/ .

/
MI NI S TRY OF AVI ATI ON
AE RONAUT I CAL RE S E ARCH COUNCI L
RE P ORT S AND ME MORANDA
R. & M. No . 3198
(21,286)
A. R. C. Techni cal Report
The
Buckl i ng of a Pressuri sed Stiffened
Cylinder under Axial Load
By K. I . Mc KE Nz I E , P h . D.
L ONDON: HER MAJ E S T Y' S S T AT I ONE RY OF F I CE
1961
PRICE 6s. 6d. NET
The
Buckl i ng of a Pressuri sed Stiffened
Cyl i nder under Axial Load
By K. I . MCKENZI , Ph. D.
COMMUNICATED BY THE DEPUTY CONTROLLER AIRCRAFT (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT)
MINISTRY OF SUPPLY
Reports and Memoranda No. 3 9 8*
April, 9S9
Summa~'y.--An analysis is made of the general buckling of a pressurised stiffened cylinder under axial load.
Torsional buckling of the complete cylinder, local buckling of the stringers and pure compressive failure of the
stringers are also considered, and the design of stiffened pressurised cylinders is discussed, with an example.
1. Introduction. --This report is concerned with the determination of the critical axial load for
buckling of a long pressurised cylinder stiffened by stringers only. The possibility that the cylinder
may be so long that buckling as a column might occur is not considered. Timoshenko 1 gives an
analysis of the buckling of an unpressurised stiffened cylinder and shows that if the stiffeners lie in
one direction only (whether frames or stringers) the critical axial load is less than it would be if the
stiffening material were added to the thickness of the skin. When the cylinder is pressurised, how-
ever, this result is no longer true and this paper shows that the critical axial load increases with the
hoop tension due to internal pressure. In the analysis the axial load is considered in two parts, the
load carried by the action of the internal pressure on the ends of the cylinder and the net load carried
by the cylinder itself. The critical value of the net axial load is found to reach a theoretical maximum
at some value of the hoop tension, although in practice the cylinder would usually fail in hoop
tension before this maximum could be reached.
An additional complication is introduced by the local buckling Of the skin between the stringers.
If the skin is sufficiently thin the panels between stringers buckle at approximately the same stress as
a complete unstiffened cylinder of the same skin-thickness and radius. It follows that if the stiffened
cylinder is to be more stable than an unstiffened cylinder of equal weight, the panels between stringers
will be in the post-buckled state. An analysis of the post-buckling behaviour of curved panels Under
the action of axial load and lateral pressure woul dbe extremely difficult, z and has not been attempted
here. However, since the critical axial load for general buckling of the stiffened cylinder is usually
much greater than that for local buckling of the skin, it is reasonably accurate to assume that the skin
carries a negligible direct axial load. The effective shear stiffness of the buckled skin is more difficult
to estimate and remains arbitrary in the analysis.
* R.A.E. Report Structures 247, received 30th September, 1959.
Fr om t he design poi nt of view there are t hree main factors to be considered:
(i) Pure Compressive failure of the stringers
(ii) General buckling
(iii) Local buckling of the stringers.
Al t hough local buckling of t he stringers does not in itself cause i mmedi at e failure, it does lead to
local crippling of t he stringers and also to a decreased load for general buckling. It has not, however,
been consi dered wort hwhi l e to consider these effects in detail because it is possible to ensure t hat
local buckling of t he stringers does not occur for a load smaller t han that for general buckling.
2. T h e A n a l y s i s o f Ge n e r a l B u c k l i n g . - - 2 . 1 A s s u m p t i o n s . - - T h e following assumpt i ons are made
in t he analysis:
(i) The displacements of t he mi ddl e surface of the skin are small compared with t he height of
t he centroid of a stringer above the mi ddl e surface.
(ii) The thickness of t he skin is small compared with the height of t he centre of gravity of
a stringer above t he mi ddl e surface (which is itself small compared to the radius of the cylinder).
(iii) El ement s normal to t he unstrained mi ddl e surface of the skin remain normal to the strained
mi ddl e surface.
(iv) Ther e is no direct stress normal to the mi ddl e surface of t he skin.
(v) Because of local buckling the skin carries a negligible load, and its shear modul us is reduced.
(vi) Local buckling of t he stringers does not occur.
(vii) The effect of constraints on the ends of the cylinder is ignored.
(viii) The wavelength of the buckles in the axial direction is small compared wi t h t he circum-
ference of t he shell.
(ix) The wavelength of t he buckles in t he circumferential direction is large compared with the
distance bet ween stringers.
2.2. M e t h o d o f A n a l y s i s . - - E x p r e s s i o n s are derived for the average forces and couples acting on the
stringer-skin combi nat i on shown in Fig. 1. These forces are taken to act in the mi ddl e surface of
t he skin, and t he couples adj ust ed accordingly. The expressions so obtained are t hen subst i t ut ed into
t he equations of equi l i bri um for a cylinder under the action of internal pressure and axial l oad3 I n
this way, t hree i ndependent equations for t he displacements u, v and w are derived.
Suitable expressions for the displacements, each containing an ar bi t r ar y multiplying constant,
are next subst i t ut ed into these equations and the det ermi nant of the coefficients of t he multiplying
constants equat ed to zero, to give the condition for general buckling.
The buckling load is minimised keeping t he internal pressure constant, first wi t h respect to the
axial wavelength, keeping t he buckl e shape constant, and t hen wi t h respect to the buckl e shape.
In this way, t he following implicit relationships bet ween the parameters ~Iec,. and ~ are obt ai ned:
q5 = [ 2 ~( 1 +, ) /x~/~ 1 - ~ + g , (1)
1 + ~-Xj g X
t
g
IFc r = tzqa + X - f z
1-~ 2 . ( 1 + . ) 2- ( 2 )
q
g S
The analysis is given in full in Appendi x I.
2.3. The Range of the Parameters.--~F,~. reaches a theoretical maxi mum ~F2v z at a value qb~ of ~,
where
= 4 ( S ( K- 1 ) ) , ( 3 )
%, = 1 + 1 +V 4 ( S ( K_ 1 ) ) . ( 4 )
g
It is convenient, when presenting t he results graphically, to i nt roduce t he paramet ers
X Fer
- ( s )
( 6 )
bot h of whi ch vary bet ween 0 and 1.
For most practical stringers, t he parameters S and K lie in the ranges
~. <S. <4, (7)
1. S. <K. <2. (8)
Poi sson' s ratio is taken to lie in the range
~<v~<. (9)
2.4. Results.~Using equations (1), (2), (3) and (4), Figs. 2, 3 and 4 are pl ot t ed showing the varia-
tion of ~ wi t h ~ for a number of sets of values of the paramet ers S, K and v. Fig. 2. shows t he effect
of varying v from ~ to ~, ~ Fig. 3 t he effect of varying K from 1.5 to 2, and Fig. 4 t he effect of
varying S from ~- to 4. Fr om these Fi gures it can be seen that t he only i mport ant paramet er governing
t he relationship of ~ wi t h ~ is S. I n any particular case, therefore, t he critical axial load can be
det ermi ned using equations (3) and (4) and Fig. 4. Al t hough v and K have negligible effects on t he
relationship of ~ with ~, t hey have a somewhat greater effect on t he buckling load t hrough their
influence on t he values of tF M and ages.
In all these calculations it was assumed that g = 1. Some estimate of t he errors i nt roduced by
this assumpt i on may be obt ai ned from Fig. 8 whi ch shows for a particular example, t he way in
which t he buckling load is affected by a decrease in the value of g. These errors will, in any event,
be partly compensat ed for by t he errors due to t he assumpt i on t hat the skin carries no direct load.
2.5. The Total Load.--The total axial load carried by the cylinder is given by
L = 2 a(P+ qa).
Now P~r = 2tY~ ~EhH
and --qa = (gEhH,
2
t herefore Lcr = 2wahEH ( 2 ~ t q~ + ~). (1 O)
3. Other Possible Modes of Failure.--In this Section some possible modes of failure whi ch are not
allowed for in t he analysis of general buckling are briefly considered. Local buckling of the stringers
is i ncl uded since, although it does not itself lead to i mmedi at e failure, it has a considerable influence
on t he critical load for general buckling.
3.1. Local Buckl i ng of the St r i nge r s . - - The stress in t he stringers is given by
E ' P
~'~ ESH" (11)
I f b is t he wi dt h of t he side of t he stringer most likely to buckle locally, t he critical stress for
local buckling of a t op-hat stringer is given by
47r 2 E' ( ~) 2
@ - 1 2 ( 1 - v ' ~ ) , v , ( 1 2 )
i f bot h edges are assumed to be effectively simply supported, giving for t he total load
Lcr = 20.67 a h ES ( ~) 2
1 - v '~ + rrqa ~. (13)
Top- hat stringers woul d appear to be t he most useful in t he present case because ot her types, such
as Z-sect i on stringers, become liable' to torsional buckling after t he skin has buckled locally. A more
detailed discussion of stringer buckling is given in Ref. 3.
3.2. Pure Compressive Failure of the St r i nge r s . - - Thi s occurs when t he stress in t he stringers
reaches t he ultimate stress ~'ul~. The corresponding total load is given by
Lc~ = 2rah ~ ~ + 7rqa ~. (14)
3.3. Failure due to Torsional Buckl i ng of the Complete Cyl i nder . - - I f , after local buckling of t he
skin, t he effective shear modul us drops below a certain critical value, t he cylinder will fail in torsion.
I f t he value of t he effective shear modul us is t aken to be G, t he critical load on t he cylinder for
torsional buckling is:
Lcr = 2~rahG + ~qa ~. (15)
For this load to be equal to t hat for pure compressive failure of t he stringers,
E S ,
= ~ - a~a~. (16)
O
J
Ther ef or e -- = 2(1 +v) S Um~
G - E ' "
(17)
For a typical metal, this equation becomes:
0
~ O.01S. (18)
Ther ef or e t he shear modul us woul d have to drop to about 5 per cent of its original value before
t here was any danger of this t ype of failure.
4. Design Consi derat i ons. - - I n t he design of a pressurised stiffened cylinder t o wi t hst and axial
load, t here are t hree main factors to be considered; general buckling of t he cylinder, local buckling
of t he stringers and pure compressive failure of t he stringers. Provi ded t he skin is t hi n compared
with t he distance bet ween stringers, t he skin buckles locally at approximately t he same stress as a
complete unstiffened cylinder. I n practice, therefore, local buckling of ' t he skin will always occur
before general buckling.
The shape and height to thickness ratio of the stringers shoul d be made such as to give t he
maxi mum moment of inertia about t he mi ddl e surface of t he skin, while ensuring t hat local buckling
of t he stringers does not occur at a smaller load t han general buckling.
The stringers shoul d be sufficiently numerous to satisfy assumpt i on (9) of Section 2, and the
material shoul d be di st ri but ed bet ween skin and stringers in such a way as t o give as great a load
for general buckling as possible. For a given axial load and hoop stress, a design for mi ni mum
weight, assuming failure occurs due to general buckling, woul d have t he material about equally
di st ri but ed bet ween t he skin and t he stringers (the precise opt i mum dependi ng on t he shape and
height to thickness ratio of t he stringers). The possibility of pure compressive failure of t he stringers,
however, may necessitate having more material in t he stringers t han in t hg skin.
4.1. An Example.--It is requi red to design a cylinder of radius 60 in. to wi t hst and an axial load
of 3,000 lb per inch of circumference. The material to be used is a steel for whi ch
E = 27.5 x 106 lb/in. 2,
~ = 150,000 lb/in.L
The first step is to choose a value for the hoop stress. Thi s value shoul d be as large as possible,
bearing in mi nd t hat t he hoop stress in part of the cylinder may be greater t han this specified
value owing to t he hydrost at i c pressure of fuel carried in t he cylinder. In this example t he hoop
stress was chosen to be 50,000 lb/in. 2.
For the reasons given in Section 3.1, t op- hat stringers are used, and the particular cross-section
chosen was t hat shown in Fig. lc. Thi s gives t he following expressions for the ' height' and ' shape'
paramet ers :
t t b + h + h ' t
(19)
]
The next step is to decide upon t he number of stringers. Thi s i s governed by t he circumferential
wavelength of the buckl ed form, whi ch cannot be estimated accurately at this stage. I n this example
it was deci ded to use 50 stringers.
I f local buckling of t he stringers is specified to take place at 3,000 lb/in, total load, equat i on (13)
and t he fact t hat A = 4bh', can be used to obtain expressions for t he height of t he stringers and
thickness of stringer material in inches:
= 1 . 0 5 1 3 10- 4{hS(1 - 8 . 3 3 3 h ) } .
( 2 0 )
b 1.885 ~ ,
Usi ng t hese equations and taking S = 1, values of t he crkical axial load were comput ed for a
series of values of the total cross-sectional area of skin and stringers. The results are pl ot t ed in
Fig. 6, from whi ch it can be seen t hat t he mi ni mum cross-sectionaVarea to wi t hst and 3,000 lb/in.
axial load is 0.036 sq in./in, circumference. The critical axial load was t hen comput ed for this cross-
sectional area and a series of values of S. These results are shown in Fig. 7, t oget her wi t h t he
val ues of t he st ri nger stress at buckl i ng. I t can be seen t hat al t hough f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of
general buckl i ng S = 1 is ver y near to t he opt i mum design, when t he possi bi l i t y of pur e compressi ve
fai l ure in t he st ri ngers is consi dered, it is bet t er t o t ake S = 1.5.
Fi g. 5 shows t he val ues of /~ pl ot t ed agai nst q~ for vari ous values of S. Usi ng t hi s graph and
equat i on (30) i n Appendi x I, it is f ound t hat when S = 1.5,
= 1.68,
A s = 37"2,
n = 7-9.
Ther ef or e t he ratio of t he wavel engt h of buckl es i n t he ci rcumferent i al di rect i on t o t he di st ance
bet ween st ri ngers is 6.3. Thi s shows t hat t he choice of 50 st ri ngers was i n reasonabl e agr eement
wi t h assumpt i on (ix) of Sect i on 2.
Ther ef or e t he cyl i nder of opt i mum desi gn to wi t hs t and 3,000 l b/ i n, axial l oad when subj ect ed
to 50,000 l b/ i n. 2 hoop stress has t he fol l owi ng specification:
h = 0-0144 in.,
N = 50,
h' = 0"0381 in. ,
b = 1.069 in.,
q = 12 Ib/in. z.
5. Concl usi ons. --An analysis has been made of t he general buckl i ng of a ci rcul ar cyl i nder under
t he act i on of i nt er nal pressure and axial load. The desi gn of st i ffened cyl i nders is di scussed wi t h
t he concl usi on t hat f r om t he poi nt of vi ew of st abi l i t y i t is best to have t he mat eri al about equal l y
di vi ded bet ween skin and stringers. An exampl e of an Opt i mum desi gn to wi t hs t and a gi ven axial
l oad is present ed.
l k
a
h
h'
N
A
I
b
E
E
l
V
V t
S
H
K
x , O, Z
Y
(7 x , ~ y , "l'xy
t
ex
e v , T
t
E x
Nx, N~, N~v
M~,M~,, M~,
el , e2, ~ o
K
U, V, gO
~,~,
m
n
t*
P
P~r
L
LI S T OF SYMBOLS
Lengt h of cylinder
Radi us of cyl i nder
Thi ckness of skin
Thi ckness of stringer material
Number of stringers
Cross-sectional area of a stringer
Moment of inertia of a stringer about t he mi ddl e surface of t he skin
Wi dt h of side of stringer most likely to buckl e locally
Young' s modul us for skin material
Young' s modul us for stringer material
Poi sson' s ratio for skin material
Poi sson' s ratio for stringer material
E ' NA
E2~ra~h = ' wei ght ' paramet er of stringers
(height of cent roi d of stringer above mi ddl e surface of skin)/a
' height' paramet er of stringers
i
a~ H ~ A - ' shape' paramet er of stringers
Cylindrical coordinates shown in Fig. l a
aO
Stress component s in t he skin averaged over a local buckl e
Stress in stringers
Strain component s in t he skin averaged over a local buckl e
Strain in stringers
Average forces in mi ddl e surface of t he skin as shown in Fig. l b
Average couples
Strains of mi ddl e surface of skin averaged over a local buckl e
Curvat ure of mi ddl e surface of skin in axial direction
Component s in x, 0 and z directions respectively of t he di spl acement of t he
mi ddl e surface of t he skin from uniform[~ expanded state, averaged over a
local buckl e
Arbi t rary constants in expressions for di spl acement s
Number of half-waves in t he axial direction
Number of waves in t he circumferential direction
m~ a
l
n 2
Net axial load on t he cylinder per uni t length of ci rcumference
Critical value of P
Tot al axial load on cylinder
2~ra(P + qa)
Int ernal pressure
L c r


ep
~F M
%

(rtfl~
P
o ' v r
G
0
.g
X
Cri t i cal val ue of L
P
Eh
qa
E H
P
2 E h H
qa
2 Eh H
P~,
2 E h H
Ma x i mu m val ue of ~Fcr
Val ue of q5 cor r es pondi ng t o ~F M
1~2 M
q~
M
Ul t i mat e st ress of st r i nger mat er i al
Cri t i cal st ress i n st r i nger s ( f or local buckl i ng)
Shear modul us of ski n mat er i al
Decr eas ed val ue of G af t er local buckl i ng of t he skin i n compr es s i on has
t aken pl ace
G
G
No.
1
2
3
Author
S. Timoshenko . .
H. L. Cox and E. Pribram
L I S T OF RE F E RE NCE S
Title, etc.
Theory of Elastic Stability.
McGraw-Hill. 1936.
The elements of the buckling of curved plates.
.7. R. Ae. Soc. Vol. 52. p. 551. 1948.
Royal Aeronautical Society Structures Data Sheets Series 02.01.
APPENDI X I
The Anal ysi s of the Critical Ax i al Load
The first step is. to formul at e stress-strain relations for t he skin whi ch are consistent with t he
presence of local buckles. Thi s is done by using component s of stress and strain averaged over
each !ocal buckle. These average stresses and strains can be used wi t h reasonable accuracy provi ded
t hat t he local buckles are small compared with t he general buckles (a consequence of assumption (ix)
of Section 2).
Thus, using assumption (v) of Section 2, t he stress-strain relations for t he skin are derived as
% = O, 1
Gy ~ eEy~
%Y = 2 ( 1 + v ) ~''
(21)
while for t he stringers
! t t
%=E %.
Thus t he average forces and couples acting on t he stringer-skin combination, taking t he forces to
act in t he mi ddl e surface of t he skin, are given by:
N~ = Eh( Sel - ariSe:),
Nu = Ehe2,
Nxv = Eh 2(lg+ v) ~'o,
M z = Eh( SHae I - a3H 3 SKi t ) ,
J
(22)
and M v = 0 = Mxv,
h ~ being neglected compared with a2H 2.
ThE equations of equilibrium for a cylindrical shell under axial load and lateral pressure are given
by Ti moshenko 1 as
DNx ~Nvx . / ~ 2 v 3x )
a w + - g 0 - - a gxg 0 _ _ = 0,
3 N v ON w ~33v 3M~v i 3 M v O, (23)
30 +a- ~- x - a l " ~ q 3x a 30 -
~a3w ( a3w~
33M~ - ^g~M~v 1 O3 My +N, v _ a v ~ +q w+ 303] = O,
a ~ Z - - Z ~ - ~ + a 003
where displacements from t he uni forml y expanded state are considered.
Wr i t i ng
e l = yx, e 2 = a - w , ~ O=a \ 9 0 +agx ]
92w
K - -
~X2
qa
and defi ni ng = ~ ,
P
= E-~,
subst i t ut i on f r om equat i ons (20) t o equat i ons (21) gives:
aa. gx~ + ~ 2 u g ' 32u 32v F g ] _ 2 ~ w . g w =
2 a ( l + v ) a02+Yx-3O[Z(1---bu) _ a HS o - Z x a +q ~ x O,
g 92u [ l g .192v l O2v 19w
2 ( l + v ) a x 9 ~ ~a L 1 . 2 ( ~) ~]~+Zao2 aao-'
and
2 8 3 u l a y a 2 - 9 ~ w 9 2 w / 9 2 w\ zo
HS a ~ x 3 + a ~ - a H S K - ~ Z x 4 - - ~ x 2 + a t W + - ~ f ) - a = O.
Subst i t ut i ng for u, v, and w t he expressions
u = ~sinnO cosAx/ a
v ~cosnO sinAx/a ,
w ~s i nn0 si nAx/ a
and equat i ng t he det er mi nant of t he coefficients of ~:, ,7 and ~ t o zero, t he buckl i ng condi t i on
S ) ~ 2 + ~ n 2, [ ~ - ] ~ n , - A( + HS A 2)
2 0 + v ) 2( ~) = o
- H S ~ a, n,
/2
H 2 SK2t 4 + 1 - ~?t 2
+ (n~ - 1)
is obt ai ned.
Assumi ng A~'= 0 ( 1 )
and negl ect i ng small t erms, t he det er mi nant can be r educed to t he equat i on
l q U(1 +7')-~ u~
g S
/12
wher e t z = -~,
10
(24)
' ( 2s)
( 2 6 )
(27)
( 2 s )
Keeping ~ (the internal pressure parameter) constant, ~b (the axial-load parameter) can be minimised
with respect to A 2, regarding/~ as a constant. Thi s gives
where
l q 2~( 1+ V ) g + ~ '
(29)
1
when A ~ - (30)
Hx"
Now minimising ~F with respect to /z, keeping qb constant gives
1 [ t~ 2 X(I+v)~__~{ ( 2 K - 3 ) ( l + v ) / x + f f ~ } ]
= {1+ 2/s(l+V)g ~S-/t~212 1 - ~ q g X K - 2 4 g (31)
~ c r = @/~ + X - t z
14 2/~(1 + V ) g +_~"
When/ ~ is zero (the case of waves in t he axial direction only), t he value of ~Fcr becomes a maxi mum
~l"vz = 4{S( K- 1)} (32)
and the corresponding value of q~ is given by
1
+
q)M = 1 + ~/ { S( K- 1)}.
g
(33)
For t he convenience of graphical presentation the parameters
* l
4= G
.are introduced, bot h of which always lie between 0 and 1.
(34)
11
I
I
I
1
I
q--- ( l . - - - ~ f f - - -
I
I
I
[
( o ) THE C OOR mN A T E
z
SYST E M
fN~d-S
r

J
oH
CENTROiD OF
/ STRI NGER
CROSS -
SECTI ON.
~b
FORCES AND COUPLES ( ) CROSS-SECTI ON-OF
ACTI NG ON ELEMENT. TYPI CAL STRINGER.
F I G S . l a t o l c . D i a g r a m s s h o w i n g c o - o r d i n a t e s y s t e m a n d v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s .
12
4,
|'0
" 8
.G
t
- 4
, Z
= I . . . . . . . . .
S 4, l~= Z
J
Fzo. 2.
E . 4 ~ .6 " 8 I-o
----m-
"~ = PARAHETERFORCRITICAL NET AXIAL LOAD
: PARAHETER FOR INTERNAL. PRESSURE
(,,BOTH SCA[ . ED TO I.IS BF-TWF-EN O AND I )
g - RATIO OF STRINGER. MATERIAL TO 5KI N M A T E R I A L .
14, = PARAMETER FOR SHAPE OF STRINGER. CROS~-.~' ;=CTION,
~) " POIS50NtS R A T I O .
S = FACTOR, B Y WHICH THF.. SHEAR MO~LILUS OF: TH~ 5 K I N
IS. DECREASED AFTEP, LOCAL BLJCKLINGi..
Gr a phs of ~ agai nst ~ s howi ng t he effect of var i at i on
of v f or di f f er ent val ues of S and K (g = 1).
I.O
" 8
. &
A
' t "
-4
o
FIG. 3.
S
,Z "4 ^ "6 -8 I'O
+ -
-~r = PARAMETER FOR CRITICAL NET A%I AL LOAD
= PARAMETER FOR I NTERNAL PRE~.'~L.IRE
(.BOTH" 5CALE.D TO LI E BETWEEN O AND I )
.~, = RATIO OF .~TRIN~I:_R MATERI AL TO SK~N MATERI AL.
K = PARAM~. TER FOR SHAPE OF STRIN~iEI~ CROS$-S~..CTION
'~ : P O I S S O N ' S R A T I O .
,9 = F ' A C T O R BY W H I C H T H E S H E A R M O D U L I . ~ 5 O F T I I E S K I M
m ~ a C R E ~ , S E O A~TER LOCAL BUCKUIN~.
Graphs of ~ against ~ showing the effect of variation
of K f or di f f er ent val ues of S(v = , g = 1).
4~
1,0
,8
I "6
A
. y
# #
/
f
O
K =
8
F I G. 4.
~- . 4 ,,~ "6 -B 1.0
PARAMETER FOR CRtTtCAL NET AY, I AL LOAD.
PARAMETER FOR | NTERNAL. PRESSURE- ~
(BOTH SCALED 70 Li E B ~ T W E E N 0 AN0 I)
R A T I O Q F STRINCiER M A T E R I A L T O S K I N MATE, RIAt-.
P A R A M E T E I ~ FOre 5 H A R E O F 6 T R I N ~ E R m R Q m S - ~ E C ' T I O N .
P O I S S O N ~ S R A T I O
F A C T O R B Y W H I C H T H E 5HEAR MOOUL. . U5 OF THE S K I N
IS D E C R E A S E D A F T E R L O C A L . 6LICKL.INL~.
G r a p h s o f ~ a g a i n s t ~ f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f N ( K = 1 " 7 5 ,
v=Lg=l ) .
1
ju. = PARAME.TER FOR BIJCKJ.E SHAPE
= PARAMETER FOR I NTERNAL PRESSURE
(,.,SCALED TO L| E BETWEEN O AND t:)
..~ : RATIO OF STRINGIER MATERI AL TO
SKIN MATERI AL
K = PARAMETER FOR SHAPE OF
STRI NGER CROSS - SECTI ON.
V = POISEON~S RATIO
8 = FACTOR BY WHICH THE ~HEAR
MODIII-LJS OF THE SKI N 19 DECREASED __
AFTER LOCAL BLI CKLI N~.
~ = 4
5=1
= 2
o. 5 I - o
F I c . 5. G r a p h s of / 1, a g a i n s t q~ f o r d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f S (K = 1 " 7 5 ,
v = -}, g = 1) .
4 0 0 0
T 3 0 0 0
TOTAL LOAD
FOR BIJCKLINC-
LB. PER I NCH
CIRCLIHFERENC
~' O00
10OO
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
CALCL.ILATED /
ASSUHI N~ NO I.OCA~. / /
B!JCKLIN~ OF /
STRI NGERS, " ~ / /
- - - - / / / I
CALCLILA"TED A S S U M I N ~ " ~ L E~LICKLIN~
NO ~ E N E R A L N L I C K L I N ~ / / ~ OF Si RI NGI ERS.
FIG. 6.
, OP .O~, . 0 4 . - 0 5 .
TOTAL CROSS- SECTI ONAL AR~A OF 5F,.IN
ANO STRINC~ER~. ~..
$q.~N. PER ~NCI~ CI ~CUM~mR~NC~.
Buc kl i ng l oad a ga i ns t t ot a l cr os s - s ect i onM ar ea of s ki n a n d
s t r i nge r s f or t h e e x a mp l e of Se c t i on 4.1 ( S = 1).
4 - 0 0 0
T
3 0 0 0
TOTAL, LOAO
FOR BLICKLI NC1
L~. PER. | NcPI .
CIRCt,IHF ER~NCE
Z OO0
IOOO
\
~ . 0 0 p OO x
CAI..CULATED A55UHINC-i ,
\ "THAT PURE COHPRESS~-VF.
l " . . .,.~.FAILIIRE OF ~,'TRIN~ER~
" , ~ L DOF . S NOT ocgt . I R.
/ ~' ,~. BIJCKLtNG
s t r e s s IN sTmsCE~S / "-. LoAo.!
-WHEN ~LICKLING ~ - "~' ~
TA RE'5 PLACE ..,.~ ~ ~
UI " PER' S Q "IN "" " ' "
STRINGER
-'~TRESS.
I 0 0 , 0 0 0
= RATIO OF $TR~N~ER MATERI Al . _ _
To SKI N MATERI AL
O
Fr o. 7. Bu c k l i n g l oa d a n d t h e s t r es s i n t h e s t r i nge r s at b u c k l i n g
a ga i ns t S f or t h e e x a mp l e of Se c t i o n 4. 1. To t a l cr os s - s ect i onal
ar ea of s ki n a n d s t r i n g e r s i s 0-036 s q i n. p e r i n. c i r c umf e r e nc e .
0- 8
0. 6
0.4
0.?. ~ /
FIG. 8.
f
9 = 1 f ~
S = =o
j z J J
/
f
/
~c. r = FOR, CRITICAl . NET AXI Al . LOAD.
PARAMETER
= pARAI~ETER FOR INTERNAL PRESSLIRE.
S : RATIO OF STRI NGER MATERI AL TO S~l N
MATERI AL.
K = PARAb'IETER FOR SHAPE OF STRI NGER
CROSS - ~ECTI ON,
= POI.%SON~S RATIO.
3 = FACTOR E~Y WHICH TI l E SMEAR MODLI~.LIE OF
TI l E 5KI N IS DECR`EASED AFTER LOCAl .
ESUCKLIN~.
i I
0 0 - 5 I - O 1.5 E-O ?--5 3 " O
Gr a p h s o f K' a g a i n s t cI) f o r S = 1, B2 = 1"75, v = } a n d d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f t h e s h e a r s t i f f n e s s p a r a n l e t e r g.
Wt. 66/991 K5
16
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