SBE10 - 02a (Compatibility Mode)

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Chapter 2 Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and raphical !resentations Tabular and raphical !resentations
!art " !art "
Summari#in$ %ualitative Data Summari#in$ %ualitative Data
Summari#in$ %uantitative Data Summari#in$ %uantitative Data
Summari#in$ %ualitative Data Summari#in$ %ualitative Data
&re'uenc( Distribution &re'uenc( Distribution
)elative &re'uenc( Distribution )elative &re'uenc( Distribution
!ercent &re'uenc( Distribution !ercent &re'uenc( Distribution
*ar raph *ar raph
!ie Chart !ie Chart
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" " ,re'uenc( distribution ,re'uenc( distribution is a tabular summar( o, is a tabular summar( o,
data sho-in$ the ,re'uenc( .or number/ o, items data sho-in$ the ,re'uenc( .or number/ o, items
in each o, several nonoverlappin$ classes0 in each o, several nonoverlappin$ classes0
The ob1ective is to The ob1ective is to provide insi$hts provide insi$hts about the data about the data
that cannot be 'uic2l( obtained b( loo2in$ onl( at that cannot be 'uic2l( obtained b( loo2in$ onl( at
the ori$inal data0 the ori$inal data0
45ample: 6arada 7nn 45ample: 6arada 7nn
uests sta(in$ at 6arada 7nn -ere uests sta(in$ at 6arada 7nn -ere
as2ed to rate the 'ualit( o, their as2ed to rate the 'ualit( o, their
accommodations as bein$ accommodations as bein$ excellent excellent88
above average above average8 8 average average8 8 below average below average8 or 8 or
poor poor0 The ratin$s provided b( a sample o, 20 $uests are: 0 The ratin$s provided b( a sample o, 20 $uests are:
*elo- "vera$e *elo- "vera$e
"bove "vera$e "bove "vera$e
"vera$e "vera$e
"vera$e "vera$e
"vera$e "vera$e
!oor !oor
45cellent 45cellent
"vera$e "vera$e
!oor !oor
"vera$e "vera$e
"vera$e "vera$e
+
!oor !oor
"vera$e "vera$e
45cellent 45cellent
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Total Total 20 20
)atin$ )atin$ &re'uenc( &re'uenc(
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The The relative ,re'uenc( relative ,re'uenc( o, a class is the ,raction or o, a class is the ,raction or
proportion o, the total number o, data items proportion o, the total number o, data items
belon$in$ to the class0 belon$in$ to the class0
" " relative ,re'uenc( distribution relative ,re'uenc( distribution is a tabular is a tabular
summar( o, a set o, data sho-in$ the relative summar( o, a set o, data sho-in$ the relative
,re'uenc( ,or each class0 ,re'uenc( ,or each class0
)elative &re'uenc( Distribution )elative &re'uenc( Distribution
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!ercent &re'uenc( Distribution !ercent &re'uenc( Distribution
The The percent ,re'uenc( percent ,re'uenc( o, a class is the relative o, a class is the relative
,re'uenc( multiplied b( 1000 ,re'uenc( multiplied b( 1000
"" percent ,re'uenc( distribution percent ,re'uenc( distribution is a tabular is a tabular
summar( o, a set o, data sho-in$ the percent summar( o, a set o, data sho-in$ the percent
,re'uenc( ,or each class0 ,re'uenc( ,or each class0
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)elative &re'uenc( and )elative &re'uenc( and
!ercent &re'uenc( Distributions !ercent &re'uenc( Distributions
!oor !oor
"vera$e "vera$e
45cellent 45cellent
010 010
015 015
025 025
035 035
005 005
Total Total 1000 1000
10 10
15 15
25 25
35 35
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100 100
)elative )elative
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
!ercent !ercent
&re'uenc( &re'uenc( )atin$ )atin$
010.100/ = 10 010.100/ = 10
1/20 = 005 1/20 = 005
5
*ar raph *ar raph
" " bar $raph bar $raph is a $raphical device ,or depictin$ is a $raphical device ,or depictin$
'ualitative data0 'ualitative data0
>n one a5is .usuall( the hori#ontal a5is/8 -e speci,( >n one a5is .usuall( the hori#ontal a5is/8 -e speci,(
the labels that are used ,or each o, the classes0 the labels that are used ,or each o, the classes0
" " ,re'uenc( ,re'uenc(8 8 relative ,re'uenc( relative ,re'uenc(8 or 8 or percent ,re'uenc( percent ,re'uenc(
scale can be used ,or the other a5is .usuall( the scale can be used ,or the other a5is .usuall( the
vertical a5is/0 vertical a5is/0
?sin$ a ?sin$ a bar o, ,i5ed -idth bar o, ,i5ed -idth dra-n above each class dra-n above each class
label8 -e e5tend the hei$ht appropriatel(0 label8 -e e5tend the hei$ht appropriatel(0
The The bars are separated bars are separated to emphasi#e the ,act that each to emphasi#e the ,act that each
class is a separate cate$or(0 class is a separate cate$or(0
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!oor !oor *elo-
"vera$e
*elo-
"vera$e
"vera$e "vera$e "bove
"vera$e
"bove
"vera$e
45cellent 45cellent
F
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Rating Rating
*ar raph *ar raph
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6arada 7nn %ualit( )atin$s 6arada 7nn %ualit( )atin$s
:
!ie Chart !ie Chart
The The pie chart pie chart is a commonl( used $raphical device is a commonl( used $raphical device
,or presentin$ relative ,re'uenc( distributions ,or ,or presentin$ relative ,re'uenc( distributions ,or
'ualitative data0 'ualitative data0
&irst dra- a &irst dra- a circle circle@ then use the relative @ then use the relative
,re'uencies to subdivide the circle ,re'uencies to subdivide the circle
into sectors that correspond to the into sectors that correspond to the
relative ,re'uenc( ,or each class0 relative ,re'uenc( ,or each class0
Since there are +:0 de$rees in a circle8 Since there are +:0 de$rees in a circle8
a class -ith a relative ,re'uenc( o, 025 -ould a class -ith a relative ,re'uenc( o, 025 -ould
consume 025.+:0/ = 90 de$rees o, the circle0 consume 025.+:0/ = 90 de$rees o, the circle0
*elo-
"vera$e
15A
*elo-
"vera$e
15A
"vera$e
25A
"vera$e
25A
"bove
"vera$e
35A
"bove
"vera$e
35A
!oor
10A
!oor
10A
45cellent
5A
45cellent
5A
6arada 7nn 6arada 7nn %ualit( )atin$s %ualit( )atin$s
!ie Chart !ie Chart
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7nsi$hts ained ,rom the !recedin$ !ie Chart 7nsi$hts ained ,rom the !recedin$ !ie Chart
45ample: 6arada 7nn 45ample: 6arada 7nn
BB >ne >ne- -hal, o, the customers surve(ed $ave 6arada hal, o, the customers surve(ed $ave 6arada
a 'ualit( ratin$ o, Cabove avera$eD or Ce5cellentD a 'ualit( ratin$ o, Cabove avera$eD or Ce5cellentD
.loo2in$ at the le,t side o, the pie/0 This mi$ht .loo2in$ at the le,t side o, the pie/0 This mi$ht
please the mana$er0 please the mana$er0
BB &or &or each each customer -ho $ave an Ce5cellentD ratin$8 customer -ho $ave an Ce5cellentD ratin$8
there -ere there -ere t-o t-o customers -ho $ave a CpoorD customers -ho $ave a CpoorD
ratin$ .loo2in$ at the top o, the pie/0 This should ratin$ .loo2in$ at the top o, the pie/0 This should
displease the mana$er0 displease the mana$er0
Summari#in$ %uantitative Data Summari#in$ %uantitative Data
)elative &re'uenc( and !ercent &re'uenc( )elative &re'uenc( and !ercent &re'uenc(
Distributions Distributions
Dot !lot Dot !lot
Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
Cumulative Distributions Cumulative Distributions
>$ive >$ive
<
45ample: Eudson "uto )epair 45ample: Eudson "uto )epair
The mana$er o, Eudson "uto The mana$er o, Eudson "uto
-ould li2e to have a better -ould li2e to have a better
understandin$ o, the cost understandin$ o, the cost
o, parts used in the en$ine o, parts used in the en$ine
tune tune- -ups per,ormed in the ups per,ormed in the
shop0 She e5amines 50 shop0 She e5amines 50
customer invoices ,or tune customer invoices ,or tune- -ups0 The costs o, parts8 ups0 The costs o, parts8
rounded to the nearest dollar8 are listed on the ne5t rounded to the nearest dollar8 are listed on the ne5t
slide0 slide0
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45ample: Eudson "uto )epair 45ample: Eudson "uto )epair
Sample o, !arts Cost ,or 50 Tune Sample o, !arts Cost ,or 50 Tune- -ups ups
91 ;< 9+ 5; ;5 52 99 <0 9; :2
;1 :9 ;2 <9 :: ;5 ;9 ;5 ;2 ;:
103 ;3 :2 :< 9; 105 ;; :5 <0 109
<5 9; << :< <+ :< ;1 :9 :; ;3
:2 <2 9< 101 ;9 105 ;9 :9 :2 ;+
9
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uidelines ,or Selectin$ Fumber o, Classes uidelines ,or Selectin$ Fumber o, Classes
BB ?se bet-een 5 and 20 classes0 ?se bet-een 5 and 20 classes0
BB Data sets -ith a lar$er number o, elements Data sets -ith a lar$er number o, elements
usuall( re'uire a lar$er number o, classes0 usuall( re'uire a lar$er number o, classes0
BB Smaller data sets usuall( re'uire ,e-er classes Smaller data sets usuall( re'uire ,e-er classes
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uidelines ,or Selectin$ Width o, Classes uidelines ,or Selectin$ Width o, Classes
Largest Data Value Smallest Data Value
Number of Classes
BB?se classes o, e'ual -idth0 ?se classes o, e'ual -idth0

BB"ppro5imate Class Width = "ppro5imate Class Width =
10
&or Eudson "uto )epair8 i, -e choose si5 classes: &or Eudson "uto )epair8 i, -e choose si5 classes:
50 50- -59 59
:0 :0- -:9 :9
;0 ;0- -;9 ;9
<0 <0- -<9 <9
90 90- -99 99
100 100- -109 109
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Total 50 Total 50
!arts Cost .G/ !arts Cost .G/ &re'uenc( &re'uenc(
"ppro5imate Class Width = .109 "ppro5imate Class Width = .109 - - 52//: = 905 52//: = 905 10 10
50 50- -59 59
:0 :0- -:9 :9
;0 ;0- -;9 ;9
<0 <0- -<9 <9
90 90- -99 99
100 100- -109 109
!arts !arts
Cost .G/ Cost .G/
003 003
02: 02:
0+2 0+2
013 013
013 013
010 010
Total 1000 Total 1000
)elative )elative
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
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2: 2:
+2 +2
13 13
13 13
10 10
100 100
!ercent !ercent
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
2/50 2/50 003.100/ 003.100/
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BB >nl( 3A o, the parts costs are in the G50 >nl( 3A o, the parts costs are in the G50- -59 class0 59 class0
BB The $reatest percenta$e .+2A or almost one The $reatest percenta$e .+2A or almost one- -third/ third/
o, the parts costs are in the G;0 o, the parts costs are in the G;0- -;9 class0 ;9 class0
BB +0A o, the parts costs are under G;00 +0A o, the parts costs are under G;00
BB 10A o, the parts costs are G100 or more0 10A o, the parts costs are G100 or more0
7nsi$hts ained ,rom the !ercent &re'uenc( 7nsi$hts ained ,rom the !ercent &re'uenc(
Distribution Distribution
Dot !lot Dot !lot
>ne o, the simplest $raphical summaries o, data is a >ne o, the simplest $raphical summaries o, data is a
dot plot dot plot00
" hori#ontal a5is sho-s the ran$e o, data values0 " hori#ontal a5is sho-s the ran$e o, data values0
Then each data value is represented b( a dot placed Then each data value is represented b( a dot placed
above the a5is0 above the a5is0
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50 50 :0 :0 ;0 ;0 <0 <0 90 90 100 100 110 110 50 50 :0 :0 ;0 ;0 <0 <0 90 90 100 100 110 110
Cost .G/ Cost .G/
Dot !lot Dot !lot
Tune Tune- -up !arts Cost up !arts Cost
. . . ..... .......... .. . .. . . ... . .. . . . . ..... .......... .. . .. . . ... . .. .
. .
. .. . . . . .. . . .
. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .
Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
"nother common $raphical presentation o, "nother common $raphical presentation o,
'uantitative data is a 'uantitative data is a histo$ram histo$ram00
The variable o, interest is placed on the hori#ontal The variable o, interest is placed on the hori#ontal
a5is0 a5is0
" rectan$le is dra-n above each class interval -ith " rectan$le is dra-n above each class interval -ith
its hei$ht correspondin$ to the intervalHs its hei$ht correspondin$ to the intervalHs ,re'uenc( ,re'uenc(88
relative ,re'uenc( relative ,re'uenc(8 or 8 or percent ,re'uenc( percent ,re'uenc(00
?nli2e a bar $raph8 a histo$ram has ?nli2e a bar $raph8 a histo$ram has no natural no natural
separation bet-een rectan$les separation bet-een rectan$les o, ad1acent classes0 o, ad1acent classes0
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Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
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Parts
Cost ($)
Parts
Cost ($)
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5059 :0:9 ;0;9 <0<9 9099 100-110 5059 :0:9 ;0;9 <0<9 9099 100-110
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S(mmetric S(mmetric
BBIe,t tail is the mirror ima$e o, the ri$ht tail Ie,t tail is the mirror ima$e o, the ri$ht tail
BB45amples: hei$hts and -ei$hts o, people 45amples: hei$hts and -ei$hts o, people
Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
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005 005
010 010
015 015
020 020
025 025
0+0 0+0
0+5 0+5
00
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Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
6oderatel( S2e-ed Ie,t 6oderatel( S2e-ed Ie,t
BB" lon$er tail to the le,t " lon$er tail to the le,t
BB45ample: e5am scores 45ample: e5am scores
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005 005
010 010
015 015
020 020
025 025
0+0 0+0
0+5 0+5
00
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6oderatel( )i$ht S2e-ed 6oderatel( )i$ht S2e-ed
BB" Ion$er tail to the ri$ht " Ion$er tail to the ri$ht
BB45ample: housin$ values 45ample: housin$ values
Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
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005 005
010 010
015 015
020 020
025 025
0+0 0+0
0+5 0+5
00
15
Eisto$ram Eisto$ram
Ei$hl( S2e-ed )i$ht Ei$hl( S2e-ed )i$ht
BB" ver( lon$ tail to the ri$ht " ver( lon$ tail to the ri$ht
BB45ample: e5ecutive salaries 45ample: e5ecutive salaries
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005 005
010 010
015 015
020 020
025 025
0+0 0+0
0+5 0+5
00
+0 +0 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western
Cumulative ,re'uenc( distribution Cumulative ,re'uenc( distribution sho-s the sho-s the
number o, items -ith values less than or e'ual to number o, items -ith values less than or e'ual to
the upper limit o, each class0 the upper limit o, each class0
Cumulative relative ,re'uenc( distribution Cumulative relative ,re'uenc( distribution JJ sho-s sho-s
the proportion o, items -ith values less than or the proportion o, items -ith values less than or
e'ual to the upper limit o, each class0 e'ual to the upper limit o, each class0
Cumulative percent ,re'uenc( distribution Cumulative percent ,re'uenc( distribution JJ sho-s sho-s
the percenta$e o, items -ith values less than or the percenta$e o, items -ith values less than or
e'ual to the upper limit o, each class0 e'ual to the upper limit o, each class0
1:
Eudson "uto )epair Eudson "uto )epair
KK 59 59
KK :9 :9
KK ;9 ;9
KK <9 <9
KK 99 99
KK 109 109
Cost .G/ Cost .G/
Cumulative Cumulative
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
)elative )elative
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
!ercent !ercent
&re'uenc( &re'uenc(
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15 15
+1 +1
+< +<
35 35
50 50
003 003
0+0 0+0
0:2 0:2
0;: 0;:
090 090
1000 1000
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+0 +0
:2 :2
;: ;:
90 90
100 100
2 L 1+ 2 L 1+ 15/50 15/50 0+0.100/ 0+0.100/
>$ive >$ive
"n "n o$ive o$ive is a $raph o, a cumulative distribution0 is a $raph o, a cumulative distribution0
The data values are sho-n on the hori#ontal a5is0 The data values are sho-n on the hori#ontal a5is0
Sho-n on the vertical a5is are the: Sho-n on the vertical a5is are the:
BBcumulative ,re'uencies8 or cumulative ,re'uencies8 or
BBcumulative relative ,re'uencies8 or cumulative relative ,re'uencies8 or
BBcumulative percent ,re'uencies cumulative percent ,re'uencies
The ,re'uenc( .one o, the above/ o, each class is The ,re'uenc( .one o, the above/ o, each class is
plotted as a point0 plotted as a point0
The plotted points are connected b( strai$ht lines0 The plotted points are connected b( strai$ht lines0
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BB*ecause the class limits ,or the parts *ecause the class limits ,or the parts- -cost data are cost data are
50 50- -598 :0 598 :0- -:98 and so on8 there appear to be one :98 and so on8 there appear to be one- -unit unit
$aps ,rom 59 to :08 :9 to ;08 and so on0 $aps ,rom 59 to :08 :9 to ;08 and so on0
>$ive >$ive
BBThese $aps are eliminated b( plottin$ points These $aps are eliminated b( plottin$ points
hal,-a( bet-een the class limits0 hal,-a( bet-een the class limits0
BBThus8 5905 is used ,or the 50 Thus8 5905 is used ,or the 50- -59 class8 :905 is used 59 class8 :905 is used
,or the :0 ,or the :0- -:9 class8 and so on0 :9 class8 and so on0
Eudson "uto )epair Eudson "uto )epair
!arts !arts
Cost .G/ Cost .G/
!arts !arts
Cost .G/ Cost .G/
20 20
30 30
:0 :0
<0 <0
100 100
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50 :0 ;0 <0 90 100 110 50 :0 ;0 <0 90 100 110 50 :0 ;0 <0 90 100 110 50 :0 ;0 <0 90 100 110
.<9058 ;:/ .<9058 ;:/
>$ive -ith >$ive -ith
Cumulative !ercent &re'uencies Cumulative !ercent &re'uencies
1<
4nd o, Chapter 28 !art " 4nd o, Chapter 28 !art "

SBE10 - 02a (Compatibility Mode)

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11 Slide Slide 2005 Thomson/South 2005 Thomson/South- -Western Western

BB?se classes o, e'ual -idth0 ?se classes o, e'ual -idth0

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