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. The shifts in space and time of the structure of the degenerate modes, is utilized in the
estimation of wave speeds in a given direction. The low-dimensional models are constructed
employing a Galerkin procedure. For each of the five cases of Ra
in terms
of the R.M.S. value of streamwise velocity fluctuation. When the T-S amplitude exceeded the
threshold, the three-dimensional wave started to be amplified, leading to development of -shaped
vortices. The threshold amplitude of T-S wave for the secondary instability was almost the same as
that in the smooth wall case.
Keywords: Boundary layer, Tollmien-Schlichting waves, Secondary Instability, Surface
Corrugations.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
88Page
ID 4.11
Experimental study on sound radiation from a protuberance in boundary layer
flows
Masashi KOBAYASHI*, Ayumu INASAWA and Masahito ASAI
*e-mail address of presenting authors: kobayashi-masashi@sd.tmu.ac.jp
Sound radiation from a two-dimensional protuberance glued on the wall in a Blasius boundary layer
was examined experimentally at low Mach numbers below 0.17. When the height of protuberance
was larger than a critical value of the order of the boundary-layer thickness at the protuberance
location, tonal sound occurred by acoustic feedback mechanism between the excitation of
instability waves in the upstream boundary layer and acoustic disturbance radiated from the
protuberance. The critical height scaled with the local boundary-layer thickness decreased with
increasing the Reynolds number for low Mach numbers. The frequencies of radiated sound were
very close to those of the instability waves on the upper branch of the neutral stability curve of the
Blasius flow. Occurrence of a small separation bubble immediately upstream of the protuberance
also played important roles in the evolution of strong vortices leading to sound generation.
Keywords: Sound generation, Protuberance, Acoustic feedback, Boundary layer instability
ID 4.12
Experimental Investigation on the Interactions of Separation Bubble with
Injected Jets in the Downstream
A. Samson, K. Anand and S. Sarkar*
*
e-mail address of presenting author: subra@iitk.ac.in
This paper elucidates the aerodynamic interactions of a separated flow under the influence of
continuous inclined jets ejecting in the vicinity of reattachment: a scenario that may occur near the
leading-edge of a turbine blade. In the present study a thick semi-circular leading edge of a flat
plate induces flow separation at the blending point owing to sudden change in geometry. The
time-averaged velocity and turbulence quantities are measured using Laser-Doppler Anemometry
(LDA) at different streamwise locations in the vertical plane along the centre line of the jet while
the instantaneous flow filed is obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Measurements
reveal that the flow separates as laminar and undergoes rapid transition due to amplification of
disturbances and reattaches as turbulent. The presence of bubble influenced the outer shear layer
activity with high turbulence generation. Injected jet affect the transition of the upstream separated
layer changing length of separation, while the downstream flow filed is characterized by enhanced
turbulence stress along the trajectory of the jet.
Keywords: Separated Shear Layer, Transition, Turbulent flow, Inclined Jet.
Abstracts
89Page
ID 4.13
An experimental investigation of boundary layer transition on rotating cones in
axial flow
A. Kargar, K. Mansour
*e-mail address of presenting authors: mansour@aut.ac.ir
This paper includes some experimental data about transitional Reynolds number on rotating cones
in axial flow. The experimental datas are obtained through in a wind tunnel with hot wire
anemometer and smoke visualization. We did build this wind tunnel especially for studying flow
around rotating bodies (Mansour et. al, 2013). Two cones we use for this work, first cone has apex
angle 30 degrees and its diameter of the base of the cone is 5 cm and the second cone has 45
degrees apex angle and 4 cm diameter of the base. The results are compared with some other
experimental works for 30 degrees cone and it was validated with especially some other
experiments. We compare our results by linear stability theory which was done by (Garret et al.,
2000). We just emphasis, also we compare visualization and hot wire anemometer results
graphically, our goal in this paper is to check reliability of using hot wire anemometer and smoke
visualization in stability problem and check reliability of linear stability theory for this two cases
and compare our results with some trusty experimental works.
Keywords: Rotating cone, Visualization, Experiment
ID 4.14
The small aperture beam Jittering characteristics of the hypersonic transitional
boundary layer on the flat plate
Ruiqu Li*, Jian Gong, Zhixian Bi and Handong Ma
*e-mail address of presenting authors: lirq995688@126.com
Jittering as the small-aperture laser beam goes through the hypersonic flows is one of the most
important details in the aero-optics investigation. As all known, transition often occurs in the
hypersonic boundary layer flows. Thus, how these various flow states in the transition affect the
small-aperture laser beam, is the question that is regarded and solved in this paper. Optical and
thermal measurements are performed in the FD-20 gun tunnel of CAAA, with the free stream Mach
number of 8, and the unit Reynolds number of 1.010
7
(1/m). The thermal measurement gives out
the heat transfer distribution on the centerline of the flat plate, which implies that the transition
exists on the flat plate. On the other hand, the optical measurements supply the time series of the
deflection angle of the small-aperture laser beam and theirs standard deviation distribution is
statistically estimated. The comparison of those two curves shows that there is similar feature
between those two distributions derived from aerothermodynamics and aero-optics, that is to say,
the affection of the transitional boundary layer to the small-aperture laser beam or aero-heating is
similar.
Keywords: Hypersonic, Aero-Optics, Transition, Small-aperture laser beam, Wind tunnel.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
90Page
ID 4.15
Horizontal velocity field near the hot plate in turbulent natural convection
Vipin Koothur
*
, Baburaj A. Puthenveettil
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: vipink159@gmail.com
We study the velocity field in a horizontal (x-y) plane 1.5 mm above the hot plate in turbulent
natural convection using PIV at a Rayleigh number Ra
w
=10
6
and Prandtl number Pr=5.2. The plane
of measurement is inside the velocity boundary layer estimated from the natural convection
boundary layer equations[7] as well as inside the velocity boundary layer due to the large scale
flow[2, 5].The boundary layer comprises of line plumes with sinking fluid between them. The
instantaneous velocity variation from the center of the sinking fluid to the line plumes is found to
deviate with the classical Prandtl-Blasius laminar boundary layer profile, which is assumed to be
the nature of boundary layer by the GL theory [2, 5]. Our results agree well with the natural
convection boundary layer profile. The time averaged mean velocity variation deviates from both
natural convection and Blasius type profiles as expected as it depends on the orientation of the line
plumes. Our measurement result is a proof to the theory of the presence of a natural convection
boundary layer on both sides of a line plume [10].
Keywords: line plumes, boundary layer, natural convection, PIV.
Abstracts
91Page
Topic: Compressible Flows and Gas Dynamics
ID 5.01
Transition and turbulent flow in a compressible lid-driven cavity
S. Pradhan and V. Kumaran
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: sahadev@chemeng.iisc.ernet.in
The flow in a 2D and 3D lid-driven cavity, with two opposite walls moving in opposite directions
with equal velocity, simulated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, has been
used as a test bed for examining different aspects of transition and turbulence at high Mach M =
(U
w
/(k
B
T
w
/m)) and Reynolds numbers Re = (
av
U
w
L
y
/
w
). Here, L
y
is the smallest box
dimension, U
w
and T
w
are the wall velocity and temperature, and
av
is the volume-averaged gas
density and
w
is the gas viscosity at the temperature corresponding to the wall temperature.
The transition is found to be highly sub-critical in 2D even at high Mach number, with
well-separated lower and upper critical Reynolds numbers for the transition from turbulent-laminar
and laminar-turbulent transitions. The transition Reynolds number increases faster than linearly
with Mach number. This implies that the Knudsen number at transition (ratio of mean-free-path and
system size, also proportional to the ratio of Mach and Reynolds numbers) passes through a
maximum as the Mach number is increased. This maximum value is small, less than 0.025,
indicating that transition is a continuum phenomenon even at high Mach numbers. The transition to
turbulence is sub-critical in 3D as well. The transition Reynolds number does increase with Mach
number, and the Knudsen number increases monotonically with Mach number over the parameter
range studied here.
In a compressible turbulent flow, we examine the result that the ratio of the mean free path () and
Kolmogorov scale () increases proportional as (M/Re
1/4
), and it increases asymptotically with
Mach number in the high Mach number limit. The simulation show that the ratio does decrease as
Re
1/4
, but it does not increase linearly with Mach number. The resolution suggested by our
simulation is that even though the Mach number based on the wall velocity and temperature is large,
the local Mach number based on the local dissipation velocity in regions of high shear decreases
due to an increase in temperature. Due to this, the ratio of the mean free path and Kolmogorov scale
appears to taper off in the high Mach number limit.
An important finding is that the ratio of the mean free path and Kolmogorov scale shows very little
variation across the domain, even though the mean free path and Kolmogorov scale individually
show larger variations. The ratio of the mean free path and Kolmogorov scale was also shown to be
equal to the local Mach number based on the local dissipation velocity, and can also be interpreted
as the square root of the ratio of the strain rate and collision frequency. All of these quantities are
remarkably invariant across the domain, indicating a coupling between the local temperature and
the dissipation rate in a high Mach number turbulent flow.
Keywords: Transition and turbulence, Compressible flows, Lid-driven cavity, DSMC simulation.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
92Page
ID 5.02
Effects of Step Height on Supersonic Flows over a Backward Facing Step
Haixu Liu*, Bing Wang, Yincheng Guo, Huiqiang Zhang and Wenyi Lin
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: liuhx10@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
The backward facing step is practically implicated in many devices, encountered the massive
separation flows. In the present study, simulations of supersonic flow over a backward facing step
(BFS) have been carried out employing both RANS and LES. The simulated results are validated
against the previous experimental data. The results of RANS and LES show a good comparison
with the experiment results. Different inflow Mach numbers and expansion ratios are also
investigated. The reattachment length decreases with the increase of inflow Mach number. The duct
height has a great effect on the flow patterns. The present conclusions are helpful to understand the
physics in supersonic separation flows and also provide theory basis for engineering applications.
Keywords: Backward Facing Step; RANS; LES; Mach Number; Step Height
ID 5.03
Characterization of Strut-mounted Through Cavity for Scramjet Applications
Tahzeeb Hassan Danish*, Sathiyamoorthy K*, Pratheesh Kumar P, Manjunath P
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: thdanish@nal.res.in, sathy_cim@nal.res.in
In a Scramjet combustor, since the flow is supersonic, the residence time available is of the order of
1 millisecond. So the available time for fuel-air mixing, atomization, vaporization and combustion
is very low. Wall mounted cavity has proven to be a capable candidate for fuel air mixing and flame
stabilization for scramjet. Because of inherent advantages like symmetric flow, avoidance of base
wall cooling, symmetric fuelling feasibility etc exploration of strut-mounted through cavity has
been done. It is a novel configuration formed in the space between two struts immersed in a
supersonic flow in tandem. Two variants of the cavity, formed by using rectangular and ramp strut
as the rear strut and plug nozzle acts as the forward strut, have been used. Experimental
characterization is carried out by unsteady pressure measurement inside the cavity for different
aspect ratios.
Keywords: Scramjet, Strut-mounted through cavity
Abstracts
93Page
ID 5.04
Steady and unsteady flow over a spiked blunt body at supersonic speed
D. Sahoo, S. Das, P. Kumar and J. K. Prasad
*
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: jkprasad.1@gmail.com
Experimental and computational studies have been made to obtain the effect of a spike on the flow
over blunt body with different shapes at supersonic speed of Mach number of 2. The spike used had
sharp tip, spherically blunt tip, and flat aerodisk tip. The study has been made at zero angle of
attack. It is observed that use of a sharp spike leads to reduction in drag by about 31 %, whereas
blunt or aerodisk leads to 46% reduction. Unsteadiness in the flow field has been captured through
computation and experiments. Unsteadiness increases with the adoption of spike in the zone
between the spike and body, where the flow is separated. In general, the agreement between the
computed result and experimental result is in good.
Keywords: Drag reduction, spike, supersonic speed, unsteady flow field.
ID 5.05
On the geometry of large-scale structures in compressible channel flow
Jun Chen
*
, Jie Pei, Fazle Hussain, Zhen-Su She
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: jun@pku.edu.cn
By using a velocity-vorticity correlation structure (VVCS), defined by high correlation regions in a
field of two-point cross-correlation coefficient between a velocity component at a fixed location
and a vorticity component in the flow field (Pei et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2011), we measured the
scale of coherent structures (CS) in the compressible channel flows of direct numerical simulations
(DNS) with the Mach number (M) up to M=3 (Li et al., 2001). The streamwise length scale of the
VVCS increases with increasing M, but its topology keeps invariant. In the log layer, the change of
the lateral spacing of the VVCS with respect to the wall distance is consistent with the previously
observed linear growth. In the bulk region, the growth of the spacing, however, exhibits a log-law
in contrast. More importantly, under the semi-local scaling (Huang et al., 1995), the spacing growth
to the wall distance is found to be M-invariant. The geometrical invariance after the semi-local
transformation substantiates Morkovins hypothesis for the geometrical characteristics of turbulent
structures. Although the underlying mechanisms of the growth of the spanwise spacing need further
study, the VVCS has provided a method to investigate the characteristics, including scales, of flow
structures even in the bulk region of the compressible channel flow.
Keywords: Correlation structure, compressible channel flow, Morkovins hypothesis.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
94Page
ID 5.06
A Numerical Investigation of Jet/Lifting Surfaces Interaction on a Revolution
Body
Yuwei Liu
*
, Zhaoyong Ni and Yaofeng Liu
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: lyw642@126.com
A numerical investigation has been conducted to analyze jet/lifting surfaces interaction
characteristics of the flowfields with sonic air injection into a Mach 4.5 crossflow on a revolution
body. Surface and space flow features of jet interaction flowfields are presented quantitatively when
lifting surfaces are mounted in different locations. The conditions of positive interaction and
negative interaction are analyzed by normal force amplification factor and the interaction pitch
moment coefficient. As a result, when lifting surfaces are mounted in the vicinity jet exit, the jet
wrap-around effects are restrained and the remarkable positive interaction occurs, when lifting
surfaces are mounted in the region of the jet wake, there is a negative interaction.
Keywords: Super/hypersonic flow, Lateral jet, Shock wave/boundary layer interaction.
ID 5.07
A Numerical Investigation on Transonic Flow around a Biconvex Circular Arc
Airfoil in a Channel
Md. Abdul Hamid*, Sk. Md. Alimuzzaman, Md. Mostaqur Rahman and A.B.M. Toufique
Hasan
*e-mail address of presenting authors: ahamid@me.buet.ac.bd
Shock wave boundary layer interactions (SWBLI) are not only fundamental research topics of
aerodynamics but are observed in practical high-speed internal flows. Shock induced oscillations
(SIO), aerodynamics instabilities (buffet), high cycle fatigue failure (HCF), nonsynchronous
vibration (NSV), flutter and so on are detrimental consequences of this unsteady interaction. In the
present study, a numerical computation has been performed to investigate the transonic flow around
a biconvex circular arc airfoil in a two dimensional channel. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes
equations with k- shear stress transport (SST) two equation turbulence model has been applied for
computational analysis. The behavior of the flow field has been studied from pressure ratio (ratio of
back pressure to inlet total pressure) of 0.75 to 0.65 with decreasing the downstream pressure.
Several points have been set over both the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil to investigate the
static pressure history with time. The result shows that the flow field, shockwave type and its
movement as well as frequency of movement vary with pressure ratio. For computational validation,
obtained results have been compared with available experimental data.
Keywords: Transonic flow, Shock wave, Boundary layer separation.
Abstracts
95Page
ID 5.08
CFD Study on Shock-Boundary Layer Interaction Characteristics over a Rough
Wall
Arun K. R, Kim. H.D* and Setoguchi. T
*e-mail address of presenting authors: kimhd@andong.ac.kr
Many high speed engineering devices are often encountered with shock wave boundary layer
interaction and cause many salient features on the local as well as the whole flow field. In past few
decades, much understanding has been obtained on the major characteristics of the shock wave
boundary layer interaction such as boundary layer separation, reattachment, shock unsteadiness, the
interaction length, etc. In this paper a 2-D CFD study was carried out to simulate the experimental
study of Inger and to explore the effect of surface roughness on the shock boundary layer
interaction flow field such as separation point, interaction length etc, which was not sufficiently
studied in the past. The accuracy of different turbulence model in predicting the flow physics were
also compared. It can be observed that the omega based model predicts the shock interaction under
roughness effect more accurately compared to the wall function based k-epsilon and Reynolds
stress model. From the results it can also be observed that as the wall surface roughness increases
the upstream influence increases and the shock strength decreases. The separation zone decreases
with increase in surface roughness due to the reduction in shock strength.
Keywords: Boundary Layer, Separation, Shock Wave, Transonic Flow.
ID 5.09
A CFD study on the gas solid two phase flow for needle-free injection system
Md. Alim Iftekhar Rasel
*
and H.D. Kim
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: alim16@anuis.andong.ac.kr
Transdermal powdered drug delivery is a unique drug delivery system which is capable of
delivering drug particles to the human skin without using any external needle. The key feature for
this kind of the drug delivery is delivering drug particles with uniform velocity and spatial
distribution. Different systems have been tried and tested over the years to fulfill these conditions.
The basic principle is to accelerate the particle stream with a high speed gas flow through a shock
tube. Particles can be placed between a set on bursting diaphragm which initiates the gas flow upon
actuation. Among all the available drug delivery systems we are particularly interested in the
Contoured Shock Tube (CST) as it seems to offer better performance. Contoured Shock Tube
consists of a rupture chamber, a shock tube and a supersonic nozzle. An unsteady flow is initiated
after the diaphragm rupture through the shock tube which accelerates the drug particle to a very
high velocity. In the present study, computational fluid dynamics has been employed to simulate
and analyze the flow field. The DPM (discrete phase method) is used to model the unsteady flow
with fine particles. The static pressure histories in different sections are investigated to analyze the
flow field. Particle velocity and distributions are also investigated. The important features of the gas
and particle dynamics in the shock tube are discussed and analyzed in details.
Keywords: Two phase flow, Shock wave, Needle-free drug delivery, transient flow, contoured
shock tube.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
96Page
ID 5.10
Experimental Investigation of the Unsteady Flow Characteristics in a Micro
Shock Tube
Jin-Ouk Park
*
, Heuy-Dong Kim
and Toshiaki Setoguchi
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: jopark@anuis.andong.ac.kr
Micro shock tubes are used in various engineering applications and have widespread potential in
the field of aerospace, combustion technology and drug delivery systems. Owing to very small flow
dimensions, the flow characteristics exhibited by micro shock tube shows a significant deviation
compared to that of well established macro shock tube theories. In the present study, experiments
were carried out to investigate shock wave propagation and flow characteristics with two different
tubes of diameter 3mm and 6mm. High pressure air was supplied to the driver section using
compressor and the driven section pressure was maintained at atmospheric conditions. The
diaphragm was ruptured using a hand operated needle system. Experimental studies at various
pressure ratios were also carried out. Time dependent static pressures at 8 different locations were
measured to monitor the shock propagation characteristics. The results obtained show that as the
tube diameter reduces, shock wave velocity and expansion wave velocity decreases.
Keywords: Shock Wave, Expansion Wave, Diaphragm, Rupture Pressure
ID 5.11
Experimental and Computational Study of Multiple Jets in Crossflow on a Flat
Plate
Pei Chen*, Suxun Li, Yaofeng Liu, Zhaoyong Ni
*e-mail address of presenting authors: contactchenpei@sina.com
An experimental and computational study of gaseous triple in-line jets interaction with a thick
turbulent boundary layer hypersonic crossflow over a flat plate was presented. Schlieren
photography, surface oil flow visualization and static pressure measurement were employed in the
experiments to investigate the spatial and surface structures of the interaction flowfield. Numerical
simulation using RANS equations coupled with Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model was conducted
to complement more detailed information of spatial vortex structures evolution and flowfield
parameter distribution characteristics. The general flow features and vortex systems, spatial shock
wave structures, surface flow patterns as well as pressure distribution on the flat plate were
discussed. Numerical prediction exhibited a fair agreement with the experiments, although
quantitatively differences occur in the separation zone.
Keywords: Jet in crossflow, multiple jets interaction, numerical simulation, wind tunnel test.
Abstracts
97Page
ID 5.12
A Numerical Investigation on Transonic Flow around a Converging-Diverging
Nozzle Considering External Stream Interaction
A. B. M. Toufique Hasan
*
, Swarna Saha and Md. Ashiqur Rahman
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd
This study numerically investigates the aerodynamic properties of a converging-diverging in
transonic flow field considering the external stream interaction. Finite volume method is used for
the numerical computation and k- SST model is used to model the turbulence in the flow field.
Computation on converging-diverging nozzle had been performed at free stream Mach numbers
ranges from 0.6 to 1.2 driven by nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) from 2.9 to 5.0 and at angle of attack,
AOA = 0. Obtained results had been validated with reference calculation and experimental results.
Using the same flow parameters and turbulence modeling the computational analysis is also been
done with angles of attack of 5,10 and 15. With the increase of AOA, the change in different
aerodynamic properties were captured and analyzed. It is found that with an increase of angle of
attack the position and size of the lambda shock, flow angle, the separation point, and amount of
flow separation of the nozzle are changed significantly.
Keywords: Transonic flow, Lambda shock wave, flow separation, numerical simulation.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
98Page
Topic: Computational Fluid Dynamics
ID 6.01
Aerodynamic analysis of a probe entering Martian atmosphere with chemical
non-equilibrium effect
LV Jun-ming*, GUAN Fa-ming, CHENG Xiao-li, WANG Qiang
*e-mail address of presenting authors: junminglv@gmail.com
CFD work has been carried out on Mars Science Laboratory entering Martian atmosphere to study
the chemical non-equilibrium effect on aerodynamic force and aerodynamic heating in the
hypersonic entry regime. The three-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations coupling chemical
reaction kinetics model are solved by a parallel code. The flow field structures around the capsule
are compared under different gas models. The aerodynamic force and heating with perfect gas
model and chemical reaction gas model are obtained under typical atmosphere conditions at several
angles of attack. The results show that large number of CO
2
is dissociated behind the strong shock
in front of the forebody; with chemical non-equilibrium effect, the shock layer is strongly
compressed. the vortexes in wake flow are reduced for real gas. Impacted by chemical
non-equilibrium effect, the pitching moment coefficient becomes larger than that for perfect gas,
consequently the trim angle are respectively -16.1 and -18 degrees for perfect gas and real gas, the
difference value is 1.9 degrees. The peak heat flux occurs at stagnation point when AoA equals 0
degree and at the upper shoulder when AoA equals -20 degree.
Keywords: Martian atmosphere; Hypersonic entry; Chemical non-equilibrium; Aerodynamic force,
Aerothermodynamics environment
ID 6.02
Preconditioning method based on the unstructured Cartesian grid
Yuelong He*, Dun Li and Handong Ma
*e-mail address of presenting author: aia741@163.com
The preconditioning method that based on unstructured Cartesian grid was developed in current
research. The preconditioning method extends the well-developed numerical algorithm for
compressible flow to incompressible flow simulation, which is suitable for low-mach number
flowfield simulation. To combine the preconditioning method with Cartesian grid, the expression of
the reference velocity should be modified, especially in the near wall zone during viscous flow
simulating. Several low-speed benchmark problems were numerical simulated by the new method.
The result show that the method could well simulate these problems and the problems with complex
configurations could be simulated efficiently due to the advantages of the Cartesian grid.
Keywords: Preconditioning method; Cartesian Grid; Low-Mach Flow.
Abstracts
99Page
ID 6.03
Simulation of Flow past a Double Slotted Aerofoil using Multiblock Structured
Grid
Chethan K.S, Dileep Kumar S C, Nuthan Prasad B.S, and Sekhar Majumdar
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: essem17@gmail.com
Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulation has been carried out for turbulent flow
(chord-based Reynolds number of six million) past a three-element NACA 1410 Aerofoil consisting
of the main element followed by one short fore-flap and a long flap. Eddy viscosity based k-
turbulence model with standard logarithmic wall function has been used. The prediction results are
validated against wind tunnel measurement data on the aerodynamic coefficients for the
multielement configuration.
Keywords: Multielement Aerofoil, Finite Volume RANS Solver, Multiblock Boundary Fitted Grid,
k- Turbulence Model
ID 6.04
A Simple Algorithm for Grid Generation Based on Laplace Equations
P.M. Craig and D.H. Chung
*
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: dhchung@ds-intl.biz
Grid generation is a necessary requirement for numerical modeling on problems related to partial
differential equations, such as Navier-Stokes equations when the computation domain is complex. It
is clear that in such cases the curvilinear grid is better than rectangular grid in Cartesian coordinates
for discretization of the governing equations. In this paper, a simple algorithm for curvilinear grid
generation will be presented, in which Laplace equations are used. Significantly, the orthogonality
of the grid is considerably improved after just a few steps. This comes as a result of adjustment of
the locations of grid points on the four boundaries of the domain together with smoothing of the
borders. The algorithm is simple, but the expected orthogonality of the grid is achieved very
rapidly.
Keywords: Curvilinear grid, Laplace equations, Algorithm dealing with boundary.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
100Page
ID 6.05
A Hybrid Numerical Method for Elliptic Equations with Immersed Interfaces
Using a Local Filter
Y.S. JIANG, L. FANG
*
, X.D. JING, X.F. SUN, F. LEBOEUF
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: le.fang@zoho.com
A hybrid numerical method for elliptic equations with immersed interfaces using a local kernel
filter is introduced. In this method, the discontinuous equation due to singular sources located on
immersed interfaces is transformed to a continuous one by a filter operation with a kernel function.
This continuous equation is then discretized at the points near the immersed interface, while for the
other points a traditional central difference scheme is retained. 1D and 2D examples are tested to
validate this hybrid numerical method. Comparing to the immersed boundary method with smooth
delta function, the present method leads to a higher order of accuracy; comparing to other
high-order approaches, it avoids the requirement of jump conditions, and also has a simple formula
that can be easily extended to high dimensional cases and complex geometry. The present method
will be verified in future engineering applications especially in the problems of aerodynamics.
Keywords: Computational aerodynamics; Immersed boundary method; Immersed interface method;
Kernel filter; Singular source).
ID 6.06
A SPH model for simulation of Seepage flow through rigid porous media
C.T. Nguyen
*
, H.H. Bui
,
L.V. Hoang
and R. Fukagawa
*e-mail address of presenting authors: ntcuong@imech.ac.vn
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) meshfree particle method was introduced by Lucy,
Gingold and Monaghan in 1977. In recent time many scientists are interested in studying and
applying this method in computational fluid dynamics. In this paper we present some our results in
construction of a SPH model and application of this model for simulation of seepage flow through
rigid porous media. The SPH method in our study has some advantages in comparison to the well
known finite element method for the problem of seepage flow through the rigid porous media. The
SPH model in this paper can be used in simulation of seepage flow through rock (or gravel) fill
dams or apply to simulate oil flow in oilfield with high pressure in the oil and gas exploration, etc.
Keywords: Rigid porous, SPH method, Seepage flow, Meshfree method.
Abstracts
101Page
ID 6.07
Numerical Simulation of Shielding Gas Flow in Arc Welding System Using SPH
Method
Masumi Ito,* Masaya Shigeta, Seiichiro Izawa, and Yu Fukunishi
*e-mail address of presenting authors: masumi@fluid.mech.tohoku.ac.jp
A shielding gas flow in an arc welding system is simulated by an incompressible SPH (Smoothed
Particle Hydrodynamics) method. Large variations of temperature and density of the gas flow are
modeled by adjusting the diameter of each particle depending on its temperature. The particles are
also merged or divided based on their volumes. It is shown that reasonable temperature and velocity
fields can be obtained using the present thermal expansion model.
Keywords: SPH, Arc Welding, Shielding Gas Flow, GTA Welding
ID 6.08
Prototype Manufacturing Tolerance Zone Implementation for the Efficient
Aerodynamic Analysis of the Very Light Aircraft (VLA) Configuration
Moses Sitio, Sangho Kim
*
, and Jaewoo Lee
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: kimsh85@konkuk.ac.kr
In this research the development of unstructured grid discretization study solution techniques is
presented. The purpose is to describe such a conservative discretization scheme applied for
experimental validation work. The objective of paper is to better establish the effects of mesh
generation techniques and grid convergence on velocity fields and particle deposition patterns to
determine the optimal aerodynamic characteristics. In order to achieve the objective, the mesh
surface discretization approaches are using the VLA prototype manufacturing tolerance zone of the
outer surface. A grid convergence was conducted with a different growth factor and cell spacing,
the amount of mesh can be controlled. With several amount of mesh we can get the converged
amount of mesh compared to experimental data. The densities around surface model can be
calculated by controlling the number of element in every important and sensitive surface area of the
model. The convergence approach result indicates that the aerodynamic characteristic was captured
smooth enough compared with the experimental data. During the surface tolerance scheme, it can
catch the aerodynamics data of the experiment data. The surface tolerance studies make the
validation work more efficient way to achieve the purpose of this paper.
Keywords: grid discretization, grid convergence, surface densities, unstructured grid
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
102Page
ID 6.09
A research on the influence of surface heat exchange to wings aerodynamic
characteristics
Vu Thanh Trung
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: trung0903@yahoo.com
Paper represents the results of parametric calculations of the influence of the surface heat exchange
on the wing airfoil integral aerodynamic characteristics at subsonic speeds. Qualitative estimations
were received in some region of oncoming parameters and surface temperature. It is obtained that
specially organized heat exchange may be used for increasing the aerodynamic efficiency of the
wing airfoil and its lifting properties.
ID 6.10
Studies on the effects of flow control devices on the aerodynamic performance at
various flow regimes
Prakash S. KULKARNI
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: psk@aero.iisc.ernet.in
The flow control leading to the manipulation of the flow field in order to achieve the optimum
performance like maneuverability, affordability, increased range and payload among the others of
aerospace vehicles is very critical in the design of such vehicles. The devices used for flow control
which are classified as passive and active categories show different effects depending on the type,
shape, size and location on the optimization parameters. The improved performance is obtained
through the physics of the fluid flow involving delay/advance in Transition, suppress/enhance
Turbulence and/or prevent/promote Separation. In the present study various types of passive
devices like Gurney flaps, winglets and tubercles have been considered. Different shapes and sizes
and their locations have yielded better control over the flow to obtain the optimum performance like
maximizing L/D ratio. Numerical simulations have been carried out using an industry standard NS
solver. A thorough verification studies involving grid independent solution (for obtaining optimum
grid size), iterative convergence and intercode comparison apart from validating numerical solution
with experimental data have been carried out. A detailed comparative study has been carried out to
assess the performance of these different devices for a wide spectrum of Mach numbers and angles
of attack.
Keywords: Numerical simulation, Flow Control, Passive devices, Drag, Lift, Mach number, Angle
of attack.
Abstracts
103Page
ID 6.11
Application of an Improved TVD Scheme in Hypersonic Heat-flux Simulation
A. LIU Chuanya
*
, B. Wu Songping and C. WANG Chao
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: liuchuanya@gmail.com
Numerical schemes play an important role on the calculation of aerodynamic heating in hypersonic
flows. An appropriate scheme can effectively distinguish shock, and reduce numerical dissipation to
improve numerical resolution near the wall. In this paper the second order TVD (total variation
diminishing) scheme was improved to automatically adjust the numerical viscosity, which can
appease the above requirements. In this paper two numerical experiments indicated that the
numerical method was effective.
Keywords: aerodynamic heating; heat-flux; TVD; numerical scheme; numerical viscosity
ID 6.12
Application of Multigrid Method in Lateral Jet Interaction Flowfield Simulation
Jinglong Bo
*
, Yaofeng Liu and Ning Cao
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: shixuansky@gmail.com
A robust and efficient multigrid method (2-level, V-cycle) for hypersonic lateral jet interaction
flowfield simulations is proposed. To overcome the stability problem in applying the multigrid
method to hypersonic lateral jet interaction flows, some modifications are carried out to the
restriction and prolongation operators. The modified multigrid scheme is applied to the divert
control jet interaction flowfield calculation for cone-cylinder-flare configuration. The results reveal
the robustness of the modified multigrid scheme and substantial speed-up in hypersonic lateral jet
interaction flowfields simulations.
Keywords: Multigrid method, Hypersonic, Lateral jet interaction.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
104Page
ID 6.13
Numerical Simulation of Supersonic Flows Using the Immersed Boundary
Method
Guo Yong-Xiang, Wang Bing
*
and Zhang Hui-Qiang
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: wbing@tsinghua.edu.cn
This paper presents an investigation of the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) for the compressible
viscous supersonic flows. The distance-weighting interpolation algorithm is adopted to resolve
complex smooth geometries. The values of the fluid variables at the ghost-cells are obtained using a
quadratic scheme which involves the adjacent fluid nodes. The method is applied to a
characteristic-wise hybrid compact-WENO scheme to simulate the flows around triangular prism.
Excellent agreement between the numerical results and the theoretical results verifies the
effectiveness of the Immersed Boundary Method in supersonic flows.
Keywords: Immersed Boundary Method (IBM), supersonic flow, triangular prism.
ID 6.14
Effects of baffle configuration on supersonic mixing
Ren Zhao-Xin, Wang Bing
*
and Zhang Hui-Qiang
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: wbing@tsinghua.edu.cn
In order to study the mechanism of supersonic mixing process, the large eddy simulation with
higher-resolution numerical schemes was employed to numerically simulate the plane mixing layer
flows, which were formed to segregate two airstreams by a shaped baffle. The baffles were set in
four configurations to simulate different flow conditions in the combustor of scramjet. The
influence of the baffle's configurations on the mixing enhancement was then analyzed in
comparisons of the development of the mixing layer thickness and the total-pressure loss. The
recirculation zones induced by the baffles contributed to the enhancement of mixing efficiency. In
addition, the shock/expansion waves affected the development of eddies, causing the variations of
the mixing of the fluid. The discipline of the mixing enhancement in supersonic combustor was
revealed further. The physical variables of fluid in different computational cases were also made
into statistics to indicate the influence of baffles on the mixing enhancement more clearly. The
results are helpful to get a better understanding of the mixing process of airflow and fuel in the
combustor of scramjet.
Keywords: supersonic mixing layer; baffle; large eddy simulation (LES); scramjet
Abstracts
105Page
ID 6.15
A new sampling method of adiabatic boundary condition in DSMC under
thermodynamic non-equilibrium
Fei Huang*, Bo Zhao, Xiao-li Cheng, Qing Shen
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: huang05013@163.com
A new sampling solution method of adiabatic boundary condition based on iterative process in
DSMC was introduced in this paper with thermal non-equilibrium effect, which can be done by
analyzing the implementing process of DSMC method. Statistical error about this method was
investigated by comparing blunt cone aerodynamics under different boundary conditions. The
results show that this method is available for estimating adiabatic wall temperature. Statistical error
of heat transfer rate decrease sharply as sampling steps increasing, and ultimately it is within 0.5%.
Keywords: DSMC; Adiabatic boundary condition; Error analysis
ID 6.16
Numerical Simulation of flowfield round Morphing Aircraft
Dun Li*, Yuelong He, Peng Bai, Bingyan Chen and Guowu Xu
*E-mail address of presenting author: ld1010@tom.com
The new numerical grid generation method that based on the fast and effective unstructured
Cartesian grid, combined with the self-adaptive technology and spring method for dynamic grid,
could simulate the 6DOFs movement easily. Base on this grid system, the N-S flow solver, that
coupled the 6DOFs trajectory equations, was developed for the flowfield round the moving bodies.
The new numerical method realized the simulation of the unsteady flow round the morphing aircraft
during the transferring process. The character of the unsteady process was analyzed in this research
and the influence to the whole craft while morphing was investigated.
Keywords: Morphing Aircraft; Cartesian Grid; Dynamic Grid.
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
106Page
ID 6.17
Numerical simulation and experiment of wing in ground effect
H. S. Pham and Q. H. Vu
*
*
e-mail address of presenting authors:
huy.vuquoc@hust.edu.vn
Wing-in-ground effect (WIG effect) is the phenomenon caused by the near-ground flight of a wing.
In this phenomenon, the lift of the wing is increased and the drag of the wing is reduced. In this
study, numerical simulations are carried out on a Clark-Y airfoil. Two dimensional CFD
simulations are performed at different Reynolds numbers ranging from 5x10
4
to 10
6
, various
heights to chord ratios, (h/c) ranging from 0.05 to 1 and different angles of attack (AOA), varying
from 0 to 10. The obtained results about aerodynamic coefficients and aerodynamic efficiency are
in good agreement with the experimental results reported in literature.
Keywords: wing in ground, CFD simulation, Clark-y airfoil.
ID 6.18
Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation for Static and Forced Oscillating Airfoil at
High Angle of Attack
LIU Zhou
*
, YANG Yunjun, ZHOU Weijiang, GONG Anlong
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: zhou_liu@foxmail.com
The unsteady dynamic aerodynamic characteristics at high angle of attack are an important aspect
for modern high performance aircrafts. To reliably and efficiently simulate the massively separation
flow at high angle of attack, some hybrid RANS-LES method is proposed. LES is applied for large
separation region of flow while RANS for flow region near the wall boundary in hybrid method.
Cases show that the hybrid method is better than the uniform unsteady RANS. DDES method
which is a kind of hybrid RANS-LES method is proposed for static and oscillating NACA 0015
airfoil and the results are compared with the experiment data. The vortex shedding phenomenon on
leeward of airfoil at high angle of attack was captured by DDES, which is ignored in unsteady
RANS simulation. The unsteady aerodynamic loads in forced oscillation at high angle of attack
agree with the experiment data better than unsteady RANS results, and the step jump of the drag
and pitch moment at the maximum angle of attack is described accurately.
Keywords: Hybrid RANS-LES Method; Detached Eddy Simulation; Flow Separation; Vortex
Shedding; Forced Oscillation; Aerodynamic Loads.
Abstracts
107Page
ID 6.19
Flow Past a High Performance Thin Airfoil with Corrugations
Ajinkya Desai, Sambhav Jain, Sanjay Mittal*
*email address of presenting author: smittal@iitk.ac.in
The effect of corrugations on the aerodynamic performance of a Mueller airfoil is investigated via
2D computations. The flow is governed by incompressible Navier Stokes equations. A stabilized
finite element method is employed. The Mueller airfoil is placed at an angle of attack () of 5o. The
Reynolds number based on the chord length of the airfoil and free stream speed of the flow is
10,000. First, computations are carried out for different height (h), location and number (n) of
corrugations to design an airfoil with improved aerodynamic performance. Under this condition, the
lift-to-drag ratio of the Mueller airfoil is 16.21. Next, an optimal set of corrugations on the Mueller
airfoil are computed via aerodynamic shape optimization for minimized Cd/Cl. The lower average
coefficient of pressure on the upper surface of a corrugated airfoil leads to increase in lift. The first
corrugation is found to cause an increase in lift and drag. The corrugations downstream contribute
to a decrease in drag. The Cl/Cd of the optimal airfoil shape is 7.42% higher than that on the
Mueller airfoil.
Keywords: Corrugations, Mueller, finite element method, lift-to-drag ratio, optimization.
ID 6.20
Simulation of Flow over Flat Plate Using Correlation Based Transition Model
A. Rajesh, D. S. Kulkarni
*
and B. N. Rajani
*email address of presenting author: kulkarni@cftd.cmmacs.ernet.in
The accurate prediction of laminar to turbulent phenomenon is one of the major stumbling blocks in
the development of general purpose CFD tools. The correlation based transition modeling is one of
the commonly used approaches to predict transition, as these can be easily adopted into any general
CFD code. In this approach, empirical correlations are used which are functions of free-stream
turbulence intensity and/or pressure gradient to find the onset and length of transition along with the
intermittency factor. These correlations based approaches do not model the physics of the transition
process but mimic the effects of transition by relating data obtained from the experiments carried
out to understand the process of transition as well as on some intuition based on the physics of
transition. In the present study, Abu-Ghannam and Shaw (AGS) empirical correlation based
transition model available in the literature, has been successfully implemented in the in-house code
3D-PURLES (Three Dimensional Pressure based Unsteady RANS LES Solver) developed at the
CTFD Division, CSIR-NAL Bangalore. The AGS correlation based transition model coupled to SA
turbulence model available in 3D-PURLES has been validated for flat plate with zero, adverse and
favorable pressure gradients for which extensive measurement data are available.
Keywords: Flat plate, intermittency, correlation based transition modeling, Abu-Ghannam and
Shaw correlation, SA turbulence model
The 14
th
Asian Congress of Fluid Mechanics - 14ACFM
October 15 - 19, 2013, Hanoi and Halong, Vietnam
108Page
ID 6.21
Effects of Stochastic Cube-Roughed Wall on Turbulent Channel Flows
Lu Hao
*
, Wang Bing, Zhang Hui-qiang, Wang Xi-lin
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: luhao578@163.com
Turbulent flows over cube-roughed walls with different roughness heights are investigated using
large eddy simulation coupled with immersed boundary method. The heights of cubes are specified
uniformly in a range of realistic roughness. The mean streamwise velocities, Reynolds shear
stresses and fluctuating velocities as well as turbulent structures for smooth and rough walls are
compared. The variations of mean streamwise velocities in rough wall cases are shifted downward
and the Reynolds shear stresses are increased by wall roughness. The roughness elements decrease
the streamwise fluctuating velocity, but increase the fluctuating levels in the other two directions.
The low speed streaks are locally interrupted, and stronger motions of fluid elements are induced by
roughness in the wall-normal and spanwise directions. The roughness elements destroy the
quasi-streamwise vortices. The influences of roughness elements become stronger with increase of
roughness heights.
Keywords: stochastic roughness; large eddy simulation; immersed boundary method
ID 6.22
Initial Studies on the Sediment Transport Models in Shallow Water and
Numerical Approach by Finite Volume Methods in Vietnam
Nguyen Thanh Don
*
, Monnier Jerome, Dartus Denis, Ouillon Sylvain, Nguyen Hong Phong,
Nguyen Quang Minh
*
e-mail address of presenting authors: ntdon@imech.ac.vn
This paper is concerned with our initial studies on the numerical estimation of bed load sediment
transport in rivers. For the hydrodynamical component, the Shallow Water equations are solved.
The morphodynamical component is defined by a continuity equation and involves the solid
transport discharge. We present a deterministic, the most popular and simplest model such as Grass
model. We dont try to compare the Grass model with other model which is more complicated and
more reasonable physically. Here we would like to apply the theoretical framework developed by
Dal Maso et al. (1995) and further the data assimilation to identifier the entry parameters.
The use of Grass convenient to rewritten Saint Venant-Esner system as a non conservative
hyperbolic system, and apply the theoretical framework developed by Dal Maso et al. (1995). This
theory allows extending some general concepts related to the numerical approximation of 1D
conservation laws to the more general case of first order quasi linear hyperbolic systems. The Saint
Venant-Esner system will be discretized using the finite volume method extended Roe method.
Finally we present one test case, and our results are compared to those of the literature. The
computation software DassFlow (developed by IMT) was used in this study.
Keywords: Sediment transport, Grass model, Shallow water equations, finite volume, Roe method,
Dassflow
Abstracts
109Page
ID 6.23
Simulation of a Supercritical Water Flow Issuing from a Hydrothermal Vent in
the Deep Sea
Satoko Komurasaki
e-mail address of presenting authors: satoko@math.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp
Eruption of geothermally heated water from the hydrothermal vent in deep oceans of depth over
2000m is numerically simulated. It is assumed that the hydrostatic pressure of water is over 20MPa,
and temperature of heated water occasionally exceeds 400 C