European Identity over National Identity:

The Implication of Lisbon Treaty on European Citizenry

By Austen Uche Uwosomah
Erasmus Mundus Master: Media systems & Journalism within globalization
Audiences and Identities in Europe
Instructor: Pro! "r! Uwe #asebrin$
%inter &erm' Uni(ersity o #amburg
28th February 2!"
Introduction
)ne o the best ways to (iew the emerging European public spheres rom citizens* perspecti(e is to
relect on the re+ection o the constitution o European Union by the "utch and ,rench citizens in
-../! In that saga' we witness the power o citizenry and audience participation in a scheme that
dashed the e0pectations o those who pushed or a more (iable democratic Europe (ia a consolidated
constitution! &hat realization brought the EU go(erning institution to realize that apathy to Europe1s
integration rom EU citizens was strong and it would be better to the circum(ent the collecti(e
cooperation o citizens rom member states i they are to orge ahead with pre intended goals or the
European Union! &his is e(en so because the ad(ocates o the constitutional re+ection only considered
stalling the constitution because o euroscepticisms percei(ed rom national biases!
2onse3uent upon that' it became necessary or EU go(ernance machinery to circum(ent the collecti(e
EU citizens1 democratic rights or the constitution to be brought to ruition ollowing the 4isbon
&reaty o -..5! &he &reaty o 4isbon orces some o the laws and con(entions o EU states at national
le(el to be submerged by the constituted common European laws and con(entions!
&his de(elopment being e0actly what the constitution had entrenched that made it ail in getting
ratiication earlier' bring the (arious peoples in EU member states together into one common people
away rom their national identities with additional common citizenship pri(ileged with legally binding
undamental rights and under common continental binding laws and customs 6Bonde' -..78! As a
conse#uence$ for the E% citizenry$ their European identity is &iven more ed&e over their national
identity" '&ainst this bac(drop$ this paper )ill put forth the ar&ument that the introduction of
Lisbon Treaty has a(ored support or European integration and this will subse3uently decline
euroscepticisms among EU citizens and ma(e them less s(eptic to matters arisin& on Europe*s
inte&ration policies from the #uarters of E% &overnance"
+hy European %nion Needed a Constitution:
&he 3uestion o why Europe needed a constitution needs to be e0amined at the beginning o this paper
so that I can establish the logic o this paper and or me to be able to reiterate the conse3uence o
citizens1 hostility to Europe1s integration which necessitated the constitution1s re+ection beore its
latter ruition when it was reintroduced by treaty reorm o -..5!
&he conceptualization o the European 2onstitution by its ounders was a push to cater or two
ob+ecti(es (is9:9(is ;6i8 immediate political goals' and 6ii8 dilemmas stemming rom irre(ersible
decisions o the past< 6#abermas' -..=8! In the irst case' the constitution is needed to pro(ide the $ey
to conser(ing the democratic achie(ements o the European nation9state! &hese achie(ements include
not only ormal guarantees o ci(il rights' but le(els o social welare' education and leisure that are
the precondition o both an eecti(e pri(ate autonomy and o democratic citizenship 6#abermas'
-..=8! &he idea o the constitution thereore was to circum(ent deadloc$s o intergo(ernmental
bargaining and to prepare institutional reorm through inter9institutional and inter9parliamentary
deliberations 6I>2' -..58!
&he 4ae$en summit o "ecember -..= initiated the European constitution ma$ing! It was to inno(ate
a design rom &reaty reorm to constitution ma$ing 6Bonde' -..78! &he 4ae$en 2on(ention1s
aspiration was to elaborate a new legitimacy basis o a democratically consolidated EU signiied by
the promulgation o a constitution 6I>2' -..58! &he document was meant to be a generous oer to
enhance EU1s citizens1 rights and participation 6?etters' et al' -..@8! ,urthermore' as a political
collecti(ity' Europe cannot ta$e hold o the consciousness o its so(ereign member nations simply in
the shape o symbolic crystallization o a supra political bodyA the continental nations o Europe
ha(ing been able to establish peace$eeping and economic integration needed to be sustained (ia
principled classical international laws in order or the abrics that hold European states together to be
consolidated! &hus' transorming those classical laws into some sort o cosmopolitan constitutional
principles e0empliies the rationale or de(eloping the constitution or European Union 6%aterield
and #elm' -..58!
Besides the oregoing' the challenges brought about by the dierences in the way the continental
nations o Europe +ustiied humanitarian inter(ention which resulted to precepts o traditional power
politics during the Boso(o war encouraged the rationale or a constitution capable o binding EU
member states to spea$ing with one (oice in matters o oreign and security policy' and bringing a
stronger inluence o its own to bear on CA&) operations and UC decisions 6#abermas' -..=8! &he
strengthening o an economic uniied Europe was the surest path to growth and welare since the 2oal
and Dteel 2ommunity o =E/= and the subse3uent ormation o the European Economic 2ommunity o
=E/7' as more and more countries became integrated through the ree e0change o people' goods'
ser(ices and capital between them 6a process brought to bear by the single mar$et and single currency
adoption8 was yet another goal o the constitution 6#abermas' -..=8!
Ultimately' in a constantly changing' e(er more interconnected world' Europe is grappling with new
issues such as globalization' demographic shits' climate change' and new security threats' and need
or sustainable energy sources 6Bonde' -..78A these are the challenges acing Europe in the -=st
century! Moreo(er' borders count or (ery little in the light o these challenges and the EU countries
cannot meet them alone 6#abermas' -..=8! By acting as one' Europe can deli(er results and respond to
these concerns that means rethin$ing some o the ground rules or wor$ing together! 2onse3uent upon
that' the rationale o a constitution pro(ides mutual grounds or legitimation or ma$ing allowances or
conscious compliance rom the so(ereign member states to sustain an e(er9closer Union 6BB2 )nline'
-..58!
,ole of National -ias and Euroscepticism in the ,e.ection of E% Constitution in 2/
Dince the institution o EU integration by the ounding member countries' there has been one o
euroscepticism among citizens o the (arious states towards EU1s socio9political proposals! A case o
recall is the EU constitution proposal! &he responses rom the "utch and ,rench citizens towards the
constitution in -../ brought to light the gul between the EU elitist go(ernance and the European
citizens 6?etters' et al' -..@8! Although the constitution or Europe was designed as an e0tended
problem9sol(ing ramewor$ or the protection o undamental rights and the promotion o
transnational citizenship with generous oer to enhance citizens1 rights and participation' it came as a
surprise when it ailed to get consensus ratiication! As it turned out' the constitution ailed to get the
support rom the Cetherlands and ,rance!
&he two countries had (arious arguments or not ratiying the constitution' howe(er the summary o
all contention among others include Brussels bureaucracy' the threat to liberal (alues and ultra9liberal
economic approaches' pessimism and gloom about EU1s economic prospects' and the belie that
much9cherished social and national models will come under threat 6Mul(ey' -../A BB2 Cews' -../8!
Conetheless' the $ind o concerns and e0cuses that was put orward by the "utch and ,rench which
led to the irst ailure o the constitution stemmed rom their sceptical attitudes towards European
integration! &hey it into the category o Europeans described by Bernard %eels as adamant
eurosceptics and critical Europeans 6%eels' -..@8! As a conse3uence' re+ection o the constitution was
due to their eurosceptical disposition to EU integration which stems rom percei(ed national
disaections! &hus' one potential e0planation or increasing euroscepticism is that it stems rom
dissatisaction with the way the national go(ernment is unctioning in general 6Mc4aren' -..58!

Ce(ertheless' as a socio9political construct' putting the constitution into the laps o EU citizens or
general consensus was a conscientious eort by the EU go(ernance to allow collecti(e democratic
appro(al o EU citizens maniest! &he EU go(erning machinery had not anticipated the re+ection rom
any 3uarter! )ne uni3ue conse3uence o the constitution debate is that in ideal terms' the constitution
ma$ing was i0ed up to come across the emerging polity o EU1s social constituency! &his social
constituency transormed into plural (oices and debates that spread across the national public and
media spheres o EU member nations! ,or the irst an EU related issue was debated by cross section o
a Europe9wide public thereby establishing a European public sphere o some sorts!
&he way the discussions were handled by European citizens across Europe showed that EU citizens'
could con(erge into a Europe9wide public discussion orum to gi(e their opinions on the constitution
albeit a(ourably or against the constitution1s adoption! It is remar$able that the EU constitution
mar$ed one o the biggest Europe9wide audiences1 con(ergences among citizens and media in the EU
landscape to during the ratiication process! 2onse3uent upon the ratiication ailure' the EU
go(ernment had employed tactical political strategy o &reaty reorm or bringing into ruition the EU
constitution ollowing the complete ratiication o 4isbon &reaty at the turn o -..7!
The Treaty of Lisbon 0212
In the words o ?alFry >iscard d*Estaing' ormer ,rench President and President o the
2onstitutional 2on(ention' and >iuliano Amato' ormer Italian prime minister: ;the &reaty o 4isbon
is the same as the re+ected constitution! )nly the ormat has been changed to a(oid reerendums<
6>iscard d*Estaing' -..5A Amato' -..5 cited in BB2 )nline' -..58! &hese two political +uggernauts
o the EU go(ernment say so due to the conte0tualization o the treaty! Against this bac$drop' the
rationale or the treaty o 4isbon' among other things' not only aimed at amending earlier treaties'
notably the &reaty on European Union and the &reaty establishing the European 2ommunity on the
one hand' but as well on the other hand' aimed to reinstate the EU constitution (ia treaty reorm!
&he &reaty o 4isbon entered into orce on .= "ecember -..E and sets out new rules or the
political' economic and social changes or the EU landscape with intended adherence to li(e up to
the hopes and e0pectations o the European citizenry!
&he &reaty o 4isbon deines what the EU multile(el go(ernment can and cannot do' and what
means it can use! It alters the structure o the EU1s institutions and how they wor$! As a result' the
EU is more democratic by gi(ing more powers to the European Parliament than e(er beore! &he
Parliament contains representati(es o the Union1s citizens! %hat is reerred to as ;high
representati(es1 6see Articles =7E9=E. & E2 as amended by the &reaty o the Cice8!&his de(elopment
ma$es the EU institution more accountable to the EU citizens 6Eur94e0' -..78!

&he oregoing statement notwithstanding' the ocal point o my paper does not centre on whether the
&reaty ma$es EU go(ernance more accountable to the EU people! Gather' it is on the precept that the
&reaty o 4isbon orces some o the laws and con(entions o EU states at national le(el to be
submerged by the constituted common European laws and con(entions! &his de(elopment was
e0actly what the constitution had entrenched that made it ail in getting ratiication earlier! #owe(er'
the &reaty o 4isbon reenacted it (ia treaty reorm bringing it into orce! &he &reaty interpreted
common grounds or EU as ;samarbejde 6a cooperation8' lighed 6e3uality8 and has become
ligestilling 6e3ual status8! &he e3uality status ma$es the (arious peoples in EU member landscape
+oined together into one common people with common identity! &his new common people' as
mentioned earlier' ac3uires common additional citizenship with common legally binding
undamental rights 6Bonde' -..78
Under the &reaty o 4isbon' international agreements can be concluded by ma+ority decisions where
the internal rules can be decided by ma+ority (ote! &he agreements will be binding on a member
state' e(en i its representati(es (oted against the contents o an agreement" Agreements entered into
by the new EU will also ta$e precedence o(er the member states1 own laws and agreements! &he
member states at national le(els will lose the power to preside o(er laws and agreement ta$en up by
the EU! Duch laws and agreement among others includeA
6=8 3n common borders: that the Union will ha(e common e0ternal borders controlled by
e(erything rom common border troops to common rules on immigration and asylum and who may
enter and settle in EU states!
6ii8 3n security and crime control: that there will be common armed orces' military cooperation'
common intelligence ser(ice 6Sirene8' common deense policy' common weapons mar$et' common
military agency 6already in place since June -..H8 and +oint police cooperation 6Europol8!
6iii8 )n common penal code: EU citizens that breach EU laws will be prosecuted under a common
EU penal code on the basis o lay down sentences or breaches o all EU laws! Member states will
adopt the laws with penalties or inringement so that citizens may be punished or inringing
EU laws at national le(el!
Under the European Arrest %arrant some member states may be orced by EU to e0tradite a citizen
to other or something that was not a crime in his or her country o origin!
6i(8 3n common fundamental ri&hts: the supreme interpreter o undamental rights will now be the
EU! &he Union will accede to the European 2on(ention on #uman Gights' +ust as its member states
ha(e already done and i there is conlict between national and EU principles' the EU1s shall ta$e
priority! &hus the EU will thus get real powers o(er its citizens!
&he glaring implication o the oregoing new laws and agreement is that the EU will unite citizens o
it states into a centripetal community o transnational people who will be bound by a common
yearnings and aspirations! %ithout mincing words I thin$ in time to come' there will tend to be a
pre(alence o a common superstructure citizenship o(er and abo(e national citizenships! I assert this
because going by the new EU ormula as encapsulated in the &reaty o 4isbon' i there is a clash
between EU citizenship and national citizenship on matters o +udiciary precedency' it is the EU1s
rules that will apply!
,urthermore' with the new EU ormula as encapsulated in the &reaty o 4isbon' the EU parliament
members rom respecti(e member states will no longer be representati(es o the peoples o the
member states' but o the collecti(e citizens o the European Union 6EurActi(' -..58! As corollary' the
new citizens o the EU ha(e an obligation o obedience to EU1s laws and loyalty to the EU institutions
and authority 6Bonde! -..78! It is against this bac$drop' I argue that EU citizen will in uture be more
responsi(e to ta$ing acti(e part in discussing EU policies more than e(er beore! &his is e(en so i we
consider that national policies in the EU states are being gradually tailored to resemble EU policies!
&he EU citizens ha(e no alternati(e now but to worry about EU plans and policies $nowing that they
are as accountable to EU1s go(ernance as they are to their national go(ernance! 2onse3uent upon that'
I a(er that in the uture' EU citizenry within European Union landscape will begin to +ustiy their
identity o EU citizenship and less o their national citizenry prototype Identity!
Clash of identities: European Identity versus National Identity:
&he new phase in the deinition o European citizenship as being deined in the 4isbon &reaty
pro(ides a central gateway in creating citizens1 participation in EU aairs! &his ensures in two ways!
&hrough representati(e democracy by way o citizens1 (otes o Inational Parliamentarians1 and
through citizenry initiati(e in policy proposals by way o Icollection o one million (otes1! Although
ta$ing eect in -.=H' the enhancement o ci(il rights o the EU citizens pro(ides grounds or
European population to be acti(e in the acti(ities o EU go(ernance! I this occurs' li$ely that the EU
citizens1 interests in EU oicial aairs will increase and this would ma$e them more $nowledgeable
on EU maters arising and this could reduce their hostility to EU political decisions!
In the light o the oregoing' it has been argued that part o the e0planation or dierences in le(els o
support or European integration can be ound in dierences in cogniti(e mobilization and lac$ o
$nowledge o the EU! &hose who are more cogniti(ely mobilized that are those who are capable o
digesting comple0 political e(ents are li$ely to be less earul o the EU simply as a result o more
e0posure to it 6Inglehart' =E5.' cited in Mc4aren' -..58! Moreo(er' empirical analyses ha(e indeed
indicated that those with $nowledge about the EU are indeed more positi(e about European integration
6Inglehart' =E5.A Janssen' =EE=A Barp et al!' -..J see Mc4aren' -..58!
I citizens are increasingly s$eptical o and dissatisied with their national institutions' the same must
be e(en more applicable in the case o the EU' where institutions are percei(ed as distant and diicult
to understand! #owe(er' the apathy towards integration is not ully widespread among a cross section
o EU citizens rom a random position! ,or urther understanding o why Europeans might be so
protecti(e o their national identities' we can turn to social identity theory or a conclusion! &his will
point to the act that identity is important or the human psyche and that people become protecti(e o
their identity when it aces encroachment 6Monroe et al!' -...8! E
Europeans are still (ery proud o their nationalities and still strongly identiy themsel(es in their
nationalities 6Mc4aren' -..@8! It should be noted that there are dierent elements to consider when it
comes to concerns related to national identity! %hile there are (ery large numbers o Europeans who
are araid o the loss o their national identities in the European integration process' many o these
indi(iduals still a(or the pro+ect nonetheless 6Mc4aren' -..H8! #ooghe and Mar$s 6-..H8 posit that
those who conceptualize their identities e0clusi(ely in terms o national identity are li$ely to be most
hostile to the European integration pro+ect' Europeans who thin$ o themsel(es either in terms o some
orm o multiple identities that includes an element o supranationalism or in entirely supranational
terms will be the most a(orable to European integration 6#ooghe & Mar$s' -..H8!
>eneral malaise o(er the unctioning o EU go(ernment is a ma+or cause o eurosceptism! &here are
Europeans who do not $now enough about the EU and the integration pro+ect to ma$e an inormed
decision as to whether they support it! In the absence o such $nowledge' then' how is it that people
come to ha(e opinions about the EU or integrationK An answer to this is that most eurosceptic citizens
6using ,rance as e0ample8 rely on eelings about their national go(ernments and use it against EU
go(ernance! &hose who are dissatisied with the way democracy is unctioning in their own countries
are argued to pro+ect this dissatisaction onto the EU 6Anderson' =EE7 cited in Mc4aren' -..58! &his
relationship is especially powerul among those with little political $nowledge 6who thus need to rely
on non9EU9related cues8 but also holds or those who pass a political $nowledge test 6Barp et al!' -..J
cited in Mc4aren' -..58!
%e ha(e seen in the recent times across the EU landscape how EU citizens rom new member states
are e0hibiting strong European identity! &his is conspicuous i we consider the way citizens rom new
entrant rom the east and central European countries are permeating into other more economic (iable
EU countries such as Dweden' "enmar$' UB' >ermany' Austria' ,rance and others or economic gain
due to ad(antage o their EU identity is an e(idence o a towering strong European identity o(er
national ones! &hese peoples are described as EU citizens who e0hibit strong European identity and
not categorized as eurosceptics 6%eels' -..@8! ,urthermore' it is not aretched to say that EU citizens
o this nature are beginning to +ustiy their identity o EU citizenship and less o their national
citizenry prototype Identity! I say this because most o them when they are outside Europe continent'
oten say they are rom the EU rather than naming the country where they are originally rom!
Moreo(er' e(ery international airport within EU landscape admits people rom EU member states as
one identity regardless o their nationalities! &hus' at e(ery port o entry into any EU member state' we
witness the supplanting o EU identity o(er national identity!
The Future of European Identity and Euroscepticism:
As e0plained earlier' the introduction o 4isbon &reaty has a(ored support or European integration
and this will subse3uently decline euroscepticisms among EU citizens and ma$e them less s$eptic to
matters arising on Europe1s integration policies rom the 3uarters o EU go(ernance! &his paper will
orthwith e0plain this argument! &he 4isbon &reaty enhances the common citizenship status with more
the pri(ileges albeit sub+ect to EU controls! &he growth o interest in the EU aairs would increase
Europhile eeling among EU citizenry across Europe! Dubse3uently' the (alue on EU identity o(er
national identity may become higher! 4i$ely' this will in turn tone down eurosceptic eelings among
EU citizens!
Dcholars and commentators on European audience studies ha(e a(erred that no meaningul European
public sphere or audience has emerged since the emergence o EU! #owe(er' it will not be right to
suggest that there ha(e not been orums where EU citizens come together to discus EU matters! A case
in mind is the constitutional debate that got wide patronage in the discussion by EU citizens across
Europe! Just because the deliberations were tabled within the hemispheres o national public spheres'
the status o public opinion discussion in a Europe9wide basis thus ailed to be accorded to those
Europeans who too$ part in that episodic debate! Do a European public sphere has been said not to be
able to thri(e! I thin$ the solution to this lies in the 4isbon &reaty as I will e0plain below!
%ith the eort by EU go(ernment to amalgamate more states into EU albeit gi(ing them right o lea(e
rom the EU at will' the decision to remain an EU state is the portion o respecti(e EU states! EU
citizens can now pressure their national go(ernment to pull out rom EU' the &reaty o 4isbon ma$es
this clear! Do it is let or countries to decide on whether the beneit o remaining an EU state is worth
lea(ing behind! #owe(er' with the ruition o 4isbon &reaty' the EU go(erning is enhancing the
growth o Europe9wide citizens1 participation and interest in EU aairs! &he &reaty1s encapsulation o
laws and con(entions that ta$e precedency o(er member states1 (is9:9(is the e0ercise o citizens1 ci(il
rights by way o (oting in and out their Inational Parliamentarians1 and policy proposal initiati(e right
by way o collecting one million (otes' is an assuring grounds or hope!
Mc4aren' 6-..58 argues that ;eelings o distrust or EU institutions are li$ely to e0plain some o the
euroscepticism that e0ists in the modern days while trusting the EU institutions e0plain why there
would be more positi(e eelings about the integration<! People who are better aware o what is going
on in EU oices are li$ely to be less earul o the EU simply as a result o being more e0posed to it!
Dince the public opinion o the European audiences is centripetal to European Union' the &reaty o
4isbon has helped to pay a great deal o attention to what is going on in Brussels! By so doing'
political and ci(il participation rom the media and citizens across EU landscape is li$ely to increase!
I am o the (iew that this de(elopment will cause more citizens to be more e0posred to EU and
thereby increasing their awareness and reduce hostility and eurosceptic eelings! I strongly thin$ the
large camp o eurosceptics and critical indi(iduals o EU integration will now get more inormation
about the EU to enable them understand EU better without recourse to their national biases or
disaections!
As the EU gradually progresses to becoming United Dtates o Europe' the emerging European public
sphere that is yet sectoral' highly selecti(e and socially stratiied will blossomed into a Euro9wide
community with less eurosceptic dispositions towards EU integration! &he 4isbon &reaty has
cemented the integration o Europe! European citizens are now aware and conscious o their EU
identity and they can no longer eel apathetic or eurosceptic to the phenomenon o EU which they are
getting to understand better since the 4isbon &reaty!
Conclusion:
&he ruition o 4isbon &reaty being e0actly what the constitution had entrenched albeit ailing in
getting ratiication' will bring the (arious peoples in EU member states together into one common
people away rom their national identities with additional common citizenship pri(ileged and legally
binding undamental rights and under common continental binding laws and customs 6Bonde' -..78!
As a conse3uence' or the EU citizenry' their European identity is gi(en more edge o(er their
national identity! Particularly' I consider the act the &reaty cites that under the European Arrest
%arrant some member states may be orced by EU to e0tradite a citizen to other states or
prosecution or something that was not a crime in his or her country o origin! Against this bac$drop'
this paper will put orth the argument that the introduction o 4isbon &reaty would a(our support or
European integration and this could subse3uently decline euroscepticisms among EU citizens and
ma$e them less s$eptic to matters arising on Europe1s integration policies rom the 3uarters o EU
go(ernance"
&he &reaty o 4isbon has implication on the emerging European public sphere! &his implication
suggests that the EU citizenry will con(erge on a Europe9wide basis to discus EU aairs as they will
in uture be more responsi(e to understanding EU policies more than e(er beore! &his is e(en so i we
consider that national policies in the EU states are being gradually tailored to resemble EU policies!
&he EU citizens ha(e no alternati(e now but to worry about EU plans and policies $nowing that they
are as accountable to EU1s go(ernance as they are to their national! &he drawbac$s o national
logistics' which ha(e hampered EU publics rom blossoming' may still e0ist' but they could be
minimized by the 4isbon &reaty which e0plains to the citizens how EU go(ernance wor$s!
EU population can still ha(e elections' but they cannot use (otes to change legislation in the many
areas where the Union is gi(en power to decide! &hough possible' it is a (ery long process to change
an EU law under the 4isbon &reaty! &he power to change an EU law now' demands great eorts rom
a lot o citizens in a lot o countries! &hat is' it re3uires a transnational team wor$! Co gain denying the
possibility or a (ibrant Europe9wide audience coming together to inluence and chec$mate (ia
collecti(e discussion! %ith the oregoing assumptions' I will say that EU peoples will now be more
conscious and interested in the EU wor$ings as they are now aware that (ia 4isbon &reaty that their
citizenship as EU members stretches beyond their national geographical landscape! Dubse3uently' this
will reduce their hostility and ear o EU integration! 2onse3uently' the eelings o eurosceptism will
thaw to a large e0tent!
In conclusion' I propose that in the uture' there would be more general Europhile eeling and positi(e
attitude toward EU integration and less eurosceptic and apathy toward the EU among Europe9wide
publics! &his is the hope o the EU go(ernment and this is why the institution spends huge unds on
opinion researches concerning &he EU! It is the hope o the EU public relations unit that uture
in(estigations on lash Eurobarometer would re(eal more positi(e eelings toward EU! I thin$ this is a
possible phenomenon in the uture
,EFE,ENCE4
BB2 Cews )nline 6-..58 EU leaders agree new treaty deal,
http:LLnews!bbc!co!u$L-LhiLeuropeL5./=EEE!stm: Getrie(ed .H ,eb! -.=.
Bonde' J! 6-..78 From EU Constitution to Lisbon Treaty' ,oundation or EU "emocracy and the EU
"emocrats! p! H= http:LLwww!+!d$Le0pLimagesLbondesL,romMEUM2onstitutionMtoM4isbonM&reatyMapril-..7!pdN
EurActi( 6-..58 Constitutional Treaty: the reflection eriod!, http:LLwww!euracti(!comLenLuture9
euLuture9eual9treaty9relection9periodLarticle9=//5JE' retrie(ed .H ,eb! -.=.
Eur94e0 6-..78 Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on Euroean Union and the Treaty establishing
the Euroean Community, signed at Lisbon' )icial +ournal o the European Union' ?ol /.' 2J.@
http:LLeur9le0!europa!euL+ohtml!doKuriOo+:c:-..5:J.@:som:en:html' retrie(ed -@ ,eb! -.=.
Cet+es' 2! and Bersbergen' B!(! 6-../8 "nterests, identity and olitical allegiance in the
Euroean Union' Paper prepared or a conerence on I2auses and 2onse3uences o
Euroscepticism1' =P- July -../' ?ri+e Uni(ersiteit Amsterdam' =@!=.!-../ o 2onerence!
I>2 6-..58 Constitution' 2ouncil o the European Union website'
http:LLwww!consilium!europa!euLshowPage!asp0KidO=J=-&langOen' retrie(ed -@ ,eb! -.=.
I>2 6-..58 Treaty of Lisbon' 2ouncil o the European Union website
http:LLwww!consilium!europa!euLshowPage!asp0KidO=-E@&langOen' retrie(ed -@ ,eb! -.=.
Buboso(a' 4! 6-..58' #oland indicates it is ready to comromise on EU $oting rights' EU )bser(er:
http:LLeuobser(er!comLEL-H/=.! Getrie(ed .H ,eb! -.=.
Mar$s' >! and #ooghe' 4! 6-..J8 %ational identity and suort for Euroean integration' %QB
discussion paper DP I? -..J9-.-' Berlin' %issenschatszentrum Berlin uR r Dozialorschung!
Mc4aren' 4! 6-..58 E&laining 'ass(Le$el Eurosceticism: "dentity, "nterests, and "nstitutional
)istrust' Acta Politica' -..5' H-' 6-JJP-/=8' Palgra(e Macmillan 4td!' www!palgra(e9+ournals!comLap
Mul(ey' D! 6-../8 *aried reasons behind )utch +%o, --C Cews' Amsterdam
http:LLnews!bbc!co!u$L=LhiLworldLeuropeLH@.=5J=!stm' retrie(ed on .H ,eb! -.=.
&reaty o 4isbon 6-..58 %aterield' B! and #elm' &! 6-..58 EU treaty must be re(written, warn '#s
the "aily &elegraph: http:LLwww!telegraph!co!u$LnewsLmain!+htmlK0mlOLnewsL-..5L.5L-JLneu=-J!0ml' retrie(ed .H
,eb! -.=.
?etters' G!' Jentges' E! & &renz' #! 6-..@8 EU,s social constituency: #atterns of ublic claims(
ma.ing in constitutional debates in France and /ermany, European Journal o Political &heory' 25'
/.' -' =E=P-=-

%eels' B! 6-..58 )iscontent and Euroean "dentity: Three Tyes of Eurosceticism
Acta Politica' -..5' H-' 6-75J.@8' Palgra(e Macmillan 4td!' www!palgra(e9+ournals!comLap8