wL nvL 1o vLLLvL any numlcr ol lisrorics, spirirual lilc in

mcdicval Scandinavia, and cspccially rlc convcrsion ro Clrisrian-

iry, is rcadily summarizcd. paganism collapscd againsr Clrisrian
convcrsion cllorrs in dramaric laslion ar a mccring ol rlc Aling, or
wlcn a missionary lorc lor iron, or an cxilcd king lad a dccp rcligious
cxpcricncc, or wlcn a pagan rcvolr was nnally ovcrcomc, and so on.
1
r
ar lcasr rlar is low lcarncd lorc, now as rlcn, las clccrcd ro prcscnr 'rlc
lacrs` ol rlc cclandic, anisl, orwcgian, and Swcdisl cxpcricnccs.
Ivcn rlc smarrcsr and mosr sulrlc accounrs ol rlc pcriod undcrsrandally
wanr ro providc rlcir rcadcrs wirl nxcd, clcar darcs, organizcd around
monumcnral cvcnrs and rlus rcnd ro idcnrily dramaric momcnrs alrcr
wlicl rlc counrry slould lc vicwcd as lully Clrisrian.
Bur as rcgards rlc convcrsion proccss and irs alrcrmarl, ir is viral
ro kccp in mind rlar rlc possillc convcrsion ol rlc lcad ol rlc ccnrral
aurloriry in cacl ol rlc cmcrging proronarional polirics did nor ncccs-
sarily mcan mucl ro rlc avcragc man, woman, or clild in rlosc worlds
wlo lad grown up surroundcd ly cnrircly dillcrcnr cusroms, riruals,
and scmioric sysrcms. Tlar is nor ro suggcsr rlar rlcy would nor soon
rlink ol rlcmsclvcs as good, dcvour Clrisrians, lur rlcir lalirs and
rclcrcnccs ro rradirion surcly cvolvcd only ovcr rimc, and nor ovcr-
niglr. Tlc consranr rcmindcrs in rlc various sccrions ol rlc law codcs,
Cdin, Magic, and a Swcdish
Trial from 1484
Stcphcn Mitchcll
Harrar! Unir.ri/v
I. An carlicr vcrsion ol rlc papcr was prcscnrcd ro rlc conlcrcncc on 'Myrl and Mcmory`
ar Aarlus \nivcrsiry in ovcmlcr zoo8. rakc rlis opporruniry ro rlank rlc organizcrs
and parricipanrs lor rlcir lclplul commcnrs and olscrvarions, lorl ar rlar rimc and sincc,
as wcll as andsarkivcr i Vadsrcna, Srocklolms sradsarkiv, and Kungliga Gusrav Adolls
Akadcmicn lor rlcir lclp in making rlc rcscarcl lor rlis cssay possillc.
z Scnonvn S1UoLs
synodal srarurcs, and pcnircnrial landlooks alour rlc nccd ro addrcss
/in!rri/ni, ri!//ii/., ran/rs, /.rari/., and orlcr aspccrs ol lingcring
non-Clrisrian lclavior surcly signal rlis lacr. rcsumally rlcir many
prolilirions wcrc nor all lorn ol a supcrcilious and mcrcly rlcorcrical
nccd ro conrrol lur also rcccrcd ro somc dcgrcc acrual condirions
wirlin rlc various lisloprics.
Tlc qucsrion ol anriquarian 'cxccprionalism` is usually arraclcd ro
ccland. Tlus, wlcn wc cncounrcr, lor cxamplc, an cclandic clarm
lormula rccordcd in rlc carly modcrn cra wlosc invocarion ol powcrs
calls on an array ol lorccs so vasr as ro includc nor only rlc Clrisrian
God, lur also din, Tlor, rcy, and rcyja, and cvcn Saran and Bccl-
zclul,
2
wc rcacr wirl grcar inrcrcsr lur nor dislclicl. wc lavc lccn
rraincd ro rcgard ccland as uniqucly conccrncd wirl rlc pasr. Bur can
wc acccpr rlc possililiry rlar orlcr parrs ol rlc ordic world, sucl as
Swcdcn, miglr also lavc lccn a world wlcrc social mcmory lcld a
spccial placcrlar is, rlar ir roo was an Lrinn.run/u//ur, ro usc ]an
Assmann`s mucl-circd plrasc
3
n addrcssing rlcsc issucs wirl rcspccr
ro a parricular consrcllarion ol larc mcdicval Swcdisl dara poinrs,
cmploy Assman`s idca ol a 'mcmory culrurc,`
+
as wcll as a conccpr
drawn lrom rlc dusrlin ol rlc lisrory ol idcas, somcrling known as
'rlc supcrorganic,` onc ol rlc loogcymcn ol modcrn lolklorisrics, lur
an imagc wlicl may providc us wirl a usclul rool lor rlinking ol our
ropic lcrc.
5
undamcnrally, rlc conccpr ol rlc supcrorganic was an
z. 'i dinu Mcclrigsrc allnc crrc Gud Andc wcrckc|rc| dcn Tor lrclscrc rcg rcgc
pcr Saran Bclsclul` (indqvisr ~z) |in your miglricsr namc ord God, Spirir, alrica-
ror, din, Tlor, Savior, rcyr, rcyja, pcr, Saran, Bcclzclul|.
,. Tlis vicw was ly no mcans original wirl Assmann, lur rarlcr onc rlar las long roors
wirlin rlc social scicnccs, going lack ro Imilc urklcim and cxrcnding lrom rcdcric
Barrlcrr ro Mauricc allwacls ro rcdrik Barrl, ir lolds rlar rcmcmlcring is always
social in rlar rlosc scmioric sysrcms wirl wlicl wc arc inculcarcd ly our inrcracrions
rlrouglour lilc slapc nor only wlar, lur low, wc rcmcmlcr.
. norc, lowcvcr, rlar dillcr slarply wirl Assmann as rcgards rlc amounr ol agcncy
lc accords rlc alsrracr norion ol 'culrurc,` rarlcr rlan rlc individual acrors wlo makc
ir up.
,. Tlc ncologism, 'supcrorganic,` was coincd ly Bririsl sociologisr crlcrr Spcnccr
in rlc nincrccnrl ccnrury, and camc ro lc mosr lrcqucnrly associarcd wirl rlc works ol
Allrcd Kroclcr (c.g., Kroclcr, 'Tlc Supcrorganic`, Kroclcr, 'Social syclology`). As
rlc main supporrcrs ol rlc supcrorganic, Kroclcr and lis collcagucs ar rlc \nivcrsiry ol
Calilornia, lcllow anrlropologisr Folcrr owic and culrural gcograplcr Carl . Saucr,
madc Bcrkclcy rlc !. ja./s ccnrcr ol rlis sclool ro sucl a dcgrcc rlar in rlc ncld ol culrural
gcograply, rlc supcrorganic is somcrimcs callcd 'Tlc Bcrkclcy Sclool.` Cl. uncan.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL ,
arrcmpr ro givc cxprcssion ro rlc rcaliry ol 'social lilc or culrurc,` rlc
orlcrwisc inarriculallc lcarurc ol wlar ir mcans ro lc luman (Kroclcr,
'Social syclology` 6,).
6
Tlus, irs adlcrcnrs, sucl as Allrcd Kroclcr,
scr rlc 'culrural socicry ol man` againsr wlar lc rcrms rlc 'culrurclcss
pscudo-socicry ol rlc anrs and lccs` ('Social syclology` 6,).
7
Wlar Kroclcr and lis lcllow cnrlusiasrs lookcd ro arricularc was
rlc dillcrcncc lcrwccn rlc lclavior slapcd in rlc animal world ly
plcrcmoncs and rlc lclavior slapcd in luman socicry ly rradirion
rlar is, rlc culrural kir inlcrircd ly onc gcncrarion lrom prcvious oncs,
wlicl rlcy rricd ro cxprcss wirl rlis idca ol rlc supcrorganic.
Wriring alrcr ycars in wlicl many disciplincs inrcrcsrcd in 'dccp
culrurc` lad lollowcd rlis lcad (and ir is nor dilnculr ro scc low sucl
an idca dovcrailcd all roo ncarly wirl sucl approaclcs as rlc so-callcd
innisl isrorical-Gcograplic Sclool), olrcn ro rlc cxclusion ol orlcr
modcs ol rlinking, onc promincnr lolklorisr summarizcd rlc lrusrrarion
many lclr wirl rlis imagc ol lolklorc as 'collccrivcly slapcd, rradirional
srull rlar could wandcr around rlc map, nll up collccrions and arclivcs,
rcccr culrurc, and so on` (Bauman z). nsrcad, lc wrircs, 'my conccrn
las lccn ro go lcyond a conccprion ol oral lircrarurc as !i.m/s!i.!
u.rsrani. /ujj and ro vicw ir conrcxrually and crlnograplically, in
ordcr ro discovcr rlc individual, social, and culrural lacrors rlar givc ir
slapc and mcaning in rlc conducr ol social lilc` (Bauman z, cmplasis
addcd). nnd myscll in complcrc agrccmcnr wirl Bauman alour rlc
lailings in rlc ways rlc conccpr ol rlc supcrorganic lad comc ro lc
uscd, and alrcr scvcral dccadcs in wlicl rlc conccpr las lccn lccn
alandoncd (and cvcn ridiculcd) am cagcr ro inrcgrarc Bauman`s
pcrlormancc-oricnrcd vicws wirl wlar may srill rcmain usclul alour
rlc idca ol 'rlc supcrorganic.`
8
Tlc lollowing commcnrs conccrning
6. crc, Kroclcr suggcsrs as synonyms 'rlc civilizarional or supcrorganic or, lcrrcr,
supcrpsyclic,` a conccpr rlar dcals wirl 'social psyclology` and 'culrurc lisrory` as
disrincr lrom orlcr disciplincs sucl as narural lisrory. Scc Kroclcr, 'Social syclology`
6,, 6,6, and Kroclcr, 'rdcr in Civilizarion` z6,.
~. 'Tlar rlc social insccrs do nor lcarn or acquirc knowlcdgc as groups, rlar rlcy rorally
lack rradirion, rlar sulsranrially all rlcir acrivirics arc inlorn and dcrcrmincd ly organic
lcrcdiry, or dcpcnd on individual psyclic cxpcricncc acring upon lcrcdirary laculry, in
slorr, rlar rlcy rorally lack any lody ol 'supcrorganic producrs` rlar is carricd along lrom
individual ro individual and lrom group ro group indcpcndcnr ol rlc narurc ol rlcsc
individuals and groups` (Kroclcr, 'Social syclology` 6,).
8. lavc also addrcsscd rlis qucsrion in Mirclcll, 'og ,z6,` and Mirclcll, 'Transvccrion
and rlc Calumniarcd Wilc.`
Scnonvn S1UoLs
rlc apparcnr conrinuiry ol ccrrain dinic rrairs in Swcdisl popular
and lcarncd rradirion rlus arguc rlar rlcrc may lc morc in common
lcrwccn an inrclligcnr inrcrprcrarion ol rlc supcrorganic (i.c. along rlc
lincs suggcsrcd ly Bauman`s commcnrs) and rlc idca ol social mcmory
wirlin an Lrinn.run/u//ur rlan mosr conrcmporary crlnograplcrs
and lolklorisrs lavc lccn inclincd ro acknowlcdgc.
TLL n1n
I8 was an inucnrial ycar in rlc lisrory ol Iuropcan wirclcralr, lor
ir was in rlis ycar rlar opc nnoccnr V issucd rlc papal lull callcd
Summi !.i!.ran/., a rcxr rlar was ro lccomc lamous ro posrcriry wlcn
ir was sulscqucnrly incorporarcd as rlc prclacc ro rlc wircl-lunring
landlook, Ma//.u ma/..arum (scc nsriroris and Sprcngcr). Tlc
popc`s dclcnsc and cndorscmcnr ol lis Gcrman inquisirors, lor sucl
was rlc narurc ol Summi !.i!.ran/., las lccn inrcrprcrcd in a varicry
ol ways lur ccrrainly onc undclarcallc conclusion ro draw lrom ir is
rlar rlc proclamarion signals an incrcascd conccrn alour wirclcralr
and orlcr dialolical acrivirics in norrlcrn Iuropc. r is rlus in kccping
wirl a growing rransnarional conccrn alour commcrcc wirl rlc dcvil,
rlar in rlar samc ycar, I8, a rrial lor rlclr and aposrasy rook placc in
Srocklolm. Tlc cnrry rcads as lollows.
[n roj./s /ca/srum aosro/srum Svmsni ./ [u!. //a /.n!cs Baua/!
O!in/ar/, a// /an /u/.// /.. /ir/isncr. jjsr/ S/ia/mna /ir/is /ma rcar
s/ i!an /maria /.. /ir/isn. .na rca. Mar/i.m, Or/a/a s/ Ia/.n/mna.
T/.rmcrl /.n!cs /an s./, a// /an /a!. /ian// O!/ansm j rij (~) aar s/
a// [san Lan! /a!. mari// m.rl /snsm j raa!/ s. !aa// s/ a//a, //a
jsrcripna /ir/isr /aa/s. (Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al., . 66~)
(z~ crolcr, Fagvald dinskarl conlcsscd rlar lc lad pillcrcd rlcsc
clurclcs. nrsr, Skcppruna clurcl rwicc and rlcn rlcsc clurclcs oncc.
Markim, rkcsra and Vallcnruna. Morcovcr, lc conlcsscd rlar lc lad
scrvcd din lor scvcn ycars and rlar ]oan and lad lccn lis accomplicc
in rlc planning and commission ol rlc acrs, wlcn rlc alorcmcnrioncd
clurclcs lad lccn rollcd.)
osrcriry lcqucarls ro us no morc dcrails ol wlar lappcns ro Fagvald
lur rlc larc ol lis companion, ]oan andl, is mirrorcd in rlc pagcs
ol rlc /an/./s./.r lor somc monrls morc. n ~ Marcl, rlc lollowing
cnrry appcars.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL ,
[san Lan!/
Ls!.m !i. sr!. jss!in B.n./ Kar/son j /sram./arcn. s./ ra!cin
ncrmars /.. ./..rijjn. s!. m.n /i//. jjsr/ Ni.. H./in j B.r/v, Lri.
O/sn j I///./a, O/ajj Ni/on j Kin/a, O/ajj Pcrsn j I///./a, P.!/cr
Siasn j Ls/ammar, Ma//is j Sax/a, Ni.. j Hma/v, P.!/cr Lri/on j
Ta!/.m, Laurcns j Or./a, Hausn j Lun!/v, [san j Lin/, Hani j Hua/v,
Laurcns j Iijjm./ss .n /ii!/, annan /ii!/, /ri!i. /ii!/ /i/, sm an //. ri/!s
maria [san Lan! .//ir ja//an jsrc /imjjna!in, a// /an ../. mar j raa!/, !aa//
.//ir a//a a// /ia/a Ia/.n/mna, Or/s/a, Mar//i.m. s./ S/ia/mna /ir/isr
mcrl Baua/! O!in/ar//. T/a mara!. //. a//. jsrscripn. s. /uar!.rc
/.vnncr/ia jsr i/, a//. .na/un!a mi/ia .//ir /unna maria jsrscripna [san
Lan! jsrc //. a/i.n.. (Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al. . ~;)
(n rlc samc day, rlc slcrill, Bcncr Karlsson, askcd in rlc prcscncc
ol rlc mayor and rlc council rlc lollowing good mcn. nrsr ic. cls-
ing ol Bcrgly, Iric lsson ol Ackclsra, lall ilsson ol Kimsra, lall
crson ol Ackclsra, cdlcr Siggasson ol ovlamra, Marris ol Saxra,
ic. ol usly, cdlcr Iriksson ol Tadcm, aurcns ol rsra, aquon
ol undly, ]oan ol ing, anis ol usly, aurcns ol Vivclsra oncc,

rwicc and ycr a rlird rimc, il rlcy would dclcnd ]oan and or rlc
casc |againsr lim| lor rlclr, rlar lc lad nor lccn an accomplicc in
rlc planning and commission ol rlc pillcring ol Vallcnruna, rkcsra,
Markim and Skcppruna clurclcs wirl Faguald dinskarll. Tlcn all
rlc alorcmcnrioncd answcrcd, cacl spccincally lor limscll, rlar nonc
ol rlcm dcsircd ro or could dclcnd rlc alorcmcnrioncd ]oan and
againsr rlc clargcs.)
A wcck larcr, on I Marcl I8,, rlc rccords ominously srarc.
[san Lan!
Ls!cm !i. /a!/ [san Lan! jjss!in B.n./ Kar/on, /sram./ar.n. s/
ra!./, a//. /u/!s mnna /snsm, //cr /an ms//. msr!. /s!.//. (Almquisr,
ildclrand, cr al. . 8I)
(n rlc samc day, ]oan and askcd ol rlc slcrill, Bcncr Karlsson, rlc
mayor and rlc council, ro granr lim mcrcy alrlougl lc was |insrcad|
ro lc cxccurcd.)
Clurcl rlclrs wcrc among rlc mosr scrious crimcs known ro larc
mcdicval socicry and arc lrcqucnrly mcnrioncd as cspccially drcad-
;. Tlcsc mcn rlus ovcrwlclmingly comc lrom rlc arcas wlcrc rlc rlclrs arc said ro
lavc occurcd. Tlc rowns rcprcscnrcd in rlc lisr lrcak down as lollows. lrom Skcppruna
sockcn. ing, ovlamra, and Ackclsra, lrom Skncla sockcn. Kimsra and Tadcm, and
lrom Markim sockcn. Bcrgly, usly, undly, Saxra, Vivclsra, and rsra.
6 Scnonvn S1UoLs
lul in various normarivc documcnrs. An illuminaring cxamplc ol rlis
conccrn is rlc anisl casc in I~I ol a man (vcr), wlo is rricd lor rlc
crimc and is said ro lavc pullcd our a loardcd communion walcr ar lis
rrial, apparcnrly in rlc lopc rlar rlc rirual ol caring ir pullicly would
lclp lim, a lclicl rlar lailcd lim urrcrly, as nor only was lc lurncd ar
rlc srakc, lur lis lands wcrc cur oll nrsr.
10
ndccd, rlc Fagvald casc
miglr lc rcgardcd as morc or lcss mundanc il ir wcrc nor lor rlc curi-
ous mcnrion ol rlc ld orsc dciry, din, ar rlc rrial. Wlar arc wc ro
makc ol rlis poinr
rcvious sclolarslip las quickly dismisscd rlis rclcrcncc ro din
wirl rlc cxplanarion rlar ir is a sorr ol 'loan slilr`, rlar is, rlar wlar is
'rcally` lcing rclcrrcd ro lcrc is rlc saranic ngurc consrrucrcd ly larc
mcdicval Clrisrianiry, wlosc imagc so olrcn adorns rlc walls ol Swcd-
isl clurclcs, cspccially wcll-illusrrarcd in \ppland, lur ournrrcd now
wirl rlc namc ol rlc narivc dciry wlo lad supposcdly nor ngurcd in
ordic spirirual lilc lor ccnrurics.
11
Ccrrainly rlis vicw is plausillc. alrcr
all, rlcrc arc orlcr courr cascs in larc nlrccnrl-ccnrury Swcdcn wlcrc
dialolism would appcar ro lc rlc mosr olvious answcr (c.g., rlc rrial
ol ]cnis lorkoparc in I~8).
12
cr us acccpr, ar lcasr momcnrarily, rlis
'dialolical` cxplanarion and imaginc wlar ir rclls us, lcaring in mind
rlar rlc cnrry is lricl and slould nor lc ovcrraxcd ly our lanrasics.
Tlcrc arc somc rlings alour rlc cnrry rlar cvcryonc can agrcc on,
principally, ol coursc, rlc lacr rlar ro somc pcoplc in larc mcdicval Srock-
lolm rlc namc 'din` olviously mcanr somcrling. Tlis poinr is nor
as rrivial as ir may sound. irsr ol all, lcr us rakc srock ol rlc lacr rlar wc
Io. onroppidan . 6,,.
II. I.g., Briliorl wlo wrircs, 'Vi lora ocks om manniskor, som uppsagr dcn korslasrc
rro ocl lydnad ocl i srallcr givir sig i djavulcns rjansr, morkrcrs lursrc upprradcr d undcr
dins namn, crr rcckcn p arr dcn aldrc mcdclridcns lorcsrallning om dc gamlc gudarna
som dcmoncr cj lclr urdorr. S lcrarras dcr om cn kyrkorjuv Fagvald dinskarl` (~~;)
|Wc also lcar ol individuals wlo alandon Clrisrian lclicl and insrcad givc rlcmsclvcs
ovcr ro rlc scrvicc ol rlc dcvil, rlc princc ol darkncss appcars undcr din`s namc, an
indicarion rlar rlc oldcr mcdicval conccprion ol rlc old gods as dcmons lad nor com-
plcrcly dicd our. Tlus ir is rold alour rlc clurcl-rlicl Fagvald dinskarl|.
Iz. ']cnis lorkoparc. Iodcm dic virnadc aurcns rymlcrman, arl lan lordc, rlcr ]cnis
lorkoparc sagdc ril crl lclarc, crucinxum malarl vppa cna rala, som langdc vppa
waggcna. jacl lallucr langc rianrl rik, nw allsigx jak rik ocl raglcr ricnisrl all landda-
nom` (Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al. I8) |]cnis rlc rradcr. n rlc samc day, aurcns rlc
carpcnrcr rcsrincd rlar lc lcard wlar ]cnis rlc rradcr said ro an imagc, a crucinx painrcd
up on a picrurc, wlicl lung up on rlc wall. lavc long scrvcd you, now rcnouncc
you and scrvc rlc dcvil|.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL ~
arc nor dcaling wirl somc lamlcr in a rcmorc mounrain vallcy wlcrc rlc
rulc ol 'prcscrvarion on rlc pcriplcry` miglr apply. Tlis is larc nlrccnrl-
ccnrury Srocklolm, Swcdcn`s urlanc, cosmopoliran ccnrcr ol rradc and
polirics, a placc wirl cxrcnsivc lorcign conracrs. And, imporranrly, ir is a
ciry wirl a signincanr ccclcsiasrical ccnrcr dcvcloping on Fiddarlolm. r
was rlcrc in rlc prcvious ycar (I8,), lor cxamplc, rlar ]olan Sclncll`s
prcss in rlc ranciscan cloisrcr (ramun/./s/m.n //s/.r) produccd rlc
nrsr prinrcd look in Swcdcn. Dva/su .r.a/urarum s/im. msra/ica/u.
Isrimarcs alour rlc dcmograplics ol rlc ciry undcrscorc rlis poinr, pur-
ring rlc ciry`s popularion in rlc larcr Middlc Agcs ro lcrwccn 6,ooo and
Io,ooo inlaliranrs (Scluck Iz). Working wirlin rlc liglcsr rcaclcs ol
rlc ciry`s judicial sysrcm, mcmlcrs ol rlc culrural clirc acrivcly invcsrcd
mcaning in rlc idca rlar rlis rlicl 'lad scrvcd` |ladc rianrl| din.
Mindlul ol ianc urkiss`s work on scvcnrccnrl-ccnrury Inglisl courr
rrials and rlc dcgrcc ro wlicl in lcr vicw wc scc in wirclcralr conlcs-
sions a dialoguc, a sorr ol ncgoriarcd rcxr, or cxrcmporizcd pcrlormancc,
lascd on slarcd idcologics and a slarcd languagc ol wirclcralr lcrwccn
accuscd and accuscr, 'discourcs wlicl cncodcd a lody ol knowlcdgc
ol wirclcralr and lcwirclmcnr,` (urkiss ~,), wc slould considcr rlc
implicarions ol lcr argumcnr lor our undcrsranding ol rlis rrial in sccing
ir as a communicarion cvcnr. Wlar would ir lavc mcanr lor somconc in
nlrccnrl-ccnrury Srocklolm ro say rlar lc worslippcd din ow would
rlis inlormarion lavc lccn undcrsrood Was din-as-ciplcr-lor-rlc-dcvil
acrually widcsprcad in nlrccnrl-ccnrury Swcdcn l, indccd, sulsriruring
rlc namc ol rlc pagan god lor rlc Clrisrian dcvil was wcll-known, rlc
implicarions lor us arc grcar. And il ir was nor, rlcn wly docs rlc scrilc
usc ir Wly nor simply rccord wlarcvcr rcrm was 'acrually` uscd in rlc
conlcssion, and jusr wrirc rlc dcvil or Saran or /in sn!. or rlc likc Surcly
sucl namcs wcrc lcrrcr known ar rlar rimc rlan rlc namc ol a pagan god
long sincc alandoncd. So, wly an accusarion alour din ar rlc closc ol
rlc Middlc Agcs
l coursc, onc possililiry ro lc wciglcd is rlar wc simply lavc ir
all wrong, rlar is, rlar rlcrc is no connccrion lcrwccn rlc namc ol rlis
man and rlc ordic god. Somcrling along rlcsc lincs is argucd ly
]oln Kousgrd Sorcnscn, wlo norcs in convincing laslion rlar all orlcr
ordic namcs cnding in /ar lavc clcar and undcrsrandallc adjccrival
mcanings. Srarring wirl rlis lacr, lc suggcsrs rlar rlc namc originally
may lavc lccn an adjccrivc, s //in/ar, mcaning 'lar rillojcliglcd lor
rascri, galskal` (Sorcnscn II6) |inclincd ro ragc or madncss|. n orlcr
8 Scnonvn S1UoLs
words, alrlougl lc acccprs rlar rlc ulrimarc crymon ol rlc namc may
lc rlc samc Gcrmanic roor lrom wlicl din`s namc dcrivcs, lc docs
nor lclicvc rlar rlc god rcally las lad anyrling ro do wirl rlc namc.
is argumcnr is convincing, ycr wc slould norc rlar Sorcnscn is locuscd
on a diaclronic plilological proccss, rlc dcvclopmcnr ol a namc ovcr
rimc. Wc, on rlc orlcr land, arc nor conccrncd wirl rlc lisrory ol rlc
namc as a componcnr ol lisrorical anrlroponymics lur rarlcr as parr
ol a sysrcm ol signs in larc mcdicval Swcdcn, in orlcr words, low rlc
namc was undcrsrood and uscd ly spcakcrs in rlc nlrccnrl ccnrury.
Synclronically rlcnrlar is, in our culrural momcnr, rlc larc
Iooswc musr undcrsrand rlc namc as lcing unamliguously inrcr-
prcrcd as rlar ol somconc wlo worslippcd, or was somclow suljccr
ro, din. irsr ol all, wc lavc rlc rcsrimony ol rlc srarcmcnr rlar rlis
Fagvald las scrvcd din lor scvcn ycars, ro wlicl slall rcrurn slorrly.
Sccondly, rlc lorm ol rlc namc wc lavc is nor OJin/arr, O!/.n/ar/, or
rlc likc, lur quirc clcarly a lorm using rlc gcnirivc, din-s-karl. Tlis
lorm may cvcn lc a ncologism, rcvcrsc cnginccrcd, as ir wcrc, lrom
lamiliariry wirl rlc morc rradirional namc wirl wlicl Sorcnscn is con-
ccrncd. Tlc lolk-crymology wlicl las apparcnrly clangcd rlc cnding
ro -/ar/ 'man,` and so on is nor uniquc lcrc and las parallcls lrom as lar
lack as rlc clcvcnrl ccnrury,
13
lur no orlcr cxamplc slows rlc gcnirivc
igurc I. 'Faguald dinskarl,` Srocklolm sradsarkiv, Tankclockcr scrics,
volumc ,. I8I88, pagc ,8
igurc z. 'Faguald dinskarll,` Srocklolm sradsarkiv, Tankclockcr scrics,
volumc ,. I8I88, pagc ,8
I,. Cl. Knudscn, Krisrcnscn and ornly. 'In mcgcr gammcl Sidclorm cr O//in/ar/ dcr
lorkommcr paa Monrcr lra II. Aarl. og i omcsday Book Io8,...` (. Io,6,~) |A vcry
old parallcl lorm is O//in/ar/ wlicl is arrcsrcd on coins lrom rlc clcvcnrl ccnrury and
in rlc omcsday Book Io8,|.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL ;
lorm ol din`s namc. Tlcrc can lc lirrlc doulr rlar cvcn il rlc lorm
inrcndcd ly rlc acrors wlosc words and rlouglrs lavc lccn caprurcd
ly rlc mcdicval scrilcs, rlar is, cvcn il rlc lorm lrom wlicl our namc
lisrorically dcrivcs, was indccd O!/.n/ar/ or rlc likc, rlc namc las lccn
rcinrcrprcrcd, i.c. lolk-crymologizcd ro O!in/ar/ (also O!in/ar//), in
sucl a way as ro asscrr posirivcly a rclarion ro rlc god. n orlcr words,
our documcnr cvinccs an acrivc and mcaninglul knowlcdgc ol somc
sorr ol rlc god din in nlrccnrl-ccnrury Swcdcn. \ndcrscoring rlis
poinr and providing lurrlcr cvidcncc lor ir, is rlc curious, and lor us,
vcry signincanr, cxisrcncc ol a rlird rclcrcncc ro Fagvald. in rlc margin
ol rlc original I8 casc, somconc las wrirrcn Ba (i.c., Fag|uald|),
undcr wlicl a dillcrcnr land las wrirrcn O!.n Bama/.
rlink rlis sccmingly casual lirrlc lir ol marginalia rcally provcs rlc
poinr. wlarcvcr onc may rlink ol rlc qucsrion ol dinskarl vcrsus
dlcnkarl, ir is clcar rlar 'dcns Fagwal` las norling ar all ro do wirl
igurc ,. ' margcn. Fag|uald|, darundcr lar scnarc av cn annan land rillskrivirs.
dcns Fagwal,` Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al. . 6~.
Io Scnonvn S1UoLs
rlc O

Jin/arr namc complcx.

1+
All rlrcc ol rlcsc namc lorms poinr in
rlc samc dirccrion. somc rcsidcnrs ol larc nlrccnrl-ccnrury Srocklolm
kncw cnougl alour din nor only ro namc lim in rlc conrcxr ol a rrial
conccrncd mainly wirl clurcl rlclr, lur also ro arricularc lis namc in
mcaninglul and ncw ways. O!in/ar/ and O!.n Bama/ lavc lirrlc ro
do wirl an//rssnvmi.a u..ana as wc normally undcrsrand rlc rcrm.
Somcrling clsc is going on.
15

mporranrly, rlc casc ol Fagvald dinskarl is nor an isolarcd onc.
ciglr ycars larcr, anorlcr man comcs lclorc rlc Srocklolm aurlorirics
wirl wlar appcar ro lc similar crimcs and a similar connccrion ro rlc
old lcarlcn god. n I, ]unc I;z, Irick Claucsson is scnrcnccd ro
lurn ar rlc srakc lor aposrasy, wlcrc again rlc accusarion lolds rlar ir
is din wlo is lcing worslippcd.
Ssm /r.n!cs.
Samma !a./ j mar /crr. s. /cjjui/cman n.rmarcn Lri./ C/au.on, Han
Pcron /i.ncr. j Icrm!cc, jc!!.r j I.n!.//. s/n, mi!.r/.n!c, a// /an
/a!. Gu!j mi!.ra.// s/ a/// /an /./a ./.a jx rccr sm jx /sr!aa ajj/ana
sm /ir/iaar!.n anv/i s/ mi!cr//ai/ !v.jjus/.n O!.n jsrc .ninga ./u//.
Fjram!./i /.n!i /an /ajju. /s/i/ in ..n /s/sn!. ajj s./ rn!an!s// /a!.
.ninga s./ c/jj .n s!/ !../, sm /an /a!. r/ori/ ajj /an /an!/ssr s./
rn!an!s/!., jjsrc /ui//.nn. ca./cr /an msr/ !cm!cr /i/ ./!/.n jsr //cn
/cx/a ca./.n, sm /an Gu!j s/ mar ./acr. isr!. j ms// s./ ina a/ia
i./. O./ //. an!ra /ma ca./cr jsr!rsx /ansm /i/ vnan, sm mar /im/i/
s./ rci//, i. m.msri.. (Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al. ,. I8)
(Burncd
Tlc samc day in rlc prcscncc ol our masrcr and commandcr srood Irick
Claucsson, ans crsson`s scrvanr lrom Varmdo, lorn in Vcndcl parisl,
and rook lack |lis conlcssion| rlar lc lad rcnounccd God and all lis
loly company |on| ; rrips on ; Tlursday cvcnings, |going| wirlcrslins
in rlc ccmcrcry, and surrcndcrcd limscll ro rlc dcvil din lor rlc sakc
ol moncy.
16
urrlcr lc admirrcd rlar lc lad srolcn and conccalcd lrom
I. nc may also ccrrainly wondcr, wly rlcrc is a sccond land ar all Wly was ir ncccs-
sary lor somconc ro spcciny dcns Fagwald
I,. Typically, onc miglr cxpccr addirional lacrors ro lc ar work in lciglrcning rcnsions.
Cl. Ia!/.na //s/.r minn./s/ lor I8 on rlis poinr, wlicl rccords rlar in rlar ycar
plaguc dcvasrarcd Srocklolm.
I6. Cl. rlc casc ol lusrrv Birgirrc lalra Marrcns wlo admirs rlar slc las walkcd wirlcrslins
around a ccmcrcry rlrcc rimcs ('... jacl lallu.r iij r.sar gangir ansylis om kirkiogardcn,...`
|Almquisr, ildclrand, cr al. ,,,|) | lavc rlrcc rimcs gonc wirlcrslins around rlc
clurclyard|. r slould lc norcd rlar rlc supplcmcnr ro Sodcrwall spccincally circs rlc usc
ol mi!.r//ai/ lcrc and glosscs ir wirl 'undcrkasra sig, ovcrlamna sig r (ngn)` (Sodcrwall
and junggrcn |Suppl.| Io,;) |sulmir, surrcndcr oncscll ro (somconc)|.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL II
lis own masrcr lorl moncy and a good amounr ol silvcr, wlicl lc
lad lad convcycd ly lis rcnanrs and liddcn. or rlcsc rcasons, lc was
condcmncd ro rlc nrcrlc grcarcsr rcason lcing rlar lc sinncd againsr
our ord and Crcaror and lis |own| crcrnal soul. And rlc orlcr rwo
rlings condcmncd lim ro rorrurc, wlicl wcrc rlc wlccl and rlc ropc
|i.c. langing|. Pi. m.msri..)
arurally, wc slould lc rclucranr ro draw any lasry conclusions lrom
rlis curiously similar insrancc ol din worslip in rlc samc rcgion ar
alour rlc samc rimc. As, lor cxamplc, lna orvarardorrir las slown
in rlc casc ol Magnus Bjornsson (Io, ./ aim), or as rlc casc ol
Marrlcw opkins in Isscx lamously dcmonsrrarcs, a solirary nrclrand
dcmonologisr-wircllunrcr can singlc-landcdly srir up a lor ol rroullc
and signincanrly cloud small dara scrs.
17
Morcovcr, ir is ccrrainly nor
oursidc rlc rcalm ol possililiry rlar wlar wc scc in rlcsc rwo rrials is
rlc asscrrion, or rc-asscrrion, ol clirc undcrsrandings ol prc-Clrisrian
gods. A survcy ol rlc marcrials suggcsrs rlar din is rypically rclcrrcd
ro in ld Swcdisl rcxrs in onc ol rwo ways. as rlc (olrcn-Iulcmcrizcd)
god worslippcd ly pagan Swcdcs and, lrcqucnrly in comlinarion wirl
rlis poinr, as rlc cxplanarion lor rlc namc ol rlc wcckday. Typical ol
rlc nrsr rypc, lor cxamplc, 'Sankr lilips saga` (parr ol Fsrnr.n/a
/..n!ari./ in Codcx Burcanus) rccords,
P/i/iu rs!i.aj. /iu/u ar .i. i//ia. sm nu .a//ar u.ri/.. jra c/ar/an!sm
s/ /./ craun! /.jn. riu /an rm ij. s/ !rs/s /./ mcn/ar .i. sa/sm.
s/ .u/ajs /an /./ a/ sjra mar/i sm usiar .a//a sj.n. (Srcplcns and
allgrcn . I;;)
(lilipus prcaclcd lor rwcnry ycars i 'sirlia` wlicl is now callcd
Swcdcn, lrom rlc casrcrn lands ro rcsund. Tlc lcarlcns caprurcd
lim ar lasr and rook lim ro rlc rcmplc in \ppsala and cocrccd lim inro
making sacrinccs ro Mars, wlom rlc Swcdcs call din.)
or was ir losr on mcdicval Swcdisl wrircrs rlar rlc namcs ol ccrrain
wcckdaysWcdncsday and Tlursday in parricularwcrc a lcgacy ol
rlcir prc-Clrisrian rcligion. Tlus, rlc rranslaror-aurlor ol rlc samc
ld Swcdisl lcgcndary poinrs our rlar rlc namcs ol rlc days srill in
I~. n rlc nlrccnrl-ccnrury inquisirors lor acia, csscnrially rlc cnrirc ordic rcgion,
scc Bandlicn and Knurscn, and lor rlc inquisiror during rlc I8os and I;os, Knur
]onsson, scc also Collijn.
Iz Scnonvn S1UoLs
usc in Swcdcn arc rlosc callcd alrcr pagan gods likc din and Tlor.
18
A
lourrccnrl-ccnrury Swcdisl cxcgcrc also cxlilirs prolound lamiliariry
wirl rlis rlinking, wlcn lc analyzcs rlc namcs ol rlc wcckdays againsr
rlc lackground ol rlc Foman anrlcon and sucl sccondary sourccs as
rlc plancrs, wriring alour rlc naming ol Wcdncsday,
Fsm/a !a/ /a//a!/s /.!/n. rsmara !i.m m.r.urij/ s. mar. js!/cr s!/in-
!a// ajj .nsm /.!/nsm /snun. s. /./ s!/in/ //v a/ //. !vr/a!/s /an
jsrc u!// //v a/ /an mar ms/!s/a/.r /crra i /an!sm i am//sm smsm.
(Klcmming, Sr.n/a m.!.//i!.n Bi/./-ar/./.n . 68)
(Tlc nlrl day rlc lcarlcn Fomans callcd !i.m m.r.urii and our lorc-
larlcrs |callcd ir| din`s day alrcr a lcarlcn king callcd din lccausc
rlcy worslippcd lim as a god as lc was rlc mosr powcrlul nollc in
rlc land in ancicnr rimcs.)
or did rlis vicw ag as rimc passcd, as rlc mid-nlrccnrl-ccnrury Prs-
ai/a /rsni/an rcpcars all ol rlcsc pcrspccrivcs (Klcmming, Sma/v./.n
a jsrnr.n/a zI;o), as did sclolars inro rlc carly modcrn pcriod,
sucl as lavus crri (crri II).
Tlar mcdicval Swcdisl clcrical culrurc dccply lcarcd luman rralnc
wirl sucl dialolical and dcmonic ngurcs as din gocs wirlour saying
all Iuropcan rradirions didand rlc ccclcsiasrical lircrarurc ol rlc
Swcdisl lourrccnrl and nlrccnrl ccnrurics is pcppcrcd wirl warning
cxamplcs ol sucl inrcracrions, cvcryrling lrom canonizarion documcnrs
ro scrmons ro moralizing parallcs likc rlosc in Sis/inna //rc/.
1
lrcn
rlcsc didacric marcrials lclong ro rlc clurcl`s inrcrnarional collccrion
ol cdilying lircrarurc, lur rlcrc arc also synodal srarurcs and pcnircnrials
rlar pcrlaps suggcsr a closcr connccrion wirl local rradirion, as wc slall
cxplorc momcnrarily. Bur il ro somc cxrcnr wc arc allc ro rrack din`s
posr-convcrsion dysscy wirlin, and as cxprcsscd ly, Swcdcn`s clirc
clcrical sul-culrurc, wlar can wc say alour low lis imagc was rcraincd
I8. 'Sua som manglc andrc daglar som n laua nampn al lcnom alguum ok o crisrna
dyrkr som ocns daglar ok ors daglar ...` (Srcplcns and allgrcn . 6I) |Tlus wirl
many orlcr days wlicl srill lcar rlc namcs ol lcarlcn gods dcspirc Clrisrian worslip
likc din`s day (i.c., Wcdncsday) and Tlor`s day (i.c., Tlursday)|.
I;. I.g., undcn I~88I, cnning zz6~. arc mcdicval Swcdisl rcxrs, sucl as rlc
inkoping srarurcs and rlc Skara pcncrcnrial, rourincly condcmn rlosc wlo invokc
dcmons (...cr quoscunquc dmoncs invocanrcs..., cmoncs inuocans pro lururis vcl
quocumqucmodo). Scc Gummcrus XV, and Fcurcrdall 8I.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL I,
in rlc lroadcr world crc wc arc cspccially prcy ro rlc wlims ol an
uncvcn larc as rcgards wlar las lccn olscrvcd, produccd, and prcscrvcd,
lur wc do lavc an cxamplc lrom mcdicval orway ( vzI) wlicl
slcds imporranr liglr on our siruarion.
Tlis runcsrick is an cxrraordinary cxamplc ol clarm magic in rlc
larc lourrccnrl ccnrury, in rlis insrancc looking ro discovcr rlc namc
ol a rlicl. Tlc rcxr also dcmonsrrarcs rlar a pagan god could conrinuc
ro lavc viraliry lur in a ncw scrring, as rlc carvcr-sorccrcr invokcs nor
Clrisrian powcrs in rlc nrsr insrancc, lur din (./ ari ji/, OJinn).
20

n rlc orlcr land, rlc lroadcr Clrisrian culrural lramcwork is appar-
cnr wlcn rlc rcxr calls rlc old god 'rlc grcarcsr among dcvils` (m./r
jjan!a) and invokcs Clrisrianiry as parr ol rlc clarm as wcll (jvr /ri/ni).
Tlc lull rcxr, ir las lccn suggcsrcd, rcads, ' invokc you, inn, wirl
(lcarlcnism), rlc grcarcsr among dcvils. Agrcc ro ir. Tcll mc rlc namc
ol rlc man wlo srolc. or Clrisrianiry. Tcll mc now (your) cvil dccd.
nc scorn, (rlc sccond) scorn. Tcll mc, inn. ow (mulrirudcs ol
dcvils) arc callcd lorrl wirl all (lcarlcnism). You slall now acquirc}
raisc lor mc rlc namc ol rlc onc wlo srolc. (Amcn).`
21

Fcadily noriccallc, ol coursc, is rlc dcgrcc ro wlicl rlis clarm
slows a complcrc disrcgard lor rcligious orrlodoxy, mixing rogcrlcr
conccprs and dcirics drawn lrom lorl paganism and Clrisrianiry. n irs
so-callcd dcsignarion ol adjuvanr powcrs,
22
rlc cclandic 'larr clarm`
norcd carlicr likcwisc invokcs a losr ol powcrlul spirirs, ]udco-Clrisrian,
lcarncd, pagan and so on, ar irs conclusion. Alrlougl nor so cxrcnsivc,
rlc Bcrgcn clarm displays a similar disposirion roward cclccricism.
Tlar rlis is so slould ncirlcr surprisc nor pcrrurl us. jusr as in rlc
casc ol cw World syncrcric lairls likc Sanraria and Vodoun, rcligions
lascd on Wcsr Alrican rradirions ol risla worslip wirl lcavy doscs
zo. Tlis and orlcr uscs ol rlc pagan gods in runic inscriprions lrom Bcrgcn arc addrcsscd
in Knirk.
zI. ']cg mancr dcg, din, mcd (lcdcndom), dcn srorsrc llanr djcvlcnc. G mcd p dcr.
Si mcg navncr ril dcn mann som srjal. or krisrcndom. Si mcg n (din) udd. Irr lncr
jcg, (dcr andrc) lncr jcg. Si mcg, din! cr (mcngdcr av djcvlcr) mancr lram mcd
all (lcdcndom). u skal n skallc}odlc mcg navncr ril dcn som srjal. (Amcn.)` (Ilmcvik
and crcrson I;;,).
zz. lorrow rlis plrasc lrom Idina Bozoky`s 'nominarion dcs puissanccs adjuvanrcs`
(,8).
I Scnonvn S1UoLs
ol Carlolicism and orlcr lorms ol Clrisrianiry mixcd in, norling so
mucl marrcrs as rlc conccpr ol powcr and rapping inro rlar powcr. ow
do rlcsc non-Swcdisl ordic clarms and diasporic Alrican rcligions
inlorm our vicws alour our larc nlrccnrl-ccnrury rrials
n rlc casc ol rlc Swcdisl rrials ol I8 and I;z, ir is possillc, ol
coursc, rlar rlc pcrspccrivc ol rlc aurlorirics rcccrcd in rlc /an/.-
/s./.r is norling morc rlan rlc ccclcsiasrical vicw rlar lc is rlc clicl ol
dcvils (cl. asscn) lur ro rlosc ar rlc orlcr cnd ol rlc powcr srrucrurc,
rlc poor, rlc miscrallc, rlc avaricious, wlilc din may olviously lc
conccivcd as a clicl ol dcvils (cl. m./r jjan!a), lc was a/s undcrsrood
as a porcnrial sourcc ol powcr, and rlus, ol wcalrl and orlcr lorms
ol lappincss. Ccrrainly, ir is unlikcly rlar rlcrc would lavc cxisrcd
somc sorr ol sccrcr lcarlcn culr group rlar garlcrcd rogcrlcr ro wor-
slip din on Tlursday niglrs in larc nlrccnrl-ccnrury Swcdcn, lur
wlar docs sccm cnrircly plausillc, indccd, likcly cvcn, is rlar din
conrinucd ro lc rcgardcd as an imporranr porcnrial sourcc ol powcr
wirlin ordic rradirions ol clarm magic, a lorcc ro lc callcd upon
in ccrrain circumsranccs.
Wlar lurrlcr cvidcncc cxisrs lor sucl a claim ol conrinuiry and social
mcmory in Swcdisl rradirion n addirion ro rlc marcrials alrcady
adduccd, wc can, in lacr, rrack a conrinucd dinic prcscncc in Swcdisl
lolk rradirions ovcr many ccnrurics.
23
Iarly collccrions ol Swcdisl oral
rradirions, as impcrlccr as somc ol rlcm may lc ly modcrn srandards,
dcmonsrrarc rlar din conrinucd ro lc namcd in a varicry ol wcll-
documcnrcd pracriccs and lclicls in rclarivcly modcrn rimcs.
2+
Somc
ol rlcsc lclicls lavc do wirl agriculrural pracriccs, sucl as rlc lamous
ju//arr. 'Clrisrmas slcal,` lur a numlcr ol rlcm signincanrly involvc
wcalrl, lorl irs loss and irs acquisirion.
mporranr rcsrimony ro rlc lclicl rlar din conrrols alucncc
was rccordcd wirlin a lall ccnrury ol our courr cascs ly lavus crri
z,. I.g., as wlcn lc is callcd on in rlc lallad, 'Srolr crr All,` rccordcd in rwo scvcnrccnrl-
ccnrury manuscriprs (I6~;8I), wirl rlc words, 'iclp nu dcn Asagrim` |lclp now
din Asagrim (lcadcr ol rlc sir)| (Arwidsson . II). n rlc complcx lackground ol
'Srolr crr All,` and rlc lircrarurc rclarcd ro ir, scc Mirclcll, 'Scandinavian Balladry.`
z. Tlc casc lor din in modcrn lolklorc las lccn madc in, lor cxamplc, Cclandcr,
']ulkarvc ocl dinskulr` (scc, lowcvcr, rlc gcncrally ncgarivc asscssmcnr in dc Vrics,
Csn/ri/u/isn /s //. S/u!v sj O//in), and mucl marcrial was pullislcd in nincrccnrl-
ccnrury collccrions, rlc lcsr-known ol wlicl is surcly ylrcn-Cavallius, wlosc look
was originally pullislcd in I86.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL I,
in 'In Swcnsk Croncka,` a rcxr usually darcd ro rlc larc I,,os. Alrcr
noring rlar din was a grcar sorccrcr lcld ro lc a god and rlar lc
was worslippcd in rlc lclicl rlar lc would lclp rlcm in war, lavus
wrircs, 'Mcn lijkarc ar rlcr ar rlc lallua dyrkar lonom lor rijkcdomar
skul, ar rlc skullc l godz ocl pcninga noogl, cl rlcr all plaglar man
an nw scya, a/ //. /i.na O!/.nsm, sm msna .ninar s./ rij/.!smar
amman/aa` (crri V.II, cmplasis addcd) |Bur ir is morc prolallc
rlar rlcy worslippcd lim lor rlc sakc ol riclcs, rlar rlcy slould gain
wcalrl and moncy, and rlar`s wly pcoplc srill say //a/ //.v .rr. O!in
m/s ama a /s/ sj msn.v an! ri./.|. n addirion ro irs rclarivc anriquiry,
ol coursc, rlis commcnr is also srriking lorl lccausc ol rlc idca rlar
din cxcrciscs inucncc ovcr wcalrl (and may rlcrclorc lc appcalcd
ro lor ir) an! lccausc ol rlc plrasc /i.na O!/.nsm 'scrvc din,` rlc
samc rcrm uscd in rlc rrial ol Fagvald dcnskarl, wlo is said ro lavc
/ian// O!/ansm 'scrvcd din` lor scvcn ycars, in addirion ro laving
srolcn lrom a numlcr ol clurclcs. Adding wciglr ro rlis idca, in rlc
casc ol Irick Claucsson, rlc rccord spccincally srarcs rlar lc las lor-
sakcn Clrisrianiry and surrcndcrcd limscll ro 'rlc dcvil din jsr //.
a/. sj msn.v` |lorc pcnina sclull|, languagc rlar is cclocd in lavus`s
commcnr rlar din was worslippcd jsr rij/.!smar /u/ 'lor rlc sakc
ol riclcs,` rlar is, in ordcr ro acquirc wcalrl.
Wc scc somcrling ol wlar rlosc acrivirics miglr lavc lccn likc
in a courr casc lrom Smland a ccnrury larcr (I6,z), in wlicl a man
namcd ]ons is adviscd ro givc limscll up ro din (ijj /i/ O!/an i
ra/!/) in ordcr ro acquirc wcalrl.
25
To do rlis, lc is rold ro go ro a
cross-roads on a Tlursday niglr, surrcndcr limscll ro din or rlc
dcvil (Om .n Tsr!ac ajj/sn ijjma /i/ O!/an .//.r Fan.n i ra/!/),
and cry our rlrcc rimcs, alrcr wlicl din would comc our and givc
lim moncy. ]ons docs nor lollow rlis advicc limscll, lur is willing
ro pass ir along ro anorlcr man, Clrisrman i Svcnlulr, wlo is rold
ro go ro a crossroads and cry our, 'din comc, din comc, din
z,. Tlc cascwlicl acrually involvcs a rlird parry wlo lad in rurn lccn insrrucrcd ly
]onswas lcard on 6 clruary I6,z in rlc \ppvidingc disrricr (Kronolcrgs lan). Scc
\ppvidingc laradsrarrs arkiv A a, omlockcr ocl prorokoll vid ordinaric ring, volym
z, circd in ylrcn-Cavallius . zI8;. would likc ro rakc rlis opporruniry ro rlank Clacs
Wcsrling, andsarkivcr i Vadsrcna, lor lis lclplulncss in providing mc wirl copics ol
rlcsc documcnrs.
I6 Scnonvn S1UoLs
comc, and givc mc moncy. wanr ro scrvc you` (O!. /sm, O!. /sm,
O!. /sm, s./ ij mi/ P.nar, [a/ mi// a//ia /i/ Tian/). Clrisrman
rrics rlis oncc, lur on rlc sccond occasion lalls so ill rlar lc cannor
conrinuc. Tlc locarion ol rlc clarm ro a crossroads dillcrs lrom
rlc nlrccnrl-ccnrury courr cascs lur rcmains vcry mucl in linc wirl
norrlcrn rradirions involving magic and rlc rlcrworld. Tlc orlcr
clcmcnrs, on rlc orlcr land, sccm largcly in linc wirl wlar wc miglr
cxpccr givcn rlc rcsrimony ol rlc rrials.
A vcry similar scr ol lclicls, pcrlaps cvcn closcr in somc ways ro
rlc nlrccnrl-ccnrury rrials, is rcccrcd in crrcr Fudclcck`s lcngrly
dcscriprion lrom I6;,, again lrom Smland,
26
ol low rlosc wanr ro
lccomc wcalrly invirc din as a gucsr ('dcn som villc lliva rik ljod
ollcnrligr dcn rill gasr...`), and rlar lc always comcs on Tlursday
niglrs, cvcry nin// Tlursday niglr, a i ai!.
27
Fudclcck`s spccinca-
rion rlar lclicl in din`s aliliry ro assisr in providing riclcs is onc
rlar is widcly lcld ('som sagr cr`) undcrscorcs rlc popular narurc ol
rlc supcrsririon, wlicl lc lurrlcr supporrs ly poinring our rlar din
makcs sucl visirs cvcn roday, and rlar rlcrc cxisr lanrasrically ricl
larmcrs in rlc arcalc mcnrions rlrcc ly namcwlo lavc lccn rlus
z6. crrcr Fudclcck`s Fsrna Bij!/is/a .//.r Sma/.n!/. An/iri/./.r m.! !. Ti///sri.
Ksar/v./.n s./ a//. !.r /ss a.ra!. Hi/sri.r u/ur msr/r./ Us//. i.njun!n. ajri/a!.
s./ Samman/r.jn. ajj P.//.r Bu!./../ Anns rec) is onc ol rlc morc rcmarkallc docu-
mcnrs ol rlc Swcdisl scvcnrccnrl ccnrury, givcn somc ol irs idcas, sucl as rlc locarion
ol Troy ro Smland, lur lis crlnograplic and lolkloric olscrvarions and rcporrs lavc
lccn widcly uscd lor morc rlan a ccnrury (c.g., ylrcn-Cavallius). Fudlcck`s olvious
lamiliariry wirl, and inrcrcsr in, rlc ncwly rcdiscovcrcd cclandic marcrialswirncss lis
knowlcdgc ol rlc cddas, lor cxamplccomplicarcs lis rcsrimony. Wlcn, lor cxamplc, lc
lcgins rlis sccrion ol lis work ly dcscriling rlc imporranr spccial rclarionslip lcrwccn
din and rlc lorruncs and worldly dcsircs ol mcn'...allr vad man sig rill lycka ocl
mcdgng lar i varldcn onska villc...` (iljcnrorl and iljcnrorl z;) |cvcryrling onc
miglr wisl lor wirl rcspccr ro lorrunc and prospcriry in rlis world|ir is dilnculr ro
know wlcrlcr sucl a vicw is only wlar Fudlcck inlcrs lrom rlc mcdicval marcrials, lis
srarcd lramc ol rclcrcncc, or also sulsumcs in somc dcgrcc rlc living rradirions ro wlicl
lc sulscqucnrly addrcsscs limscll.
z~. 'dcn kom, som sagr ar, allrid om rorsdagsnarrcn larandcs ocl gasradc los sdana
londcr, som scdan, av lans pcnningar upplylra, kalladcs rika. cl som lan ladc mnga arr
gasra, kundc lan inrcr olrarc komma rill var av sina vardar, an var niondc rorsdagsnarr....`
(iljcnrorl and iljcnrorl z;) |din camc, as is said, rravclling always on Tlursday
niglrs and sraycd wirl sucl larmcrs, wlo sulscqucnrly, posscsscd ol lis monics, wcrc
callcd ricl. And as lc lad so many ro visir, lc could nor comc morc olrcn ro cacl ol lis
losrs rlan cvcry ninrl Tlursday niglr|.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL I~
dialolically supplicd wirl largcss.
28
Bur sucl is rlc rransirory narurc
ol assisrancc ol rlis sorr rlar all rlrcc now wandcr lrom larm ro larm
lcgging. Tlis larc scvcnrccnrl-ccnrury prcscnrarion ol rlc lclicl sysrcm
so olviously connccrcd ro our nlrccnrl-ccnrury rrials las accrcrcd a
numlcr ol clcmcnrs connccrcd clscwlcrc wirl dialolical rradirions
and paganism, sucl as associarion wirl rlc color llack. din is said
ro arrivc wirl a vanguard ol rwo lig llack dogs and rwo, somcrimcs
only onc, largc scrvanrs on llack lorscs, limscll in a largc coacl drawn
ly llack lorscs, all wirl cycs rlar lurncd likc nrc. Also apparcnr is rlc
associarion wirl rlc moril ol 'Tlc Wild unr` (L,oI !i. mi/!. [a!),
2

as rlc proccssion occasionally lcavcs rlc road, rravclling ovcr sroncs,
mounrains and vallcys, rarrling rlc coacl as il rlundcr rumllcd ('...
s arr vagncn skallradc, som ladc nasran rordon korr`), so lasr indccd
rlar lorscslocs arc pcriodically rlrown wlicl can lc sccn larcr in rlc
landscapc.
30
Tlc cmplasis on rralncking wirl din on Tlursday niglrs,
spccincally, a ninrl Tlursday niglr, in rlc inrcrcsr ol gaining riclcs is,
ol coursc, prcciscly wlar Irick Claucsson is accuscd ol in I;z, and ir
is dilnculr ro cscapc rlc imprcssion rlar rlis rcmporal srricrurc was an
imporranr componcnr ol rlc clarm magic associarcd wirl din.
A srory rccordcd in rlc I;8os in Visr parisl in srcrgorland dcm-
onsrrarcs rlc conrinuiry ol ccrrain clcmcnrs ol our marcrials wirlin
Swcdisl lolk rradirion, undcrscoring ar rlc samc rimc low rlcy arc
rranslormcd and kcpr modcrn. Tlc srory, rccordcd ly a man lorn in
I;z6, rclls ol an carly nincrccnrl-ccnrury crolrcr lrom rlc arca wlo
was an avid lunrcr. Mccring wirl lirrlc succcss, lc conracrcd a pracri-
z8. 'Slcdcs gasrar lan an i dag...` (iljcnrorl and iljcnrorl z;,) |Tlus lc visirs srill
roday|.
z;. isrorically, rlc associarion lcrwccn rlc so-callcd 'Wild unr` and din las lccn
prollcmaric (c.g., ocr), and olrcn rcjccrcd (c.g., dc Vrics, 'Wodan und dic Wildc ]agd`).
An cnduring srudy ol rlis ralc rypc, cspccially in rlc conrcxr ol spccincally Scandinavian
cvidcncc, is Cclandcr, 'skorcicn ocl lcslakradc lorcsrallningar.`
,o. Fudlcck closcs rlis accounr ly saying rlar ro rlosc wlo claim ro lavc lookcd rlrougl
kcylolcs and sccn din lc appcars likc somcrling srraiglr lrom onc ol rlc morc graplic
clurcl murals in Swcdcn, a ngurc wirl lorns rlar srrcrcl up ro rlc rool and a ronguc
langing down ro lis clcsr, wlcrcas rlosc cnrcrraining lim scc only a lig, rlick, corpu-
lcnr lack-clad man. ylrcn-Cavallius is mosr surcly corrccr wlcn lc wrircs slorrly alrcr
noring rlis casc, ' lcla dcnna lolkrro llanda sig, p crr vidundcrligr sarr, aldrc lcdniska
lorcsrallningar mcd yngrc idccr ocl scdvanjor ur mcdclridcn ocl dcn nyarc ridcn` (zzo)
|Tlrouglour all rlis lolk lclicl, oldcr lcarlcn conccprs arc minglcd, in a lanrasric manncr,
wirl youngcr idcas and cusroms lrom rlc Middlc Agcs and morc modcrn rimcs|.
I8 Scnonvn S1UoLs
rioncr ol rlc llack arrs wlo rccommcndcd rlar rlc man slould makc
a conrracr wirl rlc dcvil in ordcr ro improvc lis luck in lunring. Tlus
lar, rlis srory lollows a parrcrn wcll-known in Swcdcn sincc ar lcasr
rlc rlirrccnrl ccnrury lrom rlc lcgcnd ol Tlcoplilus and rlc a./um
.um !ia/s/s (scc Mirclcll, 'acrum cum dialolo`), lur ir is rlc advicc
slc rlcn givcs wlicl arrracrs our arrcnrion. in ordcr ro makc rlc riglr
conracr, //. man /su/! /su/! s /s //. ./ur./ sn .r.n T/ur!av in a rsm
an! s mi//.r/in arsun! i/. According ro rlc srory, on rlc scvcnrl niglr,
rlc man loscs lis soul, lur in cxclangc lccomcs a succcsslul lunrcr.
31

Mucl las clangcd in rlc ,oo ycars lcrwccn rlc nlrccnrl-ccnrury rrials
in Srocklolm and rlis modcrn ralc, including all mcnrion ol an associa-
rion wirl rlc pagan god din,
32
lur rlc nul ol rlc cascsgoing on
succcssivc Tlursday niglrs ro a clurcl and walking wirlslins around
,I. Tlc srory, 'Torparc ranssons lcvnadsodc,` posrcd ar rlc wclsirc lor Wisr lcmlygds-
lorcning rcmarks. 'cr lanns i lorjan av I8oo ralcr cn rorparc vid Sravslorg, crr rorp
rilllorandc Sravsarcr, lan lcrrc ransson. cn lar manncn var cn ivrig jagarc. Imcllcrrid
s villc inrc dcn dar rikriga jakrlyckan lolja mcd p lans rurcr rill skogcn, s korrgryrorna
srod lor dcr mcsra romma. ransson konrakradc d cn 'svarrkonsrkaring` lor arr l lor
lor dcrra. Karingcn rckommcndcradc ransson arr crr konrrakr mcd djavulcn vorc dcn
lasra rgardcn lor arr lorlarrra jakrlyckan. m ransson sju rorsdagar i loljd, p narrcn,
gick ncr rill kyrkan ocl dar gick crr varv runr kyrkan, morsols, s skullc lan l dcn rarra
konrakrcn. Inligr lcgcndcn s lclovdc lan inrc g dcn lnga vagcn lram rill kyrkan mcr
an scx gngcr. cn sjundc narrcn lar lan la morr 'lornpcr` vid Spoksrcncn cllcr mojli-
gcn vid illackcn. ransson lar sin sjal lor rappas vid dcr lar morcr, i srallcr llcv lan cn
lramgngsrik jagarc` (Sjolcrrl) |Ar rlc lcginning ol rlc I8oos, rlcrc was a crolrcr ar
Sravslorg, a crolr lclonging ro Sravsarcr, namcd ransson. Tlis man was a kccn lunrcr.
owcvcr lc didn`r lavc mucl lunring luck in lis rrips ro rlc lorcsr, so rlc srcwpors
mosrly srood cmpry. ransson conracrcd a cronc lamiliar wirl rlc 'llack arrs` ro gcr a
curc lor ir. l ransson, scvcn Tlursdays in a row, ar niglr, wcnr down ro rlc clurcl
and rlcrc wcnr around rlc clurcl, wirlcrslins, rlcn lc would makc rlc riglr conracr.
According ro rlc lcgcnd, lc did nor nccd ro makc rlc long rrip ro rlc clurcl morc rlan
six rimcs. n rlc scvcnrl niglr lc mcr 'ld ick` ar Spoksrcncn (lircrally 'rlc glosr
sronc`) or possilly ar illackcn. ransson allowcd lis soul ro lc losr ar rlis mccring,
(and) in cxclangc lc lccamc a succcsslul lunrcr|. Tlc ralc concludcs wirl a warning ro
avoid srrangcrs ar rlcsc locarions, cspccially il lc las a rail.
,z. Cl. ylrcn-Cavallius. 'Samma lorcsrallnings-sarr, om dcn ssom gilvarc al rikcdom,
lar i Warcnd varir gangsc ilrn aldsra ridcr, om dcr an i dcn yngrc lokrron allrmcra olvcr-
lorcs p djclvulcn cllcr Saran, mcd lvilkcn pcrsoncr i scdnarc rid gjorr pakr ocl lolvar
lonom rjcnsr, lor arr vinna pcnningar ocl rikcdom` (. zI8) |Tlc samc way ol looking
ar rlings, ol din as a providcr ol riclcs, las lccn currcnr in Warcnd lrom rlc carlicsr
rimcs, allcir in morc rcccnr lolk lclicl, (rlc lclicl) is incrcasingly rranslcrrcd ro rlc dcvil
or Saran, wirl wlom pcrsons in morc rcccnr rimcs lavc madc pacrs and promiscd scrvicc
in ordcr ro win moncy and riclcs|.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL I;
iris cnrircly parallcllcd ly rlc conrcmporary oral rradirion, a parrcrn
rlar can lc rraccd in virrually cvcry ccnrury rlar scpararcs rlcm.
CocLUoc FL:nvxs
Tlcsc cxamplcs providc a compclling inrcrprcrivc lramcwork lor
undcrsranding our larc nlrccnrl-ccnrury rrials. And rlcy suggcsr rlar
wc scc rlc marcrials lrom larc mcdicval Srocklolm in vcry parricular
ways. ow supposc onc miglr suggcsr rlar rlc mcdicval and modcrn
marcrials arc unrclarcd, rlar is, rlar rlc morc rcccnr ircms arc mcrc
modcrn invcnrions rlar jusr lappcn ro mirror in imporranr ways our
rrial marcrials, lur would rlink 'cklam`s razor,` rlar is, rlc law ol
parsimony, dcmands rlar wc considcr rlc casicr alrcrnarivc, i.c. rlar wc
scc in sucl rradirions as rlc lormularion rlar '//. /i.na O!/.nsm, sm
mana .ninar s./ rij/.!smar amman/aa` |rlcy scrvc din wlo
amass a lor ol moncy and riclcs| arc rlc rcsulr ol inlcrircd lclicls alour
din`s conrinucd aliliry ro inucncc rlc marcrial qualiry ol onc`s lilc.
Bur low and wly would rlis lc rlc casc Alrcr all, Swcdcn lad in
somc scnsc lccn Clrisrian sincc rlc rimc ol lal Skorkonung, or sincc
rlc larc clcvcnrl ccnrury ar any rarc. And cvcn il sucl an olncial vicw
can lc clallcngcd, wly would pcoplc conrinuc ro pracricc sucl riruals,
givcn rlc rcrrilying prcssurc ro conlorm lrouglr alour ly lcar ol rlc
nquisirion n lis imporranr inrcrprcrarion ol magic in rlc viking world,
cil ricc rcpcarcdly asks a lundamcnrally similar qucsrion. wly would
a man living in onc ol rlc mosr lomoplolic culrurcs rlc world las
known willingly cxposc limscll ro accusarions ol clnminancy and .ri
rlrougl rlc pracricc ol .iJr An allrcviarcd vcrsion ol lis considcrcd
answcr is rlar rlc rradc-oll wirl rcspccr ro powcr was pcrccivcd ro
makc sucl lclavior worrlwlilc. A similar cxplanarion would accounr
lor wly in our cascs, in rlc midsr ol a quickcning wirclcralr pandcmic
in rlc nlrccnrl-ccnrury, rlcrc would conrinuc ro lc rlosc willing ro
risk rlcir livcs ly invoking rlis sccmingly lorgorrcn god.
Tlc lasic luman dcsirc ro acquirc riclcs, ro cscapc lungcr and
povcrry, surcly cxplains wly rlcsc cvcnrs rook placc, and pcrlaps cspc-
cially rlc loollardy indillcrcncc roward rlc aurlorirics lorl Fagvald
dcnskarl and Iric Claucsson slow, lur arc rlcrc lcssons ro lc drawn
lrom rlcsc larc mcdicval Swcdisl rrials alour rlc lroadcr implica-
rions ol rlcsc lclaviors as rcgards ld orsc myrls, social mcmory,
zo Scnonvn S1UoLs
rlc supcrorganic as culrural consrrucr and so on Somc rcnrarivc
conclusions may lc drawn. lor cxamplc, rlar din`s namc is invokcd
in riruals in larc mcdicval and carly modcrn Swcdcn lor rlc purposc
ol acquiring wcalrl is almosr surcly ro lc cnvisioncd as an cxamplc ol
rlc supcrorganic, rlar is, rradirional marrcr rlar las survivcd ovcr rlc
gcncrarions as parr ol Swcdisl clarm magic, passcd lrom onc colorr
ol pracririoncrs ro rlc ncxr. Bur wc cannor rcgard sucl a pracricc as
'discmlodicd supcrorganic srull,` lur rarlcr musr also conrcmplarc rlc
vcry rcal imporrancc ol rlc magic`s pcrlormcd claracrcr, pcrlormcd nor
only in rlc mosr lundamcnral scnsc ol rlc rcrm, as parr ol a spokcn and
cnacrcd rirual, lur also in rlc scnsc rlar rlc cnacrmcnr or rcalizarion
ol sucl a rirual irscll lad mcaning lor rlosc wlo pracriccd ir. n orlcr
words, ro lollow Bauman`s lcad, wc musr considcr rlc many lacrors
rlar givc sucl lclavior mcaning.
33
Tlc lclaviors rcccrcd in rlc rrials (and in sulscqucnr rcxrs) wcrc
anyrling lur cmpry gcsrurcs, riruals dcvoid ol lairl or lopc, mcrc
mcclanical rccirarions ol oral lormulac. Wlar sucl magic as rlar
invoking din ollcrcd was irs purporrcd aliliry ro providc a conduir
ro powcr. And alrlougl sucl riruals may lavc lccn lorn ol dcspcra-
rion, ir was rlcir vcry rradirionalism rlar gavc rlcm mcaning. To usc
rlc mcmorallc lormularion ol ]oln Milcs olcy, rwo kcy clcmcnrs
comc rogcrlcr in sucl acrs, wlar lc rcrms 'rlc cnalling cvcnr ol pcr-
lormancc` and 'rlc cnalling rclcrcnr ol rradirion` (olcy zo8). r sccms
ro mc rlar wc slould rcgard 'rlc cnalling cvcnr ol pcrlormancc` in
linc wirl Assmann`s norion ol rlc Lrinn.run/u//ur`s unconscious ycr
ongoing dcsirc ro dcmonsrrarc irs conrinuiry ly rlc cyclical producrion
ol social acrs rlar undcrscorc rlis rrair.
3+
Bur rlc scmioric sysrcm lor
sucl acrs, wlar olcy rcrms 'rlc cnalling rclcrcnr ol rradirion,` is rlc
rcaliry ol supcrorganic marrcr wirlin ordic rradirion, spccincally rlc
idca ol din as a sourcc ol powcrwlcrlcr or nor nlrccnrl-ccnrury, or
scvcnrccnrl-ccnrury, pracririoncrs ol rlis kind ol magic wcrc awarc ol
,,. Cl. Bauman`s dcsirc 'ro vicw ir conrcxrually and crlnograplically, in ordcr ro discovcr
rlc individual, social, and culrural lacrors rlar givc ir slapc and mcaning in rlc conducr
ol social lilc` (z).
,. Cl. rlc lollowing claracrcrizarion ol ]an Assmann`s vicws as 'rlc way a socicry cnsurcs
culrural conrinuiry ly prcscrving, wirl rlc lclp ol culrural mncmonics, irs collccrivc
knowlcdgc lrom onc gcncrarion ro rlc ncxr, rcndcring ir possillc lor larcr gcncrarions
ro rcconsrrucr rlcir culrural idcnriry and mainrain rlcir rradirions` (Smclscr and Balrcs
. 6Iz,).
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL zI
lis pagan rolc or nor. ndccd, lolklorisrs lavc long norcd rlc lrcqucnr
prcscncc ol /aax /.sm.na in clarms, and wc can casily cnvision a
parallcl lcrc. din`s namc may lavc losr irs 'original` mcaning (irscll
a conrcnrious idca) lor many ol rlosc wlo uscd ir in larcr ccnrurics.
Wlcrlcr or nor Fagvald dcnskarl or Irick Claucsson would lavc
lad rlc sliglrcsr cluc rlar rlcrc cxisrcd a connccrion lcrwccn rlc powcr
rlcy arrcmprcd ro rap inro ar rlc closc ol rlc Middlc Agcs and rlc ngurc
modcrn sclolarslip las rccovcrcd (or consrrucrcd) lrom rlc .!!a,
rlc jsrna/!arsur and so on is liglly prollcmaric. Bur wlar rlcy did
posscss was a mcmory, socially consrrucrcd, ol possillc cmpowcrmcnr
and cnriclmcnr rlrougl 'rlc dcvil din` (!v.jjus/.n O!.n), curiously
supcrannuarcd rcsrimony ro rlc powcr ol myrl and mcmory in rlar
ourlying ld orsc world rlar is mcdicval Swcdcn.
zz Scnonvn S1UoLs
Wovxs C1Lo
Unu//i/.! Ssur...
andsarkivcr i Vadsrcna. \ppvidingc laradsrarrs arkiv A a, omlockcr ocl prorokoll
vid ordinaric ring, volym z.
Srocklolms sradsarkiv. Srocklolms srads rankclok I8I88, volym ,.
Pu//i/.! Ssur...
Almquisr, ]olan Axcl, ans ildclrand, cr al., cds. S/s.//s/m /a!/s./.r r;~; r;s) am/
/urra/. Srocklolm. Kungl. Samlundcr lor urgavcndc al landskrilrcr rorandc
Skandinavicns lisroria mcd undcrsrod al Srocklolms srad ocl samlundcr Sankr
Irik, I;I~.
Arwidsson, Adoll war, cd. Sr.n/a Fsrnan.r. Ln Sam/in aj Kamarisr, Fs//-Iisr,
L./ar s./ Danar, am/ Barn- s./ Ia//-San.r. , vols. Srocklolm. .A. orsrcdr &
Soncr, I8,.
Bandlicn, Bjorn, and Gunnar W. Knurscn. 'Kjcrrcrinkvisirorcr i orgc.` Hi/sri/ /i!/rij/
8~., (zoo8). ,,,o.
Bauman, Ficlard. S/srv, P.rjsrman.., an! Lr.n/. Csn/.x/ua/ S/u!i. sj Ora/ Narra/ir..
Camlridgc. Camlridgc Uv, I;86.
Bozoky, Idina. C/arm. ./ ri/r. as/rsau.. Typologic dcs sourccs du Moycn Agc
occidcnral 86. Turnlour. Brcpols, zoo,.
Briliorl, Yngvc. 'cn scnarc mcdclridcn Iz~I,zI.` Sr.n/a /vr/an /i/sria. Ids. jal-
mar olmquisr and ilding lcijcl. Srocklolm. Svcnska Kyrkans iakonisryrclscs
Boklorlag, I;I. . ;8Io.
Cclandcr, ilding. ']ulkarvc ocl dinskulr.` Bi , (I;zo). I68~6.
___. 'skorcicn ocl lcslakradc lorcsrallningar i aldrc ocl nyarc nordisk rradirion.` Saa
s./ .! (I;,). ~II~,.
Collijn, sak. 'ranciskancrnas lilliorck p Grmunkclolmcn i Srocklolm mcd sarskild
lansyn rill Kanurus ]olannis` vcrksamlcr.` Nsr!i/ /i!/rij/ jsr /s/- s./ /i//is/./ra.n
.z, (I;I~). IoI~I.
uncan, ]amcs. 'Tlc Supcrorganic in Amcrican Culrural Gcograply.` Anna/ sj //.
As.ia/isn sj Am.ri.an G.sra/.r ~o.z (I;8o). I8I;8.
Ilmcvik, cnnarr and cna crcrson. Samnsr!i/ Bun!a/a/a. nsrirurioncn lor nordiska
sprk, \ppsala univcrsircr. I;;,. <lrrp.}}www.nordiska.uu.sc}lorskn}samnord.
lrm> (acccsscd z6 cr. zoo;).
olcy, ]oln Milcs. T/. Sin.r sj Ta/. in P.rjsrman... Voiccs in crlormancc and Tcxr.
Bloomingron. ndiana Uv, I;;,.
Gummcrus, ]aakko, cd. B.i/ra. cur G../i.//. !. Bu- un! B.i.//m..n in !.r ./m.!i./.n
Kir./. !. Mi//./a//.r. \ppsala. arald Wrcrman, I;oo.
cnning, Samucl, cd. Sis/inna //rc/. Svcnska ornskrilr-Sallskapcrs Samlingar ,;. \pp-
sala. Almqvisr & Wiksclls Bokrryckcri, I;,.
ocr, rro. Ku//i./. G./.im/un!. !.r G.rman.n. ranklurr am Main. M. icsrcrwcg,
I;,.
ylrcn-Cavallius, Gunnar lol. Iar.n! s./ Iir!arn.. .// jsrs/ i r.n/ ./ns/si. ,rd cd.
und. Glccrup, I;~z.
o, Mncc, no n SwLosL TvnL z,
nsriroris, cinricl and Sprcngcr, ]akol. Ma//.u ma/..arum. Trans. Clrisroplcr S.
Mackay. Camlridgc. Camlridgc Uv, zoo6.
Klcmming, Gusral I., cd. Sr.n/a m.!.//i!.n Bi/./-ar/./.n. Lj/.r am/a /an!/rij/.r.
Svcnska ornskrilr-Sallskapcrs Samlingar 6~. Srocklolm. .A. orsrcdr & soncr,
I88.
___, cd. Sma/v./.n a jsrnr.n/a. Srocklolm. .A. orsrcdr & Soncr, I8688I.
Knirk, ]amcs I.'Tor og din i runcr p Bryggcn i Bcrgcn.` Ar/.s I (I;;,). z~,o.
Knudscn, Gunnar, Marius Krisrcnscn, and Fikard ornly, cds. Danmar/ am/. P.rsn-
narn.. z vols. Copcnlagcn. Gad, I;I8.
Kroclcr, A..'Tlc Supcrorganic.` Am.ri.an An//rss/si/ I;.z (I;I~). I6,zI,.
___. 'Tlc ossililiry ol a Social syclology.` T/. Am.ri.an [surna/ sj Ss.is/sv z,., (I;I8).
6,,,o.
___.'n rlc rinciplc ol rdcr in Civilizarion as Ixcmplincd ly Clangcs ol aslion.`
Am.ri.an An//rss/si/ zI., (I;I;). z,,6,.
asscn, Anncrrc. 'Gud cllcr djvcl. Krisrningcn al din.` Ar/ir jsr nsr!i/ /s/si
IzI(zoo6). IzI,8.
iljcnrorl, Gunncl, and Goran iljcnrorl, cds. Sma/an!/a an/iri/./.r ar P.//.r Bu!./../.
idkoping. n:n lorlag, I;;~.
indqvisr, aran, cd. Ln i/an!/ rar//sn//s/ jran r;cc-/a/./ (Ga/!ra/s/). \ppsala.
Appcllcrg, I;zI.
undcn, Tryggvc. San// Ni/s/au` ar Lin/sin /ansnia/isnrs... .j/.r .n /an!/rij/ i
F/sr.n (Prs..u .ansnica.isni /.a/i Ni.s/ai Lin.s.ni). Acra Acadcmiac carlolicac
Succanac . Srocklolm. Bonnicr, I;6,.
Mirclcll, Srcplcn A.'Scandinavian Balladry and rlc ld orsc cgacy. 'lvur kongur`
(cc I) 'Srolr crr All ` (s1 ,), and Ha/j aa.` Arr. T/. T.ar/ss/ sj S.an!inarian
Fs///sr. z (I;8,). III.
___. 'og ,z6 'okkcr mcd runcr`, Mcmory, and Magic.` Lmi/v Lv/.. T/. P.ri/.n/ S./s/ar.
Ids. rancis ]. isclcr and Sigrid Ficuwcrrs. Ballads and Songs nrcrnarional Srudics
,. Tricr. Wisscnsclalrliclcr Vcrlag, zoo~. zo6II.
___.'Pa./um .um !ia/s/s og galdur a orurlondum.` Ga/!ram.nn. Ga/!rar s amj./a
a miJs/!um. Id. Torn . Tulinius. Fcykjavk. ugvsindasrolnun askola slands,
zoo8. IzI,.
___. 'Transvccrion and rlc Calumniarcd Wilc in Scandinavian Tradirion (1sv o,6~). Fc-
Considcring rlc Supcrorganic in olklorisrics.` T.x/, B.i/., Tranmisn. Unj./i/.i/
a/ P/ansm.n /an!inari./.r Lrca//rsa r;ccrscc. Ids. ]urg Glauscr and Anna
Karlarina omling, orrlcoming.
lna orvarardorrir. Br.nnus/!in. Ga/!ur s a/!ra/ru ma//js/um s munnms/um.
Fcykjavk. askolaurgalan, zooo.
crri, lavus. Sam/a!. /rij/.r. Id. Bcngr cssclman. \ppsala. Almqvisr ocl Wikscll,
I;I~.
onroppidan, Irik, cd. Anna/. .../.ia. Dani.a. !i/sma/i.i, s!.r na./ Or!nun !.r [a/r.
a/.ja./. un! mi/ Ur/un!.n /././. Kir./.n-Hi/sri. !. B.i./ Dann.mar./. vols.
Copcnlagcn. Clrisropl Gcorg Glasing, I~I.
ricc, cil S. T/. Ii/in Iav. B./iisn an! Iar in La/. Irsn A. S.an!inaria. \ppsala.
nsrirurioncn lor arkcologi ocl anrik lisroria, zooz.
urkiss, ianc. T/. Ii/./ in Hi/srv. Lar/v Ms!.rn an! Tm.n/i.//-C.n/urv B.r..n/a/isn.
ondon. Fourlcdgc, I;;6.
Fcurcrdall, cnrik, cd. S/a/u/a vns!a/ia r./.ri .../.ia. r.ss//i.a.. und. Bcrling,
I8I.
z Scnonvn S1UoLs
Scluck, Adoll. '\r Svcrigcs mcdclrida lclolknings lisroria.` B.js//nin un!.r m.!.//i!.n.
Id. Adoll Scluck. ordisk Kulrur . Srocklolm. A. Bonnicr, I;,8. Iz,66.
Sjolcrrl, ils. 'Torparc ranssons lcvnadsodc.` Ii/ /.m/v!jsr.nin. S/rs./ s./ San.r.
<lrrp.}}www.wisrlll.sc}sagncr}avral-mcd-lornpcr.lrm> (acccsscd , cr zoo;).
Smclscr, cil ]., and aul B. Balrcs, cds. In/.rna/isna/ Ln.v./s.!ia sj //. Ss.ia/ an! B./ar-
isra/ S.i.n... Amsrcrdam. Ilscvicr, zooI.
Srcplcns, Gcorgc, and .A. allgrcn, cds. L// Fsrn-Sr.n// L..n!arium, inn./a//an!.
M.!.//i! K/s/.r-Sasr sm H./sn, Pajrar s./ K.jar. ijran !./ r./a /i// !./ XIII.!.
Ar/un!ra!./. Svcnska ornskrilr-Sallskapcrs Samlingar ~. Srocklolm. .A. orsrcdr
ocl Soncr, I8~~.
Sodcrwall, Knur ., and Karl Gusrav junggrcn, cds. Or!/s/ sjr.r r.n/a m.!.//i!-ra/./
(c Su/.m.n/). Svcnska ornskrilr-Sallskapcrs Samlingar z~. und. Bcrlingska
lokrrykkcri- ocl srilgjurcri-akriclolagcr, I88I;~,.
Sorcnscn, ]oln Kousgrd. 'O!in/ar og andrc navnc p -/ar.` Namn s./ Bv! 6z (I;~).
Io8I6.
Vrics, ]an dc. Csn/ri/u/isn /s //. S/u!v sj O//in ...ia//v in /i B./a/isn /s Ari.u//ura/
Pra./i.. in Ms!.rn Psu/ar Lsr.. olklorc cllows Communicarions ;. clsinki.
Suomalaincn Ticdcakarcmia, I;,I.
___.'Wodan und dic Wildc ]agd.` Di. Na.//arn , (I;6z). ,I,;.