Space harmonic analysis of sound radiation from

a submerged periodic ring-stiened cylindrical shell

J. Yan, T.Y. Li
*
, J.X. Liu, X. Zhu
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Huazhong, Wuhan 43007, PR China
Received 30 June 2005; received in revised form 24 October 2005; accepted 15 November 2005
Available online 3 February 2006
Abstract
An analytical method is developed to study radiated sound power characteristics from an innite
submerged periodically stiened cylindrical shell excited by a radial cosine harmonic line force. The
harmonic motion of the shell and the pressure eld in the uid are described by Flu gge shell equa-
tions and Helmholtz equation, respectively. By using periodic theory of space harmonic analysis, the
response of the periodic structure to harmonic excitations has been obtained by expanding it in terms
of a series of space harmonics. Radiated sound power on the shell wall along the axial direction and
the inuence of dierent parameters on the results are studied, respectively. A conclusion is drawn
that the stieners have a great inuence at low and high frequencies while have a slight inuence at
intermediate frequencies for low circumferential mode orders. The work will give some guidelines for
noise reduction of this kind of shell.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Periodic ring-stiened cylindrical shell; Space harmonic analysis; Radiated sound power
1. Introduction
Thin cylindrical shells stiened by parallel, equally spaced ring stieners are commonly
found in aircraft and marine structures. Analysis of such a coupled system for sound char-
acteristics becomes very complicated because not only structural interactions between the
0003-682X/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2005.11.008
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: LTYZ801@Tom.com (T.Y. Li).
Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust
shell and stieners but also vibroacoustic interactions between the structure and acoustic
media have to be considered.
The dynamic response and sound radiation of stiened cylindrical shells present impor-
tant problems and have been analyzed by numerous authors. Using direct solutions, Mead
and Bardell [1] studied the free wave motion in a thin cylindrical shell with periodic sti-
ening around the circumference. The propagation constant curves were obtained for a par-
ticular circumferential stiened shell. Lanlagnet and Guyader [2] used energy method to
dispose stieners, and studied the characteristic of sound radiation of the nite ring-sti-
ened cylindrical shell submerged in uid by modal analysis. Burroughs [3] studied the
uid-loaded innite circular cylindrical with double periodic ring supports forced by a
point excitation and gave the analytical expression of far eld acoustic radiation, but he
only considered the normal force between the stieners and the shell, and ignored the
moment and the shear. Adopting the method of mobility, Harari and Sandman [4]
researched the vibrational response and sound radiation under harmonic force with arbi-
trary boundary condition. Massimo and Amr [5] studied vibration and sound radiation
from uid-loaded damped shells by nite element modeling. Kim and Lee [6] used Ray-
leighRitz method to study coupled vibration of partially uid-lled cylindrical shells with
ring stieners.
For a periodic structure, an eective approach was presented by Mead [7] that the ex-
ural wave in the periodically supported beam can be regarded as a wave group. This
implies that the response to a convected harmonic pressure can be regarded as innite
sum of space harmonics with wavenumbers k + 2np/l, where n is any positive or negative
integer, and l is the length of a periodic element. For an innite periodically supported
beam, Mead and Pujara [8] found that the amplitudes of these harmonics satised an in-
nite set of simultaneous equations which were truncated and solved numerically. The
eects of uid loading can be quite easily included in this space harmonics solution [9].
Mace [10] developed this method and he considered a two-dimensional uid-load plate
periodically stiened in one direction and excited by a convected pressure eld of plane
harmonic wave. Mace [11] proceeded to investigate the sound radiated by the same plate
excited either by a sinusoidal line force parallel to the stieners or by a point force at an
arbitrary location. Later, Mead and his collaborators made a great deal contributions on
periodic beam, periodic plate and periodic shell by using space harmonic analysis method,
and their works are well summarized in reference [12]. Xu and Zhang [13] used space har-
monic analysis to study the input power ow from a cosine harmonic circumferential line
force into an innite cylindrical uid-lled shell with periodic stieners. Combining space
harmonic analysis method with the virtual energy method, Lee and Kim [14] obtained the
exact solution for this type of problem with stiened panels. With the same approach, Lee
and Kim [15] further studied an innite stiened cylindrical shell subjected to a plane wave
incidence. Characteristics of the system responses and eects of important design param-
eters were also studied using the transmission losses calculated from the analysis. It is
proved space harmonic analysis is an eective approach to dispose periodic element and
uid loading in the coupled system. Though this method has been studied by several inves-
tigators, no reported work is found that this method is used to analyze the radiated sound
power of a submerged stiened shell excited by a radial force.
In this work, the basic model and analysis schemes to consider the structure-acoustic
coupling eect are adopted from the authors previous study [16], while the space har-
monic method presented by Mead et al. [7] is employed to analyze the radiated acoustic
744 J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
power from an innite periodic ring-stiened cylindrical shell immersed in uid. The har-
monic motion of the shell and the sound pressure eld in the uid are described by Flu gge
shell equations and Helmholtz equation, respectively, and four kinds of rings forces and
moments are considered. Radiated sound power on the shell wall along the axial direction
and the inuence of dierent parameters on the results are studied, respectively. A conclu-
sion is drawn that the stieners have a great inuence at low and high frequencies while
have a slight inuence at intermediate frequencies for low circumferential mode orders.
This work will give some guidelines for noise reduction of this kind of shell.
2. Forced vibration of the coupled system
An innite thin-walled periodic ring-stiened cylindrical shell immersed in uid shown
in Fig. 1 is considered. Supposing the density of the uid outside is q
f
and the sound veloc-
ity in it is C
f
. The shell is characterized by its mean radius a, wall thickness h, mass density
q
s
, Youngs modulus E and the Poisson ratio l. The ring stieners have uniform rectan-
gular section with width b and height d, attached at x = mL (L is the stiener spacing,
m = 0, 1, 2. . .). The connections are rigid, so that, at each line of attachment, the shell
and the stiener have the same linear velocity and angular velocity. The stieners may
exert axial force, shear and moments on the shell. To simplify the problem, it is assumed
that the stieners are located on the inner wall of the shell, so that their interaction with
the uid outside can be ignored.
The shell is excited by a harmonic line force F, acting on x = 0, expressed as:
F h; t F
0
cosnhd0 expixt; 1
where x is circular frequency, d is the Dirac delta function.
For our present problem, the shell is loaded with uid from outside and with periodic
stieners from inside. Then the forces exerted on the shell include the external load F, the
uid loading and generalized forces of the stiener (including radial force F
w
, circumfer-
ence force F
v
, axial force F
u
and moments M, respectively.).
The wave motions in the shell wall and the sound eld in the uid of the coupled system
are described by Flu gge shell equations and Helmholtz equation, respectively [17,18]
X
3
i1
L
ij
u; v; w F
j
0 j 1; 2; 3 2
r
2
p
f
k
2
0
p
f
0; 3
Fig. 1. Periodically stiened shell immersed in uid.
J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755 745
where L
ij
denote dierential operators, p
f
is the acoustic pressure exerted by the uid,
k
0
= x/c
f
is the free wave number in the uid. F
j
denotes terms about the external loads
exerted on the shell in the directions of the coordinate x-, r- and h-axes and are expressed
as:
F
1
D
1
X
1
m1
F
u;m
dx mL; 4a
F
2
D
1
X
1
m1
F
v;m
dx mL; 4b
F
3
D
1
F p
f

X
1
m1
F
w;m
dx mL
X
1
m1
M
m
d
0
x mL
" #
; 4c
where D
1
= a
2
(1 l
2
)/(Eh), F
w,m
, F
v,m
, F
u,m
and M
m
are the values of F
w
, F
v
, F
u
and M of
the mth stiener, respectively.
The normal mode shapes assumed for the displacement of the shell wall, associated with
an axial wave number k
ns
, are given by:
u
P
1
n0
P
1
s1
U
ns
cosnh expixt ik
ns
x
v
P
1
n0
P
1
s1
V
ns
sinnh expixt ik
ns
x
w
P
1
n0
P
1
s1
W
ns
cosnh expixt ik
ns
x
8
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
5
The wave radiated from the shell to the outside will have the same periodic character-
istics as the structural wave in the shell, at r = a, p
f
can be represented as:
p
f

X
1
n0
X
1
s1
x
2
q
f
H
2
n
k
r
a
k
r
aH
2
0
n
k
r
a
W
ns
cosnh expixt ik
ns
x; 6
where H
2
n
is the second kind Hankel function of order n, k
r
is the radial wave number.
For the sake of brevity, the term exp(ixt) is omitted from now.
Introducing Eqs. (4)(6) into (2) and taking the Fourier transform, the following equa-
tions are obtained:
L
33

e
U
e
V
e
W
T

e
F
u
e
F
v
e
F
e
F
w

e
M
T
; 7
where
e
U,
e
V and
e
W are the spectral displacements, L
11
= (k
x
a)
2
(1 + b
2
)(1 l)n
2
/
2 + X
2
, L
12
= i(1 l)(k
x
a)n/2, L
13
= il(k
x
a) ib
2
[(k
x
a)
3
(1 l)(k
x
a)n
2
/2], L
21
=
L
12
, L
22
= (k
x
a)
2
(1 + 3b
2
)(1 l)/2 + n
2
X
2
, L
23
= (3 l)b
2
(k
x
a)
2
n/2 + n, L
31
= L
13
,
L
32
= L
23
, L
33
= 1 + b
2
[(k
x
a)
2
+ n
2
]
2
+ b
2
(1 2n
2
) + 1 X
2
+ FL, where k
x
is the axial
wave number in spectral domain, which has a relationship with radial wave number k
r
and free wave number k
0
as k
2
x
k
2
0
k
2
r
. X

q
s
a
2
x
2
1 l
2
=E
p
is the non-dimensional
frequency which is the ratio of excitation frequency to ring frequency. The uid loading
term, FL, can be obtained from the boundary condition of the shell wall and was given
by Ref. [16]
FL X
2
q
f
=q
s
a=hH
2
n
k
r
a=k
r
aH
2
0
n
k
r
a 8
746 J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
e
F is Fourier series of outside force,
e
F
u
,
e
F
v
,
e
F
w
and
e
M are Fourier series of F
w
, F
v
, F
u
and
M, respectively
e
F D
1
Z
1
1
F
0
e
ikx
e
ik
x
x
dx D
1
F
0
dk k
x
; 9a
e
F
u
D
1
Z
1
1
X
1
m1
F
u;m
dx mLe
ikx
dx D
1
X
1
m1
F
u;m
e
ikmL
; 9b
e
F
v
D
1
Z
1
1
X
1
m1
F
v;m
dx mLe
ikx
dx D
1
X
1
m1
F
v;m
e
ikmL
; 9c
e
F
w
D
1
Z
1
1
X
1
m1
F
w;m
dx mLe
ikx
dx D
1
X
1
m1
F
w;m
e
ikmL
; 9d
e
M D
1
Z
1
1
X
1
m1
M
m
d
0
x mLe
ikx
dx iD
1
k
x
X
1
m1
M
m
e
ikmL
. 9e
Since the structure is periodic in x-axes direction, the responses of the shell wall satisfy
the periodicity condition
ux L vx L wx L
T
e
ik
x
L
ux vx wx
T
. 10
Similarly, the forces and the moments in the stieners acting on the outer shell wall also
satisfy the periodicity condition
F
u;m
F
v;m
F
w;m
M
m

T
e
ik
x
mL
F
u;0
F
v;0
F
w;0
M
0

T
. 11
Introducing Eq. (11) into (9b)(9e), and using the Poisson sum formula [10]
X
1
m1
e
ik
x
mL
e
ikmL
2p
X
1
m1
d2mp k
x
kL. 12
The following equations can be obtained:
e
F
u
e
F
v
e
F
w
e
M
2
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
5
2pD
1
F
u;0
P
1
m1
d2mp k
x
kL
F
v;0
P
1
m1
d2mp k
x
kL
F
w;0
P
1
m1
d2mp k
x
kL
ikM
0
P
1
m1
d2mp k
x
kL
8
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
<
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
. 13
Let matrix I be the inverse of matrix L, then the spectral displacements can be obtained
from Eq. (7) as follows:
e
U
e
V
e
W
8
>
<
>
:
9
>
=
>
;

I
11
I
12
I
13
I
21
I
22
I
23
I
31
I
32
I
33
2
6
4
3
7
5
e
F
u
e
F
v
e
F
e
F
w

e
M
8
>
<
>
:
9
>
=
>
;
. 14
Taking the inverse Fourier transform of Eq. (14), the shell displacements are obtained
as:
J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755 747
ux D
1
F
0
2p
I
13
k
x
e
ik
x
x
D
1
X
1
m1
e
ik
m
x
F
u;0
I
11
k
m
F
v;0
I
12
k
m
F
w;0
I
13
k
m
iM
0
k
m
I
13
k
m
; 15a
vx D
1
F
0
2p
I
23
k
x
e
ik
x
x
D
1
X
1
m1
e
ik
m
x
F
u;0
I
21
k
m
F
v;0
I
22
k
m
F
w;0
I
23
k
m
iM
0
k
m
I
23
k
m
; 15b
wx D
1
F
0
2p
I
33
k
x
e
ik
x
x
D
1
X
1
m1
e
ik
m
x
F
u;0
I
31
k
m
F
v;0
I
32
k
m
F
w;0
I
33
k
m
iM
0
k
m
I
33
k
m
; 15c
where k
m
= k
x
+ 2mp/L.
Utilizing the continuous conditions between the shell and the stieners [13]:
F
w;0
f
1
w0=D
1
f
2
v0=D
1
; 16a
F
v;0
f
3
w0=D
1
f
4
v0=D
1
; 16b
iM
0
f
5
u0=D
1
f
6
w0=D
1
; 16c
F
u;0
f
7
u0=D
1
f
8
w0=D
1
; 16d
where f
1
f
8
can be seen in literature [13].
Combining Eq. (15) with Eq. (16), there are seven unknown quantities included in seven
equations, so the responses of arbitrary cross-section (those are u(x), v(x) and w(x), respec-
tively) of the stiened shell can be obtained in the end.
3. Radiated sound power of cylindrical shell
According to Eq. (6), acoustic pressure p
f
can be expressed as Fourier series
~p
f

1
2p
Z
1
1
X
1
n0
x
2
q
f
H
2
n
k
r
r
k
r
H
2
0
n
k
r
a
e
W cosnh expixt dk
x
. 17
The radial velocity ~v
r
of the particle in the acoustic eld is
~v
r

1
ixq
f
@~p
f
@r

ix
2p
Z
1
1
X
1
n0
H
2
n
k
r
r
H
2
0
n
k
r
a
e
W cosnh expixt dk
x
. 18
Then, at any interface x of the shell wall (r = a), the radiated sound power can be
expressed as:
W
l

Z
2p
0
1
2
Re~p
f
~v

r
adh

x
3
q
f
8pn
n
Im
Z
1
1
H
2
n
k
r
a
k
r
H
2
0
n
k
r
a
e
W dk
x

" #

Z
1
1
e
W dk
x

( )
; 19
where denotes vector product, the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate, and
748 J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
n
n

0:5 n 0
1 n 6 0

20
The radiated sound power level is dened as:
L
w
10 lgW
l
=W; 21
where W
0
= 10
12
(W).
4. Numerical computation and results discussion
Then, numerical computation is executed to illustrate the analysis of the theoretical
results. The parameters considered in this paper are shown as follows, a thickness to radius
ratio of h/a = 0.02, stiener spacing L = 0.4a, stiener width and height b = d = 2h, the
material parameters of the stieners are the same as those of the shell (see Table 1 for
material properties). The magnitude of radial force is supposed to be F = 1 N.
In this article, an integrated numerical method discussed in Ref. [13] is employed to cal-
culate the integration. This method is to integrate numerically along the pure imaginary
axis of the complex wave number domain. Structural damping is introduced into the shell
material by modifying the Youngs modules E as E
0
= E(1 ig) to avoid singularities in
the integrand function along the integration path.
The following plots discuss radiated sound power on the shell wall varying with circum-
ferential modes, frequencies, stiener parameters and structural damping. Abscissa repre-
sents non-dimensional distance (x/a) along the axial direction from the driving point.
According to symmetry, only the positive direction is considered. Ordinate represents radi-
ated sound power level (L
w
).
4.1. Comparison of the radiated sound power between stiened shell and unstiened shell
Fig. 2 shows radiated sound power level (L
w
) on the shell wall under dierent circum-
ferential mode orders n and dierent non-dimensional frequencies X, respectively. The low
circumferential modes orders n = 0 and n = 1 are considered in the numerical computa-
tion, as these modes represent typical behavior of the system. Relative to ring frequency,
three kinds of representative frequencies (those are low frequencies X = 0.3, middle fre-
quencies X = 1.2 and high frequencies X = 5.0, respectively.) are investigated. In order
to investigate the inuence of the stieners, the results of a shell without stieners are also
plotted. As shown in the gures, radiated sound power of both stiened shell and unsti-
ened shell reach the maximum at the driving point. As x/a increases, sound power grad-
ually decreases. At low frequencies, wave motion phenomena can obviously be seen
because of the strong eect of shell-uid coupling. With the increasing of frequencies, these
phenomena almost disappear which means the eect of shell-uid coupling has become
Table 1
Material properties
Youngs modulus (N/m
2
) Poissons
ratio
Density (kg/m
3
) Free wave speed (m/s) Damping
factor
Steel 2.07 10
11
0.3 7850 5383 0.02
Water 1000 1500
J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755 749
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
x/a
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
L
w
(
d
B
)
L
w
(
d
B
)
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
x/a
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
20
0 0
40
60
80
x/a
a b
c d
e f
Fig. 2. The comparison between the stiened shell and unstiened shell of radiated sound power (a) X = 0.3,
n = 0; (b) X = 0.3, n = 1; (c) X = 1.2, n = 0; (d) X = 1.2, n = 1; (e) X = 5.0, n = 0; (f) X = 5.0, n = 1; - - - - - - - - -
unstiened shell, stiened shell.
750 J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
weaker. Comparing with the unstiened shell, radiated sound power of the stiened shell is
weaker in the whole frequency bands because of the existing of stieners. The dierences
between the stiened shell and the unstiened shell are more obvious at low frequencies
and high frequencies while not so obvious at middle frequencies. This implies the presence
of the stieners can greatly control sound radiation of cylindrical shell at low frequencies
and high frequencies.
4.2. Inuence of stiener spacing
Sound power level (L
w
) of cylindrical shell with dierent stiener spacing for circumfer-
ential mode order n = 2 are given in Fig. 3. The broken curve represents the original sti-
ener spacing L = 0.4a while the continuous curve represents stiener spacing L = 0.8a.
Three kinds of representative frequencies (those are X = 0.3 in Fig. 3(a), X = 1.2 in
Fig. 3(b) and X = 5.0 in Fig. 3(c), respectively.) are studied. As shown in the drawings,
radiated sound power clearly increases at low frequencies and high frequencies with the
increasing of stiener spacing. The values at middle frequencies also increase, but the
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
a b
c
Fig. 3. Inuence of stiener spacing on radiated sound power of the stiened shell (a) X = 0.3, n = 2; (b) X = 1.2,
n = 2; (c) X = 5.0, n = 2; - - - - - - - - - L = 0.4a, L = 0.8a.
J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755 751
amplitudes are very limited. Associating with the phenomena in Fig. 2, a conclusion can be
drawn that the stiener spacing has a slight inuence on radiated sound power at middle
frequencies. This is because the stiener spacing and shell wavelength along axial direction
are comparable at these frequencies. It implies appropriate stiener spacing is an impor-
tant factor in structure design.
4.3. Inuence of stiener stiness
The results for a periodic ring-stiened cylindrical shell with dierent stiener stiness
are given in Fig. 4. Cylindrical shell for circumferential mode order n = 2 at three typical
frequencies (those are X = 0.3 in Fig. 4(a), X = 1.2 in Fig. 4(b) and X = 5.0 in Fig. 4(c),
respectively.) is studied. The broken curve represents stieners width and height
b = d = 2h while the continuous curve represents stieners width and height b = d = 3h.
According to the numerical results, it shows that radiated sound power will decrease as
stiener stiness increases. Then, from the point of vibration control, it seems useful to
increase the stiener stiness.
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
a b
c
Fig. 4. Inuence of the stiener stiness on radiated sound power of the stiened shell (a) X = 0.3, n = 2; (b)
X = 1.2, n = 2; (c) X = 5.0, n = 2; - - - - - - - - - b = d = 2h, b = d = 3h.
752 J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755
4.4. Inuence of structural damping
The eects of structural damping on radiated sound power of the stiened shell are
illustrated in Fig. 5. Similarly, cylindrical shell for circumferential mode order n = 2
at three typical frequencies (those are X = 0.3 in Fig. 5(a), X = 1.2 in Fig. 5(b) and
X = 5.0 in Fig. 5(c), respectively.) is studied. For the sake of comparison, the structural
damping g = 0.02 and g = 0.2 are adopted, respectively. From the results in the three
pictures, it can be seen that radiated sound power along the whole frequency bands
reduced remarkably with the increasing of structural damping. When the structural
damping is large enough (g = 0.2), sound power decreases rapidly and the eect of
shell-uid coupling becomes weaker so that wave motion phenomena can hardly be
found even at low frequencies. Moreover, the reduced amplitudes of sound power
enlarge at higher frequencies. Therefore, increasing the structural damping or adding
a damped layer is a useful method to reduce sound radiation of a submerged cylindrical
shell especially at high frequencies.
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
0
20
40
60
80
L
w
(
d
B
)
x/a
a b
c
Fig. 5. Inuence of the structural damping on radiated sound power of the stiened shell (a) X = 0.3, n = 2; (b)
X = 1.2, n = 2; (c) X = 5.0, n = 2; - - - - - - - - g = 0.02, g = 0.2.
J. Yan et al. / Applied Acoustics 67 (2006) 743755 753
5. Conclusions
By adopting space-harmonic analysis method, radiated sound power of a periodically
stiened cylindrical shell immersed in water has been investigated. The following conclu-
sions are drawn. Radiated sound power of cylindrical shell reaches the maximum at the
driving point and decreases rapidly with x/a increasing. Comparing with the unstiened
shell, radiated sound power of the stiened shell is weaker in the whole frequency bands
because of the existence of stieners. The stieners will greatly inuence sound character-
istics at low frequencies and high frequencies while not so eective at middle frequencies
for low circumferential mode orders, namely n = 0, 1, 2. A narrower stiener spacing and
a larger stiener stiness are very helpful to reduce radiated sound power. As structural
damping increases, radiated sound power of cylindrical shell will reduce remarkably espe-
cially at high frequency bands.
From the analysis, a conclusion can be drawn that appropriate stiener parameters and
structural damping will be very helpful to reduce vibration.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful for the nancial assistance provided by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Contract no. 50375059).
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