULATION OF THE S.E.P.A.M.2000
1.1 What is SEPAM 20001
1.2 Treatment of the input signal
1.2.1 The Rogowski coil
1.2.1.1 Model of the Rogowski coil
1.3 Treatments of the signal with a digital filter
1.3.1 The FIR filter
II SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
2.1 What is EMTP ?
2.2 Model of an electrical network
1
2
2
2
3
3
6
6
8
8
9
III CALCULATION OF A FAULT CURRENT IN STEADY STATE CONDITION 10
3.1 Symmetrical components method 10
3.1.1 First case: (Phase-to ground fault) 10
3.1.2 Second case: (Twophase-to ground fault) 13
3.2 Method with the value of the reactance 15
3.2.1 Third case:(Threephase-to ground fault) 15
IV THE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 16
4.1 The differential earth fault system or restricted earth fault protection 16
4.1.1 Principal of the REF 16
Pierre BERMEJO
restricted earth fault protection
University of Technology in Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
15/04/94
1
4.1.2 The differential current
4.1.3 The through current
17
17
4.2 Differential current and through current in-and outside the protected zone 18
v THE SATURATION EFFECT 22
5.1 Output signals produced by EMTP for a phase-to ground fault inside the
protected zone 22
5.2 Output signals produced by EMTP for a phase-to ground fault outside the
protected zone 24
5.3.1 Saturation of the CT in consequence of very large fault current 26
5.3.2 The proportional current 28
5.3.3 Saturation in consequence of inrush current 30
5.3.3.1 Inrush phenomena 30
5.4 Choice of the harmonic 31
5.4.1 The second harmonic 31
5.4.2 The third harmonic 31
5.4.3 Higher harmonics 31
5.5 Detection of the second harmonic 31
5.5.1 Second harmonic from CT saturation in consequence
of large fault current 32
5.5.1.1 Analyse of the second harmonic when a fault appear inside
the protected zone in case of a phase-to earth faults. 32
5.5.1.2 Analyse of the second harmonic when a fault appear outside
the protected zone in case of a phase-to earth faults. 33
5.5.2 Second harmonic from inrush current 34
5.5.2.1 Analyse of the second harmonic when a transformer is energized 34
Pierre BERMEJO
15/04/94
2
5.5.2.1 Analyse of the second harmonic when a transformer is energized 34
VI RESULT OF THE PROTECTION ALGORITHME 35
6.1 Result of the protection algorithme for a fault inside the protected zone 35
6.2 Result of the protection algorithme for a fault outside the protected zone 35
VII CONCLUSION 37
VIII RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER WORKS 39
BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
Pierre BERMEJO
15/04/94
3
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays there is an increasing tendancy in protecting electrical networks, by using
computers. Microprocessor technology is ideal for implementing and integrating protecti-
ve functions to provide a lower cost per function. Such implementations improve the
precision and quality of classical protective functions and at the same time provide
advanced features including self diagnostics, metering and event recording at no additio-
nal cost. Another important gain of the application of computers is reliability. The accent
lies on the safety-aspect for people and apparatus.
For this reason the division "Protection Control and Command (PCC) ", of Merlin Gerin
(France) wants to develop in the near future a protection algorithme for transformers
called "Restricted earth fault (REF)differential protection", to satisfy the customers need.
The REF is a zone protection that has to be able to continuously detect current to ground.
For faults outside its zone it is necessary that the REF undertakes no action, for faults
inside its zone action has to be took upon.
Purpose of the experiment:
Acquise insight in the application of the REF (advantages and disadvantages of these
protection) .
Pierre-Raphael BERMEJO
Restricted Earth Fault differential protection
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I SIMULATION OF THE S.E.P.A.M.2000
1.1 What is SEPAM 20oo?
SEPAM is a digital protection unit. It is used for protecting electrical installations.
Mastering electrical power calls for the use of units with the capacity to continuously
monitor electrical networks and equipment, and to trigger the appropriate action for
protecting and controlling them.
It ensures all the protections, measurements and automation functions required for the
most diversified applications. It is enhanced by a serial communication interface options.
It is especially well-adapted for centralized control of electrical networks.
SEPAM 2000
Figl: Treatment of a input signal (lin) inside the SEPAM 2000
1.2 Treatments of the input signal
The treatments of the input signal, see Fig1, is as following. A current transformer
measures a signal. After this operation the signal must be clear from any noise and go
through two Low Pass Filters. After filtering the analog signal is converted into a digital
form with the use of an analog - into digital convertor. After convolution of the signal
with a Finit Impuls Response (FIR) filter and the technics of the Discret Fourier Trans-
form (DFT) the signal is ready to be analysed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
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Merlin Gerin used two different method to measure the input signal (lin)' The first one is
with the uses of a current transformer the other one is with the uses of a Rogowski coil.
Merlin Gerin used the Rogowski coil for measuring current waveforms containing fast
transients. For the simulation of this component we need a model.
1.2.1 The Rogowski coil
1.2.1.1 Model of the Rogowski coil
A Rogowski coil is an air cored solenoidal winding of small cross section wich can be
readily looped around a conductor[1]. If formed into a closed loop then the voltage E(t)
induce in the coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of current i(t) passing
through the loop according to the equation. It is relatively inexpensive to make, provides
isolated measurement and being air cored it does not suffer from saturation.
There are obvious advantages in a measuring coil wich does not have a ferromagnetic
core. The core may also be made flexible so that it can be strapped around a conductor
without having to disconnect the primary circuit.
The principal of the Rogowski coil is the application of the induction law of Faraday[2].
with
~ = L. i
we get
E(t) = -L:ti(t)
further we know that
For the Rogowski coil
N N
ffBndA: =E BiA = AE B
i
=A (B
l
+B
2
+ ..... +B
N
-
l
+B
N
)
~ ~
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
where B, = B
2
= = B
N
B, is the magnetic field from a winding of the Rogowski
coil. For N windings
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(6)
(7)
(8)
with
B
1
(t)
and
(9)
(area of a winding)
(10)
(11)
In this case the frequency and the capacitors of the Rogowski coil are very low f <1 kHz
thus Do is constant thus d/dt(constant) =0
the magnetic flux Ht(t)is equal to:
2TtR
fill'idl = H( R) f dl = H(R) 2nR = I l ~ H R =
1=0
(12)
(13)
E( t)
where
= _ N r
2
d I (t)
2R
Jlo
dt 1
(14)
N r
2
= --Jlo
2 R
(15)
and
J.to=4?r.1O-
7
[Him]
15/04794
4
Further the Rogowski coil has a proper Rogowski coil resistance from the windings R
1
and finaly a capacitance C
2
of the windings_ The Rogowski coil is connected to the
SEPAM 2000 We have to take into consideration the presence of the input resistance (R
2
)
of the SEPAM-
The result scheme is as follows:
E{t)
u{t)
Fig2: Model of the Rogowski coil
With the help of fig2 we can develop the following equations
1 ) E ( t) = i 1 ( t) R
1
+ L
1
ddt i 1 ( t) + u ( t) (16)
d
= C
2
dt U (t)
= u (t)
R
2
(17)
(18)
The differential equation of this scheme is:
E ( t) =[i R (t) + i c (t) ] R
1
+ L
1
dd [i R (t) + i c (t)] + u ( t)
2 2 t 2 2
(19)
(20)
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E( t)
::: (R +C
2d
d
t
U(t)] +U(t)
1 1 dt R
2
(21)
d
2
eRR +L d R +R 1
--u(t)+( 212 l)_U(t)+( 1 2 )u(t)=--E(t)
d t 2 1R
2
C
2
d t 1R
2
C
2
1 C
2
(22)
To simulate this second order differential equation with a computer we have to transform
this equation into an equation of difference .
This equation of difference enables us to simulate the conduct of the Rogowski coil
during short-current situation in the electrical network.
u(nT
s
) -2u(nT
s
-T
s
) +u(nT
s
-2T
s
) (u(nT
s
)) -u(nTs-T
s
)) )
+A +Bu (nT
s
=Ce
T/ T
s
(23)
The software implementation of the Rogowski coil and the filters inside the SEPAM 2000
is shown on the annexe on pages 83-86.
The protection algorithme has to take into account the phenomenons of saturation of the
CT so in the first instance the simulation of the Rogowski coil won't be used.
1.3 Treatments of the signal with a digital filter
After treatment of the signal with a finit impuls response (FIR) filter and the technics of
the Discret Fourier Transform (DFT), we are capable to detect multiple of the ground
frequency of 50 Hz component from the saturation effect[3].
1.3.1 The F.I.R filter
The SEPAM 2000 uses two digital filters DFT(n.50Hz) for the treatment of the signals
from the analog to digital convertor. Because the signal f(nT
s
) is respectively convolute
with a cosinus function (Fi_c) and a sinus function (Fi_s) of (n.50 Hz) frequency. With
these filters we are capable to detect multiples of the 50Hz ground harmonic from the
fault current. We need this information eventually for preventing false trips during
energization of a power transformer[4]. These filters are known as FIR (Finit Impuls
Response) filters.
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FIR

FI_c
f(t)
ADC

Js(nTs)
Fig3: Digltal treatment of the slgnal f(nTs) wlth Fl_C and Fl_S fllters
f(t) is the input signal sampled at 12 points per sequence.
fc(nTs), fs(nTs) are the ouputs of the filters(Fi_c and Fi_s).
FILTER Fi s
m
fsm(nTs) = L an'f-
n
n=O
FILTER Fi c
m
fcm(nTs) = L an'f-
n
n=O
(23)
where Ts = lIfs (fs sample frequency) and where h
k
is the digital impuls response of the
filters
(25)
(26)
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II SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRICAL NETWORKS
For the testing of the algorithme we need to modelise an electrical power network. This is
possible by using EMTP.
2.1 What is EMTP?
With EMTP it is possible to modelise electrical power networks as functions of time,
typically following some disturbance such as the switching of a circuit breaker, or a fault.
It also is used by those who specialize in power electronics.
For testing the protection algorithme we need the simulation of an electrical network.
Inside this network it is possible to create situations where earthfaults occur, for example:
-Phase-to ground fault
-Twophase-to ground fault
-Threephase-to ground fault
In faults without ground contact we are not interested because the algorithme of the
restricted earth fault works with the current wich flows through the ground.
The network to be simulated with EMTP is shown in Fig4 here under.
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2.2 Model of an electrical network
Z
YyO; 62,5/21 kV
36MVA; 16,45%
SW2
Zn2
L. ~ REF1 ~ ~ = j ~ ~ ~ : = : : :
L _J -
Dy1 ;62,5/36,08 kV
500MVA;1,64%
SW1
G "v+----------i
Fig4: Model of an electrical network
In this figure above the Dy! power transformer is dimentioned in a way such that he can
not get satureted because we have not used the saturable element 96 from EMTP.
The other power transformer used this element because we want to know wat can happen
in situations of energizing it, to study the protection algorithme.
The Dyl power transformer has on the secondary side an impedance (Znl) between the
star point of the transformer and the earth. For the other power transformer the primary
side have a impedance to ground (zn2). With Zn2 we can simulate different forms of
grounding.
The electrical network is dimensionned in a way such that if a earth fault occurs, half the
fault current will flow respectively through Znl and Zn2. With the use of the two
measuring switches (SWI and SW2) we can distinguish a fault inside and a fault outside
the protected zone. About this subject we will talk later.
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With the method of the symmetrical components, it is possible to verify the calcules of
EMTP.
III CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENT IN STEADY STATE CONDITION
3.1 Symmetrical components method
With the methode of the symmetrical components it is possible to calculate the currents
and voltages on the faultplace.
Further we are interested in the current which flows through the ground because we need
it for the working of the restricted earth fault differential protection.
3.1.1 First case: (Phase-to ground fault)
From the symmetrical components[5] we know that for a phase-to ground fault
counts:
10=11 =12
In addition
10 the zero sequence overcurrent
11 the direct sequence overcurrent
12 the inverse sequence overcurrent
further
UO+U1+U2=O
In addition
UO the zero sequence overvoltage
U1 the direct sequence overvoltage
U2 the inverse sequence overvoltage
For each component of the electrical network we give the complex value. For some
components these value are only reactif. There is no contribution of the resistif part
because this one can be neglected. Its value is too low in comparaison to the reactif part.
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further we know that for the voltage of each phase equal to:
UA = a
2
U1 + aU
2
+ U
o
U
B
= aU1 + a
2
U
2
+ U
o
U
e
= U
i
+ U
2
+ U
o
further we know that for the current of each phase equal to:
I
A
= a
2
I
I
+ aI
2
+ 10
I
B
= all + a
2
I
2
+ 10
Ie = Ii + 1
2
+ 10
remarque: a
2
= -112 -j (1I2).v3; a = -112 + j (1I2).V3
The result scheme is as follows:
Xs Xt1 XLI F XLr Xt2
IU1
ZL
t 12
Xs Xt1 XLI F XLr Xt2
U2
ZL
11-12-10
Xt10 XUO
lOt
XLrO Xt20
X01
t
UO
X02 X03 OL

-
-
Fig5: Phase-to ground fault
The value of each component is as following:
S = 36 kV
Xs = j6,5 ohm (reactance of the source s)
Xtl = < < j I ohm
XLI = j4 ohm (reactance of the area line at the leftside of the fault)
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11
XLr = j4 ohm (reactance of the area line at the rightside of the fault)
Xt2 = j17,85 ohm
ZL = infinite
X01 = 3*j40 = j 120 ohm
XtlO = < < j 1 ohm
XLlO = j4 ohm
XLrO = j4 ohm
Xt20 = j125,8 ohm
X02 = 1 E-4 ohm
X03 = infinite
ZOL = infinite
After any calculation the value of successively
Zd = j 10,5 ohm (total value of the direct network)
Zi = j 10,5 ohm (total value of the inverse network)
Zh = j63,61 omh (total value of the homopolare network)
With the help of the values we found it is possible to give a simplification of fig 5.
Using this new scheme makes it easy to calculate the values of currents and voltages.
The definitive scheme is like:
zd
L
-
sr-
i1 t IU1
zi
12 tl
-
[
-
t
U2
11-12-10
zh
loll _
-

-
t
UO
I
-
-
Fig6: Phase-to ground fault
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further
UO = -Zh.1O = -j63,63.-j426,67 10
3
= -27,14kV
U2 = -Zi.I2 = -Zi.IO = -jlO,5.-j426,67 10
3
= -4,48kV
Ul = - U2 - VO = 31,62kV
thus
UA = -40,7 1<Y -j31,26 1<Y V
U
B
= -40,7 1<Y +j31,26 10
3
V
U
e
= 0 V
I
A
= aZI) + al
z
+ 1
0
= (a
Z
+ a + 1)10 = 0
I
B
= al) + aZl
z
+ 10 = (a + a
Z
+ 1)1
0
= 0
Ie = 11 + I
z
+ 1
0
= 31
0
IF = 3.10 where IF = fault current
IIFI = l,28kA .. f = y'2'l,28kA = l,8kA
EMTP (file P3A. dat) shows these results en thus are in accordance with the calculation
of the method of the symmetrical components.
3.1.2 Second case: (Twophase-to ground fault)
From the symmetrical components we know that for a twophase-to ground fault
counts:
10+11 +12=0
further
UO=Ul=U2
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The equivalent scheme is like:
i1
-
zd
-
I

I
U1
i2
zi
-
-
I
-
I
U2
iO
Zh
-
-
I
-
I
UO
Fig7: Twophase-to ground fault
v, = S.Zp/(Zp+Zd) with Zp=(ZLZh)/(Zi+Zh)= j9 ohm
= 36103 * 0,46 = 16,65kV
VA = a
2
V, + aV, + V, = (a
2
+ a + 1 )V, = 0
VB = aV, + a
2
V, + V, = (a + a
2
+ 1 )V, = 0
V
c
= V, + V, + V, = 3V
I
thus
V
c
= 3*16,65kv = 50kV ;
I, = (S-V,)/Zd = -j 1,85kA
1
2
= -V/Zi = -V/Zi = jl,58kA
1
0
= -Vo/Zh = -V,/Zh = j 261,75A
I
A
= a
2
I
1
+ al
2
+ 1
0
= -2,97kA + j 396,75A
I
B
= all + a
2
I
2
+ 1
0
= 2,97kA + j 396,75A
Ie = I, + 1
2
+ 1
0
= 0 A
EMTP (file P3B. dat) shows these results en thus are in accordance with the calculation
of the method of the symmetrical components.
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3.2 Method with the value of the reactance
3.2.1 Third case:(Threephase-to ground fault)
For this case we do not need the technique of the symmetrical components methode
because we have a symmetrical short circuit and it is not necessary to find the equivalent
scheme of each phase. Only one phase is enough because the current through the different
phases is the same. Of course the network is symmetrical for all phases.
The equivalent scheme is shown below.
Dy1 ;62,5/36,08 kV
SOOMVA;1,64%
Xt
XI
Xg
Fig8: Threephase- to ground fault
S 36,08kV

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15
= (38,08)2.
65
=2,410
62,5 '
(38,08)2
Xtrafo = 1,64% 500 = 0,0470
x = (36,08)2'4=1,330
L 62,S
The total value of the reactance is:
X
total
= j2,41 + jO.047 + jl.33 = j3,780
I = S
F
13 XTotal
=
36,08 = 5, 5kA/phase
13 3,78
EMTP (file P3C. dat) shows these results en thus are in accordance with the calculation
with the method of the reactance value.
IV THE RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
4.1 The differential earth fault system or Restricted Earth Fault protection
4.1.1 Principal of the REF
The principal of the REF is based on the detection of zero-sequence current. This
detection is only possible in case of fault(s) to ground. The system is operative for faults
within the region between current transformers[6]. The system will remain stable for all
faults outside this zone.
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CT
Zn2
~ ~ r
PT
CT
ia
ib
ic
i
O
\--..... ----+ REF
Fig9: Detection of the zero sequence current 1
0
For the algorithme we need in the first instance two values called:
-the differential current(id)
-the through current(it)
4.1.2 The differential current:
The differential current (id) is defined as the difference between the zerosequence current
(ia + ib + ic) and the ground-current (in).
id = (ia + ib + ic) -in (27)
4.1.3 The through current:
The through current (it) is defined as the addition of the zerosequence current and the
ground-current.
it =
(ia + ib + ic) + in
2
(28)
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where
i.(t) = i.1i cos(wt + ~
<a> = 2rcf; f = 50Hz
.
In
Fig10: The differential current (id) and the through current (it)
For the correct working of the restricted earth fault we must distinguish a fault inside the
protected zone from a fault outside the zone.
4.2 Differential current and t h r o u ~ h current in-and outside the protected zone
The principal of the Restricted Earth Fault is based upon the distinction between a fault
current inside the protected zone and a fault current outside the protected zone. This the
reason that the three line currents inside the protected zone are called: ial, ib1, icl and
the three line currents outside the protected zone are called: ia2, ib2, ic2.
For a phase-to ground fault we give this following scheme
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in t
Zn2
ib2
ia2
SW2
-
-
ic2
-
ia1
-
SW1
ib1
-
-
ic1
Zn1
TRANSF01
Fig!!: Current in-and outside the protected zone
where at t=t1 the amplitude of the current inside respectively outside the protected zone
is equal to:
ia1=1,5kA
ib1 =292A
ic1=292A
ia2=292A
ib2=292A
ic2=876A
For a fault inside the protected zone it is necessary that id 0 and it=O
After the moment of appearance of a fault inside the protected zone to ground the
currents (id) and (it) can take the following values at any time.
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idl = [l500cos(wt + cpj + 292cos(wt + /Ph) + 292cos(wt + CPJ] - 876cos(wt) =
1,79kA;cO
itl = [l500cos(wt + cpj + 292cos(wt + /Ph) + 292cos(wt + CPJ] + 876cos(wt) =0
After the moment of appearance of a fault outside the protected zone to ground the
currents (id) and (it) can take the following values at any time.
For a fault outside the protected zone it is necessary that id=O and it;cO
id2=[292cos(wt + CPJ + 292cos(wt + 'Ph) + 292cos(wt + CPJ] - 876cos(wt) =0
it2=[292cos(wt + CPJ + 292cos(wt + /Ph)+ 292cos(wt + CPJ] + 876cos(wt) = -1,75kA
;cO
These results are in accordance with the plot of idl and id2 from file p3A.dat. see Figl2
calcul P3A
2000,------,-------.---.:...:.----r------........------.,
oI---...L'---I-lr---'--f--\---f-+--H--\--+--+--+--+-'-+_t_-/--\---H-----___;
-2000
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-4000 L..- ---I.... .....I.- -JI....- -.l... ---J
o
idl
x10--4

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-1 -...._ __WL_ __U...IL.-"------'Lll..__....Lll.._--lL- ----l
o
-0.5
-< 0\---__
id2,
Figl2: Differential current (id), inside respectively outside the protected zone
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20
conclusion:
We can already conclude by now that concerning the algoritme we only have to look at
the value of (id) and (it) to make a distinction between a fault inside te protected zone and
a fault outside the protected zone.
Sometimes- under extreme conditions- the current-transformers can get satisfied in
consequence of an inrush-current or very large fault current. We will return to this
subject later on.
Let us suppose that the primary current is measured bij a Rogowski-coil. Because its
physical property (the coil doesn't contain iron) it is not possible to get satisfied. So it is
linear.
With this simple criteria we can imagine a flowchart diagram for the protection algo-
rithme like:
y
TRIPPING)
Fig13: flowchart diagram of the protection algoritme for a case without saturation
Of course we have not finished the determination of the protection algorithme because we
need more knowledge about the comportments of the signals (id), (it) in case of saturation
and also we need to know how we can recognise a signal inside the protected zone with
saturation from a signal outside the protected zone with saturation?
If the primary current is measured by a current transformer the possibility to saturation is
realistic, for example when a fault occurs where the line current is very large or in case
of energizing of a power transformer where magnetizing inrush current appears[7].
15704794
21
V THE SATURATION EFFECT
5.1 Output produced by EMTP for a phase-to fault inside the protected
zone.
Between time t1 and t2 a fault to ground has been simulated. At the point of time t1, a
singlephase-to ground sets in inside the protected zone (see fig14).
The output signals of the three line currents and the ground current produced by EMTP
and measured by the CT are shown under. see Fig14.
2000
a
<
-2000
-4000
0

t
1000
500
<
a
-500
0
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
calcul P3A
0.15
ial
0.15
ibl
0.2
C2,..
0.2
0.25
b+
0.25
/:;....
15/04/94
22
1000 ,------.,...-------,..-------,-------,-----------,
......__ _j_._ _ _ _..__ _ __ _ --1 _ __ _.
<
0
-500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
icl
t. .......
2000
1000
<
0
-1000
0
C"
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
bJ..
/;;...:r
t
in
1\
Figl4: phase currents and ground current for a fault inside the protected zone
These signals are worked up by the SEPAM 2000 to idl and it!. see Fig 15.
Sf
I r id
1
I I . I
! I Jt
1
J
a 1+111+<1 tli+1' ttl IIttjtli!I'1I!:tIl!::I:II11f1l!lItlllII1J11I!llllfllfIil:ll:l:wf::l::ijIlIfIlt111I111I!l1l1f1lt1lIIIJLllitHillL:H1lllIllIllll!II:lII!:l:IIllIll1l1l1l1lJJII.1 .
a eL 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
l' te en [sec] t -7'
Fig15: differential current and through current inside the protected zone in case of no
saturation of the current transformers.
13/04/94
23
Like we expected- for a fault inside the protected zone- the value at all times of idl larger
than zero and itl stay equal to zero. The value of idl and it! are shown here in a
quadrature comings from the FIR filter. This image is dependent of its amplitude seen by
the computer as a "l" (amplitude of idl- it! larger then a equal to a maximum prescribed
value) or as a "0" (amplitude of idl- itl lower then the maximum prescribed value).
Depending from what value (id) and (it) will take, the computer will use these "l" and
"0" values to give yes or no the switch-off command to the relay.
5.2 Output siinalS produced by EMTP for a phase-to ground fault outside the protected
zone.
The output signals of the three lines currents and the ground current produced by EMTP
and measured by the CT are shown under. see Figl6.
calcul P3A
500 ,---------.:-------,--------.---------r--------.----------,
of----.f-
0.25
'=4
0.25
t-'l'
0.2
tt.
1"
0.2
I:t.
1"
0.15
0.15
ia2
ib2
0.1
0.1
---j ------..----1'---------..-.-. -._- !-.__. __.. _-_ - .. _._ _.
0.05
0.05
-500
0

i'
1000
500
-<
0
-500
0
t:
l
l'
15/04/94
24
3,
I
I
~ ~
I
~
~
+
+ ~
c
I ! QJ
I
it.2J
i .....
1 ~
+
:9-
I
I
I
I
+
i
+
id.1J
o1",",","11"'+
I
o !:t
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
~
te en [sec]
-C-,.
2000
1000
-<
a
-1000
a
t,
'l"
in
0.15
0.2
0.25
t ~
Fig16: phase currents and ground current for a fault outside the protected zone
These signals are worked up by the SEPAM 2000 to id2 and it2. see Fig 17.
1000
500
-<
a
-500
0
t:;,
0.05
4'
0.1
calcul P3A
ic2
0.15 0.2 0.25
t-4
Fig17: differential current and through current outside the protected zone in case of no
Like we expected- for a fault outside the protected zone- the value at all times of it2
larger than zero and id2 stay equal to zero.
15/04/94
25
This is a situation where the current transformers have not reached the point of
saturation but sometimes the CT can get saturated. So we have to consider this possibili-
ty.
For a fault inside and a fault outside the protected zone we have now the situation where
the current transformers have reached the point of saturation.
We can distinguish two cases where saturation of the current transformer can appear
-Saturation of current transformers in consequence of very large fault current
-Saturation of current transformer in consequence of magnetizing inrush due to
nonlinearities of transformer core
5.3.1 Saturation of the CT in consequence of very high fault current
Analyse of id and it in case of saturation outside the protected zone for a phase- to earth
faults
Fig18: differential current and through current outside the protected zone 10 case of
For t<t1
We have a normal situation where (id) and (it) are iqual to zero.
For t ~ t < t
At t1 we have a fault to earth thus (it) grow up to a maximal value and (id) stay zero. Id
is not immediately equal to (it)mu: because the delay time is the result of the impulse
response of the FIR(Finite Impulse Response)filter.
15/04/94
26
For t2<t<t3
At t2 as a result of an overshoot, the signal (it) will oscillate with a ground frequence
iqual to 50 Hz around its maximum value and finally extinguish to (it) = i1:max.
For t3<t<t4
At t3 the saturation effect of the current transformer begin because there is a DC-
component in the filtered signal. Inside this signal there is a higher frequency value than
the ground frequency of 50 Hz therefore the filter is a lowpass filter. Therefore is the
reason that the magnitude of (it) became lower. A other reason to explain the saturation
of a CT is that an asymmetrical current applied to a current transformer will induce a flux
which is greater than the peak flux corresponding to the steady state alternating compo-
nent of the current. The ratio of the transient flux to the steady state flux is proportional
to the ratio of reactance to resistance in the primary system.
The very considerable build up of flux with an asymmetrical fault current may take the
CT into saturation, With the result that the dynamic exciting impedance is reduced and
the exciting current greatly increased.
For ~ ~ 00
At t4 (it) begin to grow because little by little the DC-component is dieing as a result of
the resistance inside the electrical network and thus the saturation of CT disappear.
In all other cases of ground fault (biphase - triphase- to ground) inside the protected zone,
the signals of the differential current (id), and the through current (it), in case of
saturation in the same way, of course independent of the kind of error will be the currents
value higher or lower but the principal stays the same.
For a fault outside the protected zone we have the same explanation but in this case the
through current (it) is not equal to zero and of course (id) must be zero.
conclusion:
In case of saturation for a fault inside the protected zone the value of (it) will not be equal
to zero but will reach a value higher than zero.
In case of saturation for a fault outside the protected zone the value of (id) will not be
equal to zero but will reach a value higher than zero.
15704794
27
This situation confuses the protection because we can longer distinguish a fault outside the
protected zone from a fault inside the protected zone only by looking at the value of (id)
and (it).
To avoid this problem we introduce 'the proportional current (ip)'.
5.3.2 The proportional current:
The proportional current (ip) is the ratio between the differential current and the through
current in percent.
id
ip = -.100%
it
(30)
In case of a fault inside the protected zone, (it) will reach a lower value compared to (id)
so (ip) will take a high value.
In case of a fault outside the protected zone, (it) will reach a higher value compared to
(id) and therefore (ip) will take a low value.
So if (ip) is high we are dealing with a fault inside the protected zone and if (ip) is small
then we are dealing with a fault outside the protected zone.
The proportional value of (ip) shows the sensitivity of the detection of a fault current.
These values are adjusted to make the differential relay insensitive to inaccuracy of
respectively CT and relay[9].
Ip is also a value for the sensitivity of the protection.
For a phase-to ground fault outside the protected zone we can see that in case of
saturation of the CT, (ip) is not longer equal to zero but can reach a maximum value
equal to 59%. see fig. 19.
80
60 ---

'-'
...
40
-
r
\.
III
a.
-
20
1---
)
0
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec)
Fig19: phase-to ground fault with saturation of the CT outside the protected zone
0.25
t.-7
15/04/94
28
To avoid these problem we can do as follows:
We want the protection to be sensitive to a fault current within the protected zone. With
sensitive is meant that the protection has to react as soon as possible (Switch-off).
From measured results we know that for values of (it) < Win there is a great possibility
that a fault occured inside the protected zone.
Further the protection has to be insensitive for faults outside the protected zone for we
want to avoid a non-desired switch-off command. In this case (it) can take values that are
smaller than 60 (id). So we only need to take care that (ip) 6O(id).
For all the cases (two- threephase to ground) for faults outside the protected zone the
value of (ip) is lower than 60%.
With the help of the explanation above we can imagine the possible path of (ip) to prevent
false trips of the protection. see fig.20 here under.
id
t
ip%
5% t____. _
it
10ln
Fig20: graphics of (ip) to prevent fals trips of the protection
conclusion:
-
Against the saturation effect in consequence of a large fault current we can use the
proportional current (ip) for preventing false trips of the protection. We can imagine (see
fig21) a flowchart diagram for the protection algorithme like:
15/04/94
29
1----
in n
y
n
y
TRIPPING)
Fig21: Flowchart diagram of the protection algorithme in case of saturation
5.3.3 Saturation in consequence of an inrush current
An other problem is the energizing of a power transformer. In this case line current can
reach values equal to 20 times the nominal line current and can be provoque the saturati-
on of the CT or may cause the percent differential relay to trip during transformer
energization.
By far the most common technique used for preventing false trips during energization is
the use of a 'harmonic restraint' relay[lO). The fact that an inrush current is richer in
harmonics than a fault current is key to the design of a harmonic restraint function. The
harmonic restraint function should be so designed that is restraints during the magnetizing
inrush condition, while during an fault the harmonics generated by a saturated CT should
not restrain the differential relay.
5.3.3.1 Inrush phenomena
The phenomenon of magnetizing inrush is a transient condition that occurs primarily when
a transformer is energized. It is not a fault condition, and therefore does not necessitate
the operation of protection, wich, on the contrary, must remain stable during the inrush
transient, a requirement which is a major limitation to the design of protective systems for
transformers.
15704794
30
The question is now "how can we detect an inrush current from a fault current?".
The waveform of a transformer magnetizing current contains a proportion of harmonics
wich increases as the peak flux density is raised to the saturating condition. As long as
the waveform is symmetrical about the horizontal axis, only odd harmonics will be
present. The magnetizing current of a transformer contains a lot of third harmonics. If the
degree of saturation is progressively increased, not only will the harmonic content
increase as a whole but the relative proportion of the fifth harmonic will increase and
eventually overtake and exceed the third harmonic.
In case of transient conditions which result in an offset, the inrush current produces a
waveform wich is not symmetrical to the horizontal. Such a wave typically contains both
even and odd harmonics. Typical inrush currents contain substantial amounts of second
and third harmonics and diminishing amounts of higher orders. Thus the proportion of
harmonics varies with the degree of saturation.
The question is now" what choice of harmonics we can make for the protection algo-
rithme?"
5.4 Choice of the harmonic
5.4.1 The second harmonic
The second harmonic is present in all inrush waveforms. It is typical of waveforms in
which successive half period portions do not repeat with reversal of polarity but in which
mirror-image symmetry can be found about certain ordinates. Normal fault currents do
not contain second or other even harmonics.
The second harmonic is therefore an attractive solution to avoid inrush effects.
5.4.2 The third harmonic
The third harmonic is also present in the inrush current, in roughly comparable proporti-
on to the second harmonic. The separate phase inrush currents are still related in phase to
the primary applied electromotive forces and the harmonics have a similar time spacing,
which brings the third harmonic waves in the three windings into phase.
If the windings are connected in delta, the line currents are each the difference of two
phase currents. As the inrush components vary during the progress of the transient
condition it is possible for this difference to pass through zero, so that the third harmonic
component in the line current vanishes; this component cannot, therefore, be regarded as
a reliable source of detection.
15704794
31
To this must be added the further consideration that a substained third harmonic compo-
nent is quite likely to be produced by CT saturation under heavy inzone fault conditi-
ons[lO]. All this means that the third harmonic is not a desirable means of stabilizing a
protective system against inrush effects.
5.4.3 Higher harmonics
Higher harmonics than the third harmonic are theoretically present in inrush current but
the relative magnitude diminishes rapidly as the order of harmonic increases; there may
be 5% of fourth harmonic in a given inrush current. This component would be similar in
response to the second harmonic but the small magnitude hardly justifies the provision of
an extra filter circuit.
Conclusion:
It will be seen from the foregoing examination that the second harmonic IS the most
desirable component to use to provide inrush currents.
5.5 Detection of the second harmonic
With the use of the FIR(lOOHz) filter it is possible to detect the second harmonics.
There are two situations where second harmonics can appear:
-CT saturation in consequence of large fault current
-CT saturation in consequence of inrush current
5.5.1 Second harmonic from CT saturation in consequence of large fault current
5.5.1.1 Analysis of the second harmonic when a fault appears inside the protected zone
in case of a phase-to ground fault.
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre
2I,---------------r------."--------,--------,--------------,
0.25

0.2
1.5
t, 1\
Ii I \
/ \ I \,---
'
I \ I ",-,,' \ / ...... ...-..---, -,---..__./'>..
I
1,".,1 I
: i!\ I ..... ....
0.5 It I/ , _-- . 1
o ----=--:::-'-::' -"::2.-'.-:'-' -.:.-::..:- -c.:. .
o c. 0.05 0.1 0.15
t l' te en [sec]
Fig22: Detection of second harmonic for a fault inside the protected zone
15/04/94
32
At t1 we have a phase-to ground fault. Immediately after t1 the protection detects a lot of
second harmonics because we have a asymmetrical component from the transient.After
16ms from t1 the value of H2 disappears because normal fault currents don't contain
second or other even harmonics. At t2 in consequence of the asymmetrical component
inside the fault current the CT reaches the point of saturation.
5.5.1.2 Analysis of the second harmonic when a fault aDpears outside the protected zone
in case of a phase-to ground fault.
"
, '
1.5,
:
:<
c:
1,

::J
0.5 -0
a
I
8 I
0
1
a 0.05 0.1
.... --_...... ----
0.15
te en [sec]
0.2 0.25
Fig23: Detection of second harmonic for a fault outside the protected zone
At tl we have a phase-to ground fault. Immediately after tl the protection detects a lot of
second harmonics because we have a asymmetrical component from the transient.After
16ms from tl the value of H2 disappears because normal fault currents don't contain
second or other even harmonics.
conclusion:
In case of a phase-to ground fault we have the possibility to detect when the transient
phenomena has gone- after a certain time lap (20ms)- second harmonics if this fault
appears inside the protected zone from a fault outside the zone. So here from we can
conclude that we can distinguish a fault inside the protected zone from a fault outside the
protected zone only bij proving the existence of the second harmonics.
In all other cases of ground faults (twophase- threephase- to ground) inside the protected
zone we have the possibility to detect, after a certain time lap, second harmonics.
15/04/94
33
0.8:
~
6 ~
c::
i
Q.)
0.4 ~
::l
i
"0
oozt
a
E
00
5.5.2 Second harmonic from inrush current
5.5.2.1 Analysis of the second harmonic when a transformer is energized
Like we expected we have a lot of second harmonics, see fig24.
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
te en [secJ
Fig24: detection of second harmonics from inrush current
Because in both cases- when a fault appears inside the protected zone and when there is
an energizing of a power transformer- we may find many second harmonics. The
detection of these harmonics doesn't give us enough information about this sources. This
can be a high fault current but also they can carne from an inrush current.
From the fig24 we see also that the amplitude of the second harmonic does not reach the
value 0,8. From other measurements for faults inside the protected zone we know that the
amplitude of the second harmonic is far higher than 0,8 in all other cases (two- threepha-
se- to ground). Herefrom we can conclude that it is impossible to distinguish a second
harmonic that carnes from an inrush current of one that carnes from a large fault current.
15/04/94
34
VI RESULT OF THE PROTECTION ALGORITHME
6.1 Result of the protection for a fault inside the protected zone
For a fault inside the protected zone in cases with or without saturation the detection is
good because immediately after a fault follows a tripping of the protection.
See annexe on page 16 for a 'phase-to ground fault', page 34 for a 'twophase-to ground.
The protection algorithme can not detect a Three-phase to ground fault. The vectorial sum
of the three phase current is equal to zero because each phase current has the same
magnitude and is 1200 phase shift in respect of the other phases. Therefore the zero
sequence current 1
0
is equal to zero.
6.2 Result of the protection algorithme for a fault outside the protected zone
In a situation without saturation it is easy to detect a fault outside the protected zone
because we only need to look after the value of (ip).
In a situation with saturation it is necessary to detect second and fifth harmonics[ll].
From the results we learn that we are not capable to distinguish a second harmonic caused
by a high fault current from a second harmonic caused by an inrush current. But if we
preclude the possibility of an inrush-eurrent then will the detection of the second
harmonic be sufficient to distinguish a fault inside the protected zone (inside the zone the
fault current is high enough to cause a CT saturation)from a fault outside the protected
zone (outside the zone the fault current cannot reaches values that cause a CT saturation).
To avoid this problem we can eventually detect a potential fifth harmonics because in the
majority of cases the fifth harmonics are caused by power-transformers[12].
15704794
35
We will give here under two possible cases in wich fifth harmonics are caused by power-
transformers.
-as a result of an inrush current
-in case of over excitation due to a dynamic over-voltage condition
To realise a detection of the fifth harmonics we need an extra filter[13].
In literature it does not show up that in case of a large fault current fifth harmonics are
found[14]. To get more information with regard to this more measurements will be
necessary.
The detection of the 5th harmonics was not possible because the research must be stopt
from Merlin Gerin.
The protection algorithme write in "matlab" is shown on the annexe page 92-94.
A possible Flow-chart of the Restricted Earth Fault Differential Protection is shown on
fig.25
15704794
36
1=
,----+-----l Y
WAIT 20 ms)
I
n
Fig25: A possible flow chart diagram for the REF differential protection
VII CONCLUSION
The protection algorithme use a detection of zero sequence current.
The algorithme uses three values called:
-the differential current (id)
-the through current (it)
-the proportional current (ip)
15704794
37
In a situation without saturation it is easy to detect a fault inside from a fault outside
because we only need to look after the value of (id). This is the case when for example a
Rogowski coil is used.
If the current transformer is not a Rogowsky coil the possibility to saturation is realistic,
for example when a fault occurs where the line current is very large or in the case of
energizing of a power transformer where magnetizing inrush current appears.
We have introduced the value (ip) to eliminate the problem of CT saturation when there is
no inrush current.
Typical inrush currents contain substantial amounts of second and third harmonics and
diminishing amounts of higher orders. Thus the proportion of harmonics varies with the
degree of saturation.
It will be seen from the foregoing examination that the second harmonic is the most
desirable component to use to provide inrush currents.
From the results we learn that we are not capable to distinguish second harmonics caused
by a high fault current from second harmonics caused by an inrush current.
If we preclude the possibility of an inrush current then will the detection of the second
harmonic be sufficient to distinguish a fault inside the protected zone from a fault outside
the protected zone.
If we have open the possibility of a present inrush current the protection may give a
switch-off command where as this is not desired. In this case the detection has seen an
amount of second harmonics that is big enough to give a false trip command. However
these harmonics do not came from a fault current but they come from the inrush current
that brings the CT in state of saturation.
To avoid this problem we can eventually detect a potential fifth harmonics because in the
majority of cases they are caused by power-transformers.
3The Restricted Earth Fault protection algorithme can not detect a Three-phase to ground
fault because the zero sequence current 1
0
is equal to zero.
15704794
38
VIII RECOMMENDAnON FOR FURTHER WORKS
Because this simulation only approaches reality we recommand the use of a real CT to
eliminate possible imperfections.
Further we advise to use a Rogowski coil to prevoid saturation effect.
To test the working of the protection algorithme it is necessary to develop a filter to
detect fifth harmonics.
15104/94
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Oates, C.
THE DESIGN AND USE OF ROGOWSKI COILS.
In: lEE colloquium on:
"Measurement techniques for Power Electronics".
(Digest 179),
At the Lucas House Conference Centre,
Birmingham, 22 October 1992.
The institution of Electrical Enginers,
Savoy Place London WC2R OBL, P. 3/1-5.
[2] Wollersheim, A.H.M.L.
THE ROGOWSKI COIL.
High Current Technology Groep.
Report: CSIRO Division of Manufacturing Technology.
Locked Bag N9, Preston, Victoria 3072 Australia,
Augustus 1990.
[3] Sykes, J.A. and Morrison, I.F.
A PROPOSED METHOD FOR HARMONIC-RESTRAINT DIFFERENTI-
AL PROTECTION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS.
IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vo1.3(l972), P.1260-1272.
[4] Houston, J.M.and G.J. Carlson, F.A. Fisher, L.B. Major,
M.P. Perry, P.H. Peters, H.R. Summerhayes, H.L. Witting
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR CURRENT AN VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
ON POWER TRANSMISSION LINES.
In: Proc. World Electrotechnical Congress, Moscow,
12 June 1977, P. 21-25.
[5] Overbeek, H.H
ELEKTRICITEITSOPWEKKING EN TRANSMISSIE II.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Division EG
University of Technology in Eindhoven(The Netherlands) 1993.
15704794
40
[6] Wiszniewski, A.
DIGITAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFOR-
MER.
Proceedings of the 9. Power System calculation conference,
VoI.8(1987), P.801-806.
[7] Korpanay, N.
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS.
Brown Boveri Review, VoI.1l/12(l969), P.597-608.
[8] Hlawatsch, F., Boudreaux-Bartels, G.F.
LINEAR AND QUADRATIC TIME-FREQUENCY SIGNAL REPRESEN-
TATIONS.
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, april 1992, P. 21-67.
[9] Mathews, C.A.
AN IMPROVED TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY.
AIEEE Transaction, Vo1.73(1954), P. 645-650.
[10] Gec Measurements
PROTECTIVE RELAYS APPLICATION GUIDE.
St.Leonard's Works, Shafford (england), 1975.
[11] Kennedy, L.F. and Hayward, C.D.
HARMONIC-CURRENT-RESTRAINED RELAYS FOR DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION.
AlEE Transaction, VoI.57(l938), P.262-266.
[12] Rioul, 0., Vetterli, M.
WAVELETS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING.
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, oktober 1991, P. 14-38.
[13] Malik, O.P., Dash, P.K. and Hope. G.S.
DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER.
IEEE PES Winter Power Meeting, paper No. A76(1976), P. 191-197.
New York.
15704794
41
[14] Phadke, A.G.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN DIGITAL COMPUTER BASED
PROTECTION AND CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM.
Presented at Conference on Power System Protection,
The Institution of Engineers, Madras India, April, 1980.
[15] Ray, W.F. and K.D. Murray
THE USE OF ROGOWSKI COILS FOR CURRENT WAVEFORM
MEASUREMENT IN POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.
In: EPE: FIRENZE 4th European Conference on Power
electronics and applications. P.379-83 Vo1.3,1991.
15704794
42
EG/94/710
a
FACULTV OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Group Electrical Energy Systems
APPENDIX TO
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECnON
Master Thesis of
Pierre Raphael Bermejo
The Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the
Eindhoven University of Technology does not
accept any responsibility for the contents of
training or terminal reports.
M. Sc. graduation report coached by:
Prof.dr.-ing. H. Rijanto (EUT)
Ir. P. Bertrand (Group SCHNEIDER)
Eindhoven, April 1994.
EINDHOVEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
THE NETHERLANDS
1994 17 janvier
C x
6.5
6.5
6.5
R
COPT EPSILN TOLMAT TSTART
- NEUTRE j40 SUR TFO AMONT
- NEUTRE DIRECT Rn=1.E-4 ohm SUR TRANSFO AVAL
- DEFAUT FRANC PHASE/TERRE
P. Bermejo
GROUPE SCHNEIDER
P.C.C.
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C P3A.DAT
C ----------------------------------
C ETUDE D'UNE PROTECTION DE TERRE RESTREINTE
C ----------------------------------
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C
C
C DECLARATION DU NOH DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI P3A.PL4
C
$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3A.PL4 FORH=FORMATTED
C
C pas de calcul : 0.0222 ms ; pas de sortie: 0.111 ms soit 9.009 kHz
C CE SONT LES MISC. DATA CARDS II-B-1 ,II-B-2
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
POYER FREQUENCY, 50.
C DELTAT THAI XOPT
.222E-4 2.0E-1 50.0
ClOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT MAXOUT IPUN MEMSAV ICAT NERERG IPRSUP
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C ***********************
C MODELISATION DE LA PCC
C ***********************
C BRANCH CARDS TYPE 0 IV.A.2.1
C NODE NAMES NODE NAMES
C BUS1 BUS2 BUS3 BUS4
o GENA PRIA .65
o GENB PRIB .65
o GENC PRIC .65
C *********************************
C MODELISATION DU DEPART EN DEFAUT
C *******************************
C cable 1
C ----------
C --BUS1--BUS2--BUS3--BUS4-----R-----X
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVA1CABLA1 .20 4.0
SVB1CABLB1 .20 4.0
SVC1CABLCl .20 4.0
CABLA1 SVA2 .20 4.0
CABLB1 SVB2 .20 4.0
CABLC1 SVC2 .20 4.0
1.E-3
1.E-3
1.E-3
C *************************
C MODELISATION DE LA CHARGE
C *************************
C SEA2
C SEB2
C SEC2
C *******************
C IMPEDANCE DU DEFAUT
1
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
221421.35338200
0.0
221421. 35338200
0.0
0.0
221421.35338200
SECN SECC 3
4 SECB SECN
5 PRIC PRIB
3 PRIB PRIA
6 SECC SECN
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRIA PRIC
2 SECA SECN
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C *******************
CABLA1 DEFA1 0.1
C *******************************
C MODELISATION DU TRANSFORHATEUR1
C *******************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SECA SECN
2 SECB SECN
2
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
16692 .100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
SEC2 SECN2 3
3 PRB2 PRN
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , o.
1 PRA2 PRN
2 SEA2 SECN2
C *************************************************
C MODELISATION DE L'IMPEDANCE DE NEUTRE DU TRANSF01
C *************************************************
C NODE NAMES NODE NAMES-----R-----X-----C
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C SECN 40.0
C ****;";************************* \J):I
C MODELISATION DU TRANSFORMATEUR2
C *******************************
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SEA2 SECN2
2 SEB2 SECN2
4 SEB2 SECN2
5 PRC2 PRN
6 SEC2 SECN2
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
96 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
-2.3400E+00 -6.2431E+01
-8.7949E-01 -6.0787E+01
-5.8633E-01 -6.0419E+01
-2.6385E-01 -5.9139E+01
-1.1727E-01 -5.7856E+01
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+01
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+01
5. 1304E-02 -5.1999E+01
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+01
1.0261E-01 -4.0281E+01
1.1727E-01 -2.9295E+01
1.4658E-01 1.9591E+01
1.6124E-01 2.7097E+01
2.0522E-01 3.6619E+01
2.6385E-01 4.3941E+01
3.1954E-01 4.7604E+01
4.1776E-01 5.1267E+01
5.7168E-01 5.4562E+01
7.8422E-01 5.7124E+01
1.0261E+00 5.8957E+01
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+01
2.3453E+00 6.2252E+01
3.5181E+01 6.2617E+01
9999.
96 SEB2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
96 SEC2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
C *************************************************
C *************************************************
C NODE NAMES NODE NAMES R X C
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SYN 1.E-4
SECN2 1.E+6
BLANK CARD TERMINATING BRANCHES
C ***********************
C MODELISATION DU DEFAUT
C ***********************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
o DEFA1 20.0E-3 1.0E1 3
C *******************
C SWITCHES DE MESURE
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SECA SVA1 MEASURING 1
SECB SVB1 MEASURING 1
SECC SVC1 MEASURING 1
SVA2 PRA2 MEASURING 1
SVB2 PRB2 MEASURING 1
SVC2 PRC2 MEASURING 1
PRN SVN MEASURING 1
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SVITCHES
C **************************
C MODELISATION DE LA SOURCE
C **************************
C STATIC ELECTRIC NETVORK SOURCES VII.C.4 TYPE 14
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C NAMEST AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE Al TSTART TSTOP
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 090.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -030.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +210.0 -1.00
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SOURCES
C NAM1 NAM2 NAM3 NAM4 NAM5 NAM6 NAM7 NAM8 NAM9
C GENA GENB GENC PRIA PRIB PRIC SECA SECB SECC
C PRA2 PRB2 PRC2 SEA2 SEB2 SEC2CABLA1CABLB1CABLC1
C PRN SECN2
BLANK CARD TERMINATING OUTPUT
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
4
2000
calcul P3A
0
-<
-2000
-4000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ia1
1000
500
....... ..............................................M._.
-<
0
-500
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ib1
5
calcul P3A
1000 r-------..-------..-------.--------.-------___,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
Of---,'
500 ... ....HH.
-500 L-- .l.....- .l.....- -"-- -"-- ------'
o
icl
2000 r-------..-------..-------.--------.-------___,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
Ol----d
1000
-1000 '---- .1.....- .1.....- -"-- -"-- ------'
o
in
6
calcul P3A
500,--------;:--.,..-------...,--------,---------,----------,
ot-------,.
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-500 L.-- .L- -'--- ...L- --'-- ---'
o
ia2
1000 r-------r-------...,---------r--------r--------,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
01---......7
-500'---------'-------....L..--------'--------'----------'
o
ib2
7
calcul P3A
1000 - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - . _ _ _ - - - - - . _ _ - - - - - . . . _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ l
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
or----'CJ
500
-500 L----- '----- .l....- .l....- -'-- ----'
o
ic2
2000 r - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - . _ _ _ - - - - - . _ _ - - - - - . . . _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ l
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
o r----,...J
1000 .
-1000 L----- '----- .l....- .l....- -'-- ----'
o
in
8
1
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut interne:p3a
5 :- c'v/
I / \ --r-
-1+
1 __I_11 III'
I + it
I
+ HIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlIIIII
a ! !
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut interne:p3a
10000 ,-,
!
I
I
I'
I 'I
aLl V_' "._., . __ __---L-
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
i
l
';' 5000,
Q) ,
0.
te en [sec]
courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut interne:p3a
it
id
1
I
I
00-4 -------.J
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
c:
Q)
te en [sec]
i
-------....L.-.__ ,_ __.J
I
I
I
!
0.25 0.2
----.. --r---.-.----
0.15
courant proportionnel non sature:defaut interne:p3a
10000 r---- -------------r----------,---------.----,.---
I
I
i 5000, I . F-_I.. ....j _
.& I
I J V
aL .. _..1..-..- -"-- _
a 0.05 0.1
te en [sec]
9
courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut externe:p3a
I
I
l
l
0.25 0.2
id
0.15 0.1
it
0.05
+
+
o
1 ~
I +
I +
o11111111111114"+
.-:::
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel non sature:defaut externe:p3a
xlO-
3
4
1
~
3t
~
..........
z!
c::
IlJ
.9-
1
1
0
1
/ v ~
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
1
1
l
0.25
te en [sec]
10
courant differentiel et traversant sature
-4 ---.-..--- _ ..- .-- ;- -'- ..----- --t-..- -_. --- i --_......_ .. _- - ...._+-_...-._--._.._..--....--
...__._ __._.l... __ _ _.._ __
4r------r------r------r------r----------,
+ A i A 1\ i
2 f---.------..----.--..-;--.---- -. -+' - .- --1\ - -'ri\ --- .- ..-......-+.- r--..-_--....-.. -..-....-
f\' A + . .
.. _ t,!,------.----
J1 - ".. ".. '"
-6 ----..--- .....-- ----..--_.-- ----------r--------..-....--+----------........--
- 2 _ ....--.-.- -...- ---
't:l
Ul
....
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-10 '---- ...I...- ....I.- ---1... ---'
o
t en [sec]
11
5,-----------,.-----,.....-----------,,......-------,------
,.......,
-<
'--'
I Ii;
4
3
T--'''-''--'--!
r-" .- .._._- .----...---.---..;.---.-......---..-
,
-1 1-.--'.'--_.'._-_.. ;-- ----- U _--' . .-..- . : .---,..- ..-- ;.-..-..---- -.- -..-
;,: ,W wi:
- 2 r- _ - - - --_.-.._.- - -.--;-.._.-_ -_ -.!.-: _t. ,-.._-- - - -..
.-...__ _.._ _._ _.-
....- .. '---
2 1- _-_ _. - - ..- -_.. _ -._ -. -.... -- .._ ..
1 1--.-'._-"- .-:10--:/:.--.;$..._.. ._.. ....... -- .-- - .--
I
1
"0
en
....
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-3 L- .L- .L i' .....L Li'-------
o
t en [sec]
12
courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre defaut interne, p3Adat
------ ....
l
I
I
~
i
0.25 0.2 0.15
---/-- ....
---------------
~ ~
'F
0.1
\
\
~ ~
0.05
i \
I
2
i
~
i
1.5 ~
>=
D
1) Ii
::l
I
"0
0.5 f-
a
E
0
1
0
te en [sec]
courant point neutre, fondamental
j
!
I
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
I
I
I
0.25
te en [sec]
13
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre
2
j

c::
i
1) !
1)
1 i-
"3
"0
0.5
0
S
00
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
J
I
I
I
I
0.25
te en [sec]

3

I
2
I
! r::
11)
,
c::
1 !
c::
I
i
A'
-l
a 0.05 0.1 0.15
I
I
I
-l
te en [sec]
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre defaut externe
1.5,---------,---------,----------,--------,-------,
I
1
0.25 0.2 0.15
,
,
,
,
,
"
1 " '. , ,
,
, ,
, '
, ,
0.5 ),(\\
1/ \1
I I \\ _
al n __ ,_,'--:.:=.::...__-'- - -_- .._--__l--
o 0.05 0.1
te en [sec]
---'--------------"-----__...J..--
_ J
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
3 In r
I
/
,-,j/---
--_./'
2
1
I
/
I I
ol _
a 0.05
te en [sec]
14
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre defaut interne, p3A.dat
----- ~
- -., ::::.:;.;..;::;.:.:.;.:.;::::c==>=c::::::=: c==+
2,
~
1.5 ~
c
I :lJ
~
If-
='
""::l
i
c
0.5 f-
a
0'
0 0.05 0.1
"'
0.15 0.2
--J
I
J
i
I
--I
I
0.25
te en [sec]
3
1
I
~ ~
i
~
I
J
2l-
c
i
! ,
:lJ
I
c
1 I- I
c
i
i
I I
I /
0
1 .-J I
0 0.05 0.1
te en [sec]
0.15 0.2
15
1
J
0.25
condition de declencheIl1ent P3A,defaut interne
Br----------r-------,------,..----------,-------,
inn
7 + . ........................................ ............. ................- .
6 , _ .
1 .

r! lid
5
r
j..r1
- --.-1
4
.....................................................:.... ..,r.. . , r- -- : .
f' ..: ...................................................i _ 1
3 --r + ..f f!P 1........................ . .
2 . . , ..t.. .._T.... ; _ .

1
I
i
j
.., ..
;
i
...! .. .. . .......................... .
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
0'---------1. ........... .L.- ----1 ---'
o
16
condition de declenchement P3A,defaut externe
B.---------.--------,-------...,.-------..----------,
7 1... r........................ ..................................................................................
I
6 f- . .............................................................................. i .
,---------------t---------------------1
5 ; i... .L. 1 .1 .1. .
i ! j
_____________________ .1 i !
4 .. . c .
I

..............................................................'!................. ..........................,............:
! j
2 ,........................................ h ,. , !' h + .
1.. ...... : !
i :
....
I
i !
1 , ,,, , : t'! ..ig.. H ;! -
; i
._._._._._....._._._._._._._....._.-\_._._..... _._._._._._._._._._._._..;......_._.; ,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
O'----------'---------'-------...L-------'----------'
o
17
1994 19 janvier
C x
6.5
6.5
6.5
R
COPT EPSILN TOLHAT TSTART
- DEFAUT BIPHASE/TERRE FRANC
P. Bermejo
GROUPE SCHNEIDER
P.C.C.
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C P3B.DAT
C ----------------------------------
C ----------------------------------
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C DECLARATION DU NOM DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI : P3B.PL4
C
SOPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3B.PL4 FORM=FORMATTED
C
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C DELTAT !MAX XOPT
.222E-4 2.OE-1 50.0
ClOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT HAXOUT IPUN MEMSAV ICAT NERERG IPRSUP
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C ***********************
C ***********************
o GENA PRIA .65
o GENB PRIB .65
o GENC PRIC .65
C *********************************
C *******************************
C cable 1
C ----------
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVA1CABLA1 .20 4.0
SVB1CABLB1 .20 4.0
SVC1CABLC1 .20 4.0
CABLA1 SVA2 .20 4.0
CABLB1 SVB2 .20 4.0
CABLC1 SVC2 .20 4.0
1.E-3
1.E-3
1.E-3
C *************************
C *************************
C SEA2
C SEB2
C SEC2
C *******************
18
C *******************
CABLA1 DEFA1
CABLB1 DEFB1
0.1
0.1
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
221421. 35338200
0.0
221421.35338200
0.0
0.0
221421. 35338200
SECC SECN 3
6 SECC SECN
4 SECB SECN
5 PRIC PRIB
3 PRIB PRIA
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRIA PRIC
2 SECA SECN
C *******************************
C HODELISATION DU TRANSFORHATEUR1
C *******************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SECA SECN
2 SECB SECN
19
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
40.0
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
SEC2 SECN2 3
3 PRB2 PRN
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , o.
1 PRA2 PRN
2 SEA2 SECN2
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1. ,-1.
USE RL
C *************************************************
C HODELISATION DE L'IHPEDANCE DE NEUTRE DU TRANSF01
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SECN
C *******************************
C *******************************
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SEA2 SECN2
2 SEB2 SECN2
4 SEB2 SECN2
5 PRC2 PRN
6 SEC2 SECN2
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
96 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
-2.3400E+00 -6.2431E+01
-8.7949E-01 -6.0787E+01
-5.8633E-01 -6.0419E+01
-2.6385E-01 -5.9139E+01
-1.1727E-01 -5.7856E+01
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+01
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+01
5. 1304E-02 -5. 1999E+01
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+01
1.0261E-01 -4.0281E+01
1.1727E-01 -2.9295E+01
1.4658E-01 1.9591E+01
1.6124E-01 2.7097E+01
2.0522E-01 3.6619E+01
2.6385E-01 4.3941E+01
3.1954E-01 4.7604E+01
4. 1776E-01 5. 1267E+01
5.7168E-01 5.4562E+01
7.8422E-01 5. 7124E+01
1.0261E+00 5.8957E+01
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+01
2.3453E+00 6.2252E+01
3.5181E+01 6.2617E+01
9999.
C *************************************************
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVN 1.E-4
SECN2 1.E+6
C ***********************
C HODELISATION DU DEFAUT
C ***********************
C
o DEFA1 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o DEFB1 20.0E-3 1.0E1
C *******************
C SVITCHES DE MESURE
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
PRN SVN MEASURING 1
C **************************
C **************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 090.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -030.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +210.0 -1.00
C PRN SECN2
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
21
calcul P3B
5000 r------,.---------r-------,--------.------------,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
01----.
-5000
-10000 l-- ----l. ---'- ----'- --'-- ---'
o
ial
10000 r------,.---------r------,-------.------------,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
................j. ..1.. .. ..............r .... ....
! i
0.05
01--------'
-5000 L-- ------' ----1. ----L.. ----'-- ---'
o
ibl
22
400
calcul P3B
200
<: 0
-200
-400
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ic1
1000
500
<: 0
............................................
-500
-1000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
in
23
200
calcul P3B
100
-<
0
..................-..............
-100
-200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ia2
200
100
-<
0
-100
-200
--
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ib2
24
400
calcul P3B
200
-<
0
-200
-400
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ic2
1000
500
-<
0
......................... _..,.......
-500
-1000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
in
25
2,--------,--------r---------,----------,,--------,
1.5 ,--....-...- ....-._.....-.-.. ""-'- '-"'-- .-....-----, '-_...- r ..
1 1-....... ,............. . -. ,........... -. . - -.-. _..
0.,.-..... ........--..-............................-
_. --' - ,-- "- _ -.. _ _..;._ _ - .._ _ - -
o.5 ..- - _ -.. : - - - ...---.; '- :..__.._. - - ..- ---- .t-. .- -. ..-
- 1 1- _.......... . - .._ .._-
._._._; _ __._ _ __._-
........-. ..- _._-_.-.._._ _ _......_ .
.;.-
_...
+
o
...
C;l
....
::l
C;l
til
til
Q)
Z. -0.5
as
til
...
"t:l
til
...
- 1.5 -... .. -;11l''';-'''''-''-'iI! .........- ...__-., - .._ _ _- - - ..
!
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-2 '-------.........-------'----------'-------'----------'
o
t en [sec]
26
5,.........---------,.--------.-------,....---------,--------,
'<
......
-5
-10
----_ - ._--:-._ _._._._._-_.__..+.._ . _ _ . _ ~ ~ _ . ~ ~ .. __-_ __ __.._--
l:l
o
...
.,)
III
I-<
3
III
til
til
~
I-<
p.,
III
.,)
til
...
"0
.2l -15
-'---'- -.-.- ~ _ . _ _._- -f-
__--It--l--;---I
--- ---1-_.._..... M. _ ~ . _ _ ....... _.-.-....... - --_---
i
-!----_.__._-....
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-20 '------'--------''--------'--------'--------'
o
t en [sec]
27
courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut externe:p3b
1.5 I! IHIIR=I Iff I I f+IIIFRIIFRIIFRII'fili+fIl+fIIi=""1------1.
1 r ++ 1
0.51 .:' it II
+ id
oj 111111111111+ I
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
I
I
0.25 0.2
I
0.15 0.1 0.05
te en [sec)
X 10-3 courant proportionnel non sature:defaut exteme:p3b
4 'I
I
3r

:IA=
te en [sec)
28
+
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut externe:p3b
+i 1'1 ill 1111 " 11111111111111111111111111 II " III 1111 111111 1111111111111 II III 11111111111111111111111
0.25 0.2
id
0.15 0.1
it
0.05
+
+
+-f<-
+
o
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut externe:p3b
x10-
3
4,
I

C
II,)
.S<
00
"
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-j
,
te en [sec]
29
0.25
I
H- ,I
i
i / it
a111111111111101111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111I11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut interne:p3b
3 11
I If

I id i
i
I
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel non sature:defaut interne:p3b
8000

=4000
2000
I
i
oL
a
o
!
J
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
--1
I
j
I
J
I
I
0.25
te en [sec]
30
l
i
I
I
0.25
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut inteme:p3b
31 (
2
1
1
)
1 I
, / +#-l::t+i-H+
j
.
/ It
o 111111111111411111 ! *J 1111111111
1
11 1I1II1 ur!:t-t 11111111 &11111111/11/1111
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut inteme:p3b
'"0
.......
8000,------
I I
.--, 6000 N -"
4000 / AA1\ J
IlJ I I I" \J \J' I' "
)1 jv-J
o __ __-------1__ __
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
te en [sec]
31
i
I
I
0.25 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec]
courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre defaut interne, p3B.dat
------"'__-----L.- ------'--I L-I ------'-, J
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
5
=<
r::

::l
"d
0
,
S
i
i
0
1
0
1.51
I
I
=<
1
r::
I
I

I
.,-1
r::
0.5
/
r::
i
I
I
/
oL
0 0.05
te en [sec]
32
courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre defaut externe:p3B.dat
0.5,
<'
I
l:: I
0
I
0
I
"3
"0
0 I
S
I
0
1
a
II
i\ " \
I \ I '
/ I,
,
!
,
,
,
,
,
0.05 0.1 0.15
-" d
0.2
l
I
I
i
I
0.25
te en [sec]
1.5,
=
/
l
<'
1 r
!
l::
0
0.5
l::
.S
I
I
I
I
/
OL
)
I
I
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
te en [sec]
33
condition de declenchement P3B,defaut interne
B,----------.,.---------r----------,--------,--------,
!inn
7 - , . . + , --!-.........................
6 ,... . . ,,t _ _ .
ro J -L --L .l
I: . : .
,
5 r!.;... !4. 1... ' , .
: i
I
________1
4 r 1.... ....t ..t .
c! \ !
3 r ...! !............................... .l. [ 1.. .
2 r 1,,f + ., ..

;' ! ig ;
1 '- t t- I........ ..t .
i
._._._._._._!
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
0'-----------'--------'--------'---------'--------'
o
34
condition de declenchement P3B,defaut externe
B.---------,--------,--------.---------,--------,
7 ,.................... ..!P.:!l......................................_; 1.-. 1 .
6 f- , . . ! ..
j
. , !- <01 -_ _ .
5 ,... ., ..1. J4 , L : .

4 1.. ""1"........ .. r , .
3 .,............................ 1 _ L. ). .
i
! I
, n 1" , /'" ..1
2 j ; ! .. i . .
1 f- .
1
1.. ,.
......... Jg l .

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
OL.-- ...l- -L.. ---L ----l ----'
o
35
1994 19 janvier
C x
6.5
6.5
6.5
R
COPT EPSILN TOLMAT TSTART
- DEFAUT TRIPHASE/TERRE FRANC
P. Bermejo
GROUPE SCHNEIDER
P.C.C.
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C P3C.DAT
C ----------------------------------
C ----------------------------------
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C
C
C DECLARATION DU NOM DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI P3C.PL4
C
$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3C.PL4 FORM=FORMATTED
C
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C DELTAT TMAX XOPT
.222E-4 2.0E-1 50.0
ClOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT MAXOUT IPUN MEHSAV ICAT NERERG IPRSUP
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C ***********************
C MODELISATION DE LA, PCC
C ***********************
o GENA PRIA .65
o GENB PRIB .65
o GENC PRIC .65
C *********************************
C *******************************
C cable 1
C ----------
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVA1CABLA1 .20 4.0
SVB1CABLB1 .20 4.0
SVC1CABLC1 .20 4.0
CABLA1 SVA2 .20 4.0
CABLB1 SVB2 .20 4.0
CABLC1 SVC2 .20 4.0
1.E-3
1.E-3
1.E-3
C *************************
C *************************
C SEA2
C SEB2
C SEC2
C *******************
36
C *******************
CABLA1 DEFA1
CABLB1 DEFB1
CABLC1 DEFC1
0.1
0.1
0.1
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
221421. 35338200
0.0
221421. 35338200
0.0
0.0
221421.35338200
5 PRIC PRIB
6 SECC SECN
3 PRIB PRIA
4 SECB SECN
3 SECC SECN
C *******************************
C MODELISATION DU TRANSFORHATEUR1
C *******************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SECA SECN
2 SECB SECN
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRIA PRIC
2 SECA SECN
37
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
40.0
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
3 SEC2 SECN2
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRA2 PRN
2 SEA2 SECN2
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C *************************************************
C MODELISATION DE L'IHPEDANCE DE NEUTRE DU TRANSF01
C *************************************************
C NODE NAMES NODE NAHES-----R-----X-----C
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SECN
C *******************************
C *******************************
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SEA2 SECN2
2 SEB2 SECN2
3 PRB2 PRN
4 SEB2 SECN2
5 PRC2 PRN
6 SEC2 SECN2
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
96 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
-2.3400E+OO -6.2431E+01
-8.7949E-01 -6.0787E+01
-5.8633E-01 -6.0419E+01
-2.6385E-01 -5.9139E+01
-1.1727E-01 -5.7856E+01
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+01
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+01
5.1304E-02 -5.1999E+01
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+01
1.0261E-01 -4.0281E+01
1.1727E-01 -2.9295E+01
1.4658E-01 1.9591E+01
1.6124E-01 2.7097E+01
2.0522E-01 3.6619E+01
2.6385E-01 4.3941E+01
3.1954E-01 4.7604E+01
4.1776E-01 5.1267E+01
5.7168E-01 5.4562E+01
7.8422E-01 5.7124E+01
1.0261E+OO 5.8957E+01
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+01
2.3453E+OO 6.2252E+01
3.5181E+01 6.2617E+01
9999.
C *************************************************
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVN 1.E-4
SECN2 1.E+6
C ***********************
C *********************** 38
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-1234567ff9-
o DEFA1 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o DEFB1 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o DEFC1 20.0E-3 1.0E1
C *******************
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
PRN SVN MEASURING 1
C **************************
C **************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 090.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -030.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +210.0 -1.00
C NAH1 NAH2 NAH3 NAH4 NAM5 NAH6 NAM7 NAH8 NAH9
C PRN SECN2
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
39
calcul P3C
5000 ,------------,---------.--------:----r----c".----=-------,--------,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
01------'
<
-5000
-10000 L-- ------' -.L ---'- ---'- --l
o
ial
10000,------------r---------.--------,---------,--------,
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
o1-------'.
- 5000 L-- ----L ----'- -"-----'----"-_---''--_-=- ------'
o
ibl
40
10000
calcuI P3C
5000
<
0
-5000
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
ic1
0.1
0.05
<
0
-0.05
-0.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
in
41
~ I
.......
-
-
-
~
:"J
1
0.5
-< 0
-0.5
-1
o 0.05 0.1
calcul P3C
0.15 0.2 0.25
ia2
1 . . . ~
-0.5
I
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-1 L-- ----' ---'- ---'- ----'- ~
o
ib2
42
calcul P3C
1.----------r----------,---------r------r----------.
0.: =-;;;:.= = ::::_ -'"""".-.:-=;:;;- .. =- ..--.;:;;_ .._-.::.:-=-..:;:;---.-::_::;:;i:;:>---.;:;;;
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
- a.5 1\-1 VJ..--i - ! ; - .
-1 L..- --'-- ---'-- ---' -'---- ---'
a
ic2
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
\.... + _ , + +- .
0.1
0.05
<
a
-0.05
-0.1
a
in
43
!
l
0.25 0.2 0.it5 0.1 0.05
X10-5 courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut interne:p3c
8 '-1-----------,-------------,----------,,.------------.------------,
I
6
1
++-/y\
++ \
+ \
4 ,\
[ + J+/ +\++\ --,
2 r+++ * ++ \ / .
1++++ + / Lf
0' -if(1
o
i
I
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
te en (sec]
courant proportionnel non sature:defaut interne:p3c
300
1
I
I
........,
200
*
..........
C
I
n.l

0-
I
oL
0
te en (sec]
44
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut interne:p3c
0.05 0.1 0.15
it
0.2 0.25
,
,
200
1
I
.& 100 t-
i
i
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut interne:p3c
300.-,----------------.,------------------.,--------,
J
o,-I__.1-1 ---'-- -------'- --'----- ------'--,--------'1
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
te en [sec]
45
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 a
xl0-4 courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut externe:p3c
1 'I
I + I
L
-F+ +
:
0.5
1
+\ id 1
I + + ++
I ++ 1111111111111111 \11111111\1111111111\ 11\11\ 11111111
1++++++l--q.+ +*+-tt-'
ai+ + + it
r::
Q)
---J
J
I
i
0.25 0.2
=
0.15 0.1 0.05
te en [sec]
xlO-3 courant proportionnel non sature:defaut externe:p3c

1
o1\
a
c:
Q)
0..
te en [sec]
46
xl0-4 courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut exteme:p3c
1 '--1--+-,-----------,-------------,.---------,-----------,1
1
-P-+ +
++ -l+
it
+
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0.05 0.1
te en [sec]
0.15 0.2
47
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre defaut interne:p3c
5,-------.----------,----------,-------------,-------,
0.25
i
0.25
1
0.2
1
0.15
0.5
!r\"" .. (\ :-"
/ \.' I J \ ... X-/ \-\
Q.) I' 1\ \ \
I ,. I \
1 II II i! \
: ::'
L
__ __ ----'
o r, , ! =
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec]
xlO-4 courant point neutre, fondamental
1 --------,----------,-------,---------,---------,
j
!
te en [sec]
48
xl0-4 courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre defaut externe:p3c
8
1
I I I I
6rJ\. !M
L , '\;: ! \\
C'\' f \\
2 / ./ \--..
, ' \
I ' \
I I,J \
a
a 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
te en [sec]
1
i
--j
0.25
0.2 0.15 0.1
X 10-
4
1
I
J
0.25
te en [sec]
49
15 r--------r------......,....--------,-------,....-----------,
10 1- -- _.- - ..-.-+
id
----.-.. ---
5 1--,,--,,-,---
... __....J _+_ _ ,_,_,_ . ._ _..___._ _._..___ _.
... ... '-- .f....:
t
_ ..
- 5 r--....---.---. -_. #-----111'-
- 10 --..--- --- - -.- i--'''-'''''-- .. - - -. .._.__ .. -- -.-.---..----l._-.---.._-..--.._.-.---
- 15 _._..- .._- _ _ -.-- ..- ,.-_._.._ _-- - -.- , - -._......--..--..-f..-.... _.. ..- - -- -
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
-20 '-- '-- '-- .1....- .1....- ----'
o
t en [sec]
50
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1
id
0.05
__ _---- -.- -..----.
1'''T'i' ---'r-----------!---------------;. _ _ - _-.
..---.-..- .....
x10-
4
2
1.5
,.......,
<
..........
1
l::
Q)
l::
0.5 0
.....
....,
ell
r-.
;:l
a
....,
ell
til
til
Q)
'"'
-0.5
p..
ell
....,
D'l
.....
-1
"C
til
....
-1.5
-2
a
t en [sec]
51
condition de declenchement P3C.defaut interne
7
inn
6 - j .............................................i.. .. ..y ; .
5
;--------l---------------------+---------------------i---------------------1
.....................: ..d. ..1. . .il........... .
I .
I
I
____________J
4
!,i .... ................................................. ..... :...... . ...........................................................
1
......................................................f'..................................................... + .
3
.. .j.. j ip .
!
......................................................t .
2
....................................................+ _ 1 .
! I
1
i
ig
...................., ....t.. .. .................f- .. . ; -
;

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
0'----------'-------'--------'------------'--------'
o
52
condition de declenchement P3C,defaut externe
7.--------..-----------.--------,---------,r-----------,
6
},.. . ~ i . ......................................, ! .
1
id!
5 ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f_.. + .
---------------------,---------------------t---------------------i---------------------
l
4 - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - ----
3 _......... . ; ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) .
II!
.......................................................rt.. "1" ..J
2 +...................................... ................,: f..i .
!
1 ~ _ ! L.. .
!
ig ,
,,,,r
., .1 .
!
'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-i-'-'---'---'-'-'-'-'-'_-___-:-________________t_____._._._._._._._._._._.-;
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
0'---------'--------'----------'----------'----------'
o
53
1994 20 janvier
C x
6.5
6.5
6.5
R
.65
.65
.65
- ENCLENCHEMENT TRANSFO
BEGIN NEY DATA CASE
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C P3D.DAT
C ----------------------------------
C ----------------------------------
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P. Bermejo
C GROUPE SCHNEIDER
C P.C.C.
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C
C
C DECLARATION DU NOM DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI : P3D.PL4
C
$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3D.PL4 FORH=FORHATTED
C
C pas de calcul : 0.0222 IDS ; pas de sortie: 0.111 IDS soit 9.009 kHz
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C DELTAT TMAI XOPT
.222E-4 2.0E-1 50.0
ClOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT HAXOUT IPUN MEMSAV ICAT NERERG IPRSUP
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C ***********************
C ***********************
o GENA PRIA
o GENB PRIB
o GENC PRIC
54
C *********************************
C *******************************
C cable 1
C ----------
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVA1CABLA1 .20 4.0
SVB1CABLB1 .20 4.0
SYC1CABLC1 .20 4.0
CABLA1 SYA2 .20 4.0
CABLB1 SVB2 .20 4.0
CABLC1 SYC2 .20 4.0
C *************************
C *************************
C SEA2 1.E-3
C SEB2 1.E-3
C SEC2 1.E-3
C *******************************
C MODELISATION DU TRANSFORMATEUR1
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -5957.916717857
0.0 -3439.376150684
.2884 11940.178122143
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 -3439.376150684
0.0 -1985.483064267
0.0 6892.6134700553
.02361 3978.9679039935
221421.35338200
0.0
221421. 35338200
0.0
0.0
221421. 35338200
SECN SECC 3
5 PRIC PRIB
6 SECC SECN
4 SECB SECN
3 PRIB PRIA
C *******************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SECA SECN
2 SECB SECN
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRIA PRIC
2 SECA SECN
55
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
40.0
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
SEC2 SECN2 3
3 PRB2 PRN
4 SEB2 SECN2
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C *************************************************
C MODELISATION DE L'IMPEDANCE DE NEUTRE DU TRANSFOI
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C BUSI BUS2 BUS3 BUS4
SECN
C *******************************
C *******************************
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SEA2 SECN2
2 SEB2 SECN2
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRA2 PRN
2 SEA2 SECN2
5 PRC2 PRN
6 SEC2 SECN2
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
96 SEA2 SECN2 8888. -54.0
-2.3400E+00 -6.2431E+01
-8.7949E-01 -6.0787E+01
-5.8633E-01 -6.0419E+01
-2.6385E-01 -5.9139E+01
-1.1727E-01 -5.7856E+01
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+01
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+01
5.1304E-02 -5.1999E+01
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+01
1.0261E-01 -4.0281E+01
1.1727E-01 -2.9295E+01
1.4658E-01 1.9591E+01
1.6124E-01 2.7097E+01
2.0522E-01 3.6619E+01
2.6385E-01 4.3941E+01
3.1954E-01 4.7604E+01
4.1776E-01 5.1267E+01
5.7168E-01 5.4562E+01
7.8422E-01 5.7124E+01
1.0261E+00 5.8957E+01
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+01
2.3453E+00 6.2252E+01
3.5181E+01 6.2617E+01
9999.
96 SEB2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888. 27.0
96 SEC2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888. 27.0
C *************************************************
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVN 1.E-4
SECN2 1.E+6
C **************************************************
C DISJONCTEUR
C **************************************************
00 SECA SVA1 0.02 5.0
00 SECB SVB1 0.02 5.0
00 SECC SVC1 0.02 5.0
C *******************
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456jY9-
1
1
1
MEASURING
MEASURING
MEASURING
NAM6 NAM7 NAMa NAH9
PRIC SECA SECB SECC
SEC2CABLA1CABLB1CABLC1
SVB2 PRB2
SVC2 PRC2
PRN SVN
C **************************
C **************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C NAMEST AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE A1 TSTART TSTOP
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 120.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -000.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +240.0 -1.00
C NAM1 NAM2 NAM3 NAM4 NAMS
C GENA GENB GENC PRIA PRIB
C PRA2 PRB2 PRC2 SEA2 SEB2
C PRN SECN2
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEV DATA CASE
57
0.2 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.1
ial
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
calcul P3D
500,-----------,---,----,-------r------,-----.----,------,----...,---------,
O ~ ~
<11 - 5 00 1- ; -\- -/- ;\ ....f ..! ..+
-1000 1- ; \, / , ..
-1500 l..--_---'__----1__---l.__-L__---L...__---'-__---'-__--'-__....l.-_----'
o
1000.-------,-----,-----,-------r------,-----.----,------,----...,-------,
0.2 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.1
ibl
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
500
- 500 l..--_---'__----1__---l.__-L__---L...__---'-__---'-__--'-__....l.-_----'
o
O ~ <
58
1000
calcul P3D
500
<
0
-500
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
icl
100
0
... . "l' ......._...
<
-100
........
\
-200
................. ..
-300
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
in
59
id
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut interne:p3d
I

, 1
/ j
0.5 +111 11111 II , I I \\1 II III 11\1\ II , I , I I II I I I III II I ./ j
I
+++ Ii 11111: III lit ++++++++++#1111 1111111+11111111111111111
0-111111111111111+ !!! - I+! _ . I
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
1.5 I
I
i
I
1
c
Q)
I
,-, 1500 f-
i
'ij 1000
0.. ,
.- 500f--
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut interne:p3d
2000
!
i
I
______1
oL -----'- L.-__....JI ...I...--__---L..__---..l_--'-_..L-__---l.-__
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
te en [sec]
60
courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre:p3d
I
0.8,

0.6
c:: i
3,)
i
.E
0.4 r
;:] I
"':l
,
'"' 0.2f--
'"'
6 I
,
0:
0 0.02
.\
. \
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
te en [sec]
,
I
I
I ---I
! !
/ i
)

___"-,"""-__--'-, '-,__---'--,__-----', "-,__---'-'__----JI'----__-'-I I
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
te en [sec]
0.4,

0.3
c::
0.2
1J
c:: I
c::
,
.-
0.1
0
1
0
61
2.5
........
-<
'--'
r::
Cll
ill i I ;
2 _.---.--.--i-----..---..i..--..-_-..
L
...- ...._._.--r--....-_..-+-"""id-;.-;-i,--t.... _--/'1I,\.....-.......t-......-.-...-.-..+.-.....- .......----i
f\
1. 5 --..----..---..-..-..---..- ..--..--t..---..l--...- ..
't:l
Ul
....
0.2 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.1 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
-1 L..--_-----'__----'-__----'-__---'-__....I......__-'--__..L...-__L--_---l__..........l
o
t en [sec]
62
condition de declenchement P3D, enclanchement transformateur
8
1
I
I
7
1
I
inn
I
I
6 ~
I
I
id
I
i
Sf-
I
:
~
:-----------------------------------------. I
/ I
~ ~
I
4
L
lp
~
19
J
i
0.18
oL-i__---'-I__--"-__---l...__----'- -----l' '--__.L--__-'--
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
te en [sec]
_--'--__I
0.2
63
1994 17 janvier
C x R
I
- DEFAUT FRANC BIPHASE/TERRE
BEGIN NEY DATA CASE
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C P3E.DAT
C ----------------------------------
C ----------------------------------
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C P. Bermejo
C GROUPE SCHNEIDER
C P.C.C.
C +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
C
C
C DECLARATION DU NOM DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI : P3E.PL4
C
$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3E.PL4 FORH=FORHATTED
C
C CE SONT LES HISC. DATA CARDS II-B-1 ,II-B-2
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C DELTAT THAX XOPT
.222E-4 5.0E-1 50.0
ClOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT MAXOUT IPUN MEMSAV ICAT NERERG IPRSUP
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
C ***********************
C ***********************
o GENA PRA2 .65 6.5
o GENB PRB2 .65 6.5
o GENC PRC2 .65 6.5
C *********************************
C *******************************
C cable
C ----------
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SYA2 CABLA .01 .01
SYB2 CABLB .01 .01
SYC2 CABLC .01 .01
C *************************
C *************************
C CABLA 1.E+3
C CABLB 1.E+3
C CABLC 1.E+3
C *******************
C *******************
DEFA 0.1
C *******************************
64
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -29727.20628132
0.0 -9985.69862399
.2884 59581.657584189
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 -9985.69862399
0.0 -3354.39765307
0.0 20008.958586089
.02361 6721.4129175
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
6 SEC2 SECN2
5 PRC2 PRN
3 SEC2 SECN2
3 PRB2 PRN
4 SEB2 SECN2
C *******************************
$VINTAGE, 1,
1 SEA2 SECN2
2 SEB2 SECN2
USE RL
$UNITS, 0.50E+02 , O.
1 PRA2 PRN
2 SEA2 SECN2
$VINTAGE, 0,
$UNITS, -1.,-1.
USE RL
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
96 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
-2.3400E+00 -6.2431E+01
-8.7949E-01 -6.0787E+01
-5.8633E-01 -6.0419E+01
-2.6385E-01 -5.9139E+01
-1.1727E-01 -5.7856E+01
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+01
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+01
5.1304E-02 -5. 1999E+01
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+01
1.0261E-01 -4.0281E+01
1.1727E-01 -2.9295E+01
1.4658E-01 1.9591E+01
1.6124E-01 2.7097E+01
2.0522E-01 3.6619E+01
2.6385E-01 4.3941E+01
3.1954E-01 4.7604E+01
4.1776E-01 5.1267E+01
5.7168E-01 5.4562E+01
7.8422E-01 5.7124E+01
1.0261E+00 5.8957E+01
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+01
2.3453E+00 6.2252E+01
3.5181E+01 6.2617E+01
9999.
C *************************************************
65
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SVN 1.E+6
SVN2 1.E-4
C ***********************
C ***********************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
o CABLA DEFA 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o CABLA CABLB 20.0E-3 1.0E1
C *******************
C SYITCHES DE MESURE
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SYA2 SEA2 MEASURING 1
SYB2 SEB2 MEASURING 1
SYC2 SEC2 MEASURING 1
SECN2 SVN2 MEASURING 1
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SYITCHES
C **************************
C **************************
C STATIC ELECTRIC NETWORK SOURCES VII.C.4 TYPE 14
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 090.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -030.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +210.0 -1.00
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
66
X10
4
ca1cul P3e
-0.5
1
~ v '1
-1 L-L---'-'_------'-, ~ ---,-,------',---'---, ~ _ I
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
ia2
\.f\J1V-\/\/\/\/\/C\/l
\ ~ I
_. I
! ! ) ! I I I ! ! ~
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
ib2
xl0
4
1 c r r ~ _ _ _
i
0.5 1-
I
67
0.05
calcul P3e
I
I
I
i
I
I
\
<
o!
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
-005 I
! I I !
I I I
. 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
ic2
/\ (\ l
J\/1
0.16 0.18 0.2
4000 ~ I ~
i
/ O O O ~ (\ t \ / ~ / (\
-2000 L_ I I I ! I I I
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
III
68
courant diffliuentiel et traversant sature
3,----,-----,------,------;.='------,-----r---,---.,....----.------,
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04
i +
l/* I
O++-Hi+t+l+tt-t+"'----'--L..----''-----.L.-----'-----'------''-----.L.-----'-----'
o 0.02
1 f- .
(I
2 f- ................................................ L .i 1_itL ..1 1 .
+ ! i ' I I +i-tl#1" I LI 1++++1 II ,It I 1++I II " d"11-#
.......... " ;., ".=III i ..I"I"I,'..I.. ","", ,',.:" ,', ,."., :",.."" ..,..,."., ", ,."" " , .
'd
....
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature
300
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.02
g 200 1- 1' : (.",:M, + + " ,j ! 1.. ; ,
c::
CI.l
.8' 100 I- t , +..' .. I..., ..'.. ! ,.. ,\'--, ..,....+r--_.. -- .. _..T+_ .. _ .. ..1.. '-- .. --,_,.. _.. ..,_.._ .. _,.. -- .. -_Li__ .. .. _..li_.. _ __ .. _,
__----L__---L__--L__--l..-__...L-__....L-_--.--J
o
te en [sec]
69
courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre sature:defaut externe:p3E
3
1
' I
2
1
'- -, J
1
,
1 ! j
i i\ I I -------- ',,---
il "-'1" I ,/ '---,-------, I
I
if'" J,"" --"
;1 - ... _--/ __ ::_ I
o,'--_ ___JJ"'-,__-.L-__-.L--=----=---:....I J --,-':...=..0....- -....:..-,,-,,- _ ____l,__
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
3,
<'

I::::
II)
c
I::::
i
I
0
1
0 0.02
te en [sec]
courant point neutre, fondamental:p3E
0.2
te en [sec]
70
8
6 I-_ _ _.'- _ __-..;_.._.._......__ ..-+..- -+.__j__ i__ ..__ _ _._.. __.__._ _._.__._._L _
. ..l. ._.---.;....__ - ... ..---_-.--:...-..-._.. ..-..--..
N --+_. ._.+.__ _

4 !---..-- -----..-;-..--..-..c-t---..--';...-1----'- - ..__._.L ..- ..-..-. -- ;-.-..-.---
2 t---..---.."---......-;.-
it
- 6 .._ _L_ _ _ ,. . .- --+.-._.--._.-,-_.-- --.-- + -- - _.-t----- ----..t---
-4
-2
- 8 -.-- -.;---..- -- ;..---- -- -...;.....- - -; --..-.-.-....\ ----; - ----.-; -.-..-....;-.-.- -- .;. ---.-
0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
-10 '-__-'--__--'--__--'-__----1. '-__-'--__--'-__---'-__----1.__-----'
o
t en [sec]
71
condition de dec1enchement P3E, defaut externe biphase/terre
8/ -l
7 ~ I mD J
6 ~ ~
I ~
5 ~ i id I
I I
4i J
I
3 ~
Ip
~
I
------------------------------------------------------ -------------- I
1
1 ~
I
1- - - -
oL-I__..L'__-----',__-----...L'__---'---_--------'-
o 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
!
I
0.2
te en [sec]
72
B.-----.,-----.----....,....---....,....-----,------,-----,-------r-----,.---,
6
._.._------.__..._----_... ._-_..
i 1 ! ;
__.__1.._...._...__.1._... 1 .. 1__..... _
- 4 ...._.__ ...._..__L_._ ... __ __._l......._. ._..L ._..__.. __. ! ._._...l __... ..;...._..--
._---:-- ._--..
! \

2
4
...i
- 2 - ..._._.--......;.-_.....---+_.
"0
Ul
....
- 6 ----..-._.._..__..-i--- .. ---i-----;------i-.... ..--i-----..._...L_...__._
-8
....., _-_..__.. _.__ .. __._.-
id:
----+---------f....-----i--------t--------t-..------i------!'--......-
0.2 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.02
-10 L.-__.L.-__.L.-__L.-_---J'--_---J'--_---J__---'__---'__---'__---'
o
t en [sec]
73
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
P3F.DAT
ETUDE D'UNE PROTECTION DE TERRE RESTREINTE
NEUTRE DIRECT Rn=1.E-4 ohm
DEFAUT FRANC TRlHASE/TERRE
I
SUR TRANSFO AVAL
P. Bermejo
GROUPE SCHNEIDER
P.C.C.
17 fevier 1994
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
DECLARATION DU NOM DU FICHIER DE SORTIE; ICI P3F.PL4
$OPEN, UNIT=4 FILE=P3F.PL4 FORM=FORMATTED
TSTART TOLMAT EPSILN COPT
: pas de calcul : 0.0222 ms ; pas de sortie: 0.111 ms soit 9.009 kHz
: CE SONT LES MISC. DATA CARDS II-B-1 ,II-B-2
:
FREQUENCY, 50.
: DELTAT TMAX XOPT
.222E-4 5.0E-1 50.0
lOUT IPLOT IDOUBL KSSOUT MAXOUT IPUN MEMSAV ICAT NERERG
10000 5 0 1 1 0 0 2 0

***********************
MODELISATION DE LA PCC
***********************
*********************************
BRANCH CARDS
NODE NAMES
BUS1 BUS2
o GENA PRA2
o GENB PRB2
o GENC PRC2
TYPE 0 IV.A.2.1
NODE NAMES R
BUS3 BUS4
.65
.65
.65
x
6.5
6.5
6.5
C
MODELISATION DU DEPART EN DEFAUT
*******************************
cable
BRANCH CARDS TYPE 0 IV.A.2.1
--BUS1--BUS2--BUS3--BUS4-----R-----X
3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-1234!
SWA2 CABLA .01 .01
SWB2 CABLB .01 .01
SWC2 CABLC .01 .01
*************************
MODELISATION DE LA CHARGE
*************************
CABLA
CABLB
CABLC
*******************
1.E+3
1.E+3
1.E+3
IMPEDANCE DU DEFAUT
*******************
74
DEFA 0.1
*******************************
MODELISATION DU TRANSFORMATEUR2
*******************************
INTAGE, 1,
SEA2 SECN2
SEB2 SECN2
SEC2 SECN2
USE RL
NITS, 0.50E+02
PRA2 PRN
SEA2 SECN2
PRB2 PRN
SEB2 SECN2
PRC2 PRN
SEC2 SECN2
, O.
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
-8290.062144767
-8290.062144767
16692.100203564
.2884
0.0
.02361
0.0
0.0
.2884
0.0
0.0
0.0
.02361
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.2884
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.02361
59581.657584189
20008.958586089
6721.4129175
-29727.20628132
-9985.69862399
59581.657584189
-9985.69862399
-3354.39765307
20008.958586089
6721.4129175
-29727.20628132
-9985.69862399
-29727.20628132
-9985.69862399
59581.657584189
-9985.69862399
-3354.39765307
-9985.69862399
-3354.39765307
20008.958586089
6721.4129175
CNTAGE, 0,
HTS I -1. I -1 .
JSE RL
\456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-
SEA2 SECN2 8888.
-2.3400E+00 -6.2431E+Ol
-8.7949E-Ol -6.0787E+Ol
-5.8633E-Ol -6.0419E+Ol
-2.6385E-Ol -5.9139E+Ol
-1.1727E-Ol -5.7856E+Ol
-4.3975E-02 -5.6759E+Ol
1.4658E-02 -5.4562E+Ol
5.1304E-02 -5.1999E+Ol
8.5017E-02 -4.7604E+Ol
1.0261E-Ol -4.0281E+Ol
1.1727E-Ol -2.9295E+Ol
1.4658E-Ol 1.9591E+Ol
1.6124E-Ol 2.7097E+Ol
2.0522E-Ol 3.6619E+Ol
2.6385E-Ol 4.3941E+Ol
3.1954E-Ol 4.7604E+Ol
4.1776E-Ol 5.1267E+Ol
5.7168E-Ol 5.4562E+Ol
7.8422E-Ol 5.7124E+Ol
1.0261E+00 5.8957E+Ol
1.4658E+00 6.0787E+Ol
2.3453E+00 6.2252E+Ol
3.5181E+Ol 6.2617E+Ol
9999.
SEB2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888.
SEC2 SECN2 SEA2 SECN2 8888.

75
C *************************************************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12345
SWN 1.E+6
SWN2 1.E-4
C ***********************
C ***********************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-12345
o CABLA DEFA 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o CABLA CABLB 20.0E-3 1.0E1
o CABLA CABLC 20.0E-3 1.0E1
C *******************
C SWITCHES DE MESURE
C *******************
C 3456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-123456789-1234=
SWA2 SEA2 MEASURING
SWB2 SEB2 MEASURING
SWC2 SEC2 MEASURING
SECN2 SWN2 MEASURING
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SWITCHES
C **************************
C **************************
C STATIC ELECTRIC NETWORK SOURCES VII.C.4 TYPE 14
C
C NAMEST AMPLITUDE FREQUENCY PHASE Al TSTART
14 GENA 51.0E3 50.0 090.0 -1.00
14 GENB 51.0E3 50.0 -030.0 -1.00
14 GENC 51.0E3 50.0 +210.0 -1.00
BLANK CARD
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE
76
X10
4
calcul P3f
i 2 i
-<
I
I
i I i i
0.6
-1 L
i
0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0
ia2
ib2
77
11
x104
0.5
1
1
~ _~ ~ \ ~ i ~ j \ n \ ~ ~
0.5 r j \ \ \
-11 ~ V
o - 'I
0.1
1
0.2
calcul P3f
!
0.3
ic2
1
0.4
!
0.5
J
J
!
J
I
0.6
In
78
-i
i
J
i
0.6
xl0-4 courant differentiel et traversant non sature:defaut externe:p3f
4 '---,------,------,----,---------r--------.------,-----r-----,-----.--------,j
:l !: it ]
+ +
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
te en [sec]
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
I
I
100
c::
u
.8--
courant proportionnel non sature:defaut externe:p3f
150,---,-------.--------.--------.--------.--------,--------.--------,----------,,----------,---
I
!
l
50 I -

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
te en [sec]
79
0.5 0.45
I
0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25
te en [sec]
I
0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
courant differentiel et traversant sature:defaut exteme:p3f
15[ ~ --------.----r--i
10
1
(\ id i
. i \ r ~ :
5r r V \ ~ ~ ~
0-1","""""" ........... S .."III' ..... III"""'" "''''''''''""""""",:,:"""""""'."",,,,'""".""""""""""'""""""''''''''''''''''"'"''''''''''
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
te en [sec]
courant proportionnel sature:defaut exteme:p3f
2001
150 ~
I
I
~
I
t:: 100
It)
50 II
.S-
L ~
0
0
80
courant H2 dans Ies phases et Ie neutre sature:defaut exteme:p3f
I I I i
0.4
!
0.45
1
0.5
te en [sec]
courant point neutre, fondamentaI:p3f
1
l
(\ 1\ vF'j
-
I
'-----'---------'- l.I__----'--__---'-__--'-1__-'1 --.1.1__----'--1 ----'--__..1
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
te en [sec]
X10-
4
3,
i\
! \
i i
" "
2
1
(
t::
11)
1
t::
,S
I
i
I I
0
1
;
0 0.05
81
condition de declenchement P3F, defaut externe triphase franc
,
3 ~
lp
2 ~ ~
I I
1 ~ ig 1
~
0
1
! ! ~
o 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
te en [sec]
82
% ceci est une valeur quelconque
% ceci est une valeur quelconque
.ete chainel.met;
.d off;
lar;
[;
..
.,
limulation de la chaine de mesure avec bobine de Rogowski
une voie courant phase.
lans saturation par voie magnetique ou par ecretage
'1: freqence du signal
'2:frequence du bruit
imulation de la bobine de Rogowski Ep=K*[di(t)/dt]
Iremiere partie
:1/9000:0.1;
SO;
350;
2*pi*f1;
2*pi*f2;
.001; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
/9000;
4;
0.1;
ignale d'entree sans bruit
-A1*sin(w1*t) ;
:It (t, Is1)
ignale d'entree avec bruit
1=A1*sin(w1*t)+ A2*sin(w2*t);
[K/T -K/T];
1;
Ei1ter(b1,a1,Is1); , signale a la sortie de la bobine de Rogowski
?lot (221) ,plot (t, Ep, 'b' ,t, Is1, 'w' )
Le('signale capte par bobine de Rogowski')
)el ('Ep in [V], Is1 in [A]')
)el('t in [sec]')
I
:t( 'Ep')
:t ( , Is1' )
mulation de la bobine de Rogowski
uxieme partie (equation differentielle)
cours d'etude
0.8;
30; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
.014e-6;
7e-9;
C2*R1)+(L1/R2/(L1*C2);

(L1*C2) ;
(A*T)+(B*T"'2);
(C*T"'2) /01 ;
L -(2+(A*T)/D) 1/0];
:ilter(bO,aO,Ep);
: ( t , Ep, t , Up)
mlation locale du filtre d'ordre 1

'*8.05;
'ilter(b2,a2,Ep); % signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre1
83
..
, simulation 'locale' de l'ecretage a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 1
Is3=ecrete(Is2.',26*O.4*sqrt(2i
% multiplication du signale par le gain (g2)
g2=2.4223; , calibrateur en position 1 (ceci est un choix quelconque)
Is4=g2*Is3; , signale a la sortie du gain g2
subplot(222),plot(t,Is2,'b',t,Is3,'w',t,Is4, 'r')
title('signale filtre, ecrete, calibre')
ylabel('Is2,Is3,Is4 in [A)')
xlabel('t in [sec)')
grid
gtext('Is2=Is3')
'gtext ( , Is3' )
gtext ( , Is4' )
clear Ep
clear lsI
clear Is2
clear Is3
% simulation 'locale'du filtre d'ordre 2
[b3,a3)=butter(2,180/(9000/2;
Is5=filter(b3,a3,Is4); , Signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
subplot(223),plot(t,Is4,'r',t,IsS,'w')
title('signale calibre est filtre')
ylabel('Is4,IsS in [A)')
grid
gtext ( , I s4 ' )
gtext ( , IsS' )
clear Is4
, Simulation 'locale' de l'ecretage a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
Is6= ecrete(IsS,3);
subplot(224),plot(t,Is5,'w',t,Is6,'b')
title('signale filtre est ecrete')
ylabel('Is4,Is5 in [A)')
grid
%gtext ( , IsS' )
%gtext ( , Is6' )
gtext('Is5=Is6')
, decimation d'un signal en prenant un point sur N=lS
Is7=decibrut(Is6,15);
% interpolation du signal Is6
Is8=inter(Is6,15);
% traitement du signal Is8 par filtre numerique (sincos)
Is9=sico(Is8);
'meta chaine1
84
\ ceci est une valeur quelconque
\ ceci est une valeur
Lete chaine2.met;
ld off;
!ar;
'I;
limulation de la chaine de mesure avec bobine de Rogowski
)Our la voie courant HOMOPOLAlRE.
lans saturation par voie magnetique ou par ecretage
;l:freqence du signal
;2:frequence du bruit
)remiere partie
1:1/9000:0.1;
'50;
'350;
'2*pi*fl;
'2*pi*f2;
1.001; \ceci est une valeur quelconque
/9000;
:4;
:0.1;
ignale d'entree sans bruit
-Al*sin(wl*t);
igna1e d'entree avec bruit
l-Al*sin(wl*t)+ A2*sin(w2*t);
imulation de la bobine de Rogowski Ep-K*(di(t)/dt}
(K/T -K/T];
1;
filter(bl,al,Isl); , Signale a la sortie de la bobine de Rogowski
plot(22l),plot(t,Ep, 'b',t,Isl,'w')
le('signale capte par bobine de Rogowski')
oel ('Ep in (V), Isl in (A)')
oe1('t in (sec}')
i
ct('Ep')
et('Isl')
de la bobine de Rogowski
!uxieme partie (equation differentielle)
l cours d' etude
0.8;
30; \ceci est une valeur quelconque
.014e-6;
7e-9;
C2*Rl)+(Ll/R2/(Ll*C2);
Rl/R2)+1)/(Ll*C2);
(Ll*C2);
(A*T)+(B*T
A
2);
(C*T
A
2)/Oj ;
1 -(2+(A*T)/0) 1/0);
filter(bO,aO,Ep);
nulation locale du filtre d'ordre 1
l2)=butter(1,S.6/(9000/2;
2*9.06;
;ilter(b2,a2,Ep); , signale a 1a sortie du filtre d'ordrel
85
clear Ep
clear Isl
% simulation 'locale' de l'ecretage a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 1
IaJ=ecrete(Is2.',2J.S*O.4*sqrt(2;
clear Is2
% multiplication du signale par le gain (g2h)
g2h=1.696; % calibrateur gl en position 1 (ceci est un choix quelconque)
Is4=g2h*IsJ; % signale a la sortie du gain g2h
clear IsJ
sUbplot(222),plot(t,Is2, 'b',t,IsJ,'w',t,Is4,'r')
title('signale filtre, ecrete, calibre')
ylabel('Is2,IsJ,Is4 in [A]')
xlabel('t in [sec]')
grid
gtext('Is2=IsJ')
%gtext ( , IsJ ' )
gtext ( , I s4 ' )
% simulation 'locale'du filtre d'ordre 2
[bJ,aJ]=butter(2,180/(9000/2;
Is5=filter(bJ,a3,Is4); % Signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
subplot(223),plot(t,Is4,'r',t,IsS,'w')
title('signale calibre est filtre')
ylabel('Is4,IsS in [A]')
grid
gtext ( , Is4' )
gtext ( , IsS' )
clear Is4
% Simulation 'locale' de l'ecretage a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
Ia6= ecrete(IsS,3);
subplot(224),plot(t,IsS,'w',t,Is6, 'b')
title('signale filtre est ecrete')
ylabel('Is4,IsS in [A]')
grid
%gtext ( , IsS' )
%gtext ( , Is6' )
gtext('IsS=Is6')
clear IsS
Is7=decibrut(Is6,lS);
Is8=inter(Is6,lS);
Ia9=sico(Is8) ;
%meta chaine2
86
,lete chaine3. met;
ld off;
ear;
g;
c;
simulation de la chaine de mesure avec tore magnetique
pour une voie courant phase.
fl:freqence du signal
f2:frequence du bruit
0:1/9000:0.1;
-50;
-350;
-2*pi*fl;
-2*pi*f2 ;
0.001; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
1/9000;
-1; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
-0.1; 'ceci est une valeur quelconque
lignale d'entree sans bruit
L-U*sin(wl*t) ;
lignale d' entree avec bruit
11-Al*ain(wl*t)+ A2*sin(w2*t);
.imulation locale de la saturation a la sortie d'un tore magnetique
!-sature(Isl,3,1/9000);

.tle('signale capte par tore magnetique')
.abel ( , Isl in (A), Is2 in (A)')
.abel('t in (sec)')
'id
,ext ( , Is1-Is2' )
lar Isl
imulation 'locale' du premier ecretage
-ecrete(Is2,153*O.04*sqrt(2;\Is2.'
imulation 'locale'du filtre d'ordre 2

-filter(b3,a3,Is3); \ Signale a 1a sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
Jplot(222),plot(t,Is3, 'w',t,Is4, 'r')
:le('signale ecrete,filtre')
lbel('Is3,Is4 in [AJ')
lbel ( , t in [sec)')
.d
txt ( 'Is3')
txt ( 'Is4')
Lr Is2
Lr Is3
iltiplication du signale par le gain (g)
2;
g*Is4; \ signale a 1a sortie du gain g
plot(223),plot(t,Is4, 'r',t,IsS,'w')
le('signale filtre est amplifie')
87
- ..
%ylabel('Is4,IsS in [A)')
%xlabel('t in [sec)')
%grid
%gtext ( , Is4' )
%gtext ( , IsS' )
clear Is4
% Simulation 'locale' de l'ecretage apres traitement par gain g
Is6= ecrete(ISS,3);
%Is7= decibrut(Is6,lS);
%save temp Is6
IsS= inter(Is6,lS);
%pack IsS
%subplot(224),
%plot(t,Is6,'w',t,Is8,'b')
%title('signale filtre ')
%ylabel('Is6,IsS in [A]')
%xlabel('t in [sec]')
%grid
%gtext ( , Is6' )
%gtext ( , IsS ' )
% traitement du signal par sico
Is9=sico(IsS);
%meta chaine3a
lete chaine4.met;
Id off;
ear;
g;
c;
de la chaine de mesure avec tore magnetique
pour une voie courant HOKOPOLAIRE.
f1:freqence du signal
f2:frequence du bruit
0:1/9000:0.1;
-SO;
=350;
=2*pi*fl;
=2*pi*f2;
).001; 'ceci est une valeur quelconque
L/9000;
=1; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
=0.1; %ceci est une valeur quelconque
lignale d'entree sans bruit
L=Al*sin (wl*t) ;
Jignale d'entree avec bruit
,1-A1*sin(wl*t)+ A2*sin(w2*t);
limulation locale de la saturation a la sortie d'un tore magnetique
:-sature(Isl,3,1/9000);
,plot (221) ,plot (t, Isl, 'b' ,t, Is2, 'w' )
,le('signale capte par tore magnetique')
hel('Is1 in [A],Is2 in [A]')
hel('t in [sec]')
d
xt ( , IsI-Is2' )
imulation 'locale' du premier ecretage
-ecrete(Is2,153*0.04*sqrt(2;
du signale par le gain (gh)
Z. 2;
=gh*Is3; , signale a la sortie du gain (gh)
)lot(222),plot(t,Is3, 'w',t,Is4,'r')
Le('signale ecrete est amplifie')
)el('Is3,Is4 in [A]')
Ie1 ( , t in [sec]')
I
:t ( , 183' )
:t ( , Is4' )
mulation 'locale'du filtre d'ordre 2
a3]-butter(2,1BO/(9000/2;
filter(b3,a3,Is4); % Signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
lot (223 ) , plot (t, 184, , r' , t , Is5, , w' )
e('8ignale filtre ')
el( '184,185 in [A]')
el('t in [sec]')
C( 'Is4')
88
!xt ( , Is5 ' )
;imulation 'locale' de l'ecretage apres traitement par gain 9
;= ecrete(Is5,3);
)plot(224),plot(t,IsS,'w',t,Is6,'b')
;le ( , signale ecrete ')
in [AJ')
in [sec]')
.d
txt ( , Is5=ls6' )
'=decibrut (ls6, 15);
,=inter (ls6, 15) ;
=sico (IsB) ;
ta chaine4
89
%fichier diff1.rn
% P. BERMEJO 01/94
%PROTECTION DIFFERENTIELLE A POURCENTAGE
%MESURE DES 4 COURANTS PAR DES CHAINES DE MESURE AVEC TORE MAGNETIQUE
%function [id,it,ip]=diff1(i1,i2,i3,in);
% calibre des TC reseau
kp 400/1;
kn = 400
%TC phase
%TC neutre
% niveau de saturation de la chaine de rnesure, en A secondaire
isat =400;
%niveau d'ecretage de la chaine de mesure, en A secondaire
imax = 24*sqrt(2)j
%calcul des courants au secondaire des TC
11 !k2/kp;
12 = ib21kp;
13 = JC?/kpj
In = in/knj
% simulation locale de la saturation a la sortie d'un tore magnetique
Is1 sature(I1,isat,1/9000)j
Isn sature(In,isat,1/9000)j
% simulation du filtre d'ordre 2
(b3,a3]=butter(2,180/(9000/2))j
If1 = filter(b3,a3,Is1)j % Signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
If2 filter(b3,a3,Is2);
If3 = filter(b3,a3,Is3)j
Ifn = filter(b3,a3,Isn);
% Simulation de l'ecretage
Im1 ecrete(If1,imax)j
1m2 ecrete(If2,imax)j
1m3 ecrete(If3,imax)j
Imn ecrete(Ifn,imax)j
%echantilonnage 600Hz
Ie1 decibrut(Im1,15)j
len decibrut(Imn,15);
% traitement du signal par sico
(Ix1,Iy1] sico(Ie1)j
[Ixn,Iyn] = sico(Ien)j
% calcul de l'algorithme
% courant differentiel
ixd = Ix1+Ix2+Ix3-Ixnj
iyd = Iy1+Iy2+Iy3-Iynj
id = sqrt(ixd."2+iyd."2)j
% courant traversant
90
ixt = (Ixl+Ix2+Ix3+Ixn)/2;
iyt = (Iyl+Iy2+Iy3+Iyn)/2;
it = sqrt(ixt. '2+iyt.'2)i
% courant differentiel a pourcentage
ip = id./(it+eps)*100;
te=decibrut(t,lS);
subplot(211),plot(te,id,te.it, '+')
title('courant differentiel et traversant non sature')
ylabel('id,it en [A)')
xlabel('te en [sec]')
grid
subplot(212),plot(te,ip)
title('courant proportionnel dDn sature')
ylabel('ip en [A}')
xlabel('te en [sec}')
grid
gtext('id')
gtext('it')
91
% fichier diff2.m
% P. BERMEJO 01/94
% PROTECTION DIFFERENTIELLE A POURCENTAGE
% MESURE DES 4 COURANTS PAR DES CHAINES DE MESURE AVEC TORE MAGNETIQUE
% avec filtrage H2
% calibre des TC reseau
kp 400/1;
kn = 400/1;
% TC phase
% TC neutre
% niveau de saturation de la chaine de mesure, en A secondaire
isat =40;
% niveau d'ecretage de la chaine de mesure, en A secondaire
imax = 24*sqrt(2);
% calcul des courants au secondaire des TC
II = ia1/kp;
12 = ib1/kp;
13 ic1/kp;
In in/kn;
% simulation locale de la saturation a la sortie d'un tore magnetique
lsI = sature(I1,isat,1/9000);
Is2 = sature(I2,isat,1/9000);
Is3 = sature(I3,isat,1/9000);
Isn = sature(In,isat,1/9000);
% trace des courants satures
isd
ist =
Is1+Is2+Is3-Isn;
(Is1+Is2+Is3+Isn)/2;
clg
%plot(t,isd,t,ist,'+')
%title('courant differentiel et traversant sature')
%ylabel('isd,ist apres saturation, en [A]')
%xlabel('t en [sec]')
%grid
%gtext('id')
%gtext('it')
%print
% simulation du filtre d'ordre 2
[b3,a3]=butter(2,180/(9000/2;
If1 filter(b3,a3,Is1); % Signale a la sortie du filtre d'ordre 2
If2 filter(b3,a3,Is2);
If3 = filter(b3,a3,Is3);
Ifn = filter(b3,a3,Isn);
% Simulation de l'ecretage
Im1 ecrete(If1,imax);
1m2 ecrete(If2,imax);
1m3 = ecrete(If3,imax);
Imn = ecrete(Ifn,imax);
%echantilonnage 600Hz
leI = decibrut(Im1,lS);
Ie2 decibrut(Im2,lS);
Ie3 decibrut(Im3,lS);
len decibrut(Imn,lS);
92
%traitement du signal par sico
[Ix1,Iy1] sico(Ie1);
[Ixn,Iyn] = sico(Ien);
%traitement du signal par sico2 (FILTRAGE H2)
[I2x1,I2y1] = sico2(Ie1);
[I2xn,I2yn] = sico2(Ien);
%calcul de l'algorithme
%module courant point neutre
inn = sqrt(Ixn."2+Iyn."2);
%courant differentiel
ixd = Ix1+Ix2+Ix3-Ixn;
iyd = Iy1+Iy2+Iy3-Iyn;
id = sqrt(ixd."2+iyd."2);
%courant traversant
ixt = (Ix1+Ix2+Ix3+Ixn)/2;
iyt = (Iy1+Iy2+Iy3+Iyn)/2;
it = sqrt(ixt."2+iyt."2);
% courant differentiel a pourcentage
ip = id./(it+eps)*100;
%module des courants 100Hz
i21 = sqrt(I2x1."2+12y1."2);
i22 sqrt(I2x2."2+12y2."2);
i23 sqrt(I2x3."2+12y3."2);
i2n sqrt(I2xn."2+12yn."2);
te=decibrut(t,lS);
%subplot(211),plot(te,id,te,it,'+')
%title('courant differentiel et traversant sature')
%ylabel('id,it en [A]')
%xlabel('te en [sec]')
%grid
%subplot(212),plot(te,ip)
%title('courant proportionnel sature')
%ylabel('ip en [Xl')
%grid
%gtext('id')
%gtext('it')
%print;
%clg;
%subplot(211),plot(te,i21,te,i22,te,i23,te,i2n)
%title('courant H2 dans les phases et Ie neutre')
%ylabel('module en [A]')
%grid
%subplot(212),plot(te,inn)
%title('courant point neutre, fondamental')
%ylabel('inn en [A]')
93
%grid
%print
% conditions de declenchement
%sur le module de i neutre
cl=inn> (ones(inn)*O.05/sqrt(2));
%sur le courant diff
c2=id> (ones(id)*O.05/sqrt(2));
%sur le courant prop.
c3=ip> (ones(ip)*5);
% global
c4 = cl.*c2.*c3;
%trace
clg
plot(te,cl+6.5,te,c2+4.5,te,c3+2.5,te,c4+0.5);grid
title('condition de declenchement P3D,defaut interne ');
grid
gtext ( , inn' )
gtext ( , id ' )
gtext ( , i P, )
gtext ( , i g, )
print
94

Restricted Earth Fault Relay Project

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Restricted Earth Fault Relay Project

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EG/94/710

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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