AlgebraII Topic:Matrices

By:Marley,Grayson,Kaleb,JoshR.andNickT.
Definitions:
[1]Matricesareusedtoorganizedataincolumnsandrowswithbrackets.Thevaluesenteredintothe
bracketsareknownaselementsorentries.
[2]Amatrixisagroupofmathematicalnumbers,symbolsorglyphswithsomevaluethatisgrouped
intoapairandplacedwithinbracketsorparentheses.Theyareusedtosolvemathematicalproblems.
[3]Amatrixisarectangulararrangementofnumbersorsymbolsusedinmathtorepresentandwork
withlineartransformations.Matricesareusedingraphicprogrammingbecauseasinglematrixcan
containallofthevaluestotranslate,scale,androtateashape
[4]Amatrixisamathematicalrectanglefororganizingandfiguringoutspecificdimensionsandspecific
numbers.
[5]Amatrix(ormatrices)isatwodimensionalwayofrepresentingdatainanarrangement(array)of
numberscalledelementsinrowsandcolumns(containedbybracketsoneitherside).Matricescanbe
added,subtracted,multiplied,andreduced.Amatrixalsohasaninverseifitisasquarematrix(2by2
forexample).
ProfessionsUtilizingMatrices:
[1]Inagriculture,croprotationhasreallyrevolutionizedtheindustry.Duetothefactthatfarmersdont
wantonefieldtobecomefullofoverusedsoil,theyhavetofindawaytorotatethecropstoallowfields
tohavearestyear.Theyusematricestoorganizethecropsandrotatetheminafashionthatallowsfor
eachfieldtohaveayearthatiscropfree.
[2]Physicistsusematricestosimplifyandcontainwhatwouldotherwisebesprawlingequationsandto
1Matrices
figureouthowwellcertaindesignswork.Forexample,physicistsusematricestosetupopticalsystems
fortelescopesusedinobservatoriesandonsatellitessothattheearthandtheuniversecanbeobserved.
[3]Thestudyofhumanpopulationsisknownasdemography.Demographersusestatisticstomonitor
thesizeofapopulationovertimeaswellastomonitorseparategroupswithinthepopulationasdefined
byage,religionorethnicity.Toorganizethisinformation,demographersusematrices.Matricescanalso
beusedbyecologiststoobservepopulationsofanimalsandplantsaswell.
[4]Computerprogrammersusematricestodeterminerotationdegreesandangleswhenworkingwith
2Dimages.
[5]Matricescanalsobeappliedtothefieldofcryptography(theartofwritingorsolvingcodes)toboth
encryptanddecrypthiddenmessages.
Skills:
Peopleinmanyprofessionsusemathandmatriceseveryday,whetherornottheyrealizeit.
Matricesareusedtoorganizeinformationanddatainbrackets.Matricescanbecomplicated,butthey
reallycomedowntobasicelementalarithmeticskills.Toorganizethedata,youmustbeabletoread
tablesandunderstandthedifferencebetweenrowsandcolumns.Additionally,youshouldbeableto
performaddition,subtraction,andmultiplicationwithintegers,fractions,andvariables.Thisincludes
multiplyingby(realnumbersthatrelatetovectorsandcanbemultipliedbyanumber(s)toproduce
anothervector).Toperformanyoftheoperationsaboveaccuratelywithmatrices,itisimperativetobe
abletokeeptrackofplacevalueandthelocationsofnumbers.
Formultiplication,thenumberofcolumnsinthefirstmatrixmustbethesameasthenumberof
rowsinthesecondmatrixinorderforthemtobemultipliedtogether.Thus,a4x5matrixcouldbe
multipliedbya5x2matrix.Thenumberofrowsinthefirstmatrixisthenumberofrowsinthefinaland
2Matrices
thenumberofcolumnsinthesecondmatrixisthenumberofcolumnsinthefinal.Anotherwayto
multiplymatricesisthroughscalarmultiplication.Thisapproachiswhereanumber(calledanelement)is
placedbeforethematrixoutsideofthebracketsandeveryelementgetsmultipliedbythatnumber.This
itiswhyabasicknowledgeofthedistributivepropertywillaidinthisprocess.Thedistributiveproperty
is,inessence,separatingorcombiningavalue(s)intoparts,makingthemeasiertoworkwith.
Tousematrices,itisalsoimportanttounderstandwhatvariablesareandhowsubstitution
works.Variablesaresometimeusedinamatrixtomarkanunknownvalue.Ifthatvaluewastobecome
known,youwouldhavetobeabletosubstitutethenumberforthevariable.
Likemanymathematicalconcepts,matricescanbedifficultandmanymorerulescomeintoplay
withmoreadvancedmatrices.Beingabletothinklogicallyaboutsituationsandproblemswouldbeof
greatutilizationwhenworkingwithmatrices.Remembertotakeyourtimeandpractice,practice,
practice!
Examples:
[1]CropRotationManagement
Withmoderntechnology,croprotationhasbecomeaveryimportantwaytomonitorfields.
Farmersusematrixmultiplicationtodeterminewhichfieldstorotate.
Tofindarotationmatrix,startwitha4x4matrix.Thenfillthematrixwith0sand1s.Ineach
columnandrow,thereshouldbe3zerosandone1.Thesevaluescanberearrangedinanypatternas
longasthereisonlyone1ineachcolumnandrow.
Year1CropRotationYear2CropRotation

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(Xmeansnocropsothefieldcanrestforayear)
Intheaboveexample,thecropsarecurrentlylinedupsothatnocropisinthesamefieldasthe
previousyearandnotwoadjacentfieldshavethesamecrop.Farmerscomeupwiththisresultby
multiplyingtheyearonerotationbyarotationmatrix.
CropArrangement RotationMatrix NewCropArrangement

Witharotationmatrix,thefieldscanberotatedinasimpleway.Foranewyear,youtakethe
rotationmatrixandflipitsoyouwouldhaveamatrixthatread:

Then,taketheyear2croparrangementandmultiplybythenewrotationmatrixtogetathird
yearcroparrangement(CropRotation).
[2]PhysicssUsingOpticalSystemsandRayMatrices
Raymatricesareusedtodeterminetheimage,inputandoutputplanesonopticalsystems.This
examplebelowshowshowraymatricesareusedtodetermineoutputandmaximumpowerforoptical
systemsanddisplays.
Tocompleteanequationsuchasthisrequiressomedegreeofwork,butultimatelybeginswith
anopticalray(r)onplaneP,adistancezalongtheopticalaxisbyatwocomponentvector:
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Wethendescribethepropagationofthisraythrougha2x2matrix:

Theheightandangleofthisnewrayisgiventhroughthisnextequation:

WethendefineaMatrixOperatorMforeachopticalcomponent
2
.Wecantraceraysthrough
thesystembyaseriesofmatrixmultiples.IfwehaveNcomponentswithpropagation,MatricesforM
i

fori=1,...,N,thenforaninitialrayofr0thefinalrayofrNisgivenbyaseriesofpremultiplies,giving:

Whichwecanwriteas:

Whichallowsustoformasinglesystemmatrixandsubsequentlyformacombinationofoptical
componentsbyaseriesof2x2matrixmultiples.Thisreducestogeometricalopticalpropertiesofa
potentiallyverycomplexopticalsystemtoasimple2x2matrix(Optics).
[3]PopulationProjection
Aprojectionmatrixisasquarematrixwithanyvalueofrowsandcolumns.Thematrixthatis
usediscalledaLesliematrix.TheLesliematrixisanagestructuredmodelofpopulationgrowththatis
verypopularinpopulationecology.(Leslie)Avectormatrixisusedtodeterminethepredictionforthe
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nextyearspopulation.Thevectormatrixcancontainonecolumnandanyamountofrows.
LeslieMatrix:

Fx=agespecificfecundity
Sx=agespecificsurvivalrate(Montana,1).
Valuescanbepluggedintothismatrixforanypopulation.Forapopulationoffemalefrogs,we
canuseavectormatrixtodeterminetheamountoffrogsforanyyearforeachstageofthefrog.
(prejuvenile(PJUV),juvenile(JUV),andadult(AD)).
YearOneMatrix

ElementJUV,(0.024)meansthat,onaverage,2.4%oftheprejuvenilefemalefrogsinthe
populationsurvivetobecomejuvenilesthenextyear.Eachelementonthetoprowofthematrix(thatis,
elements0,52,279.5inourexamplematrix)representsthereproductivecontributionofeachstageto
thenexttimestep.Onlyadultfemalesarecapableoflayingeggs.Thus,prejuvenilefemales,because
theydontreproduce,donotcontributeanyindividualstothepopulation.Theproportionofjuvenile
femalesinthepopulationthatwillsurvivetoadulthoodcontribute,onaverage,52individuals,andadult
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femalescontribute279.5individuals.Alltheelementsinthematrixexceptforthefirstrowrepresent
survivalrates.Wesaidabovethat2.4%ofprejuvenilefemalefrogssurvivetobecomejuveniles.
Furthermore,25%ofjuvenilefemalessurvivetoremainjuveniles,8%ofjuvenilefemalessurviveto
becomeadults,and43%ofadultfemalessurvivetoremainadults.
Whenwemultiplytheappropriatesurvivalratebythemeannumberofeggsafemalefrogwill
produceannually(650eggs).Wecancalculatethereproductivecontributionofeachstagetothenext
timestep.Forexample,weknowthat8%ofjuvenilefemalessurvivetobecomeadults.Multiplying
0.08by650=52,thenumberofeggsjuvenilefemalestransitionintoadulthoodwillcontributetothe
population.Wealsoknowthat43%ofadultfemalessurvivetoremainadults.Multiplying0.43by650
=279.5,thenumberofeggsadultfemaleswillcontributetothepopulation.
Todeterminethepopulationsizevectornextyear[n(t+1)],multiplythematrixMofvitalrates
bythevectorofindividualsattimet,n(t):n(t+1)=Mxn(t).Ourinitialpopulationsizevectoris:

Whichmeanswehaveatotalof100femalefrogsinourpopulation:70areprejuveniles,20are
juveniles,and10areadults.
Tofindthenextyearspopulation,wemultiplytheyearonepopulationsizematrixbythe
vectormatrix.Theendresultisthepredictionforthefirstyear.Tocontinuethepredictions,theyear
onepopulationsizematrixismultipliedbytheresultofthefirstmultiplicationproblem.(Arkansas,
12)
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[4]ProgrammingandCalculatingShapes
ComputerprogrammersareabletocreateashapebydefiningitsverticesinCartesian
coordinatesandmappingthem.Whenlinesaredrawnbetweenthesecoordinates,ashapeisformed.
However,codemustbecreatedinordertomanipulatetheshapesinvariouswayssothattheycanbe
drawnanywhereonthescreeninanydesiredorientation(byusingrotationandtransformation
calculations).Variouskindsoftransformationscanbecalculatedbeforetheobjectisfinallydrawnon
thescreen.Conductingsomanycalculationsistimeconsuming,somatricesareemployedtomakethe
processoftransformationslessarduous.
MATRIX3X3m
m[0][0]=cos(radians)m[0][1]=sin(radians)m[0][2]=0.0
m[1][0]=sin(radians)m[1][1]=cos(radians)m[1][2]=0.0
m[2][0]=0.0 m[2][1]=0.0 m[2][2]=1.0
Asinglematrixcanbemadeupofallthevaluesthatneedtobecalculatedatthesametime.For
example,thematrixabovecanbeusedtocalculatetheangleofrotationinradiansofashapeandits
coordinates(Walnum,p4).
[5]CryptographywithMatrices
Amessagecanbeencodedusinganencodingmatrixandtherecipientcandecodethemessage
byusingtheinverseofthematrix,calledthedecodingmatrix.
Firstamessageorstringofcharactersiswrittenandanumbervalueisassignedtoeach
letter.Ais1,Bis2,Cis3,Zis26,andsoon.Aspacebetweenwordsisassignedthevalueof27.
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Afterthephraseiswrittenoutusingtheabovenumbers,thevaluesarethenwrittenintoamatrix(usually
withthreerows).Anencodingmatrix,oramatrixthathasarandomassortmentofvalues(withthe
numberofrowsmatchingthemessagematrixthreeinthiscase)ismultipliedbythemessagematrix.
Theresultingmatrixisthensentasthemessage.Thereceiverthenusestheinverseofthe
encodingmatrixtodecryptthemessagebymultiplyingthetwotogether.Theresultingmatrixisthen
writtenoutandtranscribedbackovertoletters(e.g.,a3wouldbeCand25wouldbeY)
(ApplicationtoCryptography"CryptographyWithMatricesForester).

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