Circuit diagram:

6
EXPT.NO. 3 DATE:
AIM: Phase Sequence Determination Using R-C network

APPARATUS :
Capacitor: Capacitive Impedace !X
C
"#$%C"#$&3'#(
)*
'3#+,-"#(*( O.m/ 3Micro 0arad/
+((1/ R.eo2tat: #3(( O.m/ # Amp))))3 No2.
T4EOR5:
PRINCIP6E O0 OPERATION:
The Front Panel Diagram is shown in the Fig-1. The Lamps are use with switches to the Re
an !lack terminals an the "ellow an !lack terminals while the Capacitor is connecte
#etween the !lue an the !lack terminals so as to $orm a ST%R connection #etween the three.
Power $rom the suppl& mains is either connecte in R-"-! sequence to this ST%R Connecte
'etwork ha(ing two resistances an one Capacitance when the )*-Ph Power +n, switch is
switche +n an the Phase sequence selection switch place at the right han sie o$ the Power
+n switch -ust #ellow the .oltmeter /Digital0 is place to the e1tremem anticlock wise position.
The First Lamp recei(es a#out *22.olts an the secon Lamp recei(es a#out 34.4.5 i$ the phase
to neutral .oltages are 4*6. respecti(el& $or each phase.
The user can rotate the phase sequence Selecting /re(ersing0 switch to its e1treme le$t position
$or R-!-" phase sequence an o#ser(e that the (oltages o$ the two lamp sets -ust re(erses. The
.oltage across each o$ these three components can #e measure #& connecting the Digital
.oltmeter across the corresponing terminals $or the $irst Lamp set connect #etween Re an
!lack terminals5 $or the secon Lamp set connect #etween "ellow an !lack terminals5 an
$inall& to measure the capacitor (oltage connect #etween the !lue an !lack terminals. The
!lack terminal is the 'eutral point o$ this ST%R connection an note care$ull& that this terminal
is not connecte to the suppl& neutral.
The stuents shoul #e aske to raw the phasor iagram $or this star network (oltages.
'+T78 Care sshoul #e taken while per$orming thsi e1periment #ecause it is connecete to the
three phase suppl& without isolation so chance o$ getting electric sahock is (er& likel& i$ one
touches these terminals with the P+97R +'. So proper care is necessar& to conuct this
e1periment.
P.a2e rotatio:
Let:s take the three-phase alternator esign lai out earlier /Figure shown #elow0 an watch what
happens as the magnet rotates.
2
Three-phase alternator:
The phase angle shi$t o$ 146
o
is a $unction o$ the actual rotational angle shi$t o$ the three pairs o$
winings /Figure a#o(e0. ;$ the magnet is rotating clockwise5 wining * will generate its peak
instantaneous (oltage e1actl& 146
o
/o$ alternator sha$t rotation0 a$ter wining 45 which will hits
its peak 146
o
a$ter wining 1. The magnet passes #& each pole pair at i$$erent positions in the
rotational mo(ement o$ the sha$t. 9here we ecie to place the winings will ictate the amount
o$ phase shi$t #etween the winings: %C (oltage wa(e$orms. ;$ we make wining 1 our
)re$erence, (oltage source $or phase angle /6
o
05 then wining 4 will ha(e a phase angle o$ -146
o

/146
o
lagging5 or 426
o
leaing0 an wining * an angle o$ -426
o
/or 146
o
leaing0.
This sequence o$ phase shi$ts has a e$inite orer. For clockwise rotation o$ the sha$t5 the orer is
1-4-* /wining 1 peaks $irst5 them wining 45 then wining *0. This orer keeps repeating itsel$
as long as we continue to rotate the alternator:s sha$t. /Figure #elow0
Clockwise rotation phase sequence: 1-2-3.:
<owe(er5 i$ we reverse the rotation o$ the alternator:s sha$t /turn it counter-clockwise05 the
magnet will pass #& the pole pairs in the opposite sequence. ;nstea o$ 1-4-*5 we:ll ha(e *-4-1.
'ow5 wining 4:s wa(e$orm will #e leading 146
o
ahea o$ 1 instea o$ lagging5 an * will #e
another 146
o
ahea o$ 4. /Figure #elow0
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Counterclockwise rotation phase sequence: 3-2-1:
The orer o$ (oltage wa(e$orm sequences in a pol&phase s&stem is calle phase
rotation or phase sequence. ;$ we:re using a pol&phase (oltage source to power resisti(e loas5
phase rotation will make no i$$erence at all. 9hether 1-4-* or *-4-15 the (oltage an current
magnitues will all #e the same. There are some applications o$ three-phase power5 as we will
see shortl&5 that epen on ha(ing phase rotation #eing one wa& or the other. Since (oltmeters
an ammeters woul #e useless in telling us what the phase rotation o$ an operating power
s&stem is5 we nee to ha(e some other kin o$ instrument capa#le o$ oing the -o#.
+ne ingenious circuit esign uses a capacitor to introuce a phase shi$t #etween (oltage an
current5 which is then use to etect the sequence #& wa& o$ comparison #etween the #rightness
o$ two inicator lamps in Figure #elow.

O72ervatio2:

Re2u8t2:
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