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ABSTRACT

This system is to determine the natural frequency and the resonance of the spring-
dashpot system through damped and undamped conditions according to the objective that
have been given. The resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with
greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. The experiment is tested under the constant
applied frequency that is from 0Hz to 14Hz. The data collected from few different condition of
damping which is, open with length 150mm, closed with length if damp is 150mm, and lastly,
closed with 550mm. The different between the achieved results are determined based on the
value and also by referring the plotted graph. The conditions that affect the resonance of the
spring-dashpot system are discuss through the experiment.

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OBJECTIVE
1) Determine the resonance of Spring-Dashpot System in different damping conditions.

INTRODUCTION

This experiment is about exploring the effects of the vibration of a body in various
conditions. There are several things that can affect the vibration and resonant of a system.
When a harmonic vibration is applied to a system, it undergoes a free vibration. The vibration
of a system can be resonated, and the effects of the vibration can be amplified it the harmonic
vibration applied is equal to the natural frequency of the system. Under these circumstances, to
reduce the effects of resonant, dampers are used to damp the vibration. This reduces the
vibration and the amplitude of the system. This experiment will explore several conditions of
vibrations. The first condition of the vibration would be undamped vibration. Then it is followed
by damped vibration under different circumstances and to see how much it effects the natural
frequency and the amplitude of the system. The study of this experiment has a significant
purpose. It is to understand how resonance and damping is critical to the stability of a system
especially when it is subjected to harmonic vibration or forced vibration. This is critical
especially for buildings, vehicles and rotor machineries since it is always subjected to vibration.
Determining the right damper can reduce the amplitude of the vibration, thus, reducing the
likeliness of failure and wear and tear of the system.









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THEORY
Simple Harmonic Motion Frequency
The frequency of simple harmonic motion like a mass on a spring is determined by the mass m
and the stiffness of the spring expressed in terms of a spring constant k.

Mass on Spring Resonance

A mass on a spring has a single resonant frequency determined by its spring constant k and
the mass m. Using Hooke's law and neglecting damping and the mass of the spring, Newton's
second law gives the equation of motion:


The solution to this differential equation is of the form:

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which when substituted into the motion equation gives:

Collecting terms gives B=mg/k, which is just the stretch of the spring by the weight, and the
expression for the resonant vibration frequency:

This kind of motion is called simple harmonic motion and the system a simple harmonic
oscillator.
Natural frequency
Natural frequency is the frequency at which a system naturally vibrates once it has been set
into motion. In other words, natural frequency is the number of times a system will oscillate
(move back and forth) between its original position and its displaced position, if there is no
outside interference. For example, consider a simple beam fixed at one end and having a mass
attached to its free end, as shown in Figure 1. If the beam tip is pulled downward, then
released, the beam will oscillate at its natural frequency.

Figure 1
If the tip mass (m) weighs much more than the beam to which it is attached, the natural
frequency can be calculated using the simple formula

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Where k is the beam stiffness in pounds/inch. The following experiment further illustrates
these concepts.
Particular solution x(t) or Steady-State Response

)

()

)
where

To describe the frequency response of the system, we only need these two equations for all
values of . This is done by plotting what is called the frequency response curves M versus
and versus .
The analysis may be divided into the following cases.
1. When = 0 (undamped)
2. When 0 < < 1/
3. When = 1/
4. When = 1/

Each case has its own distinct characteristic which are important in the design of the system
itself. Several observation can be made and they are summarized as follows.
1. When = 0 (undamped),
i. M when

(or r 1).
ii. M = , when =

, this is known as resonance phenomenon.

iii. M 0 when ( >

) .



2. When 0 < < 1/
i. M increases when

ii. M reaches its peak value

(also called peak resonance) when =

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iii. M 0 when ( >

) .
The peak resonance

is given by

which occurs at the frequency

(called peak frequency or resonance frequency) where

The value of M when =

is given by

3. When = 1/ , there is no peak resonance in the amplitude ratio and that, =0
when = 0, and M 0 when 0.
4. When > 1/ , there is no peak resonance in the amplitude ratio and M 0 when
.













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EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS
Universal Vibration System Apparatus











Damper
Excitation Unit
Graph Recorder
Spring
Beam
Unbalance Exciters
Free and Forced Vibration Apparatus
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PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus was set up.
2. Make sure that chart paper and pen is in a proper position
3. A roller paper graph was set onto 20 mm/s velocity roller.
4. The point of spring, vibrator and damper is measured from the point of origin.
5. The experiment begins with the vibrator set being turned on and adjusted to the
required frequency of 2 Hz with no damper.
6. The experiment is repeated until 14 Hz with different needle position and damper
distance, b.
7. The damper positions:
a. Damper with the lid open at 150mm from Point O
b. Damper with the lid close at 150mm from Point O
c. Damper with the lid close at 550mm from Point O
8. The data was collected.












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DATA AND RESULT



Mass beam = 1680g @ 1.68kg.
Mass unbalance = 0.84kg.
Beam, L = 650mm @ 0.65m.
a = 350mm @ 0.35m.
Spring constant, c = 3.0N/mm @ 3000M/m.











Experiment Needle Position Damper Distance, b
1 No damped No damped
2 Open 150mm
3 Closed 150mm
4 Closed 150mm
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Experiment 1
Damper distance, b = no damped
Angular natural frequency,

()
()

Natural frequency,

()
()




Mass unbalance

= Mass 50%
= 1.68kg 0.5
= 0.84kg


Frequency of exciter,
f

()()
()()

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Magnification factor

Unbalanced Force,F
0

F
0
= mass unbalance x a x

= 0.84kg x 0.35 x 34.5
2
= 349.92N

Period,

()()

()()

T = 0.1953s


Applied frequency,

For

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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15
Series1
Frequency,f
Amplitude,x
(mm)
Applied
Frequency,A
Natural
Frequency,fn
unbalanced
force, Fo (N) xk/Fo wo/wa
2 0 12.566 5.49 349.92 0 2.726
4 0 25.133 5.49 349.92 0 1.373
6 0.5 37.699 5.49 349.92 4.287 0.915
8 0.75 50.265 5.49 349.92 6.430 0.686
8.1 0.75 50.894 5.49 349.92 6.430 0.678
8.2 1.0 51.522 5.49 349.92 8.573 0.669
8.3 0.75 52.150 5.49 349.92 6.430 0.662
8.4 0.75 52.779 5.49 349.92 6.430 0.654
8.5 0.75 53.407 5.49 349.92 6.430 0.646
8.6 1.0 54.035 5.49 349.92 8.573 0.638
8.7 1.0 54.664 5.49 349.92 8.573 0.631
8.8 1.0 55.292 5.49 349.92 8.573 0.624
8.9 1.25 55.920 5.49 349.92 10.717 0.617
9 1.5 56.549 5.49 349.92 12.860 0.610
10 2.0 62.832 5.49 349.92 17.146 0.549
12 1.5 75.398 5.49 349.92 12.860 0.458
Frequency
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

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Experiment 2
Damper distance, b = 150mm @ 0.15m
Damper constant, d = 5 Ns/m

Moment of Inertia, I
0

()()

Degree of damping,

()()

()

Damped Oscillation,

() (

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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15
Series1
Frequency,f
Amplitude,
x (mm)
Applied
Frequency,A
Damped
Oscillation,

2 0 12.566 34.5 2.746 0
4 0 25.133 34.5 1.373 0
6 0.5 37.699 34.5 0.915 4.287
8 0.75 50.265 34.5 0.686 6.43
8.1 0.75 50.894 34.5 0.678 6.43
8.2 0.75 51.522 34.5 0.669 6.43
8.3 0.75 52.150 34.5 0.662 6.43
8.4 0.75 52.779 34.5 0.654 6.43
8.5 0.75 53.407 34.5 0.646 6.43
8.6 0.75 54.035 34.5 0.638 6.43
8.7 1.0 54.664 34.5 0.631 8.573
8.8 1.0 55.292 34.5 0.624 8.573
8.9 1.0 55.920 34.5 0.617 8.573
9 1.0 56.549 34.5 0.610 8.573
10 2.0 62.832 34.5 0.549 17.147
12 1.0 75.398 34.5 0.458 8.573
14 1.0 87.965 34.5 0.392 8.573
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
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Experiment 3
Damper distance, b = 150mm @ 0.15m
Damper constant, d = 15 Ns/m

Moment of Inertia, I
0

()()

Degree of damping,

()()

()



Damped Oscillation,

() ()

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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15
Series1
Frequency,f
Amplitude,
x (mm)
Applied
Frequency,A
Damped
Oscillation,

2 0 12.566 34.5 2.746 0
4 0 25.133 34.5 1.373 0
6 0.5 37.699 34.5 0.915 4.287
8 1.0 50.265 34.5 0.686 8.573
8.1 1.0 50.894 34.5 0.678 8.573
8.2 1.0 51.522 34.5 0.669 8.573
8.3 1.25 52.150 34.5 0.662 10.717
8.4 1.25 52.779 34.5 0.654 10.717
8.5 1.25 53.407 34.5 0.646 10.717
8.6 1.25 54.035 34.5 0.638 10.717
8.7 1.5 54.664 34.5 0.631 12.86
8.8 1.75 55.292 34.5 0.624 15.00
8.9 2.0 55.920 34.5 0.617 17.147
9 2.25 56.549 34.5 0.610 19.29
11 1.5 69.115 34.5 0.458 12.86
14 1.0 87.965 34.5 0.392 8.573
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
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Experiment 4
Damper distance, b = 150mm @ 0.15m
Damper constant, d = 15 Ns/m

Moment of Inertia, I
0

()()

Degree of damping,

()()

()



Damped Oscillation,

() ()

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-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 5 10 15
Series1
Frequency,f
Amplitude,
x (mm)
Applied
Frequency,A
Damped
Oscillation,

2 0 12.566 34.5 2.746 0
4 0 25.133 34.5 1.373 0
6 0 37.699 34.5 0.915 0
8 0.5 50.265 34.5 0.686 4.287
8.1 0.5 50.894 34.5 0.678 4.287
8.2 0.5 51.522 34.5 0.669 4.287
8.3 0.5 52.150 34.5 0.662 4.287
8.4 0.5 52.779 34.5 0.654 4.287
8.5 0.5 53.407 34.5 0.646 4.287
8.6 1.0 54.035 34.5 0.638 8.573
8.7 1.0 54.664 34.5 0.631 8.573
8.8 1.0 55.292 34.5 0.624 8.573
8.9 1.0 55.920 34.5 0.617 8.573
9 1.0 56.549 34.5 0.610 8.573
11 1.0 69.115 34.5 0.549 8.573
14 1.0 87.965 34.5 0.392 8.573
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Frequency
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DISCUSSION
In this experiment we are investigate the resonance behavior, the definition for
resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at
some frequencies than at others. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative
maximum are known as the system's resonant frequencies, or resonance frequencies. At these
frequencies, even small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude oscillations,
because the system stores energy. Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily
transfer energy between two or more different storage modes such as kinetic energy and
potential energy in the case of a pendulum. However, there are some losses from cycle to cycle,
called damping. In this experiment we are finding the amplitude, angular natural frequency,
damping oscillation, magnification factor to investigate the resonance phenomena.
In all experiment we can see the highest amplitude in range from 8 Hz to above. For
example in experiment 1, at 2 Hz until 4 Hz the amplitude are 0, after that the amplitude
increase. We can see this relationship in graph amplitude versus frequency. The natural
frequency in experiment 1 is 5.49 Hz. In experiment 1, there is no damping.
In experiment 2, there is damping constant, d =5 Ns/m, damper distance is 150 mm, the
needle position are open. At frequency 2Hz until 4Hz the amplitude is zero and the amplitude
increase for 6Hz until 9 Hz then the amplitude decrease until 14 Hz. This behavior we can see in
graph. In this section there is damping, the applied frequency are keep increasing as we can see
in table. The damped oscillation in the experiment is 34.5 rad/s for all the frequency.
In experiment 3, we use damping constant, d=5 Ns/m, damper distance 150 mm but the
needle position are closed. The amplitude for 2Hz and 4 Hz are 0, after 6 Hz until 9 Hz the
amplitude are increasing after that the amplitude decrease, this behavior we can see on the
graph. Degree of damping for this section is 0.0207
In experiment 4, the characteristic of the amplitude are same. The maximum amplitude
are at range 8 Hz above. The needle position are closed in this section. The graph show the
characteristic. Degree of damping for this section is 0.0278
When degree of damping , is equal to zero, it show that undamped. This is also known
as resonance phenomenan,we can see it at experiment 1. When degree of damping are
between 0<< 1/ we called it peak resonance, and we can see the angular natural frequency
are equal to damping oscillation.
In a nutshell, the amplitude maximum for all section are at 8Hz until 9Hz, and the
damping in this section are act as losses. Error in this experiment are the systematic error, the
pen that being used to draw a graph are not efficient enough, this factor cause data are slightly
acurate.
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CONCLUSION
As conclusion resonance most higher occurred at without damper in section 1, followed
by open damper at 150mm, close damper 150mm and close damper 150 mm respectively. It
means in experiment 1, there is higher tendency of a system to oscillate with
greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others. We have to improve the experiment in
order to reduce the error. We have to use other method that more suitable. Therefore, it will
reduce all the errors from occur. The objective of this experiment considered to be success.
The application for resonance are while building a bridge, we must make sure the
natural frequency are at which value, and how to overcome the resonance problem. For an
example Tacoma Narrows Bridge and the other application that we can see when a kid playing
a swing, the resonance makes the swing keep back and forward.
























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REFERENCES

J.L Meriam, L.G. Kraige (2002). Engineering Mechanics Dynamics. Wiley, Fifth Edition.

A.R Zamri (n.d.). Vector Dynamics and Vibration. University of Technology MARA, UiTM.

Hibbeler R.C. (2010). Engineering Mechanics Dynamics 12th Edition in SI Units: Vibration.
Pearson Education, Inc. In Jurong, Singapore, pp. 631-661.

Daniel J.Inman (2008). Engineering Vibration, Third Edition. Pearson Education

Natural frequency. (2011). Retrieved 25, March, 2013 from
http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0025332.html

Free Vibration(One Degree of Freedom). (2009, May 23). Retrieved October 14, 2012, from
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Vibrations/Free_Vibrations.html

Damping. (2012, October 05). Retrieved October 10, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping

Vibration. (2012, October 7). Retrieved October 14, 2012, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration