Hygrothermics and Acoustics of Buildings

1 Academic year 2012-2013
Technical University Gh. Asachi of Iai

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services
Department of Hygrothermics and Acoustics of Buildings

-Project-
Hygrothermics and Acoustics of Buildings


Subject: Case-study of Thermal/Acoustic Assessment and Upgrading (Refurbishment) of 2-Storey
Dwelling made by Masonry Cross Walls and Pitched Roof
Introduction: Prepare a Case-study and Conclusions from the Summary of Case-study for a High
Insulated Dwelling, concerning the Assessment of its Thermal Performances, in Winter and Summer.
The Aims: sustainability, new engineering competence as fresher expert in Energetic Audit
Objectives are as follows:
1 To identify the building elements which affect the energy consumption of building.
2 To analyze the performances of these elements of the envelope.
3 To solve the different heat and mass transfer problems in building elements.
4 To evaluate the performances of building considering heat, mass, and acoustic transfer by:
Assessing of Building Elements Thermal Performances using ISOVER-Building elements, OPAQUE
Software;
Evaluation of Condensation Risk using ISOVER-Building elements, WUFI Software;
Simulation of Acoustic Measurements using ISOVER-Acoustics, ACOUBAT Software;
Evaluation of Thermal Bridges Performances using KOBRA, RDM Software;
Design of Windows Thermal Performances using WINDOW Software;
Assessing of Building Thermal Performance using ISOVER-Building Performance Software;
Assessing of Building Heat Energy Balance using CASAnova Software,
Establish the Romanian Energetic Class of Dwelling.

Contents refers to: Drawings, Design Concept and Approach, Input Data, Computer Aided Design,
Analytical Tools, Output Data, Conclusions, Environmental Impact, Engineering Solutions
Output Data: Thermal Resistance, Thermal Transmittance, Dew Point Temperature, Level of Relative
Humidity, Superficial/Interstitial Condensation Risk, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Influence Factors of Cold
Bridges, Heat Losses, Heat Gains, Heat Loss Coefficient per Volume, Heating Ventilation Annual
Consumption (HVAC), Primary Energy Demand, Standard Acoustic Level Difference.
Checking for Performance Based Engineering:
Sustainability is satisfied by Classified Energetic Scale of Building
Thermal / Acoustic Comfort is satisfied by High Degrees of Users Satisfaction
Environmental Protection is satisfied by Low Consumption of Primary Energy and Low Emission
of Carbon Dioxide (CO2).


Case-study Report has three main parts:
To compute the heat, mass, and energy transfer for a poor-insulated house.
To compute the heat, mass, energy, and acoustic transfer for a well-insulated house.

Well- insulated house:
1 Make an adjustment (refurbishment project) of the envelope elements by new insulating layers
placed inside/outside using the ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite System) called the External
Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS), in the USA and Canada or the External Wall Insulation Systems
(EWIS), in the UK and Ireland.
2 Compute the new U-value (heat transfer coefficient) for walls, floor, roof, and basement
elements such as slab above the basement or slab on the earth and basement walls (ISOVER-elements).
3 Compute the new U
w
-value (heat transfer coefficient for windows) (WINDOW).
4 Check for the risk of condensation (ISOVER-elements or WUFI). Place a retarder or a ventilated
air layer.
5 Assess D
nT
-value (Standard acoustic level difference) (ISOVER-Acoustics or ACOUBAT).
6 Compute the R-value (2-D thermal resistance) and -value (linear coefficient) of thermal bridges
effects before and after insulation (KOBRA or RDM).
7 Compute the EP-value (primary energy demand) for the entire building (CASAnova).
8 Classify the building on the energetic scale.

Input Data: new/old dwelling or project; year of building (Rmin); internal/external environment by
destination and human comfort (Ti; RHi), climate of placement (Te; RHe), Northern-Eastern-Southern-
Western solar position (Ir); neighborhoods such as buildings or forest (shadow factor); heating/cooling
installation; type of fuel; design concept of structural system, subsystems, and components; real
architectural shape in plan (layouts) and elevation, faades, and details; dimensions; gross built area with
external dimensions except terraces and balconies; net useful total/heated/unheated areas with internal
dimensions; number of floors; level of foundation, basement, ground floor, 1
st
floor, roof level for outer
garret/level of attic development up to knee-wall plus roof level for inner garret; no /partial/total
basement; ground floor, 1
st
floor, inner/outer garret, e.g. P+M means 2-storey or 2 stories house made
by ground floor+inner garret; e.g. P+E+pod means 2-storey house made by ground floor+1
st
floor+outer
garret; each faade displayed in progress area of external walls up to outer garret level /up to level of
inner garret roof as total /glazing /dense areas; position, structure, and material layers of the identified
elements of the envelope; identified cold bridges by position, dimensions and materials; number of
occupants; 1-D /2-D computation.


Evaluation System for reaching the goal:
To perform each stage / final case-study counted into 40% in the final mark
To pass two test during the semester counted into 20%
To make elective interventions granted with 10%
To perform final Q/A counted into 30%.

References:
1 Romanian Norm C107/0-2002 revised in 2010
2 Architectural links www.icase.ro; www.arhitect.biz; www.casamea.ro
3 Software installed on the faculty platform (LC5 Laboratory):
ISOVEREU Software (Saint-Gobain Isover SCE, France commissioned by Saint-Gobain Isover
Hungaria LTD for English version, www.isover.ro/program-de-calcul-arhitecti-244.html free
downloaded after registration at energysave@saint-gobain.com ),
CASAnova Software (University of Siegen, DE, www.nesa1.uni-
siegen.de/softlab/casanova_e.htm ),
WINDOW 6.3 Software (University of California and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Software Group, USA), www.windows.lbl.gov/software/window/window.html free
downloaded, www.cbe.berkeley.edu/research/facade_comfort.htm
KOBRA Software (Physibel, Belgium),
http://www.sts.bwk.tue.nl/bps/onderwijs/software/KOBRA/koudebruggen.htm KOBRA
SOFTWAREPhysibel, 2002,EUROKOBRA DATABASEEUROKOBRA EEIG, 2002, Technische
Universiteit Eindhoven, Nederland,
http://www.softwaretopic.informer.com/download-kobra-physibel-free/
RDM Software (Institut National des Science Appliques, Rennes, France), RDM 5-IUT Le Mans,
Elements finis. Manuel dutilisation, Yves Debard, Institut Universitaire de Technologie du Mans
http://iut.univ-lemans.fr/ydlogi/doc/rdmmef.pdf
ACOUBAT Software (CSTB Paris, France) Demonstration logiciel ACOUBAT Sound v6.0
www.cstb.fr/dae/en/nos-produits/logiciels.html and www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD7W4Gb-9rl
user manual and license contract ftp://ftp.grenoble.cstb.fr/public/acoubat/acoubatsound2010-v6-std/
contact acoubat@cstb.fr for education institutes with a license server for a special rate.


Energy Audit Report
Private Building, Citadels Street,
Fgra City, Braov County
May 2013
Energetic Auditor: Ursachi Rzvan
General Informations: The content of this report is the dwelling house situated in
the Fgra City, Citadel Street.
The purpose of this report is to evaluate through the energetic audit expertise, the
fesability of the building to obtain the ENERGETIC EFFICIENCY CERTIFICATE
An existing building energy expertise lies in determining
ventilation and functional characteristics of the actual system building - thermal
installations in order to characterize the energy point of view of the building.
energy expertise to provide the necessary technical data for Energy Certificate.

Building energy certificate is an official document attesting the energy performance
of the building and associated thermal installations. Energy Certificate completes
the picture of the value of construction by "valence energy", being a document
useful for the owner or the user of the building, the sale of shares, insurance,
environmental fees, and more

The building is located in the town of Fgra,Citadel Street, facing to south
(S) and east (E). The main entrance is oriented to the south (S), and a secondary
entrance in the east (E).

House Presentation: The building was designed by the municipal architecture
office, execution of the building being made in 2010-2012 (2010 - foundation,
structure and in 2012 - the interior and exterior). The building is fully functional
since October 2012.


Private home building destination based on a custom project, tailored to local
conditions and needs of the owner. The location of the building is defined by the
following elements characteristic:
part of climatic zone III as climate zoning map of Romania Figure Al of SR
19074 or Annex D of norm C107-2005 C107 Part 3/3.
orientation to the cardinal points: the longitudinal axis of the building is SN
and has inclination below 10 east from north.
The 0.00 quote for limestone wall will be 50 inches higher than the rate of
developed land.
Surface ground Scs = 135 m2 and total area ground floor Sd = 211 m2
Heights of 2.80 m level is the maximum height to eaves of building is 5.60 m
Maximum building height is 6.89 m
Area of Roof: 170 mp
The main facade to the N-E, with the main driveway entrance.
Technology and Structure of the house: Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Minimum dimension to the ground: 9,62m x10,10m
Infrastructure: continous foundation under the walls, foundation block (C6/7,5) +
girdle (C 12/15), 100 cm thick. Reinforcing using PC 52 & OB 37 steel
Suprastructure: masonry walls, reinforced concrete columns, and girdles; the
material used in columns will be C12/15 concrete according to NE-012-1999 and
PC 52, OB 37 reinforcement.
The House includes two levels, the ground and the first floor, and there are
positioned several rooms as follows:
The ground floor: Dinning Room S=14,5mp / Kitchen S=10,6mp / Living Room
S=15,6mp / Lobby S= 9,8mp / Bathroom S= 2,8mp / Staircase S=6,8mp
The first floor: Bedroom 1 S=11,7mp / Bedroom 2 S=13,6mp / Bedroom 3 S=
15,7mp / Hall S= 12mp / Bathroom S=5,3mp

To see how the rooms are positioned, check the ANEXES with the drawings
at the end of this report
The next pictures represents the site plan of the building


Using the Romanian normatives I selected the most apropiate city for the
coefficient of solar radiation which I will be using next. This is the Anexe from the
Romanian Normative.

Fgra
Situated on the III-rd climatic zone for winter period having Te = -18 degrees C
a = 7,7
N12= 3930
D12= 227
Monthly mean temperature = -11 C


Computations using Saint-Gobain ISOVER program

1. Input Data Geometry


2. Transparent Elements
3. Indirect System
4. Solar Access


5. Constructional Data
6. Building Use


7. Output Data
8. Informative Data


9. Energy Consumption

10. ISOVER CALCULATION


Calculation of an Exposed Wall (External Insulation)
Exposed Wall with Cladding


Conclusion: after using the Saint-Gobain I sover computer program Building
Thermal Performance - Calculation section:
- from the Data Sheet of Vapour Difusion diagram we ensure that there is no
risk for condensation in the case of this solution for the External Wall


Computations using CASANOVA Heating and Cooling computer program






CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Data sheet

Geometry:

Length of north and south facade: 10,1 m
Length of west and east facade: 9,6 m
Height (without roof): 5,6 m
Number of floors: 2
Height of roof: 1,3
Roof ridge: in north-south-direction
Deviation from south direction (west positive): 0,0

Ground area: 97,0 m2
Useful area: 164,1 m2
Volume total: 543,0 m3
Air volume: 484,8 m3
Facade north resp. south: 56,6 m2
Facade east resp. west: 53,8 m2
Surface-to-volume value: 0,7 1/m

Insulation:

U values of the walls:
north: 0,20 W/(m2 K)
south: 0,20 W/(m2 K)
east: 0,20 W/(m2 K)
west: 0,20 W/(m2 K)
Absorption coefficient of the walls: 0,50
Roof:
Towards: outside air
ventilated roof
U value: 0,20 W/(m2 K)
Lower floor:
Towards: non-heated cellar (with insulation)
Door (north facade):
Area: 0,0 m2
Wrmebrcken: increase U-values of surrounding planes by 0.10
W/(m2 K) (normal construction)

Building:

Interior temperature: 22,0 C
Limit of overheating: 30,0 C
Ventilation:
Natural ventilation (infiltration): 0,60 1/h
Mechanical ventilation: 0,00 1/h

Heat recovery (only mech. ventilation): 0 %
efficiency factor of air conditioning: 2,5 kWh
cool
/ kWh
electr

Internal gains: 25,0 kWh/(m2 a)
Kind of indoor walls: medium construction
Kind of outdoor walls: medium construction

Climate:

Climate station: Bucuresti (Romania)

Windows:

North:
Windows area: 7,4 m2
Fraction of windows area at the facade: 13,0 %
Kind of windows: heat protection double glazing (U = 1.9 W/(m2 K))
U value glazing: 1,90 W/(m2 K)
U value frame: 2,00 W/(m2 K)
g value glazing: 0,70
Fraction of frame: 20,0 %
Shading: 20,0 %
South:
Window area: 7,9 m2
Shading: 20,0 %
East:
Window area: 2,7 m2
Shading: 20,0 %
West:
Window area: 10,2 m2
Shading: 20,0 %

Energy:

Heating system: biomass boiler, indirect thermal output, boiler and
distribution inside the thermal zone
Heat transfer / system temperature: radiators (outside walls), thermostatic valves
(layout temperature: 1K), system temperature:

CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Overview

Heat energy and cooling demand:

Heat energy demand Cooling demand
in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2
______________________________________________________________________________

January 22,4 0,0
February 18,5 0,0
March 13,0 0,0
April 5,2 0,0
May 0,5 0,0
June 0,0 0,2
July 0,0 0,7
August 0,0 0,5
September 0,2 0,0
October 5,5 0,0
November 15,4 0,0
December 21,2 0,0
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 101,9 1,3

Heating and cooling hours:

Heating hours Zero energy hours Cooling hours
in hours in hours in hours
______________________________________________________________________________

January 744 0 0
February 672 0 0
March 744 0 0
April 705 15 0
May 317 427 0
June 126 555 39
July 33 562 149
August 8 582 154
September 225 495 0
October 620 124 0
November 720 0 0
December 744 0 0
______________________________________________________________________________

Sum (in hours) 5658 2760 342
Sum (in %) 64,6 31,5 3,9


CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Climate and building data

Climate data:

Mean temperature Maximum temperature Minimum temperature
in C in C in C
______________________________________________________________________________

January -1,0 12,8 -16,3
February 0,1 17,6 -14,1
March 5,6 22,3 -7,4
April 11,1 26,1 -5,6
May 16,7 31,3 -1,5
June 20,0 32,9 6,5
July 22,2 35,9 8,5
August 21,7 34,4 10,4
September 17,8 28,6 8,3
October 11,8 24,4 -3,0
November 4,5 19,4 -8,8
December 0,7 12,8 -12,6
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly mean 11,0

Building data:

Mean U value: 0,40 W/(m2 K)
Specific transmission losses: 169,8 W/K
Specific ventilation losses: 104,2 W/K
Sum specific losses: 269,1 W/K
Thermal inertia: 60,1 hours
Maximum heating load: 9,6 kW
Maximum specific heating load: 58,7 W/m2
Maximum cooling load: 4,5 kW
Maximum specific cooling load: 27,4 W/m2
Limit temperature for heating: 20,2C
Effective heating days: 287 Tage


CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Heat balance

Specific (per m2 useful area):

Transm. Ventil. Internal Solar Usability Heat energy
losses losses Gains Gains factor demand
in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2
______________________________________________________________________________

January 16,4 10,9 2,1 2,7 1,00 22,4
February 14,1 9,4 1,9 3,0 1,00 18,5
March 11,6 7,7 2,1 4,2 1,00 13,0
April 7,5 5,0 2,0 5,3 0,96 5,2
May 3,8 2,5 1,4 4,4 0,68 0,5
June 1,4 0,9 0,5 1,7 0,26 0,0
July 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,00 0,0
August 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,04 0,0
September 2,9 1,9 1,2 3,3 0,60 0,2
October 7,3 4,8 2,1 4,5 0,97 5,5
November 12,0 8,0 2,1 2,6 1,00 15,4
December 15,1 10,1 2,1 1,9 1,00 21,2
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 92,2 61,3 17,7 33,9 101,9

Absolute (total building):

Transm. Ventil. Internal Solar Usability Heat energy
losses losses Gains Gains factor demand
in kWh in kWh in kWh in kWh in kWh
______________________________________________________________________________

January 2685 1786 348 443 1,00 3679
February 2310 1536 315 496 1,00 3036
March 1907 1269 347 688 1,00 2141
April 1229 818 324 867 0,96 856
May 617 410 237 715 0,68 76
June 223 148 87 284 0,26 0
July 0 0 0 0 0,00 0
August 31 21 13 39 0,04 0
September 469 312 203 544 0,60 34
October 1193 794 338 739 0,97 909
November 1974 1313 337 430 1,00 2519
December 2485 1653 348 317 1,00 3473
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 15123 10059 2897 5562 16723

CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Cooling balance

Cooling demand and overheating:

Cooling demand Cooling demand Mean Cooling degree
specific absolute overheating hours
in kWh/m2 in kWh in hours/day in Kh
______________________________________________________________________________

January 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
February 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
March 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
April 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
May 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
June 0,2 34 1,3 24,0
July 0,7 107 4,8 238,2
August 0,5 77 5,0 148,4
September 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
October 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
November 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
December 0,0 0 0,0 0,0
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 1,3 218 410,5


CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Primary and end energy demand for heating

Energy demand of the heating system:

Heat:
Heat energy demand: 101,9 kWh/(m2 a)
Losses of the heat storage: 0,0 kWh/(m2 a)
Heat losses from the distribution: 2,4 kWh/(m2 a)
Looses at the transmission to the rooms: 1,1 kWh/(m2 a)
Expense number of heat generation: 1,37

End energy demand wood: 144,8 kWh/(m2 a)
Primary energy factor wood: 0,2
Primary energy demand wood: 29,0 kWh/(m2 a)

Auxiliary energy (electricity):
Auxiliary energy for heat generation: 1,9 kWh/(m2 a)
Auxiliary energy for heat storage: 0,0 kWh/(m2 a)
Auxiliary energy for heat distribution: 1,2 kWh/(m2 a)

End energy demand auxiliary energy (electricity): 3,1 kWh/(m2 a)
Primary energy factor electricity: 3,0
Primary energy demand auxiliary energy (electricity): 9,2 kWh/(m2 a)

End energy End energy End energy Primary Primary Primary
demand demand demand demand demand demand
wood electricity total wood electricity total
in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2
______________________________________________________________________________

January 31,9 0,7 32,5 6,4 2,0 8,4
February 26,3 0,6 26,8 5,3 1,7 6,9
March 18,5 0,4 18,9 3,7 1,2 4,9
April 7,4 0,2 7,6 1,5 0,5 2,0
May 0,7 0,0 0,7 0,1 0,0 0,2
June 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
July 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
August 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
September 0,3 0,0 0,3 0,1 0,0 0,1
October 7,9 0,2 8,0 1,6 0,5 2,1
November 21,8 0,5 22,3 4,4 1,4 5,7
December 30,1 0,6 30,7 6,0 1,9 7,9
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 144,8 3,1 147,8 29,0 9,2 38,1


CASAnova
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Output: Primary and end energy demand for cooling

Energy demand of the cooling system:

Efficiency factor of the air conditioning: 2,5 kWh cooling/ kWh electricity

Cooling demand End energy demand for cooling Primary energy demand
in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2 in kWh/m2
______________________________________________________________________________

January 0,0 0,0 0,0
February 0,0 0,0 0,0
March 0,0 0,0 0,0
April 0,0 0,0 0,0
May 0,0 0,0 0,0
June 0,2 0,1 0,2
July 0,7 0,3 0,8
August 0,5 0,2 0,6
September 0,0 0,0 0,0
October 0,0 0,0 0,0
November 0,0 0,0 0,0
December 0,0 0,0 0,0
______________________________________________________________________________

Yearly sum 1,3 0,5 1,6


Analysis in WINDOW





Analysis in RDM5 computer program


Final Conclusion of this Hygrothermic Project:

Energetic performance requirement is checked (R > Rmin)

We obtained a heat energy demand with a value of 101,9 kWh/(mp/a)
which leads the house to the B class

Insulating materials applied to a traditional solution for a common
house can substantially decrease the consumption of thermal energy,
an important issue nowadays.

The house is efficiently by the energetic point of view

Hygrothermics and Acoustics of Buildings

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1 Academic year 2012-2013

Technical University Gh. Asachi of Iai

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