Japan Japan Japan Japan

I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures
II. Governance and Policy II. Governance and Policy--
Making Makinggg
III. Representation and III. Representation and
Participation Participation pp
IV. Political Economy IV. Political Economy
V. Political Culture V. Political Culture
VI. Japanese Politics in VI. Japanese Politics in
Transition Transition
1
Japanese PM Yukio Hatoyama
I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures I. Critical Historical Junctures
Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 Tokugawa Shogunate (1603- -1867) 1867)
Hierarchical feudalism, decentralized rule, isolation Hierarchical feudalism, decentralized rule, isolation
Commodore Admiral Perry (1853) Commodore Admiral Perry (1853)
Meiji Restoration (1867 Meiji Restoration (1867- -68) 68)
Emperor as figurehead Emperor as figurehead Emperor as figurehead Emperor as figurehead
Rule of Rule of daimyo daimyo (former feudal lords) and (former feudal lords) and genro genro (senior (senior
statesmen) statesmen)))
Desire to copy from foreigners so as to compete Desire to copy from foreigners so as to compete
Rich nation strong army Rich nation strong army
2
Rich nation, strong army Rich nation, strong army
Path to World War Path to World War
Early Wars and Colonization (Taiwan and Korea) Early Wars and Colonization (Taiwan and Korea)
Short Short--lived Taisho Democracy in 1920s lived Taisho Democracy in 1920s
Expansion into China Expansion into China
Greater East Asian Co Greater East Asian Co--Prosperity Sphere Prosperity Sphere p y p p y p
Invasion of Manchuria (1931); puppet government of Invasion of Manchuria (1931); puppet government of
Manchukuo Manchukuo
Full Full- -scale invasion of China (in earnest by 1937) scale invasion of China (in earnest by 1937)
Rape of Nanking (1937 Rape of Nanking (1937 -- -- 300,000 civilians massacred by 300,000 civilians massacred by
Japanese troops) Japanese troops)
Occupy French Indochina (1940) Occupy French Indochina (1940)
3
Resources in Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) Resources in Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
Rape of Nanking 1937 Rape of Nanking 1937 Rape of Nanking 1937 Rape of Nanking 1937
Between 200K and 300K Chinese Civilians Between 200K and 300K Chinese Civilians
Slaughtered by the J apanese Army Slaughtered by the J apanese Army
War with the United States War with the United States War with the United States War with the United States
US diplomatic and economic pressure US diplomatic and economic pressure US diplomatic and economic pressure US diplomatic and economic pressure
The choice for war The choice for war Pearl Harbor, December 7, Pearl Harbor, December 7,
1941 1941 1941 1941
Island hopping and strategic bombing Island hopping and strategic bombing
Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Surrender in August 1945 Surrender in August 1945 gg
US Military Occupation under General Douglas US Military Occupation under General Douglas
MacArthur MacArthur
5
MacArthur MacArthur
Japanese Advance in the Pacific Japanese Advance in the Pacific
6
Postwar Japan Postwar Japan Postwar Japan Postwar Japan
American Occupation (1945 American Occupation (1945--52) 52) American Occupation (1945 American Occupation (1945 52) 52)
American imposed constitution American imposed constitution
US US Japan Mutual Security Treaty Japan Mutual Security Treaty US US--Japan Mutual Security Treaty Japan Mutual Security Treaty
Postwar politics Postwar politics LDP predominance LDP predominance
Japan as the rising economic power Japan as the rising economic power
American backlash American backlash
The Bubble Economy and the Lost Decade(s) The Bubble Economy and the Lost Decade(s)
Zombie Banks and Zombie Politics Zombie Banks and Zombie Politics
7
II. Government and Policy II. Government and Policy--Making Making yy gg
CONSTUTION: CONSTUTION:
Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty
Human Rights Human Rights
Pacifism Pacifism
Article 9 (Peace Clause): the Japanese people forever Article 9 (Peace Clause): the Japanese people forever Article 9 (Peace Clause): ...the Japanese people forever Article 9 (Peace Clause): ...the Japanese people forever
renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation...land, sea, renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation...land, sea,
and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be
maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be g g y g g y
recognized. recognized.
Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy
Emperor as symbol of the state and unity of the people Emperor as symbol of the state and unity of the people Emperor as ...symbol of the state and unity of the people, Emperor as ...symbol of the state and unity of the people,
deriving his position from the will of the people, with who deriving his position from the will of the people, with who
resides sovereign power resides sovereign power
No direct political role No direct political role
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No direct political role No direct political role
Institutions of the Japanese State Institutions of the Japanese State Institutions of the Japanese State Institutions of the Japanese State
Legislature (Diet) Legislature (Diet) Prime Minister Prime Minister Legislature (Diet) Legislature (Diet)
House of House of
Representatives: 480 Representatives: 480
Prime Minister Prime Minister
Political Weakness and Political Weakness and
short tenure short tenure pp
members; members; House of House of
Councilors: 247 Councilors: 247
bb
Factions and hierarchy Factions and hierarchy
Administrative Administrative System System
members members
Mixed electoral system Mixed electoral system
Factions and patron Factions and patron
yy
Bureaucratic prestige Bureaucratic prestige
and control and control
Factions and patron Factions and patron--
client relationships client relationships
Amakudari Amakudari (Descent (Descent
from Heaven) from Heaven)
Iron Triangles Iron Triangles
9
III. Representation and Participation III. Representation and Participation
Liberal Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Democratic Party (LDP)
Neither Liberal nor Democratic Neither Liberal nor Democratic Neither Liberal nor Democratic Neither Liberal nor Democratic
Factions and non Factions and non- -ideological patron ideological patron--client networks client networks
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)
Opposition divided since mid Opposition divided since mid- -1990s 1990s
Many Many new parties simply groupings of ex new parties simply groupings of ex--LDP LDP people people p p g p g p p g p g p p p p
Emergence (finally) of Emergence (finally) of the DPJ the DPJ
as as alternate alternate government government
Overwhelming victory in Overwhelming victory in
August August 2009 election 2009 election
Wh t t f r Wh t t f r H t H t ??
10
What next for What next for Hatoyama Hatoyama? ?
Japanese House of Representatives Election Results Japanese House of Representatives Election Results
(30 A 2009) (30 A 2009) (30 August 2009) (30 August 2009)
11
IV. Japanese Political Economy IV. Japanese Political Economy IV. Japanese Political Economy IV. Japanese Political Economy
The Developmental State The Developmental State pp
Debt and the Banking System Debt and the Banking System
Deflation and the Lost Decade Deflation and the Lost Decade Deflation and the Lost Decade Deflation and the Lost Decade
Japans Dual Economy Japans Dual Economy
d d d d Productive and Competitive Export Sector Productive and Competitive Export Sector
Unproductive and Protected Domestic Unproductive and Protected Domestic- -Oriented Oriented
SSSectors Sectors
Lack of Consensus for Change Lack of Consensus for Change
12
Slowing Growth Slowing Growth Slowing Growth Slowing Growth
4.5
Average Real GDP Growth since 1980
3.5
4
2
2.5
3
r
a
g
e

%

C
h
a
n
g
e
1
1.5
A
v
e
r
0
0.5
1980s 1990s 2000s
13
SOURCE: OECD Economic Outlook
Japan United States
and Rising Debt and Rising Debt gg
200.0
Public Dept as a % of GDP
Japan
140 0
160.0
180.0
Euro area
100.0
120.0
140.0
United States
40.0
60.0
80.0
0.0
20.0
14
Source: OECD
Japans Dual Economy Japans Dual Economy
15
V. Political Culture and Identity V. Political Culture and Identity V. Political Culture and Identity V. Political Culture and Identity
Japanese Identity Japanese Identity Japanese Identity Japanese Identity
Groupism over Individualism Groupism over Individualism
Discipline and Self Discipline and Self- -Sacrifice Sacrifice
A Mans World A Mans World A Man s World A Man s World
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VI. Japanese Politics in Transition VI. Japanese Politics in Transition VI. Japanese Politics in Transition VI. Japanese Politics in Transition
Reviving Reviving the Economy the Economy
The The Demographic Time Bomb Demographic Time Bomb
Japan Japan in the World in the World Japan Japan in the World in the World
Grappling with the Grappling with the Past (not well.) Past (not well.)
An Economic An Economic AND Political AND Political Power? Power? An Economic An Economic AND Political AND Political Power? Power?
China, Korea and the China, Korea and the rest of rest of Asia Asia
17
Too close for comfortimages of the
past invoked at the Yasukuni Shrine