Crime and Human Development TTR 9:00 AM 10:30 AM Location: College Hall 318 Instructor: Dr. Charles Loeffler, University of Pennsylvania (cloef@sas.upenn.edu) Office Hours: Wednesdays 11:30 am 1:30pm Office Hours Location: McNeil 570
Course Description One of the central research problems in criminology is the relationship between human development and the likelihood of committing crime. This course will examine the tools for measuring the onset of crime, its persistence, intermittency, and desistence. These tools include the study of birth cohorts of everyone born in a certain time and place, life course studies of juvenile delinquents and non-delinquents, trajectory analysis of people studied from pre-school through middle age, and interviews with 70-year- old former delinquents who reflect on how their life-course affected the crimes they committed. This course will also examine the research findings that have been produced using these tools. Students will be asked to consider what these findings imply for major theories of crime causation as well as policies for crime prevention. Student Performance Evaluation: Grades will be based upon the following criteria: Class Participation and Attendance 20% 1 st Mid-term 20% 2 nd Mid-term 20% Final Examination 40% Course Requirements: 1) There will be three exams in this course (two mid-terms and a final). All three will have the same format (i.e., multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and a choice of essay questions).
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2) Each Tuesday and Thursday there will be a lecture followed by an in-class discussion on the weeks readings. 3) Class attendance is mandatory. Office Hours and Class Meeting Time/Location: My office is located in Room 570 in the McNeil Building on Locust Walk. For the Spring semester, my office hours will be from 11:30 to 1:30 every Wednesday. Please use the sign-up sheet on Canvas to schedule a time-slot. If you would like to meet with me and cannot make that time window, please email me at cloef@sas.upenn.edu to schedule an alternate appointment. Class will meet Tuesday and Thursday in College Hall 318. Expectations: When preparing and presenting academic work, the work of others will be properly attributed, consistent with the University Code of Academic Integrity. Course Readings: The readings for this course are drawn primarily from research articles and links to these articles have been included in the syllabus. If you are accessing articles from off campus or otherwise experience problems with embedded links, all non-book course readings are also available via PennText or Penns Google Scholar interface. In addition, a small number of books will be on reserve at Van Pelt. Some of these are assigned readings and others are useful resources. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against Prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Laub, John H. and Robert Sampson. 2003. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Harvard University Press. Maruna, Shadd. 2001. Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. American Psychological Association; Washington, D.C. Matza, David. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley Piquero and Mazerolle. 2001. Life-Course Criminology: Contemporary and Classic Readings. Wadsworth Publishing. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Harvard University Press. Shover, Neil. 1985. Aging Criminals. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Course Outline January 16 Review of Syllabus and 1 st lecture on Age and Crime January 21 Life Course Paradigm January 23 Life Course Paradigm
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January 28 Developmental Criminology January 30 Developmental Criminology February 4 Criminal Career Research February 6 Onset February 11 Change and Continuity February 13 1 st Mid-term (in class) February 18 Co-offending February 20 Violence February 25 Desistance February 27 Desistance March 4 Gender March 6 Gender March 11 No ClassSpring Break March 13 No ClassSpring Break March 18 Cross-National Comparisons March 20 Cross-Temporal Comparisons March 25 2 nd Mid-term (in class) March 27 Turning Points Revisited April 1 Imprisonment and the Life-Course April 3 Imprisonment and the Life-Course April 8 Prediction April 10 Prediction April 15 Criminal Justice April 17 Criminal Justice April 22 Future Directions
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April 24 Future directions April 29 Last Day of ClassReview
Readings Week 1Age and Crime Hirschi, Travis and Michael R. Gottfredson (1983). "Age and the Explanation of Crime." American Journal of Sociology 89:552-584. Link Farrington, David P. (1986). "Age and Crime." Pp. 189-250 in Crime and Justice (Volume 7), edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Link
Week 2Life Course Paradigm Elder, Glen H., Jr. (1994). Time, Human Agency, and Social Change: Perspectives on the Life Course. Social Psychology Quarterly 57:4-15. Link
Osgood, D. Wayne. 2005. Making sense of crime and the life course. In Developmental Criminology and Its Discontents: Trajectories of Crime from Childhood to Old Age. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 602:196-211. Link Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub (1990). Crime and Deviance over the Life Course: The Salience of Adult Social Bonds. American Sociological Review 55(5):609-627. Link Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub (1992). "Crime and Deviance in the Life Course." Annual Review of Sociology 18:63-84. Link
Week 3Developmental Criminology Farrington, David P. 2003. Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues the 2002 Sutherland award address. Criminology 41(2):221-256. Link Loeber, Rolf and Marc LeBlanc. 1990. Toward a developmental criminology. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 12. Link Moffitt, Terrie E. (1993). "Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy." Psychological Review 100: 674-701. Link
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Week 4Criminal Career Research and Onset Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. 1979. Characterizing Criminal Careers. Science 237(4818): 985-991. Link Gottfredson, Michael and Travis Hirschi (1988). "Science, Public Policy, and the Career Paradigm." Criminology 26:37-55. Link Anderson, Elijah. The code of the streets. The Atlantic Monthly 273(1994):81. Link Farrington, David P. 1998. Predictors, Causes, and Correlates of Male Youth Violence. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 24, Pp. 421-475. Link Matza, David. 1964. Delinquency and Drift. New York: Wiley (Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 6)
Week 5Change and Continuity Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson. 1993. Turning points in the life course: Why change matters to the study of crime. Criminology 31(3):301-325. Link Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. 1991. On the relationship of past and future participation in delinquency. Criminology 29(2):163-189. Link Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Paternoster. 2000. Population heterogeneity and state dependence: State of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16(2):117- 144. Link
Week 6Co-offending and Violence Reiss, Jr., Albert J. 1988. Co-offending and Criminal Careers. Crime and Justice 10: 117-170. Link McCord, Joan and Kevin P. Conway. 2005. Co-Offending and patterns of Juvenile Crime. Research Brief. National Institute of Justice. Link Loeber, R. and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. 1998. Development of juvenile aggression and violence: some common misconceptions and controversies. American Psychologist 53(2): 242. Link Piquero, A.R., Jennings, W.G. and Barnes, J.C. 2012. Violence in criminal careers: A review of the literature from a developmental life-course perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior 17: 171-179. Link
Week 7Desistance
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Blumstein, Alfred and Nakamura, Kiminori. 2009. Redemption in the Presence of Widespread Criminal Background Checks. Criminology 47(2): 327-359. Link Kogon, Bernard, and Donald L. Loughery, Jr. 1970. Sealing and expungement of criminal recordsthe big lie. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 61: 37892. Link
Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson (2001). "Understanding Desistance from Crime. Pp. 1-69 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Volume 28), edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Link
Maruna, Shadd; Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives, 2001. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 2003. Life Course Desisters? Trajectories of Crime Among Delinquent Boys Followed to Age 70. Criminology 41(3): 555-592. Link
Week 8Gender and Crime Broidy, Lisa, Daniel Nagin, Richard Tremblay, John Bates, Bobby Brame, Kenneth Dodge, David Fergusson, John Horwood, Rolf Loeber, Robert Laird, Donald Lynam, Terrie Moffitt, Gregory Pettit, and Frank Vitaro (2003). Developmental Trajectories of Childhood Disruptive Behaviors and Adolescent Delinquency: A Six-Site, Cross-National Study. Developmental Psychology 39:222-245.Link
Giordano, Peggy C., Stephen A. Cernkovich, and Jennifer L. Rudolph. 2002. Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology 107(4):990- 1064. Link Odgers, C L. et al. Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes. Development and psychopathology 20.02 (2008):673 Link Caspi, Avshalom, Donald Lynam, Terrie Moffitt, and Phil Silva (1993). Unraveling Girls Delinquency: Biological, Dispositional, and Contextual Contributions to Adolescent Misbehavior. Developmental Psychology 29:19-30. Link
Leverentz, A. M. 2006. The Love of a Good Man? Romantic Relationships as a Source of Support or Hindrance for Female Ex-offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43:459-488. Link
Week 9Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Comparisons Caspi, Avshalom, Terrie E. Moffitt, Phil A. Silva, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Robert F. Krueger, and Pamela S. Schmutte (1994). "Are Some People Crime-Prone? Replications of the Personality- Crime Relationship Across Countries, Genders, Races, and Methods." Criminology 32:163-195. Link
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Greenberg, David F. Age, Crime, and Social Explanation.1985. American Journal of Sociology 91(1): 1-21. Link Steffensmeier et al. 1989. Age and the Distribution of Crime. American Journal of Sociology (94(4): 803- 831. Link (AJS 1989)
Week 10Turning Points Revisited Bouffard, L. 2003. Examining the relationship between military service and criminal behavior during the Vietnam war: a research note. Criminology 41(2): 491. Link Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1996. Socioeconomic Achievement in the Life Course of Disadvantaged Men: Military Service as a Turning Point, Circa 1940-1965. American Sociological Review 61:347-367. Link
Sampson, Laub, Wimer. 2006. Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within- individual causal effects. Criminology 44(3):465-. Link Theobold, D. and D. Farrington. 2011. Why do the crime-reducing effects of marriage vary with age? British Journal of Criminology 51(1): 136. Link
Week 11Imprisonment and the Life-Course Loeffler, Charles E. 2013. Does Imprisonment Alter the Life Course? Evidence on Crime and Employment from a Natural Experiment. Criminology 51(1): 137-166. Link Murray, Joseph and David P. Farrington. 2008. Parental Imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology 20: 273-290. Link Pettit, Becky and Bruce Western. 2004. Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration. American Sociological Review. 69: 151-169. Link
Week 12Prediction Berk, R. 2009. Forecasting Murder within a Population of Probationers and Parolees: A High Stakes Application of Statistical Learning. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, Statistics in society 172 (1): 191-211. Link Gottfredson, Don M. 1987. Prediction and Classification in Criminal Justice Decision Making. Crime and Justice. 9: 1-20. Link
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Harcourt, Bernard E. 2007. Against Prediction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 2005. When Prediction Fails: From Crime-Prone Boys to Heterogeneity in Adulthood. In Developmental Criminology and Its Discontents: Trajectories of Crime from Childhood to Old Age. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 602:73-79. Link
Week 13Criminal Justice Bishop, Donna. 2000. Juvenile Offenders in the Adult Criminal Justice System. Crime and Justice 27: 81- 167. Link Cauffman, Elizabeth. 2012. Aligning justice system processing with developmental science. Criminology & Public Policy. 11(4): 751-758. Link Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., Cauffman, E., & Mulvey, E. 2009. Trajectories of antisocial behavior and psychosocial maturity from adolescence to young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1654- 1668. Link Steinberg L, Cauffman E. 1996. Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making. Law and Human Behavior. 20:249272. Link Steinberg, L. and E. Cauffman. "Developmental Perspective on Serious Juvenile Crime: When Should Juveniles Be Treated as Adults, A." Federal probation 63(1999):52. Link
Week 14Future Directions Nagin, Daniel S. and Richard E. Tremblay (2005). Developmental Trajectory Groups: Fact or a Useful Statistical Fiction? Criminology 43: 873-904. Link
Paternoster, Ray and Greg Pogarsky (2009). Rational Choice, Agency, and Thoughtfully Reflective Decision Making: The Short and Long-Term Consequences of Making Good Choices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 25:103-127. Link