Lecture Slides Chapter 5

Practical Stress Analysis with
Finite Elements (2
nd
Edition)
Dr. Bryan J Mac Donald
BryanMacDonald/Glasnevin Publishing20072011
Bryan Mac Donald/Glasnevin Publishing 2007-2011
Chapter 5: Material Models
Pages 163 to 164 of book
OverviewofMaterialModels
Chapter 3 showed how the implementation of the minimum potential energy
method requires three matrices [S], [B] and [D] which define the behaviour of
the finite elements.
In Chapter 4 we developed the [S] matrix for each element type and
illustrated how to obtain the [B] matrix from differentiation of the [S] matrix.
This chapter completes the specification of element behaviour by establishing
the material property matrix [D]
Each material model will be discussed in increasing order of complexity in
reference to table 3.01 in chapter 3
LinearElasticIsotropicModel
We have already describe this in detail in chapter 2:
Assumes material behaviour is isotropic same
properties in all directions.
Assumes Hookes law is valid: = E
Assumption is only valid until yield stress is
reached must not be used after this point.
Useful as a first guess even if yield is expected
Requires E and in its definition
LinearElasticOrthotropicModel
LinearElasticAnisotropicModel
Linear elastic behaviour
Different elastic constants in every
direction.
i.e. no planes of symmetry
21 Elastic constants required
Multiple material tests required to
fill [D] matrix with constants.
NonLinearElasticMaterials
Elastomers (rubber like materials)
Foams
Certain polymers
Biomaterials (arterial tissue, collagen, etc.)
Lets take rubber as an example:
Up to 500% strain is possible with elastic recovery
The stressstrain plot is highly nonlinear (i.e. curved)
It has damping properties
Behaviour is time dependant and temperature dependant
Almost incompressible
See book page 166 for definition of stretch ratio, and the strain invariants:
I
1
, I
2
and I
3
NeoHookian Model
MooneyRivlin Models
TheYeoh Model
DependsonlyonI
1
lesstestsrequired
Inaccurateforsmallstrains
Generalformand2parameterformshown
TheArrudaBoyceModel
AlsodependsonlyonI
1
lesstestsrequired
Moreaccurateforsmallstrains
Generalformshown
TheGentModel
Alternativeattemptataccuratelymodelling
allstrainlevels
TheOgdenModel
Allowsforupto700%strain!
The parametercanbevariedtoallowforstrainstiffening
orsoftening
Hasbeensuccessfullyusedtomodelseals,Orings,etc.
TheOgdenCompressibleFoamModel
TheBlatzKo Model
Bothoftheseareusedforrubberfoams
Seebookpage170171formore.
HyperelasticMaterialModelling
ViscoelasticMaterialModels
Exhibts bothelasticandviscousdeformation.
Instantaneouselasticdeformationbutviscousdeformationoccursovertime(i.e.creep)
Hysteresis,creepandstressrelaxationarealldependantontemperature.
Examplematerials:Rubber,bloodvessels,cartilage,saliva,mucus,Glass,etc.
Stressrelaxation:applyasetstraintoaviscoelasticmaterialandstresswilldecreaseover
time!
TheMaxwellViscoelasticMaterialModel
Usesaspring(elastic)andadashpot(viscous)inseries.
Suddenapplicationofforce
Instantaneousdeformationofthespring
Followedbycreepofdashpot(slopedline)
Suddenapplicationofdisplacement
Forceinspringinstantlyrises
Dashpotthenslowlyexpandsandrelieves
thestress(curvedline)
TheKelvinVoight ViscoelasticMaterialModel
Usesaspring(elastic)andadashpot(viscous)inparallel.
Sudden application of force
Material deforms at a decreasing strain rate
the slope constantly reduces
Eventually reaches a steady state
If force is removed then relaxes
exponentially to the undeformed state
<better than Maxwell!!>
Followed by instantaneous stress relaxation
due to the dashpot being in parallel.
<Notaccurate!!Maxwellisbetterhere.>
TheStandardLinearSolidViscoelasticMaterialModel
CombinesMaxwellwithaparallelspring.
Sudden application of force
Instantaneous elastic deformation due to
spring followed by deformation at a
decreasing strain rate.
If force is removed then there is an
instantaneous reaction followed by an
exponential decay to the undeformed state
Followed by a gradual stress relaxation due
to the dashpot
ElastoPlasticMaterialModels
Illustrationofstrainrateeffects:
Modellingthedeformationofabarduetoaxialcompressiveload.
Inthiscasetheloadisappliedveryquicklyinordertomodelimpactofthebaragainsta
rigidsurface.
(a)showsthesymmetrymodel
(b)showsamodelusingastrainratedependantmaterialmodel
(c)showsamodelusingastrainrateindependentmaterialmodel
StrainrateIndependentElastoPlasticMaterialModels
TheBilinearElastoPlasticMateial Model:
Twolines:Onefortheelasticdeformation,anotherfortheplastic
E(YoungsModulus)definestheslopeoftheelasticline
E
tan
(TangentModulus)definestheslopeoftheplasticline
OnlyvaliduptotheUTS cannotmodelstresssofteningandneckingeffects.
HardeningLaws:
(Stressrange=differenceinstressbetweenunloadingandnextyieldevent)
BilinearKineamtic
(1)Tensileloadisapplied
(2)Yieldingoccurs
(3)Plasticdeformation
(4)Compressiveloadapplied
(5)Yielding(incompression)
Stressrange=2YieldStress
BilinearIsotropic
(1) TensileLoadisapplied
(2) Yieldingoccurs
(3) Plasticdeformation
(4) Compressiveloadapplied
(5) Yielding(incompression)
(6) Stressrange=2maxstressintension.
HardeningLaws:
MultilinearElastoPlasticMaterialModel:
Obviousextensionofthebilinearmodel
Whyonlyhavetwolines,whenyoucanmorecloselymodeltheactualstressstraincurve
withmorelines.
PowerLawElastoPlasticMaterialModel
Caboche form:combinesistotropic andkinematichardeningtogiveayieldsurfacethat
bothchangessizeandmovesinstressspace.
Basicform:
Isotropicform:Vocehardeninglaw
Kinematicform:usesabackstressforBauschinger effect
PowerLawElastoPlasticMaterialModel
AnisotropicHillElastoPlasticMaterialModel
StrainrateDependentElastoPlasticMaterialModels
Perzyna viscoplasticmodel:
Pierceviscoplasticmodel:
CowperSymondsmodel:
PowerlawandCowperSymonds:
RamsburgOsgoodmodel:
SpecialisedPlasticityMaterialModels
Concrete:
SoilandGranularmaterials:DruckerPrager Model
CastIron:
SpecialisedMaterialModels
DamageModels: CompositeDamagemodel variousmodesofdamagepossible
ConcreteDamagemodel crackingandcrushing
ShapeMemoryAlloys:
Creep:
Foammodels:closedcell,viscous,
lowdensity,crushableetc.
Gasketmodels:highcompression
andhighlynonlinear
Summary of Chapter 5:
After completing chapter 5, you should:
1. Understand the various material models that are available for use in a
structural finite element analysis.
2. Be able to correctly identify the most appropriate model for use in your
analysis.

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