tew

AD-775 445
LINEAR STABILITY OF ECCENTRICALLY
STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER
AXIAL COMPRESSION
Tien-Yu Tsui , et al
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Watertown, Massachusetts
December 19 73
D I S T R I B U T E D B Y :
Mi
N a t i o n a l T e c h n i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e
U . S D E P A R T M E N T O F C O M M E R C E
5 2 8 5 P o r t R o y a l R o a d , S p r i n g f i e l d V a . 2 2 1 5 1

I I I lllll llltlMMJMUM in i ii I MMlii i r i i a i i i i m i i >i i i n T *n f -"""'-
T he f i n d i n g s i n t hi s r e p o r t a r e n o t t o be co n st r ue d a s a n u^i ci a l
D e p a r t me n t o f &2 A r my p o si t i o n , un l e ss so d e si g n a t e d by o t he r
a ut ho r i ze d d o cume n t s.

M e n t i o n o f a n y t r a d e n a me s o r ma n uf a ct ur e r s i n t hi s r e p o r t
sha l l n o t be co n st r ue d a s a d ve r t i si n g n o r a s a n o f f i ci a l
i n d o r se me n t o r a p p r o va l o f such p r o d uct s o r co mp a n i e s by
t he Un i t e d S t a t e s Go ve r n me n t .
D IS P O S IT IO N IN S T R UC T IO N S
D e st r o y t hi s r e p o r t whe n i t i t n o l o n g e r n e e d e d .
D o n o t r e t ur n i t t o t he o r i g i n a t o r .
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,
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l
a K ' ' M*w***p-w**w**~***V?'WWB^
I ^S S Oa ji WB f ,!!^^ ^-wswsi ^^
UNCI ASSI FL-D
S E C UR IT Y C LA S S IF IC A T IO N O F T HIS A C E (When Dm Entered)
R E P O R T D O C UM E N T A T IO N P A GE
1 . R E P O R T N UM BE R
AMMR C TR 73-58
2 . O O V T A C C E S S IO N N O .
4. T IT LE (end S uo M t l )
LINEAR STABILITY OF ECCENTRICALLY STIFFENED
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION
7 . AUTHORC)
Tien-Yu Tsui and Chatta Lakshmikantham
. P E R F O R M IN G O R GA N IZA T IO N N A M E A N D A D D R E S S
Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center
Watertown, Massachusetts 0217 2
AMXMR-TE
II. C O N T R O LLIN G O F F IC E N A M E A N D A D D R E S S
U. S. Army Materiel Command
Alexandria, Virginia 22304
I*. M O N IT O R IN G A GE N C Y N A M E A D O R E S S f " dlllerent f r o m Controlling Ollire)
R EAD I NSTR UCTI ONS
BEFOR E COMPLETI NG FOR M
I. R E C IP IE N T ' S C A T A LO G N UM BE R
S . T YP E O F R E P O R T P E R IO D C O V E R E D
Final R eport
t PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
t. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PRO IECT, TASK
AREA m WORK UNIT NUMBERS
)/A Project: 1T161102B33A
\MCMS Code: 611102. 11. 85800
\gencv Accession: DA 0C4693
12 REPORT OATE
December 197 3
1 3. N UM BE R O F P A GE S
*?3
IS . S E C UR IT Y C LA S S , (ol thle noon)
Unclassified
IS . D E C LA S S l F IC A T IO N ' (D O WN GR A D IN G
S C HE D ULE
It . D IS T R IBUT IO N S T A T E M E N T (ol thle Report)
Approved for publi: release; distribution unlimited.
1 7. D IS T R IBUT IO N S T A T E M E N T (ol In* ebttrect entered i n Block 10. II dttleretit f r o m Repott)
I . S UP P LE M E N T A R Y N O T E S
IS . K ZY WO R D S (Continue o n reverie eide II necetsery and Identity by block number)
Buckling
Cylindrical shells
Dynamic structural analysis
2 0. A BS T R A C T (Continue on reverie eide II neceeemry end Identity by tlock number)
(SEE R EVER SE SI DE)
D D
(
JA " 73 1 473 E D IT IO N O F I N O V S S IS O BS O LE T E *
UNCLASSIFIED
S E C UR IT Y C LA S S IF IC A T IO N O F T HIS P A GE (When Dele Entered)
BiMBlMliBMMBBI I I I Blll ^-.-^ i^^.,..^. - . ^~- - jj
UNCLASSIFIED
S E C UR IT Y C LA S S IF IC A T IO N O F T HIS PMlCHtm D a t a Knfnd)
Block 20.
Linear stability
axial compression has
tabiish the parameter
delineating the zones
plane. Useful approxJ
to predict a buckling
(Authors)
ABSTRACT
of eccentrically stiffened cylindrical shells under
been investigated in this paper with an aim to es-
ranges for the prevailing buckling modes. Charts
of prevailing modes are presented in a parameter
uxatz r* ! < cions are given for the bounds on parameters
mode for a shell in the moderate length range.
!
1 I
\(>J
UNCLASSIFIED
S E C UR IT Y C LA S S IF IC A T IO N O F T HIS P A GE C WM n D (* E n t e r *)
HM t a a
enqmwwwmm^imm -w* - w. v.^xr^ * * * &* r, .ww^i.< mrvL! rw -J,^- -W- <BWP'.'^ ' > . *> g-j^y^^^^.,M,WJ-WJ.WBMI D . Jjji.imi|imw.mi'w.ii..iij| i mijwiiiiiPwii,.'..wi'j*^.'Jij- * J^JjWWI WWffjWPli
:
//
CONTENTS
Page
NOTCNCLATURE iii
INTRODUCTION 1
GOVERNING EQUATIONS 3
DISCUSSION OF THE BUCKLING EQUATION 9
AXIALLY STIFFENED SHELL 11
Axisymmetric Case 12
Asymmetric Case 13
Outside Stiffeners (e
s
negative): Comparison of Solutions . . . 14
Inside Stiffeners (e
s
positive): Comparison of Solutions . . . . 15
Numerical Results: Discussion of Zones 15
RING STIFFENED SHELL 18
Axisymmetric Solution 18
Asymmetric Case: A Closed Form Solution 18
Comparison of Solutions: Outside Stiffeners (negative e
r
) . . . 20
Comparison of Solutions: Inside Stiffeners . . 20
Numerical Results and Discussion 21
CONCLUSION 26
ggfljggjjgfrggl^w. . . -- J,. -. -,. . -. ,J> ,. . ^Ju-^^ -,. _v. ,^rtHMi-. ,. ,-. , ,-~, . . -,. , ,- -. , -
NOMENCLATURE
A , A_ Cross se c t i on a l a re a of st i f f e n e rs
s r
s' r St i f f e n e r sp a c i n g
E Youn g ' s modul us of sh e l l a n d st i f -
f e n e r, a ssume d sa me
St i f f e n e r e c c e n t ri c i t y ( di me n si on l e ss)
Di me n si on l e ss st re ss f un c t i on
Sh e a r modul us of sk i n a n d st i f f e n e r
Sh e l l t h i c k n e ss
Mome n t of i n e rt i a of st i f f e n e r a b out
sh e l l mi ddl e surf a c e
Torsi on a l c on st a n t of st i f f e n e r
Cyl i n de r l e n g t h
W a v e n umb e rs i n a x i a l a n d c i rc um-
f e re n t i a l di re c t i on s
f m , i . i , m , m ) St re ss c oup l e s ( di me n si on l e ss)
j ~j j
v
x ' y' x y' yx '
r

v
'
N , N , N ( n , n . n ) St re ss re sul t a n t s ( di me n si on l e ss)
x ' y' x y * x ' y' x y'
v
'
n Cri t i c a l l oa d ( di me n si on l e ss)
R Ra di us of sh e l l
U, V , W ( u, v , w ) Mi ddl e surf a c e di sp l a c e me n t s
( di me n si on l e ss)
X , Y ( x , y) Ax i a l a n d c i rc umf e re n t i a l c oordi n a t e s
( di me n si on l e ss)
E
s
. E
r
(e
s
,
V
f
G
H
s' r
J , J
s' r
L
m, n
M , M , M
>
M
,
s' r
B a t dorf p a ra me t e r = L
2
/RH
Ax i a l st i f f n e ss p a ra me t e r =
in
! aaggMMlMMMniBMMMiiMi- . . . .
I (
s r
V \
Flexural stiffness parameter =
Torsional stiffness parameter =
(D CI -V) X*r
J
t)
v Poi sson ' s ra t i o of sh e l l a n d st i f f e n e d
s, r De n ot e st ri n g e rs ( a x i a l st i f f e n e rs)
a n d ri n g s
c omma De n ot e s p a rt i a l di f f e re n t i a t i on
I V
MI * * U l ^- - ^ . . . - . - - . ^^a ^^^^^^_
I NTRODUCTI ON
Re se a rc h a c t i v i t y i n t h e c omp re ssi v e g e n e ra l i n st a b i l i t y of st i f -
f e n e d c yl i n dri c a l sh e l l s, i n sp i t e of some e a rl y w ork i n t h e 1930' s
( se e f or e x a mp l e , Re f e re n c e s 1 a n d 2" ) , di d n ot re c e i v e sust a i n e d e f f ort
un t i l t h e a dv e n t of l a un c h a n d sp a c e v e h i c l e de si g n s of t h e e a rl y 60' s.
I n t h i s l a t t e r p e ri od, e x t e n si v e t e st re sul t s w e re ob t a i n e d on st i f f e n e d
c yl i n de rs w h i c h sh ow e d t h a t , b y a n d l a rg e , t h e se a g re e d w i t h t h e p re di c -
t i on s of a Don n e l l - t yp e l i n e a r t h e ory w h i c h i n c l ude d t h e st i f f e n e rs i n
t h e e x p re ssi on s f or t h e re si st a n c e of t h e sh e l l .
Of t h e v a ri ous f ormul a t i on s use d i n t h i s p e ri od, w e a re c on c e rn e d
h e re w i t h t h e l i n e a r t h e ory of Prof . Si n g e r a n d h i s c ow ork e rs a t Te c h n i on ,
3
w h i c h w a s a l so p rop ose d b y B l oc k e t a l
1
* i n a sl i g h t l y more g e n e ra l i ze d f orm.
Th e ma i n c on t ri b ut i on of t h i s t h e ory i s t h a t i t a c c oun t s f or t h e c oup l i n g
b e t w e e n t h e b e n di n g st re ss re sul t a n t s a n d t h e mi ddl e surf a c e st re t c h i n g
on t h e on e h a n d a n d t h a t b e t w e e n t h e me mb ra n e st re ss re sul t a n t s a n d t h e
c h a n g e s i n t h e mi ddl e surf a c e c urv a t ure on t h e ot h e r. Th i s c oup l i n g ,
p roduc e d b y t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y of t h e st i f f e n e r c e n t e r l i n e l oc a t i on w i t h
re sp e c t t o t h e sh e l l mi ddl e surf a c e , h a s t h e n e t e f f e c t of i n v ol v i n g odd
p ow e rs of t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y p a ra me t e r i n t h e f i n a l e x p re ssi on f or t h e
b uc k l i n g st re ss. Not surp ri si n g l y t h e n , t h e si g n of t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y
w i t h re sp e c t t o t h e mi ddl e surf a c e of t h e sh e l l ( i . e . , due t o t h e st i f f e n e r
b e i n g out si de or i n si de w i t h re sp e c t t o t h e sh e l l ) h a s a p rof oun d i n f l ue n c e
1. DSCHOU, D. Die Druckfestigkeit VersteifterZylindrischerSchalen. Luftfahrtforschung, v. ll. no. 8, 1935,
p. 233-234.
2. TAYLOR, J. L. The Stability of Monocoque in Compression. British R and M, no. 1679, June 1935.
3. BARUCH. M. , and SINGER, J. Effect of Eccentricity of Sffeners on the General Instability of Stiffened Cylin-
drical Shells Under Hydrostatic Pressure. J. Mech. Eng. Science, v. 5, no. 1, 1963, p. 23-27.
4. BLOCK, D. L, CARD, M. F. , and MIKULAS, M. M. Buckling of Eccentrically Stiffened Orthotropic Cylinders.
NASA TND-2960, August 1965.
MM
^. . ^
MMMt
^. . ,
on t h e b uc k l i n g l oa d. Th e c h a n g e i n t h j b uc k l i n g l oa d i s a c c e n t ua t e d
t h e most i n t h e c a se of a x i a l l y st i f f e n e d c yl i n de rs un de r a x i a l c omp re ssi on .
Th i s e c c e n t ri c i t y p h e n omon on i s di sc usse d e x t e n si v e l y b y Si n g e r e t a l i n
Re f e re n c e s 5 a n d 6.
How e v e r, si n c e t h e i r ma i n p re oc c up a t i on h a s b e e n w i t h t h i s e c c e n t ri c i t y
e f f e c t , c e rt a i n a sp e c t s of t h e p rob l e m, suc h a s t h e c h a ra c t e ri st i c b uc k l i n g
mode s. - a re n ot a de qua t e l y t re a t e d i n t h e i r p a p e r.
6
For i n st a n c e , i n t h e
c a se of a n a x i a l l y st i f f e n e d c yi i n de i t h e a x i symme t ri c mode s a re di smi sse d
w i t h t h e st a t e me n t t h a t t h e y a re p ossi b l e f or c e rt a i n c omb i n a t i on s of
t h e g e ome t ri c a l p a ra me t e rs. Now , i t i s a c h a ra c t e ri st i c of t h e st i f f e n e d
c yl i n de r b uc k l i n g t h a t un l i k e t h e un st i f f e n e d c ; l e n de rs ( w h e re t h e l i n e a r
sol ut i on i s ob t a i n e d w i t h out re f e re n c e t o t h e b uc k l i n g mode s) t h e sol u-
t i on s a re g ov e rn e d b y t h e c h a ra c t e ri st i c mode s: a x i symme t ri c , g e n e ra l
a symme t ri c a n d f or a x i a l l y st i f f e n e d c yl i n de rs, a n a symme t ri c mode w i t h
a si n g l e h a l f - w a v e a l on g t h e l e n g t h of t h e c yl i n de r.
7
I n f a c t , f or some
of t h e re sul t s p re se n t e d i n Re f e re n c e 6 p e rt i n e n t t o t h e a x i a l c a se , t h e
b uc k l i n g mode i s i n de e d t h e l a st me n t i on e d t yp e w i t h a si n g l e a x i a l
h a l f - w a v e , t h oug h n ow h e re i s i t me n t i on e d i n t h e p a p e r.
Th e a b i n i t i o se l e c t i on of t h e g ov e rn i n g b uc k l i n g mode f or a g i v e n
st i f f e n e r g e ome t ry i s, p e rh a p s, n ot v e ry c ri t i c a l i n ob t a i n i n
t
a n a n sw e r
f or t h e l i n e a r p rob l e m; h ow e v e r i t b e c ome s v e ry i mp ort a n t i n a re l a t e d
n on l i n e a r p rob l e m c on n e c t e d w i t h t h e dyn a mi c st a b i l i t y of i mp e rf e c t
5. SINGER, J. , BARUCH, M. , and HARARI, O. FurtherRemarks on the Effect of Eccentricity of Stiffeners on the
General Instability of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells. TAE Report No. 42. Technion - Israel Inst. of Tech. , Haifa,
Israel, Aug. 1965.
6. SINGER, J. , BARUCH, M. , and HARARI, O. On the Stability of Eccentrically Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Under
Axial Compression. Int. J. Solids Structures, v. 3, 1967, p. 445470.
7. LAKSHMIKANTHAM, C, GERARD, G. , and MILLIGAN, R. Linear Orthotropic Stability of Shallow-Stiffened
Cylinders: An Assessment. The Aeronautical Quarterly, v. 21, May 1970, p. 133-144.
UMflH H MMW mmf l t ' i n T i T i -i r
cylinders. Roth and Klosner
8
have demonstrated that in the case of
dynamic stability of unstiffened imperfect cylinders, the static linear
(classical) value forms the limiting solution for zero imperfection.
In a similar study with stiffened cylinders the present authors have
found
9
'
10
that the mode of buckling remains the same in the linear (peifect)
and nonlinear (imperfect) ranges, and hence for an efficient determination
of the critical dynamic buckling load (that is, from a computer-time
point of view), a knowledge of the linear static modes is extremely
important.
Having thus established a rationale for reexamining the linear
stability problem of an eccentrical 1/ stiffened cylindrical shell, we
propose to show that from among the numerous geometrical parameters
entering the problem, one can rationally select a few which delineate the
regions of prevailing buckling modes.
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Although the buckling equations are similar to those of Singer et
al,
6
our derivation of them is different, being patterned on the non-
linear formulations. Also our final equations are cast into a form
which lends itself to an easier examination of the relative importance
of the various stiffening parameters.
8. R OTH . R . S., and KLOSNER , F. Nonlinear Response of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Dynamic Axial Loads.
A.I .A.A. Journal, v. 2,Oct. 1964, p. 1788-1794.
9. TSUI , TI EN-YU. and LAKSH MI KANTH AM, C. 77ie Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Stiffened Shells Unier
Compressive Axial Impulse. Presented at the 4th CanadianCongress of Applied Mechanics, Montreal, Canada,
1973.
10. LAKSH MI KANTH AM, C, and TSUI , TI EN-YU. Dmamic Stability of Axially Stiffened Imperfect Cylindrical
Shells Under Axial Impulsive Loading. Accepied '. PublicationbyAI AA Journal.
Mh
The assumptions basic to the linear problem are similar to those of
Reference 6: a) the stiffeners are close enough that they can be "smeared"
over the shell; b) the stiffeners are essentially beam-like elements
contributing to the membrane and bending resistance of the shell but
not to the shear resistance; c) the entire shell including the stiffeners
is activated in the buckling; that is, local instability failures are
ruled out.
Figure 1 describes the basic geometric parameters of the shell.
With the normal to the shell surface taken as positive inward, positive
(negative) values of E , E indicate inside (outside) location of the
stiffeners with respect to the shell.
The unstiffened shell is characterized by three parameters L, R, 9'
H (length, radius, and the thickness of the shell) which can be combined
into the so-called Batdorf parameter Z = L
2
/RH, the ranges of whose
values are used to describe a "short"' or a "moderate length" cylinder.
The effective increases in the area of section, the section area
F i g ur e 1 . S he l l Ge o me t r y
i - -
X 1
mome n t , a n d t h e se c t i on t orsi on a l st i f f n e ss of t h e sh e l l due t o t h e
p re se n c e of st i f f e n e rs a re b e st c h a ra c t e ri ze d b y n on di me n si on a l p a ra me t e rs
o, n a n d Y w i t h sub sc ri p t s s or r t o de n ot e a st ri n g e r ( a x i a l st i f f e n e r)
or a ri n g ( f ra me or c i rc umf e re n t i a l st i f f e n e r) . Th e se p a ra me t e rs a re
t h e ra t i os of t h e p rop e rt i e s of t h e st i f f e n e r se c t i on re l a t i v e t o a
un i t sh e l l se c t i on b e t w e e n t h e st i f f e n e r c e n t e r l i n e s. W e h a v e a ssume d
t h a t t h e st i f f e n e rs h a v e t h e sa me ma t e ri a l p rop e rt i e s a s t h ose of t h e
sh e l l ; ot h e rw i se t h e re l a t i v e st i f f e n e r- t o- sh e l l modul i ra t i os a re t o
b e i n c l ude d i n t h e de f i n i t i on of e x , n a n d y.
Al t h oug h t h e se p a ra me t e rs a re n ot i n de p e n de n t of e a c h ot h e r, i t i s
st i l l c on v e n i e n t t o c on si de r t h e m so, f rom a c omp ut a t i on a l p oi n t of
v i e w . For sl e n de r a n d de e p st i f f e n e rs of re c t a n g ul a r se c t i on s ( suc h a s
i s a ssume d h e re ) on e c a n e x p re ss y i n t e rms of a mul t i p l i e d b y a c on st a n t .
He n c e t h e c h i e f st i f f e n e r p a ra me t e rs of i n t e re st a re a , n t og e t h e r w i t h
E t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y of t h e st i f f e n e r.
I n orde r t o de ri v e t h e b a si c e qua t i on s, w e i n t roduc e t h e f ol l ow i n g
n on di me n si on a l qua n t i t i e s:
Al l l e n g t h s ( i n c l udi n g t h e c oordi n a t e di st a n c e s X , Y) a re n orma l i ze d
w i t h re sp e c t t o R, t h e sh e l l ra di us. Th us w e w ri t e :
[ u, v , w , x , y, e
s
, e
r
] = [ U, V , ., X , Y, E, . , E
f
] /R
( 1)
Di me n si on l e ss st re ss a n d mome n t re sul t a n t s a re g i v e n b y:
n , n , n , n = [ N , N , N , N j /B B = Eh /( l - v
2
)
x ' y' x y x
l
x ' y' x y' x
J
m, m, m, m = [ M , M , M , M 1/D D = Eh
3
/12( l - v
2
)
x ' y' x y yx
L
x ' y' x y yx
J
( 2)
a m
M
Th e l i n e a r st ra i n - di sp l a c e me n t re l a t i on sh i p s a t t h e mi ddl e surf a c e of
sh e l l a re :
( 3)
e = u, ; e = v , - w ; e = 1/2 ( u, + v . 3
x ' x ' y ' y ' x y y *
RK = w , ; R< = w , RK = W , = RK
x ' x x y yy' x y x y yx
Tl i e st re ss- re sul t a n t st ra i n re l a t i on sh i p s a re g i v e n b y:
(4)
' xy
" xy
" y x
(I KS ) v -e
s
Ru
s
0
(l+a
r
) 0
(1-v)
-ejJlaj
-
e
s
S
0 0
(1 n
s
3 V 0 0
0 -F
r

r
0 V
d^r)
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 ! i-v)dn
s
)
0
0 0
M
3
0 0 0 0 (1-v)(1+1
M
4
-xy
^xy
" y x (S )
Th e n on ze ro sub ma t ri c c s M a n d M. i n Eq. ( 5 ) p rov i de t h e c oup l i n g
e f f e c t s of t h e st i f f e n e r e c c e n t ri c i t y.
I n Eq. 5 0 ( ) i s n ot a n e w p a ra me t e r b ut i s re l a t e d t o a
g
( a
r
)
t h roug h D3 = B a .
Th e g ov e rn i n g e qua t i on s a re t h e n g i v e n b y:
n +n =n +n =0
x, x xy, y xy. x y, y
(6a, 6b)
1 H L, [wl + a e e + a " e e -n w, + n = 0 (6c)
y-, 2 3
l

J
s s x, xx r r y. yy x 'xx y
BM MB r. ir. t-r. iir itfk - . . . -. . >-^. *. . -a, -->^^^ml|| -ti fa n. ^. i , n
r--mq
w h e re L_ i s a l i n e a r di f f e re n t i a l op e ra t or g i v e n b y
L
3
( ) ( 1 n
s
) ( ) , _ 2 { 1 I i ?Jl ( y + yj ) ( ) ,
x x x x
( 1

+

n
r
}

(

}
' yyyy
a n d n i s t h e ( di me n si on l e ss) e x t e rn a l c omp v e ssi v e l oa d.
x x yy
( 6d)
Eq. ( 6c ) re duc e s t o t h e st a n da rd ( l i n e a r) f orm w h e n a l l st i f f n e ss
a n d e c c e n t ri c i t i e s a re n e g l e c t e d.
Eqs. ( 6a , 6b ) a re i de n t i c a l l y sa t i sf i e d b y i n t roduc i n g a st re ss
f un c t i on of suc h t h a t n = f , ; n = f , a n d n = - f ,
x ' yy' y ' x x x y x y.
Ma k i n g use of t h e st re ss- st ra i n re l a t i on sh i p s Eq. ( 5 ) a n d i n t roduc i n g
t h e st re ss f un c t i on f , t q. ( 6c ) ma y b e re w ri t t e n a s:
-17 I P
L
3 w -r-
L
2 <
f)

+
r~
L
4 w - " x
w
x x
+

f
'x x - (
7)
rs r?
w h e re L- a n d L. a re l i n e a r op e ra t ors g i v e n b y
L- , ( ) = v a . e ( ) , - { ( J + a ) a e + ( 1 + a ) a e } ( ) ,
2 s s
v
' ' x x x x
l
s' r r
l
r' s s
J
'x\/y +
( 8 a ) v a e ( ) ,
r r yyyy
_ 2 _
a n d L. ( ) = ( 1 + a ) ( o. f ) ( ) , - 2v a a , e F ( ) ,
x x x x s r s r
( 1 + a J ( a e )
2
( ) ,
r r
yyyy
x x yy +
( 8 b )
a n d A = ( 1 + a ) ( 1 + a ) - v
2
rs s r
A se c on d i n de p e n de n t e qua t i on i n v ol v i n g f a n d w i s p rov i de d b y t h e
c omp a t i b i l i t y re i a t "
-
m w h i c h i s e a si l y de duc e d f rom Eq. ( 3) t o b e
e + e - 2e = - w , (q)
x , yy y, x x x y, x y x x
l

}
Eq. ( 91 c a n b e w ri t t e n i n t e rms of f a n d w b y a g a i n ma k i n g use of Eq. ( 5 )
Th i s re sul t s i n
fciu MM
L. ( f ) = L_ ( w ) - A w ,
1
l
' 2 rs x x
rs
( 10)
w h e re ^ ( ) - ( 1 , ) ( )
x x x x
* 2 ( ~- v ) ( ) ,
x x yy
( 1 *
r
)
(
Nyyy ( i i )
Th us t h e b a si c e qua t i on s of t h e st a t i c b uc k l i n g p rob l e m a re Eqs.
( 7) a n d ( 10) .
Now w e n ot i c e t h a t t h e op e ra t ors L. , L_ , L_ , L. a re l i n e a r w i t h
c on st a n t , c oe f f i c i e n t s ( sh i f t e d b i h a rmon i c t yp e s) .
i i n c e t h e b uc k l i n g mode s a re e sse n t i a l l y h a rmon i c , w a n d c on se que n t l y
f a re b ot h h a rmon i c . He n c e w e se e t h a t t h e f ol l ow i n g op e ra t i on s w i t h
t h e op e ra t ors h ol d:
l
i
[ L. ( )] = Lj [ L. ( )]
a n d a l so L. [ ( ) ,
x x
] = [ L. ( ) ] ,
x x
i , j 1, 2, 3, 4
( 12)
( 13)
Th us w e c a n e l i mi n a t e f f rom Eq. ( 7) b y op e ra t i n g w i t h L. up on Eq. ( 7)
a n d a s a re sul t h a v e
2
_
T F 2 ^, L_ ( w ) -
T
L, L- ( f ) + -.L. L. ( w ) - n L, ( w , ) +
12 R ^ 1 3
v
- ^ A 12 A 1 4
v
x 1 x x '
rs
L. f , = 0
1 x x
( 14 )
B y ma k i n j use of Eqs. ( 12) , ( 13) a n d ( 10) w e f i n a l l y h a v e
2
12 h
L
l
L
3
( W )
" X - t
L
l
L
4
( W )
-
L
2
L
2 ^
+

A
rs
W
' x x x x
rs
2 L_ ( w , )
2
V
x x '
+
n
x
L
l (
w ,
x x
) = 0 ( 15 )
Eq. ( 15 ) i s t h us t h e Don n e l l e qua t i on f or t h e e c c e n t ri c a l l y st i f f e n e d
sh e l l p rob l e m w i t h on l y w a p p e a ri n g i n i t .
:
* * "-* -* " . -. > . -- _ i. . . ,-. . - . . -J
W e se e k a sol ut i on of t h e above b y c h oosi n g t h e f ol l ow i n g f orm f or
w :
w = w c os mi rx c osn y ( 16)
w h e re i r = n R/L
Usi n g Eq. ( 16) i n Eq. ( 15 ) w e f i n d
( 17)
_ 2 2
n R - ( n ur) 1 C i , D B , Z 1 2i J
c
_ x _ =
n
= -
f
rs -
i
{ rs - rs }, + + rs
AH A Z 12 A P ( i mr) P A P
rs rs rs rs rs rs rs
w h e re C = ( 1 + n ) + 2 ( 1 + ^^- (y + y ) } 8
2
+ ( 1 + n ) B
k
rs s 2 s r r
J
2 2
D = ( a e 1 ( 1 + a ) - 2v a a e e 3
2
+ ( 1 + a ) ( a e ) ^
rs
v
s S'
v
r
J
s r s r
v
s
J

y
r r
J
B = v a e - { ( 1 + L. ) ot e + ( 1 + a ) a e ) 3
2
+ a e v
1
*
rs ss s' rr rss rr
A
P = ( 1 + a ) + 2 ( ~ - v )
2
+ ( 1 + a ) 8
l f
rs
v
s'
v
l - v
v
r
, E E . R
r
- , ( 18 )
a _ I L_ _ ( s , r ) = ( e e )
v
'
* ' mi r '
e
s'
e
r " H H H
S
'
r
Th e b uc k l i n g l oa d i s ob t a i n e d b y mi n i mi zi n g Eq. ( 17) w i t h re sp e c t
t o t h e w a v e n umb e rs n , m.
I n de ri v i n g Eq. ( 17) , w e n ot i c e t h a t n o e mp h a si s h a s b e e n p l a c e d
on t h e b oun da ry c on di t i on s. Th i s i s a s i t sh oul d b e . I t i s i n h e re n t
i n t h e c l a ssi c a l sh e l l st a b i l i t y h e ory t h a t t h e e i g e n v a l ue s a re
ob t a i n e d w i t h out re f e re n c e t o b oun da ry c on di t i on s.
DI SCUSSI ON OF THE B UCKLI NG EQUATI ON
Eq. ( 17) c on st i t ut e s t h e f un da me n t a l e qua t i on f rom w h i c h t h e ( mi n i mum)
b uc k l i n g l oa d i s ob t a i n e d f or a g i v e n sh e l l w i t h p re sc ri b e d g e ome t ry a n d,
f urt h e rmore , i t c a n b e de mon st ra t e d t h a t i t i s i de n t i c a l w i t h t h e e qua t i on
k__
i
MMM>MB M
MM" ^. ^. ,
use d b y Si n g e r e t a l .
6
W e n ow p roc e e d t o de duc e se v e ra l i n t e re st i n g
re sul t s b a se d on t h e f orm of Eq. ( 17) t og e t h e r w i t h t h e st i f f e n i n g p a ra -
me t e rs de f i n e d i n Eq. ( 18 ) .
Fi rst l y, w e n ot i c e t h a t t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y p a ra me t e rs e , e a p p e a r
e x p l i c i t l y on l y i n t h e t e rms B a n d D . Th us B a n d D a re t h e
r
rs rs rs rs
c oup l i n g e f f e c t s due t o e c c e n t ri c i t y. I f t h e e c c e n t ri c i t i e s w e re i g n ore d,
( e i t h e r ow i n g t o symme t ri c a l st i f f e n e rs or a s a h i g h e r orde r e f f e c t )
B a n d D w oul d drop out , a n d t h e re sul t i n g e x p re ssi on
;
=
1 !-l j * JL
2
_L (is)
12 Z A ( mi r) P
rs
J
rs
w oul d a dmi t p osi t i v e ( a n d h e n c e p h ysi c a l l y a dmi ssi b l e ) sol ut i on s f or a l l
c h oi c e s of a a n d n .
How e v e r, B i n v ol v e s f i rst p ow e rs of e , e w h i l e D i s qua dra t i c
i n t h e m. He n c e t h e si g n of t h e l a st t e rm i n Eq. ( 17) i s di c t a t e d b y t h e
si g n of t h e e c c e n t ri c i t y t e rms. Th i s b ri n g s out a di st i n c t i v e f e a t ure
of t h e p rob l e m of a n e c c e n t ri c a l l y st i f f e n e d sh e l l . Th e p re se n c e of a
mi n us si g n w i t h i n t h e squa re b ra c k e t s, t og e t h e r w i t h t h e p ossi b i l i t y t h a t
t h e l a st t e rm c oul d b e n e g a t i v e , ma k e s on l y c e rt a i n c omb i n a t i on s of t h e
st i f f e n i n g p a ra me t e rs yi e l d p h ysi c a l l y a dmi ssi b l e sol ut i on s. I t i s n ot
h a rd t o se e , g i v e n t h e st ruc t ure of Eq. ( 17) , t h a t t h e re a re a dmi ssi b l e
c omb i n a t i on s of t h e p a ra me t e rs yi e l di n g n e g a t i v e or ze ro v a l ue s f or t h e
b uc k l i n g l oa d! I t i s e v e n more re ma rk a b l e t h a t t h e sa me se t of p h ysi c a l
p a ra me t e rs w h i c h w oul d yi e l d a dmi ssi b l e ( p osi t i v e ) sol ut i on s b a se d on
Eq. ( 19) w oul d c e a se t o do so i f t h e symme t ry of t h e st i f f e n e rs i s
distorted.
10
'" " " " " -- -- mftj^Mtt -' ---,--.^^--:-^-^--.-:..- :,-.^M
H u uw* miMmmi^Kmm~~* >* mmmmmmmm m mammm* * - inmmHKmm
wmmmm^m
mmgm
I
A se c on d ob se rv a t i on w h i c h w e c a n ma k e , a n d t o w h i c h w e sh a l l c ome
b a c k , i s t h e a b se n c e of Z e x p l i c i t l y i n t h e l a st t e rm of Eq. ( 17) , w h i c h
ma k e s c e rt a i n sol ut i on s v a l i d f c r a l l Z ra n g e s.
Eq. ( 17) , i n v ol v i n g b ot h ri n g s a n d st ri n g e rs, i s a p p l i c a b l e t o . 1
g e n e ra l ( g ri d) st i f f e n e d sh e l l . Pa rt i c ul a r c a se s of a x i a l or ri n g
st i f f e n e rs a re ob t a i i . ^d f rom Eq. ( 17) b / se t t i n g t h e a p p rop ri a t e st i f -
f e n i n g t e rms e qua l t o ze ro. A g ri d st i f f e n e d sh e l l i s e sse n t i a l l y a
c omp osi t e of a x i a l a n d ri n g st i f f e n e d c yl i n de rs, a n d h e n c e i t s b e h a v i or
i s un de rst ood b e st b y st udyi n g t h e a x i a l a n d t h e ri n g c a se s se p a ra t e l y.
Th i s p a p e r c on f i n e s i t s a t t e n t i on t o t h e a x i a l a n d ri n g c a se s on l y.
AX I ALLY STI FFENED SHELL
Ai l t h e p a ra me t e rs w i t h sub sc ri p t r a re se t e qua l t o ze ro i n
Eqs. ( 17) a n d ( 18 ) a n d a f t e r some ma n i p ul a t i on w e c a n ob t a i n t h e
g ov e rn i n g e qua t i on f or t h e a x i a l l y st i f f e n e d sh e l l un de r a x i a l c omp re s-
si on a s f ol l ow s:
1 f ( mi r)
2
C ( a e )
z
( 1 + 1L. ) 1 z 1 2a e ( v -
2
) v
s s
J
1- v I s s
v
'
+ +
e
( mi r) A P
s s ( 20)
w h e re
C
s
= ( 1 n
s
) + 2 { 1 + ( 1- v ) Y
S
/
2
1 B
2
&
P = ( l + a ) + 2{ l + a /( 1- v ) }
2
+ $
u
s s s
( 21)
A - ( 1 + a ) - v'
s
l
s'
For a sh e l l of g i v e n c t , e , n a n d Z , Eq. ( 20j yi e l ds
a
l oa d f or e a c h
i n t e g e r v a l ue of m, n suc h t h a t m > 1; n >0. ( m= n = 0 c a se c orre sp on ds t o
11
HHi
a constant w displacement which is of no interest to the buckling p rob l e m) .
Th e lowest of these loads for all m,n combinations is the buckling load
f or t h e g i v e n sh e l l .
From a t h e ore t i c a l p oi n t of v i e w , h ow e v e r, i t i s more c on v e n i e n t
t o a ssume a b i n i t i o a b uc k l i n g mode a n d i n v e st i g a t e t h e ra n g e of i t s
v a l i di t y. W e f i rst c on si de r t h e a x i symme t ri c c a se ( n = 0) .
Ax i symn e t ri c Ca se
Th i s i s ob t a i n e d b y se t t i n g 6= 0 i n Eqs. ( 20) a n d ( 21) . Th e
re sul t i n g e qua t i on i s t h e n mi n i mi ze d w i t h re sp e c t t o m t o yi e l d t h e
f ol l ow i n g :
0
l
\
l
+ \
(
Vs
)2
r>i/2
2va
s
e
s
9 IV ( 22)
A ( 1 + a )
s s
Th e si g n c f t h e l a st t e rm i n Eq. ( 22) de p e n ds up on t h e si g n of e .
W e c a n t h us di st i n g ui sh t h e t w o c a se s of i n si de ( + v e e g )
a n
d out si de
( - v e e
g
) st i f f sn e rs.
W e n ot i c e t h a t f or re a l v a l ue s of n . ,
a x i
n
s
- 12 ( e
sCt s
)
?
/ ( 1 a
s
) - 1 = n * ( 23)
sh oul d h ol d i n Eq. ( 22) . I t i s i n t e re st i n g t o n ot e t h a t f or n g re a t e r
t h a n n suc h t h a t t h e squa re root t c - rm i s p osi t i v e . , t h e p re di c t e d l oa d
i s a f f e c t e d b y t h e si g n of t h e l a st t e rn . Th us, f or e p osi t i v e t h e
l oa d i s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t w i t h e n e g a t i v e . He n c e t h e i n si de st i f f e n e r
c a se w oul d yi e l d h i g h e r a x i symme t ri c l oa ds t h a n out si de st i f f e n e rs.
I t f ol l ow s t h a t f or n e g a t i v e e , t h e mi n i mum l oa d i s ze ro a n d t h e c orre -
sp on di n g r\ v a l ue i s g i v e n b y:
12
- ^Lri ^. ! . . . . . . , . ^. ^- . , , - , . , ^^- >. ; - . . - .
* f r* 3f o^g g ^8 3f f * B t g ^ ^ a
n
s
= n * = 12 ( e
s

s
)
2
/ A
g
- 1 p i t h n ^. ( - ) = 0) ( 24 )
* *
n i s g re a t e r t h a n n a s A ( = 1 + a - v
2
) < 1 * a f or p osi t i v e
v . How e v e r t h e di f f e re n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o n v a l ue s i s v e ry l i t t l e .
For v e ry l a rg e a v a l ue s t h e di f f e re n c e i s of t h e orde r e .
2
.
An i mp oi t a n t f e a t ure of t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on i s t h a t i t i s
i n de p e n de n t of Z . He n c e i f t h e sol ut i on i s v a l i d i t w i l l h ol d f or b ot h
sh ort * a n d ' mode ra t e - l e n g t h ' c yl i n de rs.
Asymme t ri c Ca se
Th e a symme t ri c sol ut i on i s ob t a i n e d f rom Eq, ( 20) a s t h e l ow e st
p ossi b l e l oa d f or a l l p ossi b l e i n t e g e r c omb i n a t i on s of m a n d n ( n >0)
f or a l l g i v e n v a l ue s of a , e , n , a n d Z . Ob v i ousl y, a l a rg e n umb e r of
c omp ut a t i on s h a s t o b e p e rf orme d t o c ov e r a w i de ra n g e of t h e se p a ra me t e rs,
How e v e r, a sl i g h t l y modi f i e d f orm of Eq. ( 20) i s more c on v e n i e n t f or
t h e ore t i c a l c omp a ri son w i t h t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on Eq. ( 22) . Th i s
a p p rox i ma t e f orm i s ob t a i n e d b y n ot i n g t h a t f or t h e a x i symme t ri c c a se of
a mode ra t e l e n g t h c yl i n de r, g e n e ra l l y n >>m a n d h e n c e
2
c a n b e t a k e n
muc h l a rg e r t h a n un i t y i n Eq. ( 20) a n - t t h us w e w ri t e :
1 ( mTr)
2
C 2 ( a e )
2

2
Z 1 2a e
r
S S S
J
, S S
n * [ - ]
A Z 12 P ( i mr)
2
P A P ( 25 )
s s
J
s s s
Ev e n f urt h e r si mp l i f i c a t i on i s p ossi b l e i f w e c omp a re t h e si ze s of
some of t h e t e rms w i t h i n Eqs. ( 20) a n d ( 21) . He n e ra l l y, a a n d e h a v e
n ume ri c a l l y t h e sma l l e st ra n g e of v a l ue s, se l dom e x c e e di n g a n umb e r
suc h a s 10 f or p ra c t i c a l c yl i n de rs; h ow e v e r, n h a s a w i de ra n g e a n d
c a n h a v e v a l ue s of t h e orde r l O
4
. Th us re t a i n i n g t e rms of t h e orde r
B
1
* i n Eqs. ( 20) rn d ( 21) w e c a n re w ri t e Eq. ( 25 ) a s:
13
OttkH W^WI Wl
1 ( mi r)
2
1 + n +
1
* Z 1 ? a e
n - [
S
] + - 11_ ( 26)
A Z 12 ( mi r)
2

1
* A. g
2
Ce rt a i n f e a t ure s of t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on i n c omp a ri son w i t h
t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on Eq. ( 22) b e c a me qui t e a p p a re n t f rom t h e
f orm of Eq. ( 26) . Fi rst l y, w e n ot i c e t h a t t h e si g n of t h e l a st t e rm
i n Eq. ( 26) i s op p osi t e t o t h a t i n Eq. ( 22) . Th us t h e st i f f e n e r e f f e c t s
i s re v e rse d i n t h e a symme t ri c c a se : b uc k l i n g l oa d f or e p osi t i v e
( i n si de st i f f e n e rs) i s l ow e r t h a n t h a t f or n e g a t i v e e . Se c on dl y,
t h e sol ut i on of Eq. ( 26) i s st ron g l y Z - de p e n de n t . Al so i n f i q. ( 26)
t h e re i s n o a p p a re n t l ow e r l i mi t t o n v a l ue s i n c on t ra st t o t h e n *
v a l ue s of qs. ( 231 a n d ( 24 ) ; h e n c e i n t h e re g i on s w h e re t h e a x i sym-
me t ri c sol ut i on i s i n a dmi ssi b l e , t h e a symme t ri c sol ut i on w i l l p re v a i l .
Con se que n t l y, some v a l i d c omp a ri son s c a n b e re a di l y ma de b e t w e e n t h e
t w o mode s; h ow e v e r, i t i s c on v e n i e n t t o di st i n g ui sh t h e t w o c a se s of
e c c e n t ri c i t y.
Out si de St i f f e n e rs ( e
s
n e g a t i v e ) ; Comp a ri son of Sol ut i on s
For n e g a t i v e e , a l l t h e t e rms of Eq. ( 26) a re p osHi v e , w h e re a s
t h e mi n i mum n . i s ze ro f rom Fq. ( 24 ) . He n c e w e susp e c t t h a t f or
a x i
* >
a n y a , e c omb i n a t i on , i n t h e v i c i n i t y of n ( i . e . n - n * ) >g i v e n
f rom Eq. ( 24 ) , t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on w i l l Dre v a i l . For v a l ue s of
n muc h l a rg e r t h a n n * , Eq. ( 22) sh ow s a mon ot on e b e h a v i or a n d f or
v e ry l a rg e n v a l ue s, Eq. ( 22) w i l l a p p roa c h t h e l i mi t .
1

+

n
s
1/2
l
\ll
" a x i
=

Z (
5
C
>
( 27)
3X 1
1 + a 12 A
s s
14
tMH itMUlllH rMinimumTil 'in il ii H I M H i ~ 'i .' <
I
How e v e r f or l a rg e n v a l ue s, Eq. ( 26) i s st i l l modi f i e d b y Z a n d
ot h e r f a c t ors. I n t ui t i v e l y, w e e x p e c t , t h e n , t h a t t h e a symme t ri c sol u-
t i on s w i l l p re v a i l f or l a rg e n v a l ue s. Ag a i n f or n l ow e r t h a n t h e
c ri t i c a l v a l ue f or a x i symme t r- i c sol ut i on ( = n * ) , t h e a symme t ri c sol ut i on
b e i n g a dmi ssi b l e , w e c a n a ssume t h a t w e w i l l h a v e t h e a symme t ri c sol ut i on .
Th us, i n a n r\
s
- a
s
p l a n e ( f or f i x e d v a l ue s of e
s
) , w e e x p e c t t w o zon e s
of a symme t ri c mode s i n t e rsp e rse d b y a ( n a rrow ) zon e w h e re a x i symme t ri c
sol ut i on p re v a i l s.
I n si de St i t f e n e rs ( e p osi t i v e ) : Comp a ri son of Sol ut i on s
He re , f rom Eq. ( 26) w e se e t h a t n v a l ue s c a n de c re a se t o ze ro
*
w h e re a s t h e l ow e st p ossi b l e a x i symme t ri c l oa d ( oc c urri n g a t n = n )
i s se e n f rom Eq. ( 22) t o b e
zv a e
naxi < > 11- ^
A
s
( 1 a
a
)
He n c e w e c a n e x p e c t t h a t t h e re ma y b e n o a x i symme t ri c zon e a t a l l
f or t h e Z v a l ue s i n t h e mode ra t e l e n g t h re g i on .
Nume ri c a l Re sul t s: Di sc ussi on of Z on e s
I n orde r t o g i v e sub st a n c e t o t h e a b ov e a rg ume n t s, a n umb e r of
a , e , n c omb i n a t i on s w e re use d t o st udy Eqs. ( 20) a n d ov e r a w i de ra n g e
of Z v a l ue s f rom 10
2
t Dl 0
1+
a w a s v a ri e d f rom 0 t o l ; e w a s t a k e n a s
1, 3, 5 , 7, a n d 10. For e a c h c omb i n a t i on of t h e p a ra me t e rs, a mi n i mum
of Eq. ( 20) w a s f oun d b y c on si de ri n g i n t e g e r v a l ue s of m ( 1 t o 20j a n d
n ( 1 t o 5 0) on a Un i v a c 1106 c omp ut e r.
15
The results are shown in Figure 2. For every ca
c
e the n-a diagram
shows four typical zones: Zone I of asymmetric m= l mode; Zone II of Z-
dependent axisymmetric and asymmetric (m= l) modes; Zone III of axisymmstric
mode and Zone IV of asymmetric mode where generally m t 1.
Zone I occurs for Z generally in the moderate length range, though
this range decreases with increasing e. Thus, for the highest e
considered, i. e. e = 10, the Z range of Zone I was from 150 to 10
4
while
for e= l, Z could be as low as 20.
a . e cce n t r i ci t y e , = -1
1 02
Zo n e 1
A sy mme t r i c
Jr
m = 1
A/
l i
. Zo n e II //
A xi sy mme t r i c //
1 0
1 _ o r A sy mme t r i c 7
/Zcn e IV
// /
" /' /
A sy mme t r i c
i /' /
m t 1
// /
Zo n e III
/' 1
// 1
A xi sy mme t r i c
1
/' / i
b. e cce n t r i ci t y e , * -3
10
4
1 0
3
-
" i
1 02
1 01
Zo n e I
A sy mme t r i c
m = 1
Zo n e II
A xi sy mme t r i c
o r A sy mme t r i c
-
AfZone IV
A
f A sy mme t r i c
m ^ 1
///
/'/
///
Zo n e III
/'/ "
-A xi sy mme t r i c
/'/ c. e cce n t r i ci t y e , -5
0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 . 0 2 . 0 4. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 . 0 2 . C 4. 0 1 0. 0
1 0
4
i i r
; Zo n e |
\ A sy mme t r i c
. m = 1
Zo n e II
1 03
_ A xi sy mme t r i c
; o r A sy mme t r i c
//7jax\z IV
.
'/ A sy mme t r i c
m (t 1
Zo n e III
/// A xi sy mme t r i c
1 02 /-"
/if
it/
/'/
I'l d . e cce n t r i ci t y e , = -7
1 01
1 03
102;
10'
Zo n e I
A sy mme t r i c
m = 1
Zo n e II
A xi sy mme t r i c
o r A sy mme t r i c
< e IV
A sy mme t r i c
m ^ 1
Zo n e III
A xi sy mme t r i c
e . e cce n t r i ci t y e t -1 0
* > '
0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 . 0 2 . 0 4. 0 1 0? 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 . 0 2 . 0 4. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1 . 0 2 . 0 4. 0 1 0. 0
F i g ur e 2 . Go ve r n i n g Buckl i n g M o d e s i n V a r i o us Zo n e s f o r A xi a l l y S t i f f e n e d C y l i n d e r Un cr A xi a l C o mp r e ssi o n
16
i
.
. . . . . . . .
T f ^94 HH9^q V - T' - V -
Zone II is a transition zone where pxisymmetric solutions govern for
Z values which increase with decreasing n, until Zone III values of n
are reached, where axisymmetric solutions giverns all Z values. Generally
Zones II and III form a narrow band and the curve distiguishing the
two becomes asymptotic to the curves of Zone I and Zine III. The lower
bound of Zone III is the n* curve defined in Eq. (24).
For positive e values j. lso,there exist the same four zones though
the middle zones are even less prominent than in the negative e case.
It is interesting to note that the same curve forms the lower bound of
Zone I in both the positive and negative cases. It may also be
mentioned that the values of shell parameter studied by Singer et al
6
fall within Zone I for the axially stiffened case.
Summarizing the axially stiffened case, we have for every a,e
combination a minimum n above which the buckling is in asymmetric m= l
mode, valid for t'. e shell parameter Z with a minimum range of 150 to 10
1
* ;
for lower n values, axisymmetric solutions prevail up to a critical
*
value of n below which once again asymmetric modes (though m ^ 1 now)
occur.
From a predictive point of view, where we wish to design a
cylinder to buckle in the m= l mode, we are obviously interested in the
bounding curve of Zone I. The following approximate expression was
found to provide a close upper bound on the curve:
| 2
n = 18 W ( 29)
1 + a
valid for a. " 1 the ranges of the parameters tested.
17

RING STIFFENED SHELL
For the ring stiffened shell, we set all terms with subscript s
equal to zero in Eqs. (17 ) and (18) and after some manipulation obtain
(mir)
2
rc Q
k
+ 2fi
2
-i Z 1 2a e
2
(1-v
2
)
A P
r r
P
r (30)
where
c
r
= 1 + 2 (1 + kjL y
r
)
2
+ (1 n
r
) 6
h
P
r
= 1 2 (1 a
r
/l-v)g
2
(1 a
r
)6
lt
(31)
A = 1 + o - v
2
= n/mir
Axisymmetric Solution
The axisymmetric solution is readily obtained by setting 6= 0 in Eqs.
(30) and (31) and minimizing the resulting expression with respect to m.
Thus we have:
n
ax
. = 2/(12 A
r
)
1/2
- 1/[ 3(1 o
r
- v
2
)]
1/2
(32)
Notice that this solution is independent of both n and e.
Asymmetric Case: A Closed Form Solution
The asymmetric case is based on Eq. (30) by the usual minimization
with respect to m, n (n > 0). However, it is possible to obtain a
simple closed form solutivn for the particular case of m= l and
2
> > 1.
Thus by retaining terms of ehe order
1
* in Eqs. (30) and (31), we get
the following approximate expression:
18
( w )
2
1 + n ( a e )
2
Z 1 2v a e
p [ I .
r

r
1 ^ . -
r

r
A
r
Z
P

l
12 " 1 * a
r

J
5 * "(I
+

Or
)
0
-
v
A
r
(1
+
o
r
)
(33)
which yi e l ds the f ol l ow i n g mi n i mum
1
1 1
+
n
r
O
r
e
r
)
2
if
2
2va
r
e
r
- 2 [ s- 71- T^T i - I T"
1
- - T- H- >1
A
r
( 1 - a
r
)
l
12 " 1 + a
r

JJ
A
r
( 1 * ZT)
( 34 )
I t i s i n st ruc t i v e t o e x a mi n e Eq. ( 34 ) . W e n ot i c e t h a t t h e f orm of Eq.
( 34 ) i s i de n t i c a l w i t h t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on f or t h e a x i a l l y
st i f f e n e d c a se , Eq. ( 22) . Th i s sol ut i on a g a i n l e a ds t o p ossi b l e ze ro
v a l ue f or n e g a t i v e e ( out si de st i f f e n e rs) . He n c e w e c a n susp e c t t h a t
f or n v a l ue s v e ry c l ose t o ( a n d g re a t e r t h a n )
. 12 ( a e )
2
, ,
r
,
r
' r ( . ) * r r
J
- 1 ( 35 )
r
t h e a symme t ri c m= l mode w i l l p re v a i l f or a t l e a st t h e n e g a t i v e e c a se .
*
Furt h e rmore , f or n < n r >
w e

se e
t h a t Eq. ( 34 ) w i l l n ot h ol d a s
*
i t v . i l l yi ^l d n e g a t i v e v a l ue s f or n ; h e n c e f or n < n w e sh oul d e x p e c t
ot h e r mode s, more g e n e ra l a symme t ri c or t h e a x i symme t ri c mode s, t o
p re v a i l .
B e f ore w e t ry t o c omp a re t h e sol ut i on s, w e c a n e x a mi n e t h e c on se - )
que n c e s of l e t t i n g m b e of t h e sa me orde r a s n i n Eq. ( 30) ; t h e e sse n t i a l
re sul t i s t h a t
2
< 1 a n d t h e l a st t e rm i n Eq. ( 30) g e t s modi f i e d t o
. On * )
2
r C
r
S
h
* 2
2
Z 1 2o
r
e
r

2
n
-XT [n-
(
Vr
)2

"
{
T-V
}
} H^ r- -inr-
m
P
r
w h i c h i s a ddi t i v e f or n e g a t i v e e a n d sub t ra c t i v e f or p osi t i v e e .
19
ijatm^mmLnmtmmf^*
mm
^^
,
^~
J
~~ - ' " - * - ^ - - > HKI mt i rrr ! - n - - mr-mm* ,* * * ,- . - -
Comp a ri son of Sol ut i on s: Out si de St i f f e n e rs ( n e g a t i v e e )
Of t h e t h re e p ossi b l e sol ut i on s, w e c a n a n t i c i p a t e t h a t f or v a l ue r
of n sl i g h t l y i n e x c e ss of n g i v e n b y Eq. ( 35 ) , Eq. ( 34 ) w i l l p rov i de
t h e l ow e st p ossi b l e v a l ue s; w h e n n i s sub st a n t i a l l y l a rg e r t h a n n ,
t h e mon ot on i c b e h a v i or of Eq. ( 34 ) sug g e st s t h a t t h e on l y p ossi b l e
sol ut i on s w i l l b e t h e a x i symme t ri c c a se of Eq. ( 32) or t h e more g e n e ra l
a symme t ri c c a se c orre sp on di n g t o Eq. ( 36) . How e v e r, h e re a g a i n si n c e
t h e l a st t e rm i s a ddi t i v e f or n e g a t i v e e , a n d a l so t h a t C w i l l b e
qui t e domi n a n t , on e c a n i n t ui t i v e l y op t f or t h e a x i symme t ri c c a se w h i c h
*
i s i n de p e n de n t of n a n d Z . For v a l ue s of n b e l ow n , t h e on l y sol ut i on s
i n c on t e st a re t h e a x i symme t ri c or t h e g e n e ra l a symme t ri c . He re a g a i n ,
si n c e C ma y i t se l f b e sma l l , t h e t e rms i n t h e squa re b ra c k e t ma y b e
sub st a n t i a l l y l ow t o w a rra n t t h e p re v a l e n c e of t h e g e n e ra l a symme t ri c
sol ut i on ov e r t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on .
Comp a ri son of Sol ut i on s: I n si de St i f f e n e rs
For i n si de st i f f e n e rs, w i t h e p osi t i v e , Eq. ( 36) c oul d g i v e us
sub st a n t i a l l y l ow e r v a l ue s a s t h e l a st t e rm i s n e g a t i v e , c omp a re d t o
t h e m= l sol ut i on , Eq. ( 34 ) , w h e re t h e l a st t e rm i s p osi t i v e . He n c e
t h e p rob a b l e mode s a re t h e a x i symme t ri c a n d t h e g e n e ra l a symme t ri c
mode s. A f urt h e r c a re f ul e x a mi n a t i on of Eq. ( 36) sh ow s t h a t i t i s
st ron g l y de p e n de n t on Z , g e n e ra l l y i n c re a si n g w i t h Z ( a s
2
< 1 a n d
a l l t h e t e rms, suc h a s C , P t e n d t o a l i mi t ) . He n c e f or h i g h Z
r

r
v a l ue s Eq. ( 36) ma y yi e l d h i g h v a l ue s of n w h i c h a re h i g h e r t h a n t h e
a x i symme t ri c . For l ow e r v a l ue s of Z , Z /( n t t r)
2
w i l l b e sub st a n t i a l l y
sma l l e r a n d t h e si ze s of t h e p osi t i v e a n d n e g a t i v e t e rms w i l l b e of t h e
sa me orde r; t h us yi e l di n g qui t e l ow v a l ue s.
20
MMftftfUMMMi
H I iMiirWnM-fiiwii1-iiTr - -''
Nume ri c a l Re sul t s a n d Di sc ussi on
Eq. ( 30) w a s st udi e d f or se v e ra l c omb i n a t i on s of o, e , a n d n
ov e r a ra n g e of Z f rom 10
2
t o 10
1
* a n d m, n v a l ue s i n t h e ra n g e ( 1 t o 5 0)
e a c h . Eq. ( 32) , b e i n g a f un c t i on of a on l y, w a s c omp ut e d f or a l l t h e
a v a l ue s of i n t e re st .
Th e rul e on st i f f e n e r e c c e n t ri c i t y on Eq. ( 30) w a s f oun d t o b e
t h a t , f or n e g a t i v e e ( out si de st i f f e n e rs) , n ( i . e . , t h e a symme t ri c l oa d)
w a s re l a t i v e l y i n de p e n de n t of Z , de p e n di n g on l y on n f or a sh e l l of
g i v e n a , e .
How e v e r, f or p osi t i v e e , n w a s st ron g l y de p e n de n t on b ot h Z a n d n .
Si n c e t h i s di f f e re n c e i n b e h a v i c r di st ort s t h e re g i on s of a symme t ri c a n d
I
a x i symme t ri c b e h a v i or i t i s c on v e n i e n t t o t re a t t h e t w o c a se s of
|
e c c e n t ri c i t y se p a ra t e l y.
* .
j
a ) Out si de St i f f e n e rs: Th e sol ut i on s of Eq. f 30) f or n e g a t i v e e w e re
a l most i n de p e n de n t of Z ( i n t h e ra n g e of i n t e re st ) a n d i n c re a se d ra p i dl y
w i t h n so t h a t f or e v e ry a , e c a se i t w a s e a sy t o f i n d a mi n i mum n
n
a b ov e w h i c h t b o a symme t ri c sol ut i on of Eq. ( 30) w a s a l w a ys h i g h e r t h a n
t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on .
s
Fi g ure ( 3) sh ow s a t yp i c a l n - a di a g ra m f or a sui t a b l e l e i v a l ue .
Th e di a g ra m c on si st s of t w >ma j or zon e s of a x i symme t ri c a n d g e n e ra l
a symme t ri c mode s. Th e di v i di n g c urv e h a p p e n s t o c oi n c i de w i t h t h e
n
, . c urv e g i v e n i n Eq. ( 35 ) , w h i c h i s b a se d on a n m= l sol ut i on .
*
Th i s mode i s e sse n t i a l l y c on f i n e d t o t h e
n
c urv e ; f or v a l ue s of
n
*
e v e n sl i g h t l y l a rg e r t h a n n w e g e t on l y a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on a s t h e
b uc k l i n g mode .
21
. . . , . . . .
t Jr
A xi sy mme t r i c
n
r
= t j
r
, , * = 1 2 (e
r
a
r
)
2
/(1 + 0, -^2 ) . 1
A sy mme t r i c
F i g ur e 3. Go ve r n i n g Buckl i n g M o d e s f o r C y l i n d e r wi t r O ut si d e R a d i a l S t i f f e n e r s Un d e r A xi a l C o mp r e ssi o n
Hence from a predictive point of view any value of n slightly
*
larger than n , . would give us the minimum combinations for an
axisymmetric buckling.
b) Inside Stiffeners: For positive e, the dependence of Eq. (30) on Z
exhibits itself in a remarkable way. For Z < 10
3
generally n was
independent of Z, but in the range 10
3
> Z > 10
1
* it almost increases
monotonically with Z. This behavior is generally true for low n as
well as high n as shown in an ex^nple in Figure 4. (for a combination of
a, e which could be taken as light stiffening). The axisymmetric line (being
independent of Z, n e) is also shjwn for the a considered. Thus it
becomes clear that for Z > 10
3
we can have axisymmetric buckling
(provided we have a minimum n required). For every case studied we
22
i i i i i i i i i i r r i i i n i i M M n i i a i i i BJ^H MWMfa-'.! . . : :
2 . 0
1 . 0
0. 8
0. 6 -
1 i
0. 4 -
0. 2
0. 1
1
A sy mme t r i c
A xi sy mme t r i c
?r = 2 0
J I II I I I
J I
' ' '
1 0
3
z
1 0
F i g ur e 4. V a r i a t i o n o f Buck. 3 Lo a d s V e r sus Z f o r C y l i n d e r wi t h In si d e R a d i a l S t i f f e n e r s
(a, = 0.5, e
r
= 3)
found that for Z > 10
3
, we could find acceptable n values beyond
which axisymmetric solutions become possible. It is also clear from
Figure 4 that the higher the Z value the minimum n for axisymmetric
buckling becomes lower. Figure 5 shows the minimum n values for a
shell of Z = 2000.
The dividing curve between the axisymmetric and the asymmetric
solution in Figure 5 can be represented by
n = C
12 (a e )
2
_ r T
J
1 a _
(37 )
where the values of C are given in Figure 6 for different values of e.
Returning to Figure 4, we notice that for Z < 10
3
the axisymmetric
23
wt
^
mm mm
1 0-

a . t, 1
A xi sy mme t r i c
1 02 Z- 2 x \&/
Ir
1 0'
Asym m e t r i c
1 _l , k_i _L. kJ. i jJ 1 J 1 M i l l
1 < *F
b (, = 3
Ax isymmetric
1
I ' I ' U ' ' I I I '
0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 1 0. 0
1 04
101
C .
r
= 5
Axi sym m e t r i c
Asymmetric
i i i i i t nI ' >
105 r
d. e
r
- 7
Axi sym m e t r i c
1 05
e . c
r
10
Axi sym m e t r i c
Asym m e t r i c

0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 10. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 4 1. 0 2. 0 4. 0 10. 0
F i g ur e 5 . Go ve r n i n g Bucki . n c, M o d e s f o r R a d i a l l y S t i f f e n e d C y l i n d e r Un d e r A xi a l C o mp r e ssi o n
sol ut i on w a s i n de p e n de n t of Z , b ut t h a t f or t h e p a rt i c ul a r n sh ow n ( 200)
i t w a s sl i g h t l y b e l ow t h e a x i symme t ri c v a l ue . How e v e r, n o ma t t e r h ow
h i g h t h e v a l ue of n
w a s
c h ose n , t h e a symme t ri c sol ut i on f or Z < 10
3
di d n ot e x c e e d t h e a x i symme t ri c l i n e . Th us a se c on d re ma rk a b l e f e a t ure
of t h e p osi t i v e e c c e n t ri c i t y e me rg e s: f or Z < 10
3
t h e a x i symme t ri c
sol ut i on se e ms j . ? b e a l most i mp ossi b l e . Th e re a son i s p rob a b l y t h a t
24
wi^tmntiiaainL-mmumtiiumrmtm nmt< 6nimtiif"--~-~~* ->~
c
4 . 0 6. 0 8 . 010. 0
Figure 6. Graphs for Constant C in Equation (37 )
f or Z < _ 10
3
t h e b uc k l i n g i s a ' ma n y- b a ye d' p h e n ome n on w i t h e a c h b a y
b uc k l i n g a s a sh ort c yl i n de r.
6
How e v e r, a p oi n t re ma i n s: t h e a x i symme t ri c
sol ut i on i s c e rt a i n l y p ossi b l e f or Z > 10
3
w h i c h Re f e re n c e 6 se e ms t o re g a rd
a s i mp ossi b l e f or a n y Z .
A f urt h e r re ma rk i s a l so re l e v a n t : t h e a x i symme t ri c sol ut i on ,
b e i n g so c l ose t o t h e a symme t ri c sol ut i on ( a t l e a st f or t h e
n
sh ow n i n
Fi g ure 4 ) , p rov i de s a c l ose a p p rox i ma t i on f or t h e b uc k l i n g l oa d f or 10
2
< Z < 10
3
f or a g re a t n umb e r of a , e , n c omb i n a t i on s.
Summa ri zi n g t h e ri n g - st i f f e n e d c a se , b ot h a x i symme t ri c a n d a symme t ri c
b uc k l i n g a re p ossi b l e a n d f or out si de st i f f e n e rs i t oc c urs f or a l l Z ra n g e s
w h i l e f or i n si de st i f f e n e rs i t i s c on f i n e d t o mode ra t e - t o- l on g Z ra n g e s.
25
iiimUfciMttMMfcfl . Maa^.Lin. , , ..^ f c^Wi M f i f ci i i i i i T ' - - - - : -. W- ^L, , , : . . . . _ _: _;
CONCLUSION
The primary aim of this paper has been to concentrate on the effect
of stiffener eccentricity oi the buckling modes rather than on the
buckling loads* , to present as simply as possible the parameter combi-
nations for which a particular mode would prevail. In 3ome cases we
havu succeeded in presenting a simplified relationship between the
parameters which would give minimum parameter combinations for moderate-
length (10
2
< Z < 10
1
* ) c/linders buckling in the dominant mode. By
concentrating on the buckling equations (within the assumptions of the
theory) we have avoided some of the conclusions made in References 4 or 6,
i. e. , "that axisymmetric buckling occurs for 'short' cylinders' or "that
axisymmetric buckling cannot occur for ring-stiffened shei. Is with inside
stiffeners".
This a priori knowledge of buckling modes is extremely useful in
the computationally efficient integration schemes for the related problem
of the dynamic stability of stiffened shells.
2 6
mil - I I I I I MM MMMI
. . "-. ; ! _ . . . . . -i . , -