Structural Steel Design

Compression members
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2014
Where, f is assumed to be uniform over the entire cross-section.
Introduction
Compression Members: Structural elements that are subjected to axial
compressive forces only are called columns. Columns are subjected to
axial loads thru the centroid.
Stress:
A
P
f
s
=
If an axial load P is applied and increased slowly, it will
ultimately reach a value P
cr
that will cause buckling of
the column.
Column Buckling
P
cr
P
cr
P
P
(a) (b) P
cr
P
cr
P
P
P
P
(a) (b)
( )
2
2
L K
I E
P
cr
t
=
P
cr
= critical buckling
load of the column.
Euler Formula
y
x
y
P
P
x
P
y
y
M=Py
L
Pcr
(a)
(b)
(c)
d
P
Buckled deflected shape
Figure 5- 4 Buckling of a column
P
kx B kx A y
EI
P
k
ky
dx
y d
y
EI
P
dx
y d
EI
M
dx
y d
Py M
cos sin
0 0
2 2
2
+ =
=
= + = +
= =
Differential equation solution
BCs: x=0 y=0
x=L y=0
From 2 boundary Conditions : B=0 and AsinkL=0
solution: A=0 trivial solution
sinkL=0 non trivial solution
kL=n
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
L
EI n
P n L
EI
P
n L k
EI
P
k
t
t
t
= =
= =
Fundamental mode n=1,
( )
2
2
2
2
r
L
E
F
L
EI
P
cr cr
t t
= =
Euler Equation
where, r
2
= I/Ag
Euler Formula
Fy
( )
2
2
r
L
E
F
cr
t
=
Rasio kelangsingan, L/r
Fcr
Formula Euler is based on assumption :
Steel material is in linear elastic stage
There is no residual stress
The column is perfectly straight
The load is axial thru the centered, with no eccentricity.
The column in pinned at both ends
Ideal Column
This ideal state is never reached. The stress-state will
be non-uniform due to:
Accidental eccentricity of loading with respect to
the centroid
Member out-of straightness (crookedness), or
Residual stresses in the member cross-section
due to fabrication processes (cooling process)
Rasio kelangsingan, L/r
Pcr
Py
Range of test results
Actual Column
Nonlinear Stress - Strain
There is residual stress
Initial Slenderness
Non- homogenous material
Initial eccentricity
Inaccurate Dimension
Restrain Condition
Actual Column Ideal Column
(Fcr) < (Fcr)
ideal
g e
A
r L
E
P
2
2
) / (
t
=
Elastic Buckling :
g
c
y
cr
y
k
c
k
cr
A
f
P
E
f
r
L
L
EI
P
2
2
2
1

t
=
=
=
Column Slenderness
Euler equation
Where L
k
= Effective length = K L
K = buckling coefficient
f
y
= yield stress of material
The AISC specifications for column design are based on
several years of research.
|
c
P
n
= 0.9 A
g
F
cr
Column Design Strength |
c
P
n
5 . 1 s =
E
F
r
KL
y
c
t

( )
y cr
F F
c
2
658 . 0

=
5 . 1 > =
E
F
r
KL
y
c
t

| |
y
c
F Fcr
2
877 . 0

=
Elastic
buckling
Inelastic
buckling
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39 F
cr
= F
cr
=
F
cr
= F
cr
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
| |
e
F 877 . 0
y
F
E
71 . 4
r
KL
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39 F
cr
= F
cr
=
F
cr
= F
cr
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
| |
e
F 877 . 0
y
F
E
71 . 4
r
KL
1.5
E
f
r
L
y
k
c
t

1
=
( )
y cr
F F
c
2
658 . 0

=
| |
y
c
F Fcr
2
877 . 0

=
Inelastic
buckling
elastic
buckling
Design Strength Chart
|
c
P
n
= 0.9 A
g
F
cr
Column Design Strength AISC 2005|
c
P
n
Elastic
buckling
Inelastic
buckling
y
F
E
r
KL
71 . 4 s
y
F
F
cr
F F
e
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 658 . 0
y
F
E
r
KL
71 . 4 >
| |
e cr
F F 877 . 0 =
y e
F F 44 . 0 <
y e
F F 44 . 0 >
or
or
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
KL
E
F
e
t
Design Strength Chart
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39 F
cr
= F
cr
=
F
cr
= F
cr
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
| |
e
F 877 . 0
y
F
E
71 . 4
r
KL
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39
F
cr
/F
y
1.0
0.39 F
cr
= F
cr
=
F
cr
= F
cr
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
e
y
F
F
658 . 0
F
y
| |
e
F 877 . 0
y
F
E
71 . 4
r
KL
Max KL/r = 200
Inelastic
buckling
elastic
buckling
0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0
2.0
2.0
0.65 0.80 1.0 2.10 2.0 1.2
Theoritical K value
Recommended design
value when ideal condi
tions are approximate
End condition code
Buckled shape of
column is shown by
dashed line
Rotation fixed and translation fixed
Rotation free and translation fixed
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free
Effective length factors for idealized column end conditions. Courtesy the
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
Effective Length for different
Restraint Condition
..\hasil download purdue
univ\column
buckling.mpg
Different Effective length due to
Lateral Support on Minor Axis
Major axis means axis about which it has
greater moment of inertia (I
x
> I
y
)
W12 x 50: E = 29000 ksi
I
x
= 391 in
4
. I
y
= 56.3 in
4
Major X axis : pin-pin
K
x
= 1.0 (theory ) K
x
= 1.0 (recommended)
Unsupported length L
x
= 20 ft.
Effective length :
K
x
L
x
= 1.0 x 20 = 20 ft. = 240 in.
Minor Y axis : pin-fix
K
y
= 0.7 (theory) K
y
= 0.8 (recommended)
Unsupported length L
y
= 20 ft.
Effective length f:
K
y
L
y
= 0.8 x 20 = 16 ft. = 192 in.
Example : (1) Determine the buckling strength (P
cr
) of a W 12 x 50 column. Its
length is 20 ft. For major axis buckling, it is pinned at both ends. For minor
buckling, is it pinned at one end and fixed at the other end.
x
y
Critical load
buckling about x axis P
cr-x
= Pc
r-x
= 1942.9 kips
buckling about y-axis P
cr - y
= P
cr-y
= 437.12 kips
Buckling strength of the column : P
cr
= 437.12 kips
Minor (y) axis buckling governs.
( )
2
2
y y
y
L K
I E
Pcr
t
=
( )
2
2
192
3 . 56 29000 t
( )
2
2
240
391 29000 t
a) Major axis buckling; (b) minor axis buckling
..\hasil download
purdue
univ\slenderness
ratio.mpg
r
x
= 6.04 ry = 2.48 A
g
= 21.8 in
2
K
x
= K
y
= 1.0 (pin end)
L
x
= L
y
= 20 x 12 = 240 in.
Slenderness ratio
K
x
L
x
/r
x
= 240/6.04 = 39.735
K
y
L
y
/r
y
= 240/2.48 = 96.77 (govern)
Cek the limit :
Example : (2) Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with length of
20 ft and pinned ends. A36 steel is used.
( )
ksi
r
KL
E
F
e
56 . 30
77 . 96
29000 *
2
2
2
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t
68 . 133
36
29000
71 . 4 71 . 4 = =
y
F
E
y
F
E
r
KL
71 . 4 <
y
F
F
cr
F F
e
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 658 . 0
F
cr
= 21.99 ksi
|
c
P
n
= 0.9 (A
g
F
cr
)
= 0.9 (21.8 x 21.99)
= 431.4 kips
Design strength of column
= 431 kips (inelastic
buckling)
y
F
E
r
KL
71 . 4 <
A992Fy=50ksi
Fu=65ksi
Ag=17inc2
68 . 133
36
29000
71 . 4 71 . 4 = =
y
F
E
y
F
F
cr
F F
e
y
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 658 . 0
( )
ksi
r
KL
E
F
e
08 . 96
55 . 54
29000 *
2
2
2
2
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
t t
F
cr
= 40.21 ksi
|
c
P
n
= 0.9 (A
g
F
cr
)
= 0.9 (17x40.21) = 615.3 Kips ((inelastic buckling on major axis)
X
Y
Z
2
25 , 1 2 , 1
67 , 0 6 , 1
43 , 1
2 , 1 25 , 0
1 25 , 0
9 . 0 9 . 0
c c
c
c
c
y
cr
y
g cr g n
f
f
f
A f A P
e

e
e
e
e
|
= >

= ( (
= s
=
= =
A
g
= gross area, mm
2
f
cr
= critical stress, MPa
f
y
= yield stress, MPa
= buckling coefficient
depend on slenderness
ratio
5 . 1 s =
E
F
r
KL
y
c
t

Comparison Graph LRFD TCPSBuBG vs AISC

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
FcrT c ( )
FcrA c ( )
c
BJ 41, Fy=250 MPa
Perbandingan persamaan kekuatan tekuk Fcr
antara TCPSBuBG dan AISC untuk BJ 41
Graph
0 1 2
0
5
8
0
e c ( )
2.60 0 c
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
BJ 34
BJ 37
BJ 41
BJ 50
BJ 55
Slenderness ratio kL/r
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

F
c
r

(
M
P
a
)
Critical column stress Fcr vc Slenderness ratio

according to Load
and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield stresses.
AISC assume that column buckling is the governing limit state for
column strength.
Column section made from thin (slender) plate elements can fail due
to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
If all the elements of the cross-section have slenderness (b/t) ratio
less than
r
then the local buckling limit state will not control.
Hence, to prevent local buckling : <
r
Then, use compact or non compact section
(no local buckling)
The minimum slenderness ratio
of compression member :
Local Buckling Limit State
200 < =
r
L
k

Width-Thickness Parameters for hot-rolled I and H shapes

Element < p
Flange <
Web <
f
f
t
b
2
Fy
E
56 . 0
w
t
h
Fy
E
49 . 1
Slenderness Ratio
For other shapes, please see Figure 4.9 W.T Segui 4
th
edition
Local STABILITY
The strength corresponding to any buckling mode
cannot be developed, however, if the elements of
cross section are so thin that local buckling occur.
They are :
- flange local buckling (FLB),
- web local buckling (WLB).
This buckling strength will depend on the width-
thickness ratio of the compression elements of the
cross section.
The strength must be reduced if the shape has
any slender elemen
..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg
When individual column is part of a frame, their ends are connected to
other members (beams etc.).
Effective length factor K depend on the restraint offered by the other
members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor K depend on the relative rigidity (stiffness) of the
members connected at the ends.
Effective length factor for columns in frames :
1. Check whether the column is part of a braced or unbraced frame.
Braced frame : 0.5 < K 1
Unbraced frame : 1 < K
2. Determine the relative rigidity factor G for both ends of the column
Effective Length of Column in Frame

=
b
b
c
c
L
I E
L
I E
G
KL for Braced Frame, Unbraced Frame
kL>2L
L<kL<2L
0,7L<kL<L
0,5L<kL<0,7L
P
P
P
P
P P
P
P
(a) Braced Frame, hinged base
(c) Braced Frame, fixed base
(b) Unbraced Frame, hinge based
(d) Unbraced Frame, fixed base
L
L
Alignment Chart to calculate K
A
B
A
B
G
G
A
B
L
(a) Deformasi frame pada kondisi instabilitas
(b) Panjang tekuk kolom
dipengaruhi kekakuan
batang ynag bertemu
dititik A dan B

=
b
b
c
c
L
I E
L
I E
G
G : the ratio of the summation of
the rigidity (EI/L) of all columns
coming together at an end to the
summation of the rigidity (EI/L) of
all beams coming together at the
same end.
Boundary Condition
Pin ended : (I
BB
/L
BB
) = 0 G
B
- ~
This ideal state is never reached,
Recomended value : G
B
= 10
Perfectly fixed end : (I
BB
/L
BB
) = ~ G
B
0,
This ideal state is never reached,
Recommended value : G
B
= 1

=
b
b
c
c
L
I E
L
I E
G
Alignment Charts for effective column length in
a continuous frame
Design Concept : LRFD TCPSBuBG 2002
n c u
P P | s
Where :
N
u
= ultimate axially loaded fator
N
n
= compressive nominal strength = A
g
f
cr
f
cr
= critical buckling stress
|
c
= 0,9
Unbraced frame.
W 12 x 79 : I
x
= 425 in
4
W14x68 I
x
= 723 in
4
L
x
= L
y
= 12 ft.
K
y
= 1.0
K
x
depends on boundary conditions,
which involve restraints due to beams
and columns connected to the ends of
column AB.
Calculate the effective length factor for the W12 x 79 column AB of the frame shown below.
Assume that the column is oriented in such a way that major axis bending occurs in the plane of
the frame. Assume that the columns are braced at each story level for out-of-plane buckling.
The same column section is used for the stories above and below.
10 ft.
10 ft.
12 ft.
15 ft.
20 ft. 18 ft. 18 ft.
W14 x 68
W14 x 68
W14 x 68
B
A
W
1
2

x

7
9
W
1
2

x

7
9
W
1
2

x

7
9
10 ft.
10 ft.
12 ft.
15 ft.
20 ft. 18 ft. 18 ft.
W14 x 68
W14 x 68
W14 x 68
B
A
W
1
2

x

7
9
W
1
2

x

7
9
W
1
2

x

7
9
021 . 1
360 . 6
493 . 6
12 20
723
12 18
723
12 12
425
12 10
425
L
I
L
I
G
b
b
c
c
A
= =

=
835 . 0
360 . 6
3125 . 5
12 20
723
12 18
723
12 15
425
12 12
425
L
I
L
I
G
b
b
c
c
B
= =

=
from Alignment
Chart K
x
=1.3
K
y
L
y
= 1.0 x 12
= 12 ft.
K
x
L
x
= 1.3 x 12
= 15.6 ft.
REFERENSI
WilliamTSegui,SteelDesign
SNIBaja
HandsOutandVideofromPurdue
University