SPE

SPE 21157
How to Calculate the Mechanical Characteristics of your Casing
by Alexandre Quadrado Neto and Luiz Gustavo Primo Siqueira - PETROsRAs
CopyrIght 1990, SocIety of Petroleum Engineers
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TX 75083-38311 USA.
ABSTRACT
This paper pI' esent.s proCedures for
cal cul at.ing collapse pressure. int.ernal
pressure resist.ance. and pipe body yield
st.rengt.h for casings. based on API BUI.. eca.
whi ch is appl i cable t.o API pi pes. Met.hods f'or
calculat.ing t.he non-API large diameter casings
used by Pet.robras are also present.ed.
API CASINGS (API BUI.. 5<:3)
COLLAPSE PRfSSURE
API BUI.. ISC3 defines four t.ypes of
collapses t.hat. may occur in a casing and t.hat
vary as a funct.ion of t.he geomet.ry of t.he pipe
Cnominal diamet.er/t.hickness. D/t.) and t.he
grade of t.he st.eel used in it.s manufact.ure.
Tables 1.1.1.1. 1.1.2.10 1.1.3.1. and
1.1.4.1 of API BUI.. !5C3 show t.he D/'t ranges
where each t.ype of collapse occurs.
Collapse pressure is calculat.ed using t.he
values for 0 and t. specified in t.he t.ables.
roundi ng D/t. t.o t.wo deci mal pl aces and mi ni mum
collapse pressure t.o t.he nearest. 10 psi.
I NTRODUCJl ON
The main f'orces act.ing inside a casing
are: collapse pressure. int.ernal pressure. and
axial st.ress. I.Jnderst.anding t.he resist.ance of
pipes t.o such st.resses is ext.r_ly illlpOr't.ant.
and di rect.l y af'f'ect.s saf'et.y and cost. f'act.ors
in t.he case of' casings designed for oil _lls.
Appendix A
fortllUlas used
pressure.
shows t.he derivation of t.he
in calculat.ing collapse
The value CD/'t)Yp. calculat.ed using
fortllUla 2. represent.s t.he upper limit. of D/t.
val ues t.o whi ch t.he yi el d st.r ltngt.h coll apse
t'orlllU1.a is applicable Cs_ fig. 1)
YI ELD S'I'RENGnI COLLAPSE: Refers t.o t.he
ext.ernal pressure capable of generat.ing yield
stress on t.he inside wall of t.he pipe t.hat.
corresponds t.o t.he minimum yield st.rengt.h of
t.he st._l CYp). This t.ype of collapse occurs
at. 10_1' values of D/'t and can be calculat.ed
using formula 1.
(D/t.)yp
There are ways t.o ascert.ain
resi st.ance. be it. by di recto reference t.o t.he
es f'ound in 1IIOSt. handboolcs be it. by means
of calculat.ions based on t.heoretical and
empirical forlllU1as and equat.ions. This paper
shows how resist.ance can be calculat.ed using
API BUL !9C3. It. also colllJl8nt.s on t.he
adapt.at.ions needed t.o calculat.e t.he resist.ance
of t.he large-di...-t.er casings used by
Pet.robras.
The t.ables shown in Appendix B cont.ain
all informat.ion needed t.o calculat.e t.he
charact.erist.ics of API casings. For
mor e detail s on coupli ngs and a bet.t.er
vi sualizat.ion of t.he variables. s_ API
st.andard 58 - Specificat.ions for Threading.
Gaging and Thread Inspect.ion of Casing. Tubing
and Une Pipe Threads.
Pyp =
[
(D/t.) - 1 ]
2 xYp x -
(D/t.)z
..kA - 2)z + 8 x (B + C/Yp)
2 x (B + C/Yp)
..... (1)
+
Rtrferences and illust.rat.ions at. end of paper
(A - 2)
2 x (B + C/Yp)
....... (2)
2
HOW TO CALCULATE:. DIE MECHANI CAL
CHARACIERI STI CS OF YOUR CASI NG
S?E 21167
The plastic collapse pressure formula i5
t.o D/t. values ranging from CD/t.)yp
t..o a maximum of CD/t)PT. cllI.lculat-.::l using
formula 4 (see fig. 1).
PLASTI C COLLAPSE:
collapse pressure
colI apse. whi ch
st.rengt.h range of
range of collapse
usi ng 1'ormul a 3.
r
. (8)
[
3)( B/A
46.95 x 10
d
)( -----
2 + B/A
A : 2.8762 + 0.10679 x x Yp +
0.21301 )( Ypz_
Calculation of fact.ors A. B. C. F. and G:
C -469.93 + 0.030887 x Yp - 0.10483 Yo
10-
7
X Yp2 + 0.36989 x x Yp
........... (10)
B'" 0.026233 + 0.60609)( 10-
d
x Yp ..... (9)
........ (3)
........ (4)
J<.to?:ers t.o t.h. minimum
for t.he plast.ic range of
exi-t!!Inds from t.he yield
coIl apse to t.he tr ansi ti on
and ....hich is calculated
"tp )( (A - F)
C + Yp )( (B - G)
Pp
(D/t)PT ...
TRANSITION COLLAPSE: Rerers to t.he
collapse pressure for t.ransit.ion range of
collapse. which extends from t.he plast.ic range
of' collapse t.o t.he elast.ic range of collapse
and which is calculated using formula 5.
F
[
3 )( B/A
"tP)( 2
+ B/A
3 x B/A ]2
2 + S/A
. '" (11)
I,
The t.ransit.ion collapse pressure f'orlllU1a
is applicable t.o D/t values ranging from
CD/t.)PT to a maximum of CD/t.)n:. calculat-.::l
using formula e (see fig. 1).
G E
F )( B
A
.................... (12)
........ (5)
,.
2 + B/A
.......... (5)
3 )( EVA
El...ASTIC COLLAPSE: Refers to t.he minimum
collapse pressure for t.he elast.ic range of
collapse. It. occurs at. t.he highest. D/t. values
and is calculated using formula 7.
COLLAPSE PRESSURE UNDER AXI AL TENSI ON STRESS:
The collapse resist.ence of casing in t.he
presence of' an axial st.ress is calculat.ed
considering a reduct.ion of t.he IllinilllUJll yield
st.rength ot t.he st._l of which t.he casing is
manufact.ured. This reduct.ion varies depending
on t.he amcunt. of axial st.ress t.o which t.he
casing is subject.ed. The new lllinimum yield
st.rength of t.he st._l. as t.he axial
st.ress equivalent. grade. 1s calculat.ed using
f'ormula 13.
The elastic collapse pressure formula is
applicable t.o D/t. values great.er t.han CD/t)n:
and is calculat.ed using formula e CS_ fig. 1) . ypa .. (/1
0.7!5 )( (Scv'Yp) 2
Pa:-
(D/t.) )( (D/t. - 1) 2
....... (7)
o. s )( Scl/Yp ) x Yp
where:
.......... (13)
SYNBOLS USED IN COLLAPSE PRESSURE FORMULAS AND
CALCULATION OF FACTORS A. B. C. F. AND G:
Formula symbols:
Pyp mi ni mum yi.l d st.rengt.h
collapse pressure (PSi)
Pp minimum plast.ic collapse
pressure (PSi)
PT m! ni mum pI ast.i c / el ast.i c
transit.ion collapse pressure (PSi)
Pa: minimum elast.ic collapse
pressure (PSi)
Yp IllinilllUlll yield st.rengt.h of
pipe (PSi)
D = nom! lULl out.si de di amet.er or
pipe (in)
t. nominal wall t.hicleness (in)
(D/t.)yp = D/t. int.ersection bet._n yield
st.rengt.h collapse and plast.ic
collapse
(D/t.)P'I' D/t. int.ersect.ion bet._n plast.ic
collapse and t.ransit.ion collapse
(D/t)TE = D/t int.ersect.ion bet.ween
transit.ion collapse and elast.ic
collapse
Sea .. axial st.ress applied t.o t.he pipe (psi)
Yp .. lllinimum yield st.rengt.h of t.he
pipe (PSi)
Ypa - yield st.rengt.h of axial st.ress
equivalent. grade (PSi)
The calculat.ed value at Ypa subst.i t.utes
the Yp values in tormulas 2. 4. e. e. 9. 10.
11. and 12. tor t.he purpose of calculat.ing t.he
values of D/t ranges as well as the fact.ors A.
B. C. F. and G. and will substit.ute t.he Yp
values in formulas 1. 3. and 5. for t.he
purpose of calculat.ing collapse pressure under
axial t.ension st.ress.
It. should be poin1.-.::I out 1.hat. t.he minimum
elast.ic collapse pressure (formula 7) is not. a
f'unct.ion of t.he yield st.rengt.h of' t.he s1._l
(Yp). As Yp is a funct.ion of t.he axial st.ress
t.o which t.he pipe is subJect..ed. it. can be
concluded t.hat. only those -pfpes t.hat. fall
wit.hin t.he elast.ic range of collapse will not.
be subject. t.o t.he correct.ion of collapse
resist.ance due t.o 1.he presence of axial
st.ress.
SPE 21157
A. Q. NETO AND L. G. PRI NO
3
INTERNAL PRESSURE
Calculat.ion of: <:h f"or butt.ress t.hread
casing:
I and T vary as a funct.ion of t.he
nominal diamet.er of t.he pipe. as shown
below:
E? .. average pi t.ch diamet.er at. hand-t.ight.
pI an.. (i n) - Appendi x B
l..? h-,nglh of" parf"eet. t.hreads (in:>
Appendix B
According to API BUL 5C3. in calculating
the maximum internal pressure t.o which a
casing can be subjected. t.he of" t.hr_
values govern: t.he int.ernal yield pressure of"
t.he pipe body. t.he int.ernal yield pressure of"
t.he coupling. or the int.ernal pressure leal::
resist.ance of" t.he coupling.
Int.ernal pressures are calculat.ed using
t.he D and t. values specif"ied in t.he t.ables:,
wi t.h D/t. rounded t.o t.he nearest. of' an
inch; t.he int.ernal pressure values are rounded
t.o t.he nearest. 10 psi.
d. = E? - (L? + I) x T + O. oea
where:
....... (17)
Nominal out.side dia.met.er or pipe INTERNAL YI ELD PRESSURE FOR PI PE BODY:
The int.ernal yield pressure Cor t.he pipa body
is based on t.he Barlow equat.ion and is
calculat.ed using Cormula 14. The coef"Cicient.
0.875 ref'lect.s a t.olerance of" :!:la.S"" in wall
t.hickness during manuf"act.ure.
I
T
4 1/2" 5" 'Lhrough 13 3/8" Over 13 3/8"
0.400 0.500 0.375
0.0026 0.0625 0.0833
outsi de di alDl!tt.er of" pi pe (i n:>
wall t.hickness (in:>
yield st.rength of" pipe (psi)
t.his
t.he
from
In t.he case of XL couplings.
cal cuI alion is not necessary. since
lII!!t.al-met.al seal isolat.es t.he t.hread
int.ernal pressure.
INTERNAL PRESSURE LEAl< RESISfANCE AT Et. OR E7
PLANE: The int.ernal pr8SjSure leal:: resist.ance at.
t.he E. or E? plane is c&lculat.ed using formula
18. which is based on t.he seal being at. t.he E.
plane. for round t.hreads. and at t.he E? plane.
for butt.ress t.hreads. where these couplings
are weakest. and the int.ernal pressure leak
resi st.ance the lowest.
pipe body
........ (14)
]
P .. int.ernal yield pressure of"
(psi)
nominal
nominal
.. minimum
0 ..
t.
Yp
[
2 x YI' x t
P .. 0.875)( ------
D
where:
INTERNAL YIELD PRESSURE FOR COUPLING:
The int.ernal yield pressure f"or t.he coupling
is calculat.ed using formula 15.
P
ExT x N x P x (r - Es
z
)
2xEsxWZ
.... (18)
where:
d. = Et. - (u + A) )( T + H - 2 x Sr" ... (16)
In t.he of" ext.re_-l i ne (XL)
couplings. t.his calculat.ion is not. necessary.
since t.he yield pressure on t.he coupling will
be at. least. equal t.o t.he yield pressure on t.he
pi pe body.
P c internal yield pressure of coupling
(psi)
Ye c minimum yield st.rengt.h of coupling
(psi)
W = c1-lameter of coupling (in)
Appendix B
d. diameter at. t.he root. of t.he coupling
thread at. t.he end of t.he pipe in t.he
powert.ight. posi t.ion. rounded t.o t.he
nearest. O. 001 inch
should be point.ed out. t.hat t.he
pressure leak resist.ance of the
indicat.es t.he value above which
may occur in coupl i ngs. wi t.hout.
any change in casing st.ruct.ure.
P int.ernal pressure leal:: resistance at.
Et. or E? plane (psi)
E .. modulus of elast.icit.y for st.eel
'" 30 x 10" psi
T '" t.aper (in/in)
0.0625 for round t.hread casing
0.0625 for butt.ress lhread casing wit.h
an out.side diameler of up t.o 13 3/8"
0.0833 f'or butt.ress t.hread casing wi lh
an outside diamet.er grealer t.han or
equal to 16".
N .. number of t.hread t.urns make-up
.. A for round t.hread casing - Appendix B
= A + 1 1/2 for buttress t.hread casing
wit.h an QUt.sAdQ diall1lilter of up t.o
13 3/8" - Appendix B
2 A + 1 for but.t.ress t.hread casing
wit.h an out.side t.han
or equal t.o 16" - Appendix B
P '" t.hread pit.ch (in)
'" 0.125 for round thread casing
.. 0.200 for but.t.ress t.hread casing
W = nominal outside diamet.er of' coupling
(in) - Appendix B
Ea = average pilch diamet.er at. plane of
seal (in)
E. for round t.hread - Appendix B
= E? for but.t.ress t.hread - Appendix B
It.
internal
coupling
leal::age
implying
where:
round t.hread
........... (15)
]
Calculat.ion of d. for
coupling:
[
W - d.
P .. Ye x ----
W
Et. .. average pi t.ch di amet.er at. hand-t.i ght.
pl ane (i n) - Appendi x B
U .. lengt.h f"rom end of pipe t.o hand-t.ight.
pI ane (i n) - Appendi x B
A .. hand-t.ight. st.andoff" (in:> - Appendix B
T .. t.aper
0.0625 in/in
H '" t.hread height. (in)
0.08660 f"or 10 TPI
.. 0.10825 for 8 TPI
Srn 0.014 for 10 TPI
0.017 for e TPI
where:
4
HOW TO CALCULATE: THE MECHANI CAL
CHARACTERISITCS OF Y()l,JR CASING
SPE 21157
stress values calculat..ed
to the nearest thousand
BUTI'RESS TIiREAD CASING JOINT STRENGTIi: The
joint. strengt.h for this type of casing is
calculat.ed using formulas 23 and 24. The
smaller of the two values obtained governs.
lENS! ON STRESS
Accardi ng to API BUL 6C3. the maxi mum
tension stress to which a casing can be
subjected is the lesser of two values: pipe
body yield strength or joint.. 5t..rength.
The tension
should be rounded
p 000 I bf") .
BOOY YIELD STRENGTH: Reters to the axial
\oad capable of producing an axial stress
to the minimum yield strength of the
,pipe. Its value can be found using formula 19.
Grau
)-55
K--55
C-75
L-ao
N-80
C-QO
C-QS
P-ll0
Up. Ue (PSi)
75.000
06.000
95.000
95.000
100.000
100,000
105,000
125.000
I Z Z
Py .. 0.7854 x (0 - d ) x Yp . (19)
Failing by casing t.hread:
where:
Py .. pipe body yield st.rength Clbf)
o .. nomi nal out.si de di amet.er of pi pe Ci n)
d .. inside diameter of pipe (in)
Yp .. minimum yield st.rength of pipe Cpsi)
PJ .. 0.95 x Ap x Up x (1.008 - 0.03915 x
(1.083 - Yp/Up) x D)
JOINT STRENGTH:
by t.he coupling
thread used and
can occur when
tension st.ress.
The joint. strength displayed
is a funct.ion of t.he kind of
o t.he kind of failure that.
the coupling is SUbject t.o
Failing by coupling thread:
PJ .. O. x Ac x Uc
where:
(23)
.......... (24)
Failing by fracture at joint:
ROUND THREAD CASING JOINT STRENGTH: For this
t.ype of casing Cwhet.her short or long thread),
joint. st.rengt.h is calculat.ed using formul_
ae, 21, and 22. The slll&1lest o t.he t.hr_
calculated values governs:
............. (20)
Failing by thread jump-out or pull-out:
Pj .. minimum JOint. st.rength of coupling
Clbn
Yp .. minimum yield st.rength of pipe (psi)
Up .. mi ni mum ul ti mat.e strength of pi pe Cpsi)
Ue .. minimum ult.imat.e st.rengt.h of: coupling
(psi:>
Ap .. cross-sect.ional ar_ of: pipe body
(in
z
)
0.7854 x (rl - d
Z
)
o .. nominal outside diamet.er of pipe Cin)
d i nsi de di aJDet.er of pi pe Ci n)
Ac .. cross-sectional area o coupling (in
z
)
0.7854 x cr - dtZ,
W nominal diaJDet.er of coupling
(in) - Appendix B
dt diameter at t.he root of the coupling
t.hread at the end of t.he pi pe in t.he
powert.ight position. rounded t.o t.he
nearest 0.001 inch (s_ formula 17:>
+
. (el)
Yp ]
L + 0.14 )( 0
Pj .. O. Q5 )( An> x Up
[
0.74 x 0-
0
. !U. X Up
Pj .. O. 95 x Ajp x L x
0.5 x L + 0.14 x 0
Failing by fracture at coupling:
........ . (22)
EXTREME-UNE (XL) CASING JOINT STRENGTH: Joint
strengt.h for this type of casing is calculat.ed
using f"ormula 25.
where:
Pj .. Acr x Up .......... (a5)
Yp

Ajc
W
dt
Ue:
Up
casing is
..1!;>i nt 00, madeup ( in)
B
ul ti mat.e st.rength of" pi pe
section area of box, pin.
whichever is least Cin
z
)
- dbZ, if box is critical
CDpz - djz) if' pin is
Pj .. minimum
(Ibn
Acr cr i t.i cal
or pipe.
.. 0.7854 x
0.7854 x
crit.ical
0.7854 x
crit.ical
M .. DOIIIi nal
Appendix
Up .. minimum
Cpsi:>
db .. box critical section 10 (1n)
I + 2 x h - A + 9
Dp .. pi n cri t.i cal seet.i on 00 (i n)
H + 6 - ...
dJ .. nomi nal ..J.D of coupli ng ( i n)
Appendix B
o .. nominAl 00 of pipe (in)
d .. nominal ID of pipe Cin)
where:
PJ .. joint strength Clbf)
Apj .. cross-sect.ional area of the pipe wall
under the last perfect t.hread. Cin
z
)
0.7854 x (0 - 0.1425D
z
_ d
Z
>
o E nominAl out.sid.. diamet.er of pipe (in)
d c inside diameter of pipe Cin)
L .. effective thread length (in)
LA - M (tor nominal III&keup)
LA .. engaged t.hread length (in) - Appendix 9
M .. dist.ance from t.o
hand-tight. plane (in) - Appendix B
minimum yield st.rength of pipe Cpsi)
.. cross-sectional area o coupling (inZ,
0.7854 x (r - dt
z
)
.. nominal .0ut.stQ.'!t .diame
1
..r of coupling
Cin) - Appendix B
.. di amet..r at. t.ne root of the coupl i ng
t.hread at the end of lhe pipe in the
power t.i ght posi tion. rounded to the
nearest. 0.001 inch Cs_ formula 115).
.. mi ni mum ul t.i mat.e st.rengt.h o coupl i ng
Cpsi:>
.. mi ni mUJII ul t.i mat.e st.rengt.h of pi pe
Cpsi:>'
SPE 211!17 A.Q.NETO AND L.G.PRIMO
Based on toMs limit.. adapt.at.ions were
made in t.he formulas ror calculat.ing collapse
resist.ance
maximum of 0.30 mm. which is Ule
maximum permissible value during rolling
(whet.her cont.inuous or reversible rolling is
employed). This gWll.rant._ t.hat.
in of' a will be
0.30 mm of it.s nominal .
YI ELD STRENGTH COLLAPSE:
minimum yield st.rengt.h collapse
pressure Cpsi:>
minimum yield ..t..rengl.h of' pipe Cpei:l
nomi nal outsi de di amet.er of pi pe (i n)
t.nom - 0.3
Ca6)
].
[
(D/'t.mi. n) - 1
2xYpx --------
(D/t.mi.n)z
Pyp ..
I
Yp
D
Pyp '"
where:
h '"' minimum box thread height (in;
o. 060 f'or e !"PI
o. 080 IS 'IPI
t>. .. 0.253 in f'or e TPI (pipes wit.h 00
ranging from 6" t.o 7 6/8")
.. O.2:a8 in for 6 TPI (pipes wit.h 00
ranging from 8 5/8" t.o 10 3/4")
a = 1/2 maximum t.hr.ad int.errerenee at.
last. perfect. pin thread (in)
.. (H-I)/2
H = maximum root. diamet.er at. last. perfect.
pi n t.rn- ead (i n) - APindi x B
I = minimum crest. diameter of' box t.hread
at. same plane as H (in) - Appendix A
6 "0.036 in for 6 TPI (casings with OD
ranging from 6" t.o 7 !!l/8")
= 0.032 in ror 5 TPI (casings wit.h 00
ranging from 8 5/8" t.o 10 3/4")
1/2 maximum seal int.errerence (in)
.. (A - 0)/2
A .. maxi mum di at. l)i n seal t.angent
poi nt. (i n) - Append! x B
o = minimum diamet.er at. box seal t.angent.
poi nt. (i n) - APP&ndi x B
LARGE PI AHE1ER CASI NGS
(PE"IROBRAS STANDARD N-aa62)
The of' (00
diamet.er casings as surface and/or conduct.or
pi pe dur i ng t.he i ni ti al st.ages or a _11 made
it for Pelrobras t.o draw up a
st.andard specific t.o t.his t.ype of casing.
t..mi.n
aB.4
t....i.n minimum wall t.hiclcness (in)
t.nom '" nominal wall t.hickness (mm)
The calculat.ion of' CD/'t.)yp as _11 as of
f'act.ors A. B. and C is ident.ical t.o t.hat. shown
in it.em "Yield St.rengt.h Collapse. f'or API
casi n9s" above.
Prior t.o issue or t.he new st.andard. large
diamet.er pipes had been manuf'act.ured in
accordance wi t.h API Specificat.ion for Line
Pipe - API Spec 6L. which charact.erizes t.he
applicat.ion of' such pipes in t.he
t.ransport.at.ion of rluicls in gas and oil
pipelines. From many angles. API Spec: !!lL
proved inadequat.e as a st.andard for pipes used
f"or drilling purposes.
PLASn C COLLAPSE:
Pp .. Yp x ( A__
D/t.... ,n
where:
- B J- C
e27)
yield st.rengt.h of' pipe (psi)
outside diamet.er of' pipe (in)
aB.4
t.min
t.nom - 0.3
pressure collapse plast.ic minimum
(psi)
minimum
nominal
Pp
Yp
D
The solut.ion was t.o deV8lop a st.andard
whose specif'icat.ions would be more suit.able t.o
t..hes.. pipes as used by t.he drilling
depart.ment. of Pet.r obI' as. Following a number of
meet.ings wi t.h IIlanuf'act.urers. Pet.robras
st.andard N-2262 was creat.ed. est.ablishing t..he
requirement.s for t.he supplying of large
di ...t.er casings 1'01' oil _lls.
The calculat.ion procedure found in API
BUI.. !5C3 (present.ed earlier in this paper) was
adopt.ed for calculating t.he
resist.ance of large diamet..r casings. Ho_ver.
due t.o t.he process used t.o III&nuf'act.ure these
part.icular pipes. it. was necessary t.o
int.roduce some modi ficat.ions.
t. ...,n '" minimum wall t.hickness (in)
... '" nominal wall t.hiclcness (mm)
The calculat.ion of' (D/'t.)PT as well as of
fact.ors A. B. C. F. and G is ident.ical t.o t.hat.
shown in it.em "Plast.ic Collapse. for API
casings" aboVR.
No considerat.ions haV8 been III&de as t.o
calculat.ion of t.he mechanical of
t.he couplings. Each coupling displays
part.icular mechanical charact.erist.ics. which
vary depending on t.he t.ype of mat.erial
employed and t.he
PT .. minimum plast.ic/elast.ic t.ransi t.ion
collapse pressure (psi)
Yp minimum yield st.rengt.h or pipe (psi)
o nomi nal out.si de di amet.er of pi pe (i n)
The
only t.o
diamat.er
beveled
calculat.ions described below refer
t.he pipe body it.self. since large
casings are supplied wit.h ends
for welding. couplings.
TRANS! n ON COLLAPSE:
PT .. Yp x [ F__
D/t.min
where:
(28)
... - 0.3
COLLAPSE PRESSl./RE
t....'i.n
26.4
The calculat.ion of (D/'t.)n: as _11 as of
ract.ors A. B. F. and G is identical t.o t.hat.
shown in it.em " Transit.ion Collapse. f'or API
casings" above.
In formulas for calculat.ing yield
st.rengt.h. plast.ic/elast.ic
and elast.ic collapse resist.ance. t.he value of'
nominal wall t.hiclmess (t.:> was subst.it.ut.ed
by (t.no... - 0_ 30 mm). This adapt.at.ion was
necessary because of t.he process used in
manufact.ur i ng t.he steel sheet.s of whi ch t.he
pipe is made. The sheet.s are subject. t.o a
t.mi.n
t.no...
'" minimum wall t.hiclcness (in)
'" nominal wall t.hiclcness (mm)
ELASIl C COLLAPSE:
46. Q5 x 10"
HOW TO CALCULAT. TIlE MECHAN! CAL
CHARA,CfERISIICS OF YOUR CASING
D -
2 x - 0.30)
25.4
SPE 21157
(D/tmin) x - l)z
where:
..... (2Q)
o = nomi nal out.si d. di amet.er of pi pe (i n)
d_ maximum int.ernal diamet.er of' pipe (in)
t.nom '" nomi nal wall t.hi clcness (JIUn)
PE .. minilDum col1apsoe pressure
CpsoD
D nominal out.side of pipe (in)
- 0.3
t.mi.n ::
25.4
t.mi.n '" minimum wall (in)
l.nom '" nominal wall t.h1clcnes:s (-:>
I N'IERNAL PRESSURE
The same considerat.ion t.alcen int.o
t'or collapse pressure ha'WI been
adopt.ed in calculal.ing int.ernal pressure.
The value of nominal wall t.h1clcness (t.)
is subst.i t.ut.ed by t.he val ue (t.nom - O. 30 -:>.
In addit.ion. t.he safet.y coefficient. of 0.875
for API pipes is not. used. since in'
t.ne procedure t.he 0.30 _ reduct.ion in
t.hiclcness st.ands in as t.he satet.y
coe1'ficient. .
INTERNAL YIELD PRESSURE FOR PIPE BODY:
CONg.USION
The procedures for calculat.ing t.he
..-chani cal resi st.ance of' API pipes are
present.ed in IIlOre t.han one publicat.ion. malcing
t.hei ruse di ff'i cuI The present. paper s_ks
t.o unit.e t.hese procedures int.o one sole
publicat.ion in order t.o facilit.at.e t.heir
underst.anding and present. cal cuI at.ion
procedures in a logical sequence.
The adapt.at.ion of' a calculat.ion procedure
for ascert.aining t.he mechanical resist.ance of
large diamet.er casings is import.ant. in t.hat it.
prOVides a method for cal culat.ing t.he
of t.hese pipes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The aut.hors t.hank Pet.robras for
permission publish paper.
REFERENCES
1 American Pet.roleum I nst.it.ut.e. "API
Bullet.in on ForlllUlas and Calculat.ions
ror Casing. Tubing. Drill Pipe and Une
Pipe Propert.ies API BUL. 6C3" .CFeb.
llil85).
p ..
where:
2 )( Yp )( t.mi.n
o
'.'.""'." .(30)
I
2. American Pet.roleum Inst.it.ut.e. "API
Spec:ificat.ion ("or Thr_ding. Gaging and
Thread Inspect.ion of Casing. Tubing and
Unit Pipe Threads API std 68",
CMar . 1 Q'79)
3.
...... (31)
P .. int.ernal yield pressure of pipe body
CpsoD
Yp minilllUm yield st.rengt.h of pipe Cpsi)
o nominal out.side dia_t.er of pipe (in)
t.nom - 0.3
t..min C
25.4
l.mi.n '" minimum wall t.hiclcness (in)
= nominal wall t.hiclcness (JIUn)
TENS! ON SIRESS
In cal cuI at.i ng t.o t.ension
sl.ress. t.he reduct.ion in nominal wall
l.hiclcness (t.) 1s also t.alcen int.o account.. as
in t.he previous it.ems. The reduct.ion is
expressed in t.erms of inside diamet.er. as
shown below:
dmax =D - 2 x (t.nom - 0.30 mm)
The calculat.ed inside diameter Cd_)
will t.hus be t.he greal.est. int.ernal diamet.er
t.hat coul d occur gi 'WIn t.Jut 1 i mi t.at.i ons of' t.he
manufact.uring process. The cross-sect.i anal
are.. assumes it.s minilllUJD value.
l.hereby guarant._ing t.he smallest. yield
of t.he pipe body.
PI PE BODY YI ELD STRENGlli:
Py '" 0.7854 )( (0
2
_ x Yp
where:
Py pi pe body yield st.rengt.h Clbf)
Yp minimum yield st.rengt.h of pipe (psoi)
Pet.robras S. A.. "Tubes de Revest.iment.o
de Grande Oii.met.ro (especificao;l.o)
N-2262". cSet lliJ88)
APPENDIX A
perivat.ion of formulas ("or calcylating
collapse pressure
Yield st.rengt.h collapse: Uses a t.heoret.ical
met.hod based on t.he collapse pressure capable
of producing a st.ress on t.he inside wall of
t.he pipe. which corresponds t.o t.he miniJDUlll
yield st.rengt.h of t.he Calculated using
t.he Lame' equat.ion.
Plast.ic collapse and fact.ors A. B. and C: Uses
an empi ri cal /st.at.i st.i cal lIlet.hod based on
st.at.i st.i cal regression or 402
collapse on K-55. 1440 on N-80. and e4ei
on P-ll0 seamless casing.
The formula ror minilDUJD plast.ic collapse
pressure presupposes t.hat. t.here is a 96"""
probabili t.y or confidence le'WIl t.hat. t.he
collapse pressure will exceed t.he minilllUDl
stat.ed with no IIlOre t.ha.n 0.!9 " of ("allures
Elast.ic collapse: Uses. wit.h some adaptat.ions.
t.he t.heoret.ical formula developed by W.O
Cl i nedi nst. and publi shed under t.he t.i t.le "A
Expression for t.he Crit.ieal
Collapsoing Pressure of Pipe Under Ext.erna!
Pressure." present.ed at. t.he annual _t.ing of'
t.he API in Chicago. 1939.
Transi t.ion collapse and f'act.ors F and G: Based
on a stewart. regression funct.ion. developed by
West.ern Un! versi t.y professor Reid stewart. and
published in ASME in 1906.
Fact.ors F and G are ascert.a1ned using graphic
met.hods and may present. minor dif'ferenees in
relat.ion t.o t.hose obtained by t.he formulas
used in t.his paper.
SPE 21167
APPmDIX B
A.Q.NETO AND L.G.PRIMO
Buttress,ROund arrl EXI::mIe-Lire
casing thread dinEnsions arrl
characteristics.
TABL.E 1
-
casing lhr.ad di ..nsions and charac1..ris1.ics
(all di_ions in inches, as indica1.ed)
NOIII. Out.side Number 7 L7
Di..-t..r of" St.andof"f".
O1a..... t..r of" Threads Thr.ad
of' Coupling per Turns
Pipe W inch .j.
4",...& 6.000 6 4.464 1. e6ae
",...&
5 5.663 !5 4.954 1.7785 1
d-/z 6.050 5 6.454 1. 8410 1
ti'/. 7.3g() !5 6.679 2.0286 1
.,
7.696 5 6.954 2.2160 1
r,...s 8.500 5 7.579 2.4035 1
fT"".
9.526 5 8.579 2.5e85 1
rr,...s 10.626 !!l 9.679 2.1!l285 1
10
8
""4 11.750. !!l 10.704 2.!528l5 1
11
8
""4 12.750 6 11.704 2.!3Z86 1
13
s
/. 14.376 5 13.32e 2.5aB5 1
le 17.000 !5 16.938 3.1245
7,...S
18
5
,.... 20.000 S 19.563 3.1245
7,...a
ao 21.000 5 19.938 3.1245
7,...a
Out.sl de dl a_t.er at c:oupl1ng .11.280 ln tor welght.s 60.70 and
ce.7O 1b per n . Grade Q-125.
Tl\8LE 2 - Caslng shart.-t.hread di_nsLons and c:haract.erisUc:s
C&U. diMOljl ans ln inches, as indJ.c:at.ec:ll
Neill. Nom. Out.side Number U Eo lA N Hand-ligh1.
Out.sid.. W..igh1.: Oi.-1..r of St.andot'f",
O1 __1.er
Threads& at' Thr.ad
of' Coupling Coupling per Turns
Pipe lb per f"t. W inch A
4",.... Q.OO 5.000 9 0.Q21 4.40337 2.000 0.704 3
.."".
Ot.h.rs 5.000 8 1.646 4.40337 a.fS25 0.704 3
!5 11.50 6.563 8 1. 421 4.90337 2.500 0.704 3
!!I Ot.h.rs !!I. 563 8 1.671 4. Q0337 2.7!50 0.704 3
rJ-...... All e.05O 9 1. 7Q6 6.40337 2.876 0.704 3
tr/. All 7.390 9 2.046 6.52837 3.125 0.704 3
7 17.00 7.656 8 1.206 6.90337 2.375 0.704 3
.,
Ot.h.rs 7.666 8 2.046 6. Q0337 3.125 0.704 3
r""a All 9.500 8 2.104 7.52419 3.250 0.709 3"""2
8
5
""a 24.00 9.625 8 1.964 8.52418 3.000 0.700 3",....
9
5
,.... Ot.hers 9.526 8 2.aa9 9.52418 3.375 0.709 3",...z
9
5
,.... All 10.526 8 2.229 9.52419 3.375 0.709 3"/z
10
8
""6 32.75 11.7!50 8 1.604 10.64918 a.750 0.709 3"/z
10
8
"6 Ot.hers 11.7!50S 8 2.354 10.64Q18 3.500 0.709 3"/z
11
8
/4 All 12.750 8 2.354 11 64Q18 3.500 0.709 3"/z
la-...... All 14.375 8 2.354 13.27418 3.600 0.700 3"/z
le All 17.000 8 2.854 .16.99Q18 4.000 0.700 3"/z
19
5
/a 87.60 20.000 8 2.854 18.52419 4.000 0.709 3"/.
ao All 21.000 9 2.854 19.9QQ18 4.000 0.709 3"/z
?
.. Out.sid.. dia_t.er of coupling 11. 250 in tor _lght.s 60.70
and 69.70 lb per t't.. Grad. Q-125.
_ A 4 t.urns for 10 3/4 in pipes. Grade P-110 and tor 20 1n
pi pes, Grad... .1-!51!l K-tiIllI.
TABL.E 3 - c:..sing long-t.hr_d di_nsions and charact.erist.ics
(all di .....ns1ons in inches. except. as 1ndlcat.ed)
NOIll. Out.side NUmber Lo Ei lA N Hand-light
Outside Diamet.er of Standorf.
D1.-t..r ot' Threads Thr..ad
of" . Coupling per Turns
Pipe W lnch A
4"/z 5.000 9 1.Q21 4.40337 3.000 0.704 3
5 5.563 8 2.296 4.Q0337 3.375 0.704 3
B""z 6.050 8 2.421 5.40337 3.500 0.704 3
6'''a 7.390 8 2.7'l6 6.52837 3.876 0.704 3
7 7.656 8 2.Q21 e.Q0337 4.000 0.704 3
'T,. 8.500 8 2.979 7.62418 4.125 0.709 3/z
8
5
,.... g.526 8 3.35'" 8.62419 .... 500 0.70g 3/.
g5""a 10.025 8 3.eo4 g.52...18 .... 750 0.709 3"""2.
ao 21.000 a 4.10'" lQ. aQQ1S 15.250 0.700 3'......z-
.. A ... turns f"or
-g
'/a ln pipes, Grade P-110 and f"or 20 in pipes, Grad.. J-ee
and ac-s5.
SPE 21157 8
TABLE 4. -
..-line casing dimensions and
- sizes 5 7':$,. in -
(all dimens:ions in inches:. except. &$ indicat.ed)
Nom. Nom. Numb8r Nom. A H I 0 lot
Weight.: of" ID N&x. Min. Min. Wax. Min. Max. Min. Wax. St.and&rd Opt.ior
Thre&d& Threads: of" Joint. Joint
at Coupling per Coupling
Pipe lb per inch dj
!5 15.00 6 4.1Iii8 4..604 4.600 4..827 4.82Q 4..619 4.812 4..4.90 4..4.98 5.330
18.00 6 4.1ga 4..504 4.506 4.827 4.829 4..8l1il 4.. Bel 4..496 4..4.Q8 5.360
!!f,. 16.50 6 4..7315 6.008 5.010 6.331 6.333 6.323 6.326 6.000 fl. 002 6.860 fl. 780
17.00 6 4.701 6.008 15.010 6.331 6.333 6.323 !5.326 !5.ooo 6.002 !5.860 6.780
eI).OO 6 4.701 6.008 6.010 6.331 6.333
5.323 5.326 5.000 5.002 6.860 5.780
23.00 6 4.610 6.007 !5.00Q 6.330 6.332 5.323 5.326 15.000 5.002 6.860 15.780
6',. Z4.00 6 6.781 6.08Q 6.001 6.412 6.414 6.403 15.406 15.080 e.oea 7.000 15.930
28.00 6 6.731 e.ose 15.090 15.411 15.413
15.403 15.405 6.080 e.oea 7.000 6.lil3O
32.00 6 B.61!5 6.ose 6.090 6.411 6.413 6.404 6.4.06 6.081 6.083 7.000 6.930
7 23.00 6 15.171 6.477 e.4.7Q 6.801 6.803
6.7Gla 6.'7Q4 6.4.68 15.470 7:3QO 7 310
eB.OO 6 6.171 6.477 15.4.79 6.801 6.803
0.7ge 0.794 0.408 0.470 7.390 7.310
29.00 6 6.123 6.477 6.479 6.801 6.'803
6.792 6.'7Q4 6.4.68 6.470 7.3QO 7 310
32.00 6 6.032 6.4.77 6.479 6.800 15,802
15.792 15.794 6.4S 6.471 7.3QO 7 310
35.00 6 6.940 6.4.715 15.478 15.800 15.802 e.7Q3 e.7Q6 6.4.6Q 15.471 7.630 7.390
38.00 6 6.860 6.4715 6.4.78 6.800 6.802 6.7Q3 6.7Q!5 6.46Q 6.471 7.630 7 390
T,. eB.40 6 6.770 7.07Z 7.074 7.4.00 7.402 7.390 7.392 7.oea 7.064 8.010 7 QCI)
aQ.70 6 6.770 7.072 7.074 7.400 7.4.02 7.3QO 7.3Q2 7.062 7.064 8.010 7.920
33.70 6 6.705 7.072 7.074. 7.3QIiI 7.4.01 '7.390 7.392 7.oea 7.064 e.Ol0 '7.QCI)
39.00 6 '7.071 7.073 7.399 7.4.01 7.3Q1 7.3&3 '7.063 8.010 '7 QCI)
TABLE 15
- Extreme-line casing t.hread dimensions and - sizes: e',. 10,. in
-
(all dimensions in inch. except. as: i ndi cat.ed)
Nola. Nom. Numb8r Nom. A H I 0
114
Out.side Weight. of 10 Max. Min. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Standard OptiON
D1 ... Thre&d&. Threads of
Joint. Joint.
of Coupling per Coupling
Pipe lb per ft. inch dj
a'/. 32.00 6 '7.726 8.100 8.102 8.418 8.4CI) a.4.08 a.410 8.0Q0 8.092 101.120 101.030
3fl.00 6 7.7a5 8.100 8.102 8.418 8.4CI) 8.408 8.410 8.0Q0 8.092 Q. lei) 101.030
4.0.00 5 '7.663 8.100 a.l02 a.418 8.4CI) 8.409 8.411 8.0Q1 8.0Q3 Q.le1) 101.030
4.4.00 6 '7.56!5 8.160 8.102 8.417 8.4.1101 8.409 8.411 8.0Q2 8.0Q4 Q.le1) 101.030
4.Q.00 5 7.451 8.OQQ 8.101 8.4.17 a.41Q
8.410 8.412 8.()g2 8.0Q4 9.120 9.030
g'/. 40.00 6 8.665 9.041 9.043 9.361 101.363 9.351 9.:3!53 9.031 9.033 10.100 10.020
4.3.50 5 8.665 '1.041 101.043 9.361 9.363 Q.3!51 Q.3!l3 '1.031 '1.033 10.100 10.020
47.00 !5 8.621 9.041 9.043 9.361 fil.363 Q.3!51 9.353 9.031 9.033 10.100 10.020
63.50 B 8.475 101.040 101.042 101.360 9.362
1il.352 9.354. 9.032 9.034 10.100 10.020
10/. 46.50 6 9.81101 10.286 10.288 10.605 10.607 10.597 10.519 10.278 10.280 11.460
61.00 6 101.719 10.286 10.288 10.605 10.607 10. !5Q7 10.!5QQ 10.278 10.280 11.460
96.50 6 9.6GQ 10.286 10.288 10.606 10.607 10. !5Q7 10.!5QQ 10.278 10.280 11 460
60.70 5 9.529 10.286 10.288 10.60!5 10.607 10.!5Q7 10.!5filSil 10.278 10.280 11.460

Yield
1 1 1
Fig.1 - ranges where each
collapse occurs.