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=
=
I
k
K
k
I
C
I
C
1
In the same way, the total C/I ratio of a system can be correlated to the distance between correspondent cells
involved in the interference analysis, based on the following equivalent expression:
Redline Cell Planning Guidelines Proprietary Redline Communications 2006
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=
I
k
K
k
D
R
I
C
1
0
?
In this expression, is the path loss exponent of the environment. This factor can be better understood through
the following Path Loss general expression, where P
r
is the received power, P
t
is the transmitted power, and K a
constant factor.
D
K
P
P
L
t
r
1
= =
In this expression can be assumed equal to 2 for LOS. In this case, for NLOS, it is assumed as 4.
Continuing with the previous analysis, C/I, as defined in the expression above, can be described as the ratio of
distances, desired (C) to summation of all undesired signals (I), in a particular interfered point in the cellular system:
C
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
i
R
0
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
i
D
5
Figure 32: C/I as the ratio of distances
In the above figure, C is the desired signal at a specific interfered point in the system, and I
1
to I
i
are the
interferences coming from the neighbor cell s of the pattern. D
1
to D
i
are the correspondent distances from the cells
to the interfered point under analysis
5.2.1.3 Achievable C/I per Reuse Pattern
Based on this analysis, the C/I factors corresponding to a particular reuse pattern N can be deduced by
mathematical simulat ion using available geometry and RF parameters of the cellular system.
Alternatively, a general or simplified approach may be used. For example, C/I estimates may be based on worst-
case interfered points in a particular pattern configuration. This analysis is done assuming a predefined
arrangement of sector antennas per cell site. The selection of the worst case interfered points in each scenario will
Redline Cell Planning Guidelines Proprietary Redline Communications 2006
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depend on the type of antenna pattern and front-to-back ratios in the configuration of each base station. Typical
antenna patterns in our case are 60, 90 or 120 deg, corresponding to 6, 4 or 3 sectors per base station.
To simplify the concepts explained above and using the expression below, an approximation for a cellular system
using omnidirectional antennas will yield:
4
0
6
1
=
D
R
I
C
for N=7 cell pattern, D/R
0
= 4.6
4
6 . 4
1
6
1
=
I
C
=75.16 or
I
C
= 18.7 dB
The detailed deduction of the achieved C/I for other reuse systems using panel antennas, which is beyond the
scope of this document, can be done following the same concepts (see Ref 5 in Appendix C).
5.2.1.4 C/I and Reuse Factors
The next table shows C/I values as a function of frequency reuse distance R and the modulation scheme applicable
to each case. This table is based on typical C/I figures for an AN100/RedMAX six-60 degree sector base station
configuration.
Modulation Scheme AN100 C/I, typical AN100 C/I, worst-case Recommended Reuse
Distance, greater than
64QAM 24.4 34 6R
64QAM 2/3 22.7 32 6R
16QAM 18.2 28 4R
16QAM 16.4 26 4R
QPSK 11.2 21 3R
QPSK 9.4 19 3R
BPSK 6.4 16 2R
Table 22: C/I as function of frequency reuse distance and modulation scheme
CASE 1 refers to C/I ratios where the carrier signal is above the same thresholds (>10 dB). CASE 2 refers to C/I
ratios required when the carrier signal is close to the sensitivity threshold of the receiver at the particular modulation
scheme.
It can be concluded that distance reuse factors as low as 2 can be used for modulation schemes such as BPSK,
and frequency reuse factors of no lower than 6 are required for 64QAM. It should be understood that the concept of
frequency reuse of 2 can only apply to an application where the SS installation conditions of a particular cell are all
in NLOS conditions against its base station or SCs in the neighbor cells.
To better understand the concept of frequency reuse distance, consider Figure 33, which shows multiple concentric
or co-located modulation schemes in a typical 802.16 base station.
In a typical scenario where the 64QAM coverage area is only a percentage of the total QPSK area (not higher than
15%), reuse factors as low as R=2, corresponding to the lowest modulation scheme QPSK, can simultaneously
satisfy the required reuse distance of R=6 for the highest modulation scheme such as 64 QAM.
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16QAM
QPSK
QPSK Cell
64QAM Cell
64QAM
QAM QPSK
QAM QAM QAM
QPSK QPSK QPSK
R R
R D R
R D R
64
64 0 64 64
0
>>
=
=
QPSK
D
QPSK
R
0
Figure 33: Frequency reuse of co-located modulation schemes
5.2.2 Multi-Cell Frequency Plans
This section provides multi-cell frequency planning guidelines for deployments involving different reuse factors and
applicable to different subscriber scenarios. Frequency plans in this section are introduced from a conceptual point
of view. A subsequent section, 5.2.6 Frequency Plan Simulations, presents the same plans using optimized
distribution of frequencies per base station for minimum interference.
The building blocks of these plans were selected from the basic scenarios discussed in Cell Deployment (section
5.1, Single Cell, Multiple Sectors). The objective is to help Redlines customers to get started with a WiMAX project
implementation.
Multi-cell frequency planning is about optimum use of the frequency spectrum. In this regard network planners
should consider using the most efficient frequency reuse factor for each case but always keeping in mind the tightly
related system performance parameters, such as system BER.
Because the configurations in this section are based on several assumptions that may differ from specific customer
cases, the analysis, selection and field application of the presented plans and concepts are the customers
responsibility. Redline strongly recommends that for large deployments the frequency planning analysis and system
design be done with the help of a professional RF software tool that uses appropriate topographic and clutter
databases of the design region and performs a detailed and simultaneous analysis of interference, frequency plans,
capacity and coverage.
Basic Assumptions for all implementations
1. GPS Synchronization is used in every BS in the network, as explained in section 5.2.4, Multi-Cell
Synchronization.
2. The path loss exponent of the NLOS environment (see 3.2.7.2, Assumptions and Propagation Concepts) is
between 3 and 5 or according to the channel models used.
3. Frequency reuse concepts per modulation scheme as explained in previous sections.
4. Uniform coverage area types (urban, suburban or rural) across the implementation area.
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5. Consistent cell sizes used across the implementation area, i.e., same modulation schemes used in every cell
across the implementation area.
5.2.2.1 Frequency Plans for LOS-OLOS/NLOS Receive Conditions
The scenario for this plan considers any uniform environment (Urban, Suburban or Rural) with a combination of
subscribers in LOS, OLOS and regular NLOS conditions. Four cases are presented with each offering different
capacity conditions and reuse characteristics:
Frequency Plan 1: N=4, 60 degree sectors, 12 frequencies
Frequency Plan 2, N=4, 90 degree sectors, 8 frequencies
Frequency Plan 3, N=3, 60 degree sectors, 9 frequencies
Frequency Plan 4, N=3, 90 degree sectors, 6 frequencies
In the figures below, the following notation is used:
Frequency channels in the 3.5 GHz are identified as numbers 1..12
Channel 1 and Channel 2 are adjacent in the frequency spectrum
The application of N=3 or N=4 will depend on the ratio of the planned LOS-OLOS/NLOS subscribers and inter-cell
distance. As a general guide, the configuration N=4 will provide the highest isolation between cells and should be
used if the ratio LOS-OLOS/NLOS is higher than 0.5 (or 50%).
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1
1V
3
H
5
V
1H
5
H
3
V
2
2V
4
H
6
V
2V
6
H
4
V
3
7V
9
H
1
1
V
7H
1
1
H
9
V
4
8V
1
0
H
1
2
V
8H
1
2
H
1
0
V
Antennas per site: 6x60deg
Frequencies Required: 12
(3 frequencies per site)
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 12X3.5 MHz = 42 MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 12X7.0 MHz = 84 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel: 12X14.0 MHz = 168 MHz
4
8V
1
0
H
1
2
V
8H
1
2
H
1
0
V
3
7V
9
H
1
1
V
7H
1
1
H
9
V
2
2V
4
H
6
V
2V
6
H
4
V
1
1V
3
H
5
V
1H
5
H
3
V
N=4 => D=3.46R
N=4 CLUSTER
Frequencies Used:
Cell 1: 1,3,5
Cell 2: 2,4,6
Cell 3: 7,9,11
Cell 4: 8,10,12
1 3
3
4 2
3
4
1
1
2
3
2
1
4
4
4
4
2
4
Figure 34: Frequency Plan 1: N=4, 60 Sectors, NLOS/LOS-OLOS Rx Conditions
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N=4 => D=3.46R
1
1
V
1
H
3
V
3
H
2
2
V
2
H
4
V
4
H
3
5
V
5
H
7
V
7
H
4
6
V
6
H
8
V
8
H
1
1
V
1
H
3
V
3
H
2
2
V
2
H
4
V
4
H
3
5
V
5
H
7
V
7
H
4
6
V
6
H
8
V
8
H
Antennas: 4x90deg
Frequencies Required: 8
(2 frequencies per site)
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 8X3.5 MHz = 28 MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 8X7.0 MHz = 56 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel: 8X14.0 MHz = 114 MHz
2 4
4
1 3
4
1
2
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
N=4 CLUSTER
Frequencies
used
Cell 1: 1,3
Cell 2: 2,4
Cell 3: 5,7
Cell 4: 6,8
Figure 35: Frequency Plan 2: N=4, 90 Sectors, NLOS/LOS-OLOS Rx Conditions
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3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
1
3
3
2 2
3
1
1
1
1
2
N=3
CLUSTER
Frequencies
used:
Cell 1:1,4,7
Cell 2: 2,5,8
Cell 3: 3,6,9
Antennas per site: 6x60deg
Frequencies Required: 9
(3 frequencies per site)
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 9X3.5 MHz = 31.5 MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 9X7.0 MHz = 63 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel: 9X14.0 MHz = 126 MHz
2
2V
5
H
8
V
2H
8
H
5
V
N=3 => D=3.1R
1
1V
4
H
7
V
1H
7
H
4
V
3
3V
6
H
9
V
3H
9
H
6
V
3
3V
6
H
9
V
3H
9
H
6
V
2
2V
5
H
8
V
2H
8
H
5
V
3
3V
6
H
9
V
3H
9
H
6
V
2
2V
5
H
8
V
2H
8
H
5
V
2
2V
5
H
8
V
2H
8
H
5
V
Figure 36: Frequency Plan 4: N=3, 60 Sectors, NLOS/LOS-OLOS Rx Conditions
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1
1
V
1
H
4
V
4
H
2
2
V
2
H
5
V
5
H
3
3
V
3
H
6
V
6
H
Antennas: 4x90deg
Frequencies Required: 6
(2 frequencies per site)
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 6X3.5 MHz = 21MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 6X7.0 MHz = 42 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel: 6X14.0 MHz = 84 MHz
N=3CLUSTER
Frequencies used
Cell 1: 1,4
Cell 2: 2,5
Cell 3: 3,6
2
2
V
2
H
5
V
5
H
3
3
V
3
H
6
V
6
H
3
3
V
3
H
6
V
6
H
2
2
V
2
H
5
V
5
H
2
2
V
2
H
5
V
5
H
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
1
3
3
2 2
3
1
1
1
1
2
Figure 37: Frequency Plan 4: N=3, 90 Sectors, NLOS/LOS-OLOS Rx Conditions
5.2.2.2 Frequency Plans For NLOS Receive Conditions
The scenario for this plan considers any uniform environment, Urban, Suburban or Rural, with subscribers having
regular NLOS reception conditions, i.e., all subscriber antenna paths to the base station are obstructed.
Interference rejection in these and similar N=2 plans is currently being field tested for implementation and general
viability; a future release of this document will capture the results.
Frequency plan 5, N=2, 90 degree Sectors, 4 frequencies
Frequency plan 6, N=2, 90 degree Sectors, 2 frequencies theoretical plan only-
Frequency plan 7, N=2, 60 degree Sectors, 6 frequencies
Frequency plan 8, N=2, 60 degree Sectors, 3 frequencies
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Antennas: 4x90deg
Frequencies Required: 4
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 4X3.5 MHz = 14 MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 4X7.0 MHz = 28 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel:4X14.0 MHz = 56 MHz
A
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
B
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
C
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
G
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
F
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
D
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
E
1
V
2
V
3
V
4
V
N=2
Figure 38: Frequency Plan 5: N=2, 90 Sectors, NLOS Rx Conditions, 4 Frequencies.
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B
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
A
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
G
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
C
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
D
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
F
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
E
1V
3
V
5
V
2V
6
V
4
V
ANTENNAS: 6X 60deg
Frequencies Required: 6
BW REQUIRED
For 3.5 MHz Channel: 6X3.5 MHz = 21 MHz
For 7.0 MHz Channel: 6X7.0 MHz = 42 MHz
For 14.0 MHz Channel: 6X14.0 MHz =84 MHz
Figure 39: Frequency Plan 7: N=2, 60 Sectors, NLOS Rx Conditions, 6 Frequencies
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As a summary of the previous alternatives, the following table captures the main characteristics of each plan:
63 31.5 9 3 3
6 Sectors
84 42 12 3 4
6 Sectors
42 21 6 2 3
4 Sectors
56 28 8 2 4
4 Sectors
63 31.5 9 3 3
3 Sectors
84 42 12 3 4
3 Sectors
BW Required
per plan
7 MHz
BW Required
per plan
3.5 MHz
Frequencies
per Plan
Frequencies
per BS
Re-use
Factor
Plan
63 31.5 9 3 3
6 Sectors
84 42 12 3 4
6 Sectors
42 21 6 2 3
4 Sectors
56 28 8 2 4
4 Sectors
63 31.5 9 3 3
3 Sectors
84 42 12 3 4
3 Sectors
BW Required
per plan
7 MHz
BW Required
per plan
3.5 MHz
Frequencies
per Plan
Frequencies
per BS
Re-use
Factor
Plan
Table 23: Frequency spectrum required per BS configuration and frequency reuse factors used.
5.2.3 Cell Size Recommendations
The size of a base station cell depends on the customers marketing target area and capacity objectives, as well as
the AN100 and AN100U capabilities. From coverage and frequency reuse standpoint, it is recommended to try to
keep the same cell size across the deployment region assuming a common terrain and clutter characteristics
across the area.
The minimum distance between cells should be defined based on the practical coverage area in each environment
type in accordance with the antenna heights used.
For cases where the design is targeting to service only upper modulation levels (16QAM and up) in the coverage
area, the design demands of a careful selection of the cell size vs. BS antenna height and receiver antenna
conditions in order to meet all the requirements previously set for C/I. In this case the design should also include an
analysis of upstream and downstream signal levels, C/I, SC and SS power levels and antenna downtilt to minimize
any potential effects of interference with other cells. In such cases the frequency reuse distances for each
modulation scheme and frequency plans still should follow the principles explained earlier in this document.
5.2.4 Multi-Cell Synchronization
An important feature for effectively deploying multiple AN100 and AN100U systems is the multi-cell GPS Time
Synchronization, which controls the timing of the transmission and reception periods required in half duplex
operation. The benefits of this feature include optimum frequency reuse in the system, controlled interference and
spectrum efficiency.
For Multi-cell deployment Redline recommends using the ACUTIME 2000
TM
GPS unit from Trimble
TM
. This unit
provides a precise (with an accuracy of 50 ns) one pulse-per-second (PPS) output signal that can be used for clock
synchronization. The unit should be installed in each base station site as the source of signal timing for every sector
controller in the site, using the SYNC-IN SMA ports on the AN100/AN100U systems. For this purpose Redline has
made available a complete kit including the GPS unit and the required hardware to interface with AN100/AN100
sector controllers.
Notes on the setup and use of the GPS unit:
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1. The ACUTIME 2000
TM
unit should be installed according to the Trimble Acutime 2000 user guide
instructions.
2. All base station SCs, as well as SCs in the immediate neighborhood cells should be setup to the same
Frame Size value (e.g., FD 10ms).
3. All the sector controllers must be configured to the same UL/DL ratio value (e.g., 75%).
4. The Cell Range parameter of the sector controller is the TX/RX and RX/TX gap limiter and should be set
to simulate the real inter-cell distance of contiguous cells in the field for optimum synchronization. For
example, Cell Range should be set to 4 Km for Inter-cell distance of 8 Km in two contiguous cells of 4 Km.
Interfacing and using the RedMAX product with external GPS units is the subject of the Redline Technical bulletin:
http://sales.redlinecommunications.com/file.php?/MB-SC_GPS_installation_Proc-20060629a.pdf
At this time, Redline is conducting additional tests of the Synchronization feature in multi-cell deployments wi th
AN100U. This document will capture additional recommendations as they become available.
5.2.5 Application Examples
The following examples illustrate the appropriate use of frequency allocations.
5.2.5.1 Example 1
In a particular system, the user has the following 7 MHz plan available and two closely located sites to deploy:
Channel Center Frequency From To
1 3.5 3.4965 3.5035
2 3.507 3.5035 3.5105
3 3.514 3.5105 3.5175
4 3.521 3.5175 3.5245
5 3.528 3.5245 3.5315
6 3.535 3.5315 3.5385
7 3.542 3.5385 3.5455
A simple alternative for the frequency distribution for the two sites might be as showed below:
A
1V
3
H
5
V
1H
5
H
3
V
Site A
B
2V
4
H
6
V
2H
6
H
4
V
Site B
Figure 40: Example 1, 7MHz plan in two sites
In the above figure, the frequency channels are identified as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The channel polarity is defined as V
or H; for example, 6H means Channel 3.535 MHz in H Polarization. The distance between the two BSs in this case
is not a major concern as the two sites are using different frequencies.
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5.2.5.2 Example 2
In a more complex scenario using 6 sectors BS and 12 channels of 7 MHz, consisting of 12x7= 84 MHz, a larger
system is planned to be deployed. In this particular case, the system uses a frequency reuse pattern of N=4 and a
reuse distance of D=3.46R, as shown in the table below.
n
Center Frequencies,
MHz Assignment
1 3406.5
F1
2 3413.5
F2
3 3420.5
F3
4 3427.5
F4
5 3434.5
F5
6 3441.5
F6
7 3448.5
F7
8 3455.5
F8
9 3462.5
F9
10 3469.5
F10
11 3476.5
F11
12 3483.5
F12
Below is a suggested frequency distribution plan (N= 4 and D=3.46R) based on the available channels.
This plan uses:
Antennas Per site: 6x60deg
Frequencies Required: 12
(3 frequencies per site)
The plan can be repeated across the entire proj ect region, regardless of the final cell size selected.
BW REQUIRED: For 7.0 MHz Channel: 12X7.0 MHz = 84 MHz
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1
1V
3
H
5
V
1H
5
H
3
V
2
2V
4
H
6
V
2V
6
H
4
V
3
7V
9
H
1
1
V
7H
1
1
H
9
V
4
8V
1
0
H
1
2
V
8H
1
2
H
1
0
V
4
8V
1
0
H
1
2
V
8H
1
2
H
1
0
V
3
7V
9
H
1
1
V
7H
1
1
H
9
V
2
2V
4
H
6
V
2V
6
H
4
V
1
1V
3
H
5
V
1H
5
H
3
V
Figure 41: Example 2, Frequency plan N=4 and D=3.46R
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5.2.6 Frequency Plan Simulations
This section presents simulations of different frequency plans optimized using the Redline Link Simulator.
5.2.6.1 About the Redline Link Simulator
Redline uses a link simulator for the purpose of analyzing the interference effects of different frequency re-use
patterns, antennas, and RF conditions typical in 802.16 systems. The tool works based on different scenarios or
pre-arranged frequency plan distributions and can use different propagation models for LOS or NLOS. It can
graphically display the predicted co-channel plus adjacent channel interference effects and signal propagation
conditions within a specific area. Different NLOS channel models can also be simulated to emulate typical receiver
installation conditions such as Rooftop, Under-the-Eave (residential), Under-the-Eave (suburban) and more.
The tool bases the interference analysis on different settings of frequency arrangements and number of sectors,
known as scenarios. The frequencies of each scenario can be purposely rotated or optimized in different conditions
in order to achieve the minimum levels of interference between sites. This type of frequency distributions can be
manipulated externally in text files.
The interference analysis is conducted based on AN100/AN100U specifications, the specified SC and SS receiver
conditions and antenna patterns, and can use different resolutions according to the cell size, from 50m to 8m in the
4 Km cell size case.
Note that the results do not consider terrain variations or different clutter types per area.
Figure 42: Redline Link Simulator Parameters
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Figure 43: Redline Link Receiver Simulation Parameters
5.2.6.2 Simulation Parameters
Based on the characteristics of Redlines AN100 and AN100U products, the figures and tables below present
several optimized alternatives to the plans presented previously. They use the same concepts and frequency re-
use patterns introduced earlier but the frequencies per site have been rotated per base station in a specific way in
order to achieve the lowest interference level in the patterns.
The simulation results consist of three pieces of information per each frequency plan:
A figure showing the scenario where the base stations are displayed with the different sector
configurations (six or four sectors per base station), frequencies, and antennas used
A figure showing the zones covered with the highest rate of modulation where every modulation scheme
has a resulting percentage of the simulated area including the coverage range.
A table with the frequencies and antenna polarities per plan.
The simulations were conducted using the following parameters:
Antenna Types
EA_SA15_90_3.56V: European Antenna, 90 degrees, 15.2 dBi, 3.56 GHz
vertical antenna pattern used.
EA_SA15_90_3.56H: European Antenna, 90 degrees, 14.7 dBi, 3.56 GHz
horizontal antenna pattern used.
EA_SA17_60_3.56V: European Antenna, 60 degrees, 17.1 dBi, 3.56 GHz
vertical antenna pattern used.
EA_SA16_60_3.56H: European Antenna, 60 degrees, 16 dBi, 3.56 GHz
horizontal antenna pattern used.
SUO-IA: Redline Outdoor Integrated SS antenna, 30 degrees, 14 dBi
Base station height: 30 m
BW: 7 MHz channel
Fade Margin: 10 dB
Propagation environment: Under the eave (Residential)
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Roof height 6m AGL (two-story building)
Receiver antenna height: 3m AGL
Cell Radius: Variable 2-3 Km
Resolution: 50m
The following table displays the receiver parameter setup window. The data used can be considered as typical for
AN100 or AN100U:
Figure 44: Link Simulator Receiver Parameters
5.2.6.3 Optimized Frequency Plans
Following the nomenclature established in 5.2.2, Multi-Cell Frequency Plans, this section presents optimized
versions (suffix O) of the different frequency plans that were previously discussed. Example, Frequency plan 1O
denotes an optimized version of the frequency plan 1.
In the tables below, the following notation is used:
Frequency channels in the 3.5 GHz are identified as numbers 1..12
Channel 1 and Channel 2 are adjacent in the frequency spectrum
5.2.6.3.1 Frequency Plans for NLOS+LOS Conditions
As mentioned earlier, the application of N=3 or N=4 will depend on the ratio of the planned LOS/NLOS subscribers
and inter-cell distance. There is no single formula to define which one to select; however, as a general guide, the
configuration N=4 will provide the highest isolation between cells, and hence the least level of interference. As a
very general guideline, N=4 should be used if the ratio LOS/NLOS subscribers is higher than 0.5 (or 50%). N=3 can
be seen as another alternative for the same case, but is recommended for deployments where there are fewer LOS
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subscribers in the area. In any case, the customer should assess the conditions of each subscriber and its
potentiality of causing interference in neighbor cells.
This section contains four frequency plans:
Frequency Plan 1O: N=4, 60 degree sectors, 12 frequencies.
Frequency Plan 2O, N=4, 90 degree sectors, 8 frequencies
Frequency Plan 3O, N=3, 60 degree sectors, 9 frequencies
Frequency Plan 4O, N=3, 90 degree sectors, 6 frequencies
5.2.6.3.1.1 Frequency Plan 1O: N=4, 60 Sectors, 12 Frequencies
Figure 45: Frequency Plan 1O, Scenario
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Figure 46: Frequency Plan 1O, percentage of area per modulation rate
BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol Sector5 Pol Sector\6 Pol
1 7 V 9 V 11 V 7 H 9 H 11 H
2 12 V 8 V 10 V 12 H 8 H 10 H
3 2 V 4 V 6 V 2 H 4 H 6 H
4 1 V 3 V 5 V 1 H 3 H 5 H
5 8 V 10 V 12 V 8 H 10 H 12 H
6 2 V 4 V 6 V 2 H 4 H 6 H
7 5 V 1 V 3 V 5 H 1 H 3 H
8 11 V 7 V 9 V 11 H 7 H 9 H
9 5 V 1 V 3 V 5 H 1 H 3 H
10 7 V 9 V 11 V 7 H 9 H 11 H
11 8 V 10 V 12 V 8 H 10 H 12 H
12 11 V 7 V 9 V 11 H 7 H 9 H
13 6 V 2 V 4 V 6 H 2 H 4 H
14 11 V 7 V 9 V 11 H 7 H 9 H
15 1 V 3 V 5 V 1 H 3 H 5 H
16 7 V 9 V 11 V 7 H 9 H 11 H
17 12 V 8 V 10 V 12 H 8 H 10 H
18 11 V 7 V 9 V 11 H 7 H 9 H
19 6 V 2 V 4 V 6 H 2 H 4 H
Table 24: Frequency Plan 1O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
5.2.6.3.1.2 Frequency Plan 2O: N=4, 90 Sectors, 8 Frequencies
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Figure 47: Frequency Plan 2O, Scenario
Figure 48: Frequency Plan 2O, percentage of area per modulation rate
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BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol
1 3 V 7 V 3 H 7 H
2 8 V 4 V 8 H 4 H
3 2 V 6 V 2 H 6 H
4 1 V 5 V 1 H 5 H
5 4 V 8 V 4 H 8 H
6 2 V 6 V 2 H 6 H
7 5 V 1 V 5 H 1 H
8 7 V 3 V 7 H 3 H
9 5 V 1 V 5 H 1 H
10 3 V 7 V 3 H 7 H
11 4 V 8 V 4 H 8 H
12 7 V 3 V 7 H 3 H
13 6 V 2 V 6 H 2 H
4 7 V 3 V 7 H 3 H
15 1 V 5 V 1 H 5 H
16 3 V 7 V 3 H 7 H
17 8 V 4 V 8 H 4 H
18 7 V 3 V 7 H 3 H
19 6 V 2 V 6 H 2 H
Table 25: Frequency Plan 2O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
5.2.6.3.1.3 Frequency Plan 3O: N=3, 60 Sectors, 9 Frequencies
Figure 49: Frequency Plan 3O, Scenario
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Figure 50: Frequency Plan 3O, percentage of area per modulation rate
BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol Sector5 Pol Sector6 Pol
1 7 V 1 V 4 V 7 H 1 H 4 H
2 2 V 5 V 8 V 2 H 5 H 8 H
3 9 V 3 V 6 V 9 H 3 H 6 H
4 2 V 5 V 8 V 2 H 5 H 8 H
5 3 V 6 V 9 V 3 H 6 H 9 H
6 8 V 2 V 5 V 8 H 2 H 5 H
7 3 V 6 V 9 V 3 H 6 H 9 H
8 9 V 3 V 6 V 9 H 3 H 6 H
9 1 V 4 V 7 V 1 H 4 H 7 H
10 8 V 2 V 5 V 8 H 2 H 5 H
11 1 V 4 V 7 V 1 H 4 H 7 H
12 9 V 3 V 6 V 9 H 3 H 6 H
13 7 V 1 V 4 V 7 H 1 H 4 H
14 8 V 2 V 5 V 8 H 2 H 5 H
15 1 V 4 V 7 V 1 H 4 H 7 H
16 9 V 3 V 6 V 9 H 3 H 6 H
17 1 V 4 V 7 V 1 H 4 H 7 H
18 8 V 2 V 5 V 8 H 2 H 5 H
19 7 V 1 V 4 V 7 H 1 H 4 H
Table 26: Frequency Plan 3O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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5.2.6.3.1.4 Frequency Plan 4O: N=3, 90 Sectors, 6 Frequencies
Figure 51: Frequency Plan 4O, Scenario
Figure 52: Frequency Plan 4O, percentage of area per modulation rate
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BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol
1 4 V 1 V 4 H 1 H
2 2 V 5 V 2 H 5 H
3 6 V 3 V 6 H 3 H
4 2 V 5 V 2 H 5 H
5 3 V 6 V 3 H 6 H
6 5 V 2 V 5 H 2 H
7 3 V 6 V 3 H 6 H
8 6 V 3 V 6 H 3 H
9 1 V 4 V 1 H 4 H
10 5 V 2 V 5 H 2 H
11 1 V 4 V 1 H 4 H
12 6 V 3 V 6 H 3 H
13 4 V 1 V 4 H 1 H
14 5 V 2 V 5 H 2 H
15 1 V 4 V 1 H 4 H
16 6 V 3 V 6 H 3 H
17 1 V 4 V 1 H 4 H
18 5 V 2 V 5 H 2 H
19 4 V 1 V 4 H 1 H
Table 27: Frequency Plan 4O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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5.2.6.3.2 Frequency Plans for NLOS Receive Conditions
These plans assume any uniform environment, Urban, Suburban or Rural, with subscribers having regular NLOS
reception conditions. This deployment type implies that any subscriber antenna path to the base station is
obstructed and there are no Rooftop or LOS subscribers that may be able to cause interference to a neighbor cell.
Interference rejection for N=2 plans is currently being field tested for implementation and general viability; a future
release of this document will capture the results.
This section contains the following four frequency plans:
Frequency plan 5O, N=2, 90 degree Sectors, 4 frequencies
Frequency plan 6O, N=2, 90 degree Sectors, 2 frequencies
Frequency plan 7O, N=2, 60 degree Sectors, 6 frequencies
Frequency plan 8O, N=2, 60 degree Sectors, 3 frequencies
5.2.6.3.2.1 Frequency Plan 5O: N=2, 90 Sectors, 4 Frequencies
Figure 53: Frequency Plan 5O, Scenario
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Figure 54: Frequency Plan 5O, percentage of area per modulation rate
BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol
1 1 V 2 H 3 V 4 H
2 2 V 1 H 4 V 3 H
3 3 V 4 H 1 V 2 H
4 4 V 3 H 2 V 1 H
5 3 V 4 H 1 V 2 H
6 2 V 1 H 4 V 3 H
7 3 V 4 H 1 V 2 H
8 4 V 3 H 2 V 1 H
9 3 V 4 H 1 V 2 H
Table 28: Frequency Plan 5O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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5.2.6.3.2.2 Frequency Plan 6O: N=2, 90 Sectors, 2 Frequencies
Figure 55: Frequency Plan 6O, Scenario
NOT RECOMMENDED SIMULATION SHOWING HIGH INTERFERENCE
Figure 56: Frequency Plan 6O, percentage of area per modulation rate
BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol
1 1 V 2 V 1 H 2 H
2 2 V 1 V 2 H 1 H
3 1 V 2 V 1 H 2 H
4 2 V 1 V 2 H 1 H
5 2 V 1 V 2 H 1 H
6 1 V 2 V 1 H 2 H
7 2 V 1 V 2 H 1 H
Table 29: Frequency Plan 6O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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5.2.6.3.2.3 Frequency Plan 7O: N=2, 60 Sectors, 6 Frequencies
Figure 57: Frequency Plan 7O, Scenario
Figure 58: Frequency Plan 7O, percentage of area per modulation rate
BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol Sector5 Pol Sector6 POl
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1 3 V 1 H 6 V 4 H 2 V 5 H
2 4 V 6 H 1 V 3 H 5 V 2 H
3 5 V 2 H 4 V 6 H 1 V 3 H
4 1 V 3 H 5 V 2 H 4 V 6 H
5 4 V 6 H 1 V 3 H 5 V 2 H
6 5 V 2 H 4 V 6 H 1 V 3 H
7 1 V 3 H 5 V 2 H 4 V 6 H
Table 30: Frequency Plan 7O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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5.2.6.3.2.4 Frequency Plan 8O: N=2, 60 Sectors, 3 Frequencies
Figure 59: Frequency Plan 8O, Scenario
Figure 60: Frequency Plan 8O, percentage of area per modulation rate
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BS Sector1 Pol Sector2 Pol Sector3 Pol Sector4 Pol Sector5 Pol Sector6 Pol
1 1 V 3 V 5 V 1 H 3 H 5 H
2 5 V 3 V 1 V 5 H 3 H 1 H
3 3 V 1 V 5 V 3 H 1 H 5 H
4 1 V 3 V 5 V 1 H 3 H 5 H
5 5 V 3 V 1 V 5 H 3 H 1 H
6 3 V 1 V 5 V 3 H 1 H 5 H
7 1 V 3 V 5 V 1 H 3 H 5 H
Table 31: Frequency Plan 8O, frequencies and antenna polarities per base station
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Appendix A Glossary
backhaul In wireless network technology, to transmit voice and data traffic from a cell site to a
switch, i.e., from a remote site to a central site. Also, to transmit data to a network
backbone, or to get data to a point from which it can be distributed over a network.
coaxial cable A type of wire in which a center conductor is surrounded by a concentric outer
conductor. Also called "coax".
dB Decibel, a logarithmic unit of intensity used to indicate power lost or gained
between two signals. Named after Alexander Graham Bell.
dBd Gain in decibels referenced to a standard half-wave dipole antenna. This is a more
realistic reference to antenna gain.
dBi Gain in decibels referenced to an isotropic radiator. An isotropic radiator is a
theoretical antenna with equal gain to all points on isotropic sphere. 2.15 dBi = 0
dBd
dBm Decibel referenced to 1 milliwatt into a 50 Ohm impedance 0 dBm = 1 mW
kBps Kilobytes per second, unit of data rate measurement, 1,000 bytes per second or
8,000 bits per second. Example: 30 kBps
kHz Kilohertz, unit of frequency measurement, 1,000 periods per second. Example: 455
kHz
Kbps Kilobits per second, unit of data rate measurement, 1,000 bits per second.
Example: 128 Kbps
mW Milliwatt, one thousandth (1/1000) of a Watt, used to indicate received or
transmitted power.
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, actual power transmitted in the main lobe after
taking in account all cable losses and antenna gain. Based on an isotropic antenna.
Fade Margin The difference, in dB, between the magnitude of the received signal at the receiver
input and the minimum level of signal determined for reliable operation. Higher the
fade margin, the more reliable the link will be. The exact amount of fade margin
required depends on the desired reliability of the link. Fade margin is often referred
to as "thermal" or "system operating margin".
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
Free Space Loss Attenuation, in dB, of a RF signal's power as it propagates through open space.
Fresnel Zone An elliptical region surrounding the line-of-sight path between transmitting and
receiving antennas. Must be obstruction free-for a microwave radio link to work
properly.
Front-To-Rear (Back)
Ratio
Antenna measurement that is determined from the peak power difference, in
decibels, between the main radiation lobe at 0 (front of an antenna) and the
strongest rearward lobe (back of the antenna). Higher the ratio, the more directional
the antenna is.
GHz Gigahertz, unit of frequency measurement, 1,000,000,000 periods per second.
Example: 2.4 GHz
Hz Hertz, the basic unit of frequency measurement, cycle per second. Example: 60 Hz
MHz Megahertz, unit of frequency measurement, 1,000,000 periods per second.
Example: 147.075 MHz
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Impedance The complex combination of resistance and reactance, measured in Ohms (50
typically). Impedance must be matched for maximum power transfer.
Line-of-Sight When the transmit and receive antennas can physically see each other.
Mbps Megabits per second, unit of data rate measurement, 1,000,000 bits per second.
Example: 1.544 Mbps
Multipath When the RF signal arrives at the receiving antenna after bouncing through several
paths. Significantly degrades the received signal power.
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, a transmission technique whereby a
single transmitter transmits on many different orthogonal (independent)
frequencies.
RF Radio Frequency, electromagnetic radiation between 10 kHz and 300 GHz.
Bandwidth The width of a signal on the radio spectrum. The greater the signal's bandwidth, the
more frequency space it occupies, and the stronger the signal needs to be to
overcome noise.
Path Loss Free space loss of RF power plus any power loss due to link path obstructions,
poor antenna height, and link distance.
Polarization The polarity of a radio signal's electric field. Transmit and receive antennas must
have the same polarity for maximum receive power.
PMP Point to multipoint system
Radiation Fields There are three traditional radiation fields in free space as a result of an antenna
radiating power.
Near-field, also called the reactive near-field region is the region that is closest to
the transmitting antenna and for which the reactive field dominates over the
radioactive fields.
Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the
reactive near-field and the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation
fields dominate and where the angular field distribution depends on distance from
the transmitting antenna.
Far-field, or Rayleigh distance, is the region where the radiation pattern is
independent of distance from the transmitting antenna.
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Appendix B Additional Frequency Reuse and Interference
Diagrams
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Appendix C References
Ref 1 Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Network Planning for high-speed Internet services
Methodology, John Berry ATDI Ltd.
Ref 2 Channel Models for Fixed Wireless Applications, IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access
Working Group, http://ieee802.org/16.
Ref 3 Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path LossModels for Fixed Wireless Access Systems,
V.S. Abhayawardhana, I.J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M.P. Sellars, M.G. Brown.
Ref 4 Designing CDMA 2000 Systems, CelPlan Technologies, Inc., 2004 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Ref 5 Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, William C.Y. Lee, McGraw Hill.
Ref 6 Additional enhancements to Interim Channel Models for G2 MMDS Fixed Wireless Applications
(IEEE 802.16.1c -00/49), IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group, http://ieee802.org/16.
Ref 7 Redline Deployment Process Flow, Redline Communication Inc.,
http://partners.redlinecommunications.com/file.php?/Redline%20Deployment%20Process%20Flow-V1-
R6.pdf.
Ref 8 Network Assessment Guide, Redline Communication Inc.,
http://partners.redlinecommunications.com/file.php?/P1%20Network%20Assessment%20Guide-V1-R4.pdf.
Ref 9 RedMAX System Implementation Guide, Redline Communication Inc.,
http://partners.redli necommunications.com/file.php?/RedMAX%20System%20Implementation%20Guide-
V1-R1.pdf.
Ref 10 Traffic analysis and design of wireless IP networks, Toni Janevski, 2003 Artech House.
Ref 11 White papers: Deployment Considerations for Fixed Wireless Access in License Bands and
Business Case Models for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access based on WiMAX Technology and the
802.16 Standard, WiMAX Forum, www.wimaxforum.org
Ref 12 Nationwide implementation of a WiMAX mobile access network, www.analysis.com,
http://www.analysys.com/default_acl.asp?Mode=article&iLeftArticle=1935