Portions of The Modern History of TaeKwonDo, by Won Sik

Kang and Kyong Myong Lee.

Provided here and elsewhere with perission.
Kang Won!sik worked for the Korea TaeKwonDo
"sso#iation, the "sia
TaeKwonDo $nion and also the K%kkiwon. He is #%rrently a
Professor in
the TaeKwonDo Departent at &ong!in $niversity and the
President of
TaeKwonDo Shin%n, a TaeKwonDo newspaper in Korea.
Lee Kyong!yong worked in the World TaeKwonDo
'ederation after
tea#hing TaeKwonDo in (%rope for )*+ years. He is a
Professor in the
Sports Diploa#y Departent of ,hoong!#heong $niversity
and has
p%blished several books on TaeKwonDo.
P%blished in -.../
0oky%ng Moonhwasa
12.!)) Seokyo!dong
Mapo!k%
Seo%l Korea
-)-!)-*
2)!)!1)3!2211 4 1)3!5)--
'"6 2)!)!1)3!5)-1
7S08 9 2.!132!*-):!*
Chapter 1: Development of the Korean Kwans
Section 1: Chung Do Kwan
;ight after the independen#e of Korea the ,h%ng Do Kwan,
one of the five key do<angs, was fo%nded first. 7t syboli=ed
the ,h%ng Do Kwan>s nae, 0l%e Waves, eaning a
yo%ngster>s spirit and vitality.
,h%ng Do Kwan>s fo%nder, Lee Won K%k, oved to ?apan
when he was -. years old, in -.)@. While in ?apan he first
attended high s#hool and then entered the law s#hool of ,h%o
$niversity. Then he <oined ?apan>s Karate!do headA%arters, the
Song Do Kwan BShotokanC. He re#eived Karate instr%#tion
fro Karate>s father, '%nakoshi Sensei. There he learned
Karate with the Song Moo Kwan>s fo%nder, ;o 0y%ng ?i#k.
He oved ba#k to ?apan and ta%ght Tang Soo Do in the &ong
Shin s#hool hall in S%h Dae Moon D%>s E#h%n Dong, Seo%l
be#a%se he had a good relationship with ?apan>s ,hos%n
Dovernor Deneral "be in -.::. This led to the r%or that he
was pro!?apanese.
Later, Eh Do Kwan>s fo%nder, ,hoi Hong Hi said F"fter
independen#e Lee Kwan ?ang was #harged with a#ts of pro!
?apanese and stood in a spe#ial #ivil trial.F
Lee Won K%k was a pre#ise person. He had a strong body of a
artial artist and glaringly sharp eyes. His eGpression was
very stri#t. ;ight after the independen#e day he seeed to
offset his pro!?apanese deeds by developing a good
relationship with people of the 8ational Poli#e HeadA%arters.
He led the efforts to get rid of Seo%l gangsters. The ,h%ng Do
Kwan was on#e #alled the 8ational Poli#e HeadA%arters
do<ang.
"fter the Korean War the ,h%ng Do Kwan ebers were less
than )**. DM Lee Won K%k visited the s#hool twi#e and
wat#hed the lessons. The priary instr%#tors were &oo $ng
?%n and Son D%k S%ng with prootion tests given every siG
onths.
Drad%ates of the ,h%ng Do Kwan were/ B-C &oo $ng ?%n, B)C
Son D%k S%ng, B1C $h Woon Ky%, B:C Hy%n ?ong My%n, B3C
Min Woon Sik, B@C Han 7n Sook, B5C ?%ng &o%ng Taek, B2C
Kang S%h ,hong, B.C 0aek ?oon Ki, B-*C 8a Tae Hi, B--C
Ko ?ae ,h%n, B-)C Kwak K%en Sik, B-1C Ki S%k Ky%, B-:C
Han ,ha Kyo, B-3C ?o S%ng 7l, B-@C Lee Sa Man, B-5C ;hee
?hoon Doo B?hoon ;heeC, and B-2C Ki 0ong Sik.
'ro 7n#hon, whi#h be#ae the #enter of the ,h%ng Do
Kwan>s anneG Kwans, ore s#hools were opened. They were/
B-C Kang S%h ,hong>s K%k M% Kwan, B)C Lee &ong Woo>s
?%ng Do Kwan in S%h Dae Moon K%, B1C Ko ?ae ,h%n>s
,h%ng ;yong Kwan in Kwang ?% and B:C ,hoi Hong Hi>s Eh
Do Kwan. The Eh Do Kwan espe#ially had a#tive ,h%ng Do
Kwan ebers who were in the ilitary after the Korean
War.
The ,h%ng Do Kwan>s first Kwan ?ang was Lee Won K%k, the
se#ond was Son D%k S%ng, and the third was $h Woon Ky%.
When Son D%k S%ng be#a%se the Kwan ?ang of the ,h%ng Do
Kwan, $h Woon Ky%, Hy%n ?ong My%n, and 8a Tae Hi
had #onfli#ts with regard to the iss%e of who sho%ld re#eive
the noination fro Lee Won K%k and be#oe the neGt
Kwan ?ang.
Chapter 1
Section 2: Choson Yun Moo Kwan Kong Soo Do Bu (Ji Do
Kwan
The ?i Do Kwan was fo%nded by an elite eber, ,h%n Sang
S%p, on May 1, -.:@, as the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan Kong
Soo Do 0%. When he was a teenager he learned ?%do and
learned Karate while st%dying abroad in ?apan. "fter the
7ndependen#e Day he opened the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan
Kong Soo Do 0% at the forer ?%do s#hool, ,hoson &%n Moo
Kwan, where he ta%ght ?%do and Karate. He began to re#r%it
new ebers. He had a slender fig%re and was not parti#%lar,
b%t was an intelle#t and always wore s%its.
However d%ring the Korean War he vanished, the ,hoson &%n
Moo Kwan Kong Soo Do 0% was abolished and it was
renaed ?i Do Kwan.
"fter 7ndependen#e Day the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan ta%ght
no g%ep B% g%epC to 2th g%ep in high, iddle and low
#lasses. The st%dent>s Kwan n%ber was based on g%ep
prootion and not only the day of the first registration as a
st%dent.
The ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan was started in Seo%l, b%t the
a<or developent and str%#t%ral growth was spread fro
,h%n ?%, ,holla 0%k Do as a #enter. Then ,h%n 7l S%p opened
another s#hool in K%nsan, ,holla 0%k Do in May -.:5, and
spread his s#hool>s rep%tation fro ?%n ?oo to K%nsan, 7 ;i,
8a Won, ?%ng $ep and ore.
D%ring the Korean War the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan>s nae
was #hanged to ?i Do Kwan. "fter ,h%n Sang S%p was
kidnapped to 8orth Korea the ?i Do Kwan BWisdo Way
S#hoolC was opened and ran by &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Lee
,hong Woo %ntil -.@5. However thro%gh the pro#ess of
%nifi#ation with the Korea Tae Soo Do "sso#iation the ?i Do
Kwan had #onfli#ts between &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Lee
,hong Woo. Led by Lee ,hong Woo B?i Do KwanC, Lee 8a
S%k B,hang Moo KwanC, $h Woon Ky% B,h%ng Do KwanC,
Hy%n ?ong My%n B,h%ng Do Kwan4Eh Do KwanC and others
planned to %nify, b%t &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Hwang Kee BMoo
D%k KwanC de#lined and persisted on their self testing
#oittee.
?i Do Kwan grad%ates were B-C 0ae &o%ng Ki, B)C Lee ,hong
Woo, B1C Ki 0ok 8a, :C Park Hy%n ?%ng, B3C Lee Soo ?in,
B@C ?%ng ?in &o%ng, B5C Lee Kyo &oon, B2C Lee 0y%ng ;o, B.C
Hong ,hang ?in, B-*C Park &o%ng K%en and others.
?i Do Kwan>s disting%ished differen#e fro other s#hools was
ainly based on Kyor%gi BsparringC. When Taekwondo
to%rnaents be#ae a#tive fro the beginning of the -.@*>s
to the -.5*>s the ?i Do Kwan disting%ished itself. The a<or
representatives were Lee Se%ng Wan, ,ho ?% S%n, Hwang
Dae ?in, ,hoi &o%ng ;y%l and ore.
?i Do Kwan>s representing anneG was the Han Moo Kwan. 0%t
Lee Kyo &oon said the Han Moo Kwan root is not ?i Do
Kwan, b%t rather the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan. This shows the
debate of the origins of the s#hool.
?i Do Kwan>s first Kwan ?ang was ,h%n Sang S%p, the se#ond
Kwan ?ang was &oon Kwe 0y%ng and the third Lee ,hong
Woo.
Chapter 1
Section !: Moo Du" Kwan
"fter 7ndependen#e Day the Moo D%k Kwan started as the
FTransportation by ;ail ,oittee Tang Soo Do 0%F at the
railroad syste at &ong San Station, Seo%l.
The Departent of Transportation allowed the Tang Soo Do
do<ang as a traffi# servi#e, b%t the eGa#t date is %nknown. We
only know that it was fo%nded after -.:@.
Hwang Kee #laied that he learned K%k Sool when he
worked for the So%thern Man#h%ria ;ailroad in -.13, b%t
other Taekwondo seniors denied this #lai saying that there
was no eviden#e.
Moo D%k Kwan was nearby the &ong San ;ailroad station so
it was #alled the F;ailroad Do<angF. The first Moo D%k Kwan
dan holder was Ki Woon ,hang. Ethers were/ B-C Hong
,hong Soo, B)C ,hoi H%i S%k, B1C &oo Kwa &o%ng, B:C 8a
Sa Hy%n, B3C Ki 7n S%k, B@C Lee 0ok S%ng, B5C Hwang ?in
Tae, B2C Won &ong 0%p, B.C ,h%ng ,hang &o%ng, B-*C Lee
Kang 7k and others who were all railroad personnel. The Moo
D%k Kwan %sed the trains to open a s#hool in different
railroad station>s storage roos and spread its power. When
soeone said Moo D%k Kwan one wo%ld think abo%t the
railroad.
When the Moo D%k Kwan had rank testings the ,h%ng Do
Kwan>s Lee Won K%k and Song Moo Kwan>s ;o 0y%ng ?ik
visited and b%ilt a good friendship, b%t regarding dan
#ertifi#ates and prootions they had disagreeents with
Hwang Kee.
7n -.33, the Moo D%k Kwan ,entral Dynasi% was opened
near Seo%l Station in ?oong D%>s Dong ?a Dong, Seo%l. 7n the
sae year . ore anneG s#hools were opened and it held the
friendly ,hina!Korea 7nternational Tang Soo Do
,hapionships.
0%t in -.@*, the Moo D%k Kwan had a big #hange. The Moo
D%k Kwan was no longer -.31>s Korea Tang Soo Do
"sso#iation and it was #hanged to a Korean traditional nae,
the Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation.
Later the Moo D%k Kwan had big heada#hes be#a%se of
Hwang Kee>s persisten#e in not %nifying with the KT".
'inally in Mar#h -.@3, Ki &o%ng Taek and Hong ,hong
Soo led the Moo D%k Kwan %nifi#ation with the KT" witho%t
Hwang Kee.
"fter that in#ident Lee Kang 7k be#ae the neGt Kwan ?ang,
b%t soon after resigned with Hong ,hong Soo be#oing the
third Kwan ?ang. "fter, Eh Se ?oon be#ae Kwan ?ang. The
Moo D%k Kwan>s #%stos were the strongest aong the first
five big Kwans.
Chapter 1
Section #: YMC$ Kwon Bup Bu (Chang Moo Kwan
&oon 0y%ng 7n, who ta%ght Moo Do with ,h%n Sang S%p in
the ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan, fo%nded the ,hang Moo Kwan in
-.:@ at the &M," in ?ong ;o, Seo%l. He spent his #hildhood
in Man#h%ria and learned F?oo "n PaF, a ,hinese artial art.
;ight before 7ndependen#e Day he went to ?apan to st%dy
abroad and learned Karate re#eiving the 3th Dan rank. 8ihon
$niversity>s Karate fo%nder Toyaa Kanken saw &oon 0y%ng
7n>s ,hinese artial art and was ipressed. Later they
eG#hanged their artial arts and be#ae good friends.
&oon 0y%ng 7n>s passion towards artial arts was so high that
he re#eived the 3th Dan in Karate. He was the Karate Tea
,aptain at 8ihon $niversity. This showed his artial art
ability was high.
;ight after 7ndependen#e Day he be#ae the Physi#al
(d%#ation instr%#tor at Ky%ng S%ng "gri#%lt%ral S#hool and
started tea#hing Moo Do. Later, in -.:@, &oon opened the
&M," Kwon 0%p 0% in nearby ?ong ;o, Seo%l.
He had a good relationship with ,hoson &%n Moo Kwan>s
,h%n Sang S%p and on#e ,h%n and &oon were #alled brothers
be#a%se they trained so %#h together. ,h%n Sang S%p>s
yo%nger brother ,h%n 7l S%p said/ F&M," Kwon 0%p 0%>s
&oon 0y%ng 7n and Lee 8a S%k trained with the ,hoson
&%n Moo Kwan in the beginning, so 7 #an say the &%n Moo
Kwan and the &M," Kwon 0%p 0% were brother Kwans.F
&oon 0y%ng 7n was basi#ally a traditional Moo Do an. His
body was sall, b%t was trained with artial arts and f%ll of
energy. His behavior was bl%nt. He did not know how to wear
his #lothes and shoes fashionably. He wore a pair of oversi=ed
$S "ry boots and his left baby finger was #%t off so he had
to wear a pair of spe#ial white gloves, even in the s%er.
He ta%ght his artial art B?% "n Pa Kwon 0%pC to his st%dents
a##ording to their body si=es, so the st%dents #o%ld learn
artial arts that s%ited their body spe#ialty.
0efore the Korean War, on ?%ne ):, -.:., the &M," Kwon
0%p 0% held a &%n Moo Deonstration. Park ,h%l Hee
deonstrated the F?ak Do KwonF, Park Ki Tae deonstrated
F0ong KwonF and ,h%ng Do Kwan>s Son D%k S%ng, $h
Woon Ky% and Lee &ong Woo deonstrated ,han ?o.
&M," Kwon 0%p 0% pra#ti#e sessions started at :/1* PM. 7n
the beginning ore than 3** ebers were re#r%ited, b%t
after three onths, only -2* ebers were reaining be#a%se
of the severity of the training. "fter &oon disappeared, Lee
8a S%k opened a Kong Soo Do s#hool and started tea#hing.
"fter the Korean War, Lee 8a S%k and Ki Soon 0ae
reopened the &M," Kwon 0%p 0% as the ,hang Moo Kwan.
The ,hang Moo Kwan was represented with a sybol of two
dragons. 0%t a##ording to Lee ,hong Woo, the ,hang Moo
Kwan nae was %sed by &oon 0y%ng 7n as a favorable nae
before the Korean War.
&M," Kwon 0%p 0% grad%ates were/ B-C Lee 8a S%k, B)C
Ki S%n D%, B1C Hong ?%ng Pyo, B:C Park ,h%l Hee, B3C Park
Ki Tae, B@C Ki ?% Dap, B5C Song S%k ?oo, B2C Lee ?oo Ho, B.C
Ki Soon 0ae and others.
)nd Kwan ?ang Lee 8a S%k and 1rd Kwan ?ang Ki Soon
0ae had #onfli#ts with Hong ?%ng Pyo and Park ,h%l Hee.
This led to Hong and Park leaving the ,hang Moo Kwan and
opening their own s#hool, the Kang D%k Won, in nearby
Shins%ldong, Seo%l, in -.3@.
Chapter 1
Section %: Song Moo Kwan
The Song Moo Kwan was fo%nded by ;o 0y%ng ?ik in Kae
Song in -.:@. Song Moo Kwan fo%nder ;o 0y%ng ?ik st%died
together with ,h%ng Do Kwan fo%nder Lee Won K%k in
?apan. They both st%died Karate %nder '%nakoshi Sensei.
;ight before the 7ndependen#e Day, he ret%rned to Korea and
ta%ght yo%ngsters Karate as a hobby at an ar#hery pla#e, the
Kwan D%k ?%ng.
;o 0y%ng ?ik eGplained his s#hool>s nae/ FSong Moo
Kwan>s >Song> eant pine tree, whi#h eant green and a long
life. "lso, Song was one of the Koryo #apital #ity nae, Song
Do. "nd Song was also borrowed fro the Song Do Kwan
BShotokanC when 7 learned Karate %nder '%nakoshi while
st%dying abroad.F
;o>s pra#ti#e sessions started one ho%r earlier with war %p
eGer#ises #onsisting of lifting weights and then pra#ti#ing on
the Kwon Do BakiwaraC. He was known as a powerf%l
p%n#her and ki#ker fro his st%dents.
;o always let his st%dents p%n#h the Kwon Do at least -**
ties and then started the real pra#ti#e. 7f st%dents re#eived the
:th D%ep or higher, he let the spar. Like any other do<ang, he
was known to let his st%dents pra#ti#e in #old weather d%ring
winter, and in the hot weather d%ring s%er.
;o Kwan ?ang>s st%dent, and the )nd Kwan ?ang, Lee &o%ng
S%p refle#ts/ F(very siG onths, there was testing for
prootion. Mainly one step sparring, three step sparring, free
sparring and fors were %sed to de#ide prootions. 0%t free
sparring was for :th g%ep and higher, and -st Dan reA%ired
breaking a board. 7f these r%les were broken, the Kwan ?ang
was very %pset.F
The Song Moo Kwan grad%ates were/ B-C Lee Hwae Soon, B)C
Lee &o%ng S%p, B1C Ki Hong 0in, B:C Han Sang Min, B3C
Song Tae Hak, B@C Lee Hwi ?in, B5C ?o Ky% ,hang, 2C Hong
&o%ng ,hang, B.C Kang Won Sik B#o!a%thor of this bookC and
others. However, its power and #%stos were the weakest
aong the first big five Kwans.
Song Moo Kwan>s first Kwan ?ang was ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, the
se#ond was Lee &o%ng S%p and the third Kang Won Sik.
&his conclu'es the Mo'ern (istor) presentation of the
first five ma*or "wans+
Chapter 1
Section ,: -h Do Kwan
The Eh Do Kwan is a prod%#t of forer ;EK "ry ebers
,hoi Hong Hi and 8a Tae Hi. 8a Tae Hi ade a big
#ontrib%tion to the Eh Do Kwan, whi#h was fo%nded by ,hoi
Hong Hi in the 1rd "ry &ong Dae ;i base. 'or ,hoi, 8a
was a treas%re.
8a registered at the ,h%ng Do Kwan right after
7ndependen#e Day. "fter he learned Tang Soo Do fro Lee
Won K%k, he ta%ght Tang Soo Do at the Military Signal
S#hool in -.:5. This led to his faith and loyalty with the
ilitary. " handsoe an with eG#ellent adinistrative skills,
8a>s Tang Soo Do was great. "fter he et Deneral ,hoi of
the ).th 7nfantry Division in ,he<%do, this was the beginning
of his #hanging life.
The Eh Do Kwan had new ebers that were ostly forer
ebers of the ,h%ng Do Kwan. They were B-C 8a Tae Hi,
B)C Han ,ha Kyo, B1C Woo ?ong ;i, B:C Ko ?ae ,h%n, B3C
Ki S%k Ky%, B@C Kwak K%en S%k and others. 7nstr%#tors
were Hy%n ?ong My%n and others who were fro the ,h%ng
Do Kwan. "fter Hy%n ?ong My%n ta%ght for ore than -*
years sin#e -.3:, he be#ae the Kwan ?ang. There is a r%or
that this relates to ,hoi, who be#ae the ,h%ng Do Kwan>s
Honorary Kwan ?ang.
"fter ;EK President ;hee Syng Man sponsored Deneral
,hoi, the Eh Do Kwan grew rapidly sin#e -.33. His plan to
tea#h Tang Soo Do to everyone in the ilitary led to #hanging
Tang Soo Do>s nae to Taekwondo. When he ta%ght
Taekwondo, he instr%#ted his st%dents to yell o%t
FTaeKwonHF. When the Iietna War broke o%t in the early
-.@*>s, Deneral ,hoi sent Taekwondo instr%#tors to Iietna.
This led to the dis#riination against #ivilian
do<angs and spread his do<ang>s rep%tation.
Taekwondo instr%#tors were sent to Iietna in De#eber
-.@). 8a Tae Hi was the head of the gro%p and Ki Se%ng
Ky%, ?%ng &o%ng Hwi and ,HEE Kyo were the instr%#tors.
$ntil the eva#%ation of the ;EK ilitary @35 instr%#tors were
dispat#hed. S%##essive generation Taekwondo instr%#tors
were B-C 8a Tae Hi B)C 0aek ?oon Ki B1C ,hoi Dong Hee B:C
Ki S%k Ky% B3C Ko ?ae ,h%n B@C Ki 0ong Sik B5C ?%ng
0y%ng Kill B2C Ki S%eng Ky%. Mostly they were forer
,h%ng Do Kwan ebers.
However, when new ilitary re#r%its who had Taekwondo
dan rank <oined, the Eh Do Kwan only approved ,h%ng Do
Kwan dan ranks. The dan ranks fro other Kwans were not
approved and they were #alled F,ivilian Dan rankF so the new
re#r%its had to pass another test to re#eive Dan rank in the
ilitary. This #a%sed #opli#ations between the Eh Do Kwan
and other Kwans.
;egarding this iss%e, Deneral ,hoi defended the a#tion and
said/ FThe Eh Do Kwan had freA%ent eG#hanges of basi#
fors and siilar pra#ti#e sessions with the ,h%ng Do Kwan,
b%t the ?i Do Kwan, ,hang Moo Kwan and other s#hools had
different str%#t%ral fors. So the ilitary needed to test their
ebers.F
"fter ,hoi Hong Hi fo%nded the 7nternational Taekwon!Do
'ederation, ,hoi deviated fro the KT" and weakened the
Eh Do Kwan. Hy%n ?ong My%n was the se#ond Kwan ?ang,
Kwak 0y%ng Eh B?ak KoC was the third and 0aek ?oon Ki was
the third Kwan ?ang for the Eh Do Kwan.
Chapter 1
Section .: Kang Du" /on
The Kang D%k Won was fo%nded after the Korean War in
-.3@ by two people who pra#ti#ed artial arts at the &M,"
Kwon 0%p 0%. They were Hong ?ong Pyo and Park ,h%l Hee.
The first Kwan ?ang was Hong ?ong Pyo.
The Kang D%k Won was fo%nded after &M," Kwon 0%p
0%>s fo%nder, &oon 0y%ng 7n, was kidnapped to 8orth Korea.
Hong ?ong Pyo and Park ,h%l Hee had #onfli#ts with Lee
8a S%k and Ki Soon 0ae, whi#h led to a separation.
;egarding this Kang D%k Won>s se#ond Kwan ?ang, Park
,h%l Hee, said/ F"fter the Korean War when the ebers
were s#attered the ,hang Moo Kwan and Kang D%k Won
#ae o%t of the &M," Kwon 0%p 0%>s root. Therefore, we
#annot say that the Kang D%k Won was fro the ,hang Moo
Kwan.F
"fter starting the do<ang in Shin S%l Dong, Seo%l in -.3@,
Kang D%k Won was naed, whi#h eant Fa ho%se of tea#hing
generosityF. This otto be#ae the sybol of the Kang D%k
Won.
The Kang D%k Won was not a big s#hool. The first ebers
were B-C Lee K% Hong Bthe present WT' Se#retary DeneralC,
B)C Ki &ong ,hae B3th KT" PresidentC, B1C Lee ?%ng Hoo,
B:C Lee Kang Hwi, B3C Han ?%ng 7l, B@C Ki Py%ng Soo, B5C ?i
Se%ng Won, B2C 7 0ok ?in, and others.
Later the Kang D%k Won #onstantly oved fro ,hang Sin
Dong to ,h%ng ?in Dong to S%h Dae Moon D% to Seo%l
Dynasi% to S%h Dae Moon D% Lottery and other pla#es.
When Lee K% Hong be#ae the third Kwan ?ang, the Kang
D%k Won oved to 7n Sa Dong and settled there. Presently,
the Kang D%k Won Moo Do Hwe BKang Moo HweC #ontin%es
on.
Chapter 1
Section 0: (an Moo Kwan
Lee Kyo &oon fo%nded the Han Moo Kwan in "%g%st -.3@
and it was the leader of the new s#hools in the id -.3*>s.
(ven now, Lee Kyo &oon denies that the Han Moo Kwan was
a split fro the ?i Do Kwan. "fter the ,hos%n &%n Moo
Kwan>s ,h%n Sang S%p was kidnapped to 8orth Korea d%ring
the Korean War, everything was in #haos, so Lee ,hong Woo
opened the ?i Do Kwan, and he hiself opened the Han Moo
Kwan. Therefore Han Moo Kwan>s root is not ?i Do Kwan,
b%t rather fro the ,hos%n &%n Moo Kwan. This is Lee Kyo
&oon>s #lai.
Lee Kyo &oon says/ F7n 8oveber -.3*, 7 #ae ba#k to
Seo%l and ta%ght Tang Soo Do BTaekwondoC. 0%t the ,hoson
&%n Moo Kwan>s Lee ?ae Hwang said the b%ilding 7 was
%sing was a &%do pla#e, so he insisted that 7 leave. "fter
thinking for a long tie, 7 went to visit Ii#e President Lee
Sang Mook of the Korean "ate%r Sports Dynasi% BHan
K%k ,he &%k Kwan, Han ,he for shortC and he allowed e to
start a Taekwondo #l%b and tea#h.F
0a#k then, the Han K%k ,he &%k Kwan ta%ght boGing, ?%do,
wrestling, weight lifting and fen#ing as a %niversal gy. With
the perission of Lee Sang Mook, Lee Kyo &oon ta%ght
Taekwondo BTang Soo DoC teporarily and se#%red )**
ebers. However, #onfli#ts with Lee ,hong Woo be#ae
aplified and with Lee Sang Mook>s s%ggestion, he
teporarily stopped tea#hing Taekwondo. Then he went to
,hang Sin Dong of ?ong ;o D%, Seo%l at the ba#kyard of
Kang Moon High S#hool to open his own s#hool. This led to
the fo%nding of the Han Moo Kwan. The period of the ,hang
Sin Dong was a hardship. He #alled his tent with a straw at
for a floor, a do<ang. Despite this hard life, his s#hool
rep%tation grew and finally in -.@., he #o%ld open his #entral
do<ang in Wang Sip 8i, Seo%l.
Chapter 1
Section 1: Jung Do Kwan
The ?%ng Do Kwan was fo%nded by Lee &ong Woo Bpresently
a K%kkiwon Prootion Test ,oittee eberC right after
the Korean War in -.3: at the Lottery in S%h Dae Moon D%,
Seo%l. The ?%ng Do Kwan had no #onfli#ts or disagreeents
with the ,h%ng Do Kwan, whi#h was a %niA%e differen#e fro
the other ,h%ng Do Kwan bran#h or anneG Kwans.
Lee &ong Woo dis#%sses the naing of his s#hool/ F7 wanted
to open a do<ang, b%t <%st #o%ldn>t think of any good naes. "t
that tie, y training b%ddy, $h Woon Ky% in the ,h%ng
Do Kwan s%ggested to take o%t the dot fro ,h%ng #hara#ter
and nae y s#hool the ?%ng Do Kwan. This was a very good
idea 7 tho%ght. The eaning of ?%ng Do, >Stepping the right
way>, was the identi#al eaning of a artial artist>s spirit, so
7>ve de#ided to nae y s#hool the ?%ng Do Kwan.F
0a#k then the ?%ng Do Kwan>s area was abo%t -** pyong.
However, word of Lee &ong Woo>s %niA%e training progra
that was distin#tive fro other s#hools attra#ted any
st%dents. To eet the in#reasing n%ber of st%dents, Lee
&ong Woo ta%ght five different #lasses, whi#h finished late at
night.
With the s#hool>s otto, F7 a an honorable an witho%t
shaeF, the ?%ng Do Kwan opened additional s#hools in
Masan, Wool San, ,hang Won, Mok Po and Ki ?e,
spreading its power.
The ?%ng Do Kwan>s first st%dents were/ B-C ?ang &ong Dap,
B)C Ki ?ae Ki, B1C Ki Ki Dong, B:C Eh 0% Woong, B3C ?oo
Ki Moon, and B@C Park Tae Hy%n. Later, following in their
footsteps were B-C Park Ky%ng S%n, B)C Shi My%ng D%, B1C
Ki My%ng Hwan, B:C Ki Hak K%en, B3C ,h%n &o%ng
K%en, B@C ,h%n S%n &ong, 5C Lee ?ong Eh.
Chapter 2: &he process of $ssociation unification is full of
ups an' 'owns
'ollowing 7ndependen#e Day and the Korean War, so#ial
disr%ptions swept thro%gh the Korean penins%la whi#h led the
five a<or Kwans and the Taekwondo leaders and pioneers to
feel the need of a %nified "sso#iation. The leaders and
pioneers wanted to disting%ish Korea>s own artial arts fro
other foreign arts and re!establish traditional Korean fighting
skills. $nifying and developing Taekwondo into a 8ational
Sport be#ae the agreed ob<e#tive for the Taekwondo leaders
and pioneers. Therefore, sin#e the -.3*>s, the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation went thro%gh Dae Han Kong Soo Do,
Dae Han Tae Soo Do and finally be#ae a %nified Taekwondo
,o%nity.
This pro#ess is #alled the FDisorder PeriodF. 0e#a%se of the
Kwans and Kwan Leader>s relationships and
is%nderstandings with ea#h other, the pro#ess had to s%ffer
fro n%ero%s isapprehension. (spe#ially Hwang Kee>s
protr%sion o%t of the %nified asso#iation was a big obsta#le to
the pro#ess.
0etween the id -.3*>s and -.@*>s, when the oveent of
"sso#iation %nifi#ation began, ore "nneG Kwans Bs%b!
kwansC #ae into eGisten#e, s%#h as the Eh Do Kwan, Kang
D%k Won, ?%ng Do Kwan, Han Moo Kwan, K%k M% Kwan,
&%n Moo Kwan, Soo Moo Kwan, ,hang H%n Kwan, Moon
Moo Kwan and others. There were abo%t :* newly derived
Kwans whi#h led the age of Taekwondo. (spe#ially, when
,hoi Hong Hi %sed his ilitary a%thority to hop into the
Taekwondo world by fo%nding the Eh Do Kwan, the #ivilian
Kwan leaders and pioneers and he began to develop
#opli#ations regarding the dire#tion of Taekwondo.
Chapter 2
Section 1+ 2n'epen'ence of $ugust 1% an' the process of
$ssociation unification
Most of the asters tho%ght all the traditional and vario%s
artial arts s#hools sho%ld be %nited d%ring the ?apan
o##%pation. 'ollowing the liberation of Korea on "%g%st -3,
-.:3, Taekwondo entered a new phase.
'ollowing Lee Won K%k>s fo%nding of the ,h%ng Do Kwan,
the ,hos%n &%n Moo Kwan Kong Soo Do 0%, &M," Kwon
0%p 0%, Moo D%k Kwan and Kae Song>s Song Moo Kwan
Bthe 'ive Ma<or KwansC #opeted and developed Taekwondo
with good intentions. "t this tie, the Kwan fo%nders agreed
to asso#iate and organi=e a %nified "sso#iation.
;epresentatives Lee Won K%k B,h%ng Do KwanC, ,h%n Sang
S%p B,hos%n &%n Moo Kwan Kong Soo Do 0%C, &oon 0y%ng
7n B&M," Kwon 0%p 0%C and ;o, 0y%ng ?i#k BSong Moo
KwanC had several eetings to a##oplish their ob<e#tive.
Despite their eagerness and agreeent, there were
is%nderstandings and ingles that #o%ld not be over#oe.
"fter the attepted "sso#iation failed, ea#h Kwan
#on#entrated on training its yo%nger generation.
$neGpe#tedly, the Korean War broke o%t and the land of
Korea was %nder war>s #alaity and flae. The Taekwondo
#o%nity was no eG#eption and any leaders were
separated fro their Kwans and s#attered north and so%th.
This was a period of #haos and disorder.
Chapter 2
Section 2: &he Korean /ar an' the Korea Kong Soo Do
$ssociation
D%ring the Korean War, the Taekwondo en who were
ref%gees in the teporary #apital #ity of P%san, agreed to
organi=e an "sso#iation and finally de#ided to fo%nd the
Korea Kong Soo Do "sso#iation. The organi=ing ebers
were ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, &oon Kwe 0y%ng, Son D%k S%ng, Lee
8a S%k, Lee ,hong Woo, Hy%n ?ong My%n, ?o &o%ng ?oo,
and Ki 7n Hwa. To b%ild p%bli# #onfiden#e, the Korea Kong
Soo Do "sso#iation in#l%ded non!Taekwondo en in the
#oittee, b%t the key players were the Taekwondo
pra#titioners. The first President, ?o &o%ng ?oo, was head of
the "sso#iation of Korean ;esidents in ?apan.
However, less than one onth after the fo%nding of the new
"sso#iation, Moo D%k Kwan President Hwang Kee withdrew
fro the "sso#iation be#a%se he was not given a position on
the ,entral Testing ,oittee. "fter one onth following
Hwang Kee>s withdrawal, ,h%ng Do Kwan President Son D%k
S%ng withdrew for the sae reason. Therefore, the attept for
the #oplete %nifi#ation of all the Kwans was another fail%re.
"fter Hwang Kee ret%rned to Seo%l, he personally organi=ed
the Korea Tang Soo Do "sso#iation and was eager to <oin the
Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation. "fter &oon Kwe 0y%ng
and ;o 0y%ng ?ik reali=ed the serio%sness of the sit%ation,
they s%bitted a petition to stop the Korea Tang Soo Do
"sso#iation fro <oining the Korea "ate%r Sports
"sso#iation. This ipedient was s%##essf%l.
The new President of the Korea Kong Soo Do "sso#iation
was Lee ?oong ?ae, who was the ;EK Minister of 'inan#e,
with Min Kwan Sik>s re#oendation. The ,hief Dire#tor
was ;o 0y%ng ?ik and the Se#retary Deneral was Lee ,hong
Woo.
The role of the Korea Kong Soo Do "sso#iation was to test
and A%alify prootions and iss%e offi#ial re#ognition of Dan
rank. To %nify all the Dan ranks, the seniors were prooted to
:th Dan.
The first and se#ond Prootion Tests of offi#ial re#ognition
were held in the teporary ,entral Do<ang of the ,h%ng Do
Kwan, whi#h %sed the Si ,h%n ,h%r#h BHope Wedding HallC
as a gy in the evenings. The third and fo%rth Prootion
Tests were held at the ,hae Shin 0% Do<ang BneGt to the old
,apitol 0%ildingC whi#h was r%n by Lee 8a S%k. ;o 0y%ng
?ik and &oon Kwe 0y%ng took f%ll #harge of the Testing
,oittee, b%t Hwang Kee had tro%ble relating and did not
parti#ipate.
;o 0y%ng ?ik gives his ipressions of the Korea Kong Soo
Do "sso#iation Prootion Tests/ F7n the id -.3*>s, the
sensitive iss%e was how to give an offi#ially re#ogni=ed Dan
to the seniors. 7t was de#ided that $h Woon Ky%,
Son D%k S%ng, Lee 8a S%k and Hy%n ?ong My%n wo%ld be
given the :th Dan, and Park ,h%l Hee wo%ld be given the 1rd
Dan. The tests were based on pra#ti#al eGainations. Lee
,hong Woo #o%ld not parti#ipate be#a%se of his appendi#itis. 7
reeber $h Woon Ky% and Park ,h%l Hee were good in
sparring.F
However, the Korea Kong Soo Do "sso#iation showed signs
of break %p after several onths. "s entioned fro the
beginning, after Hwang Kee attepted to #reate the Korea
Tang Soo Do "sso#iation and <oin the Korea "ate%r Sports
"sso#iation, there were the beginning signs of rapid disr%ption
tenden#ies.
Chapter 2
Section !: &he newl) esta3lishe' $nne4 Kwans hol'ing
their own an' the su3se5uent unification efforts
0eginning in the id -.3*>s, newly #reated "nneG Kwans
s%#h as the ?%ng Do Kwan, Han Moo Kwan, Eh Do Kwan and
Kang D%k Won held their own against the original Kwans,
whi#h led to fa#tional strife. The Eh Do Kwan espe#ially was
ba#ked by ilitary a%thority, whi#h #opli#ated the
Taekwondo politi#al sit%ation.
Meanwhile, after Son D%k S%ng be#ae the se#ond ,h%ng Do
Kwan Kwan ?ang, $h Woon Ky%, Hy%n ?ong My%n and
8a Tae Hi had a fe%d with Son over Lee Won K%k>s Kwan
?ang noination #ertifi#ate. " Seo%l newspaper BSeo%l
ShinoonC p%blished the following stateent by Son D%k
S%ng on ?%ne -@, -.3./
With orality and h%bleness, the Taekwondo ,h%ng Do
Kwan is deterined to p%nish those traitors who threw away
their tr%st to the other n%ero%s Kwans. (spe#ially after Lee
Won K%k left Korea, the traitors de#eptively #onta#ted these
other Kwans, %sed the do<ang %nder their own naes to
slandero%sly spread their own naes. We #an no longer wat#h
these violations and wish to ake #lear to the nation so the
,h%ng Do Kwan is not is%nderstood. Therefore, we lay bare
their #riinal a#ts.
" 0rief History of the ,h%ng Do Kwan
Lee Won K%k ret%rned fro ?apan to open his do<ang in &ong
,h%n, S%h Dae Moon K% in -.:: and prod%#ed dis#iplines
BSadoC. 'ollowing the liberation of Korea, Lee oved his
do<ang to the Si ,h%n ,h%r#h Hall, Ky%n ?i Dong and
#ontin%ed to tea#h. When the Korean War broke o%t, the
ebers were separated and be#ae ref%gees, b%t 7 gathered
soe ebers and #ontin%ed to tea#h. When the "llied
'or#es retreated on ?an%ary -, -.3-, Lee Won K%k said he
was old and no longer able to tea#h, so he wanted e to be the
neGt Kwan ?ang. 7 be#ae his s%##essor.
"fter 7 ret%rned to the #apital #ity of Seo%l, 7 fo%nd Hy%n ?ong
My%n leading the s#hool, b%t he insisted that 7 take over the
s#hool, perhaps be#a%se he tho%ght he #o%ldn>t handle or take
the responsibility. My <%niors also insisted that 7 take over.
'inally, when ?%ng &ong Taek, who ran away to ?apan,
bro%ght a essage that noinated e to the Kwan ?ang
position by Lee Won K%k, 7 agreed to be the neGt Kwan ?ang.
0e#a%se 7 did not #harge the bla#k belts and poli#een the
1** hwan fee, 7 started to have finan#ial probles. "t the
tie, 7 #o%ld not even pay the Sab%s. Despite the net loss
fro operating the ,h%ng Do Kwan, 7 #ontin%ed to organi=e
#ereonies and to%rnaents, and spread the ,h%ng Do Kwan
and Taekwondo in p%blished news arti#les.
"fter several onths, 7 #ae ba#k to Seo%l and fo%nd o%t Lee
Won K%k and his faily all ran away to ?apan. 7 tho%ght they
were living in P%san. ?%ng &ong Taek also ran away to ?apan,
b%t #ae ba#k several ties d%ring the year. However he did
not know what Lee Won K%k and his faily>s sit%ation or
b%siness was. Lee Won K%k>s sister in law, Moon My%ng ?a,
also freA%ently flew ba#k and forth between Korean and
?apan. 7 don>t know why she visited Korea so often. ?%ng
&ong Taek and Moon My%ng ?a were <ealo%s of the ,h%ng
Do Kwan>s growth and devised a plan to split the ,h%ng Do
Kwan. "t last, they fored an illi#it #onne#tion with
dis#ontented ebers of the ,h%ng Do Kwan and ret%rned to
Korea. They obtained not a noination #ertifi#ate B7 My%ng
?%ngC, b%t a noti#e stateent B?i ;y%ng ?%ngC signed by Lee
Won K%k. En ?%ne :, -.3., the noti#e stateent was given to
$h Woon Ky%.
The Korean traitors who ran away to ?apan were a atter of
regret for e. They don>t know that they will be p%nished at
last. 8a Tae Hi asked e to give a dan #ertifi#ate to ).th
7nfantry Division #oander ,hoi Hong Hi, who had soe
eGperien#e in artial art BSadoC, so we #o%ld %se his ilitary
a%thority to spread the ,h%ng Do Kwan. To #ontrib%te to
Taekwondo>s developent, 7 gave an Honorary :th Dan
#ertifi#ate signed by yself, Son D%k S%ng, to ,hoi Hong Hi
in front of the 1rd "ry #oander in -.33.
7n -.35, ,hoi insisted that 7 give hi a @th Dan and sent a
#ertifi#ate he prepared in y nae for e to sign. 0e#a%se
,hoi and 7 were sworn brothers, and be#a%se y yo%nger
brother had a @th Dan, he wanted one also. 7 tore %p the
#ertifi#ate he sent to e witho%t signing it. Deneral ,hoi was
also sending instr%#tors BSab%sC to Iietna, b%t he did that
on his own a%thority and #hose the n%ber of instr%#tors to
send witho%t #ons%lting e. He also lied and stated that he
had ): years eGperien#e in artial arts pra#ti#e BSa Do Soo
;y%nC and spread propaganda abo%t hiself. Therefore, it was
%navoidable that 7 had to #an#el his Honorary :th Dan
#ertifi#ate and Honorary Kwan ?ang position.
The noination of Sab%s
"fter 7 re#eived the position of )nd Kwan ?ang of the ,h%ng
Do Kwan, 7 noinated Min Wook Sik, Hy%n ?ong My%n, and
$h Woon Ky% as Sab%s. Later, 7 noinated 8a Tae Hi
as a Sab% and $h Woon Ky% as a Standing or Peranent
Sab% BSang 7 Sab%C. However Hy%n ?ong My%n, $h
Woon Ky% and 8a Tae Hi a#ted as if they were at war
against e and freA%ently #onta#ted with people who ran
away to ?apan. Who #an noinate a Kwan ?ang in a private
do<ang eG#ept the legal person with the a%thorityJ 7 yself a
willing to give %p y position as the Kwan ?ang, if 7 see a
proising and #apable person who #an be the neGt s%##essor,
b%t 7 a still looking for that person. There is no eG#%se for
the a#tions of $h Woon Ky%, when he was sent by e to
tea#h
Taekwondo at the Korea Military "#adey, S%ng Ky%n Kwan
$niversity and Seo%l 8ational $niversity. He sho%ld have
known better as an ed%#ated person. 0%t 7 feel very sorry for
those who re#eived <%st a noti#e stateent B?i ;y%ng ?%ngC
and not a noination #ertifi#ate B7 My%ng ?%ngC fro hi. 7f
he tho%ght abo%t all the other Taekwondo s#hools and the
,h%ng Do Kwan>s f%t%re, he wo%ld not do s%#h a betrayal. 7
want the wise #iti=ens of Korea to <%dge this atter. When 7
fo%nd o%t abo%t these atters, 7 eGpelled the fro the
ebership on behalf of y nae. "ll the ore, the ,h%ng
Do Kwan will %nite ever ore and pra#ti#e rigoro%sly for
to%rnaents in the f%t%re, so please do not be dist%rbed by this
whole a#tion.
-. (Gpelled ebers/ Hy%n ?ong My%n ! $h Woon Ky% !
8a Tae Hi
). ,an#ellation of Honorary :th Dan #ertifi#ate and Honorary
Kwan ?ang position/ ,hoi Hong Hi
?%ne -3, -.3.
Kwan ?ang Son D%k S%ng
The Kwans prod%#ed ore s#hools and "nneG Kwans, whi#h
#reated the proble of stealing other Kwan>s art nae. 7f we
look at the art naes %sed by Kwans, Hwang Kee>s Moo D%k
Kwan, Lee Won K%k>s ,h%ng Do Kwan and ;o 0y%ng ?i#k>s
Song Moo Kwan %sed the nae Tang Soo Do, ,h%n Sang
S%p>s &%n Moo Kwan %sed the nae Kong Soo Do, and &oon
0y%ng 7n>s &M," Kwon 0%p 0% %sed the nae Kwon 0%p.
"ll the Kwans %sed an art nae that was borrowed fro either
?apanese or ,hinese artial arts naes and be#a%se of this the
iss%e of the revision of the art nae was very %rgent.
Th%s the Kong Soo Do, Tang Soo Do, Hwa Soo Do, Soo 0ahk
Do and Kwon 0%p art naes were r%nning aro%nd and a new
oveent of %nifi#ation began, with the idea that the %nified
organi=ation>s nae sho%ld be based on Korean tradition and
ba#kgro%nd.
This oveent was A%i#kly dealt with by ,hoi Hong Hi.
Deneral ,hoi of the ).th 7nfantry Division fo%nded the Eh Do
Kwan and infl%en#ed the Taekwondo #o%nity with %sing
his ilitary a%thority. D%ring the Liberal Party era, Deneral
,hoi was favored by ;EK President ;hee Syng Man, so
Deneral ,hoi was able to s%on and #reate a 8aing
,oittee #oposed of vario%s en of so#iety. "fter he and
his ad<%tant 8a Tae Hi #ond%#ted resear#h, they finally %sed
FTaekkyonF and FDoF to #reate the nae FTaekwondoF. The
nae was %nanio%sly approved and offi#ially anno%n#ed.
However, be#a%se only the ,h%ng Do Kwan and Eh Do Kwan
parti#ipated in the 8aing ,oittee, the nae Taekwondo
was not s%pported by the leaders of the other Kwans.
Chapter 2
Section #: Choi (ong (i an' the 11%1 Korea &ae"won'o
$ssociation
"t the end of the -.3*>s, the interests and a#tivities of the
newly established "nneG Kwans had #opli#ated the internal
#onfli#ts and s%bseA%ently weakened the power of the Korea
Kong Soo Do "sso#iation. "t this tie, with the s%pport of
the ,h%ng Do Kwan and Eh Do Kwan, Deneral ,hoi
organi=ed a Taekwondo "sso#iation and en#o%raged Kwan
%nifi#ation. Deneral ,hoi lobbied the Ministry of (d%#ation
and the Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation to fo%nd the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation in -.3..
The -.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation>s fo%nded was
#ond%#ted at the Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation
#onferen#e roo. Parti#ipating in the fo%ndation eeting was
Ministry of (d%#ation>s Physi#al (d%#ation Dire#tor, the
Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation Dire#tor, as well as
representatives fro siG of the Kwans B,h%ng Do Kwan, Eh
Do Kwan, Song Moo Kwan, ,hang Moo Kwan, ?i Do Kwan,
and Moo D%k KwanC.
However, in the eeting, the "sso#iation had debates over the
art nae. Hwang Kee BMoo D%k KwanC persisted on Tang
Soo Do. ;o 0y%ng ?ik BSong Moo KwanC, &oon Kwe 0y%ng
B?i Do KwanC and Lee ,hong Woo B?i Do Kwan4Han K%k ,he
&%k KwanC also insisted on Tang Soo Do. 0%t the nae
Taekwondo, whi#h the ,h%ng Do Kwan and Eh Do Kwan
%sed sin#e the id -.3*>s, was widely spread by the ,h%ng
Do Kwan and Eh Do Kwan and it was de#ided that
Taekwondo wo%ld be the art nae of the "sso#iation. 7t was
Deneral ,hoi>s deterination that we sho%ld no longer %se any
?apanese or ,hinese artial art naes, b%t rather %se one
derived fro Korean tradition.
,hoi Hong Hi later said/ F"t the tie, the only reason 7 #o%ld
for#e the nae Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation was be#a%se 7
was a ;EK "ry Deneral.F
The president BHwe ?angC of the -.3. Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation was ,hoi Hong Hi BEh Do KwanC, Ii#e
Presidents B0% Hwe ?angC were ;o 0y%ng ?ik BSong Moo
KwanC and &oon Kwe 0y%ng B?i Do KwanC, ,hief Dire#tor B(
Sa ?angC was Hwang Kee BMoo D%k KwanC, Standing
Dire#tors BSang 7 ( SaC were Lee ,hong Woo B?i Do
Kwan4Han K%k ,he &%k KwanC, Ko ?ae ,h%n B,h%ng Do
Kwan4Eh Do Kwan4,h%ng ;yong KwanC, Hy%n ?ong My%n
B,h%ng Do Kwan4Eh Do KwanC, and Lee &ong S%p BSong
Moo KwanC, Dire#tors B( SaC were $h Woon Ky% B,h%ng
Do KwanC, 0ae &o%ng Ki B?i Do Kwan4Han K%k ,he &%k
KwanC, and ,h%ng ,hang &o%ng BMoo D%k KwanC. Testing
,oittee ebers were Lee 8a S%k B,hang Moo KwanC,
$h Woon Ky% B,h%ng Do KwanC, Hy%n ?ong My%n B,h%ng
Do Kwan4Eh Do KwanC, and ,h%ng ,hang &o%ng BMoo D%k
KwanC.
However, in the pro#ess of gathering all the Kwans and
organi=ing the "sso#iation, again the %nified nae be#ae an
iss%e. When Hwang Kee se#eded fro the "sso#iation, the
-.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation be#ae another histori#al
on%ent to the %nifi#ation of Taekwondo.
0la#k fig%res B#oplainersC later spoke ill of the -.3. Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation. Soe said, FWith the ,h%ng Do
Kwan and Eh Do Kwan>s power, ,hoi Hong Hi f%lfilled his
aspiration for his own personal "sso#iation.F
Chapter 2
Section %: (wang Kee an' the Korea Soo Bah" Do
$ssociation
"s the -.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation was #ollapsing in
"pril -.@*, Hwang Kee took advantage of the disr%ption and
#haos d%ring this period. When the h%ge deonstrations
against ;EK President ;hee Syng Man>s #orr%ption broke o%t,
Hwang Kee %sed a powerf%l an in politi#s to finish
registering the Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation with the
Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation at the Ministry of
(d%#ation.
The ebers of the -.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation were
%pset and petitioned the Ministry of (d%#ation to protest what
they #onsidered a wrong doing. "t the tie, every
representative fro ea#h Kwan said Hwang Kee>s %nilateral
behavior was a isdeed.
The following is part of the -.3. Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation petition against the Korea Soo 0ahk Do
"sso#iation/
FWe, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation, #ooperate with the
national reb%ilding #oittee>s poli#ies, b%t we %st petition
the registration of the gangster>s BgangpaeC hotbed, the Korea
Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation BTang Soo Do Moo D%k KwanC.
Soo 0ahk Do>s offi#ial dis#ipline is to train both body and
spirit, b%t in reality, it is <%st an %nsportsanlike s#hool. The
eviden#e is as follows/ B-C 7n Kwang ?%, Soo 0ahk Do trainees
beat %p st%dents of Kwang ?% High S#hool and gave rise to
p%bli# #riti#is, so %#h so the Ministry of (d%#ation stopped
Tang Soo Do training, B)C 7n Tae<on, Soo 0ahk Do trainees
fo%ght with another gangster gro%p in the street, B1C The high
ranking leaders of a Soo 0ahk Do s#hool beat %p the workers
of the Tae<on Theater when they were not given free ti#kets,
B:C Ene ilitary soldier was stabbed and in<%red by a Soo
0ahk Do trainee and now the trainee is in <ail.
This kind of behavior is happening all over the #o%ntry. There
are n%ero%s other in#idents of is#ond%#t we #annot
ention. '%rtherore, Dan #ertifi#ates were given re#klessly,
with the Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation #harging a large ao%nt of
oney for the #ertifi#ates to f%lfill their desire and greed,
whi#h in effe#t, ao%nted to the selling of rank. $sing these
bo%ght #ertifi#ates, Soo 0ahk Do trainees A%ietly threatened
people and bilked resta%rants by ref%sing to pay their #he#ks. .
. . Soo 0ahk Do #a%sed a big so#ial disr%ption and was on#e
banned by the Ministry of (d%#ation. So how #an the Soo
0ahk Do "sso#iation be offi#ially registered as a legal Bsa dan
b%p inC "sso#iationJ "s a atter of #o%rse, the registration
%st be stopped and the "sso#iation %st be eliinated.
Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation
?%ne -.@*F
"fter the -.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation petitioned the
Ministry of (d%#ation and the Korea "ate%r Sports
"sso#iation, it reA%ested san#tions against the Korea Soo
0ahk Do "sso#iation, b%t the Ministry of (d%#ation said it
#o%ld not stop the freedo of the "sso#iation. However, the
Ministry of (d%#ation reA%ested the registration of a new
"sso#iation be#a%se it #o%ldn>t re#ogni=e two different
"sso#iations in one sport. 7n the eantie, Deneral Park
,h%ng Hee #arried o%t a #o%p de tat on Mar#h -@, -.@-.
Chapter 2
Section ,: 11,1 6nification Conferences an' the 'ifferent
perspectives of the Kwan lea'ers
The May -@, -.@- Military #o%p de tat greatly affe#ted all
aspe#ts of the Korean nation>s so#iety, e#onoy, and #%lt%re.
Ef #o%rse, Taekwondo was not an eG#eption. The S%pree
,o%n#il for 8ational ;e#onstr%#tion anno%n#ed De#ree 8o.@,
and #onseA%ently, the Ministry of (d%#ation obeyed the order
to re!register Taekwondo and h%rried to %nify the Korea Soo
0ahk Do "sso#iation, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation,
Kong Soo Do ,hang Moo Kwan, Kong Soo Do Song Moo
Kwan, Kang D%k Won M%do Hwe, and the Han Moo Kwan
,hoong "ng Kong Soo Do ?ang on ?%ly -), -.@-. However, it
was not s%##essf%l be#a%se of any different arg%ents and
perspe#tives fro vario%s sides. Sin#e the pro#ess was being
obs#%red, Lee ,hong Woo, who was a FobserverF at that tie,
s%ggested to %nify freely with a tie liit, with the res%lts
being reported to the Ministry of (d%#ation.
Sin#e then, the representatives fro ea#h Kwan finally
de#ided to gather to have a $nifi#ation ,onferen#e at the
Korean 8ational Sports "%ditori% on Septeber -:, -.@-.
Parti#ipants of this ,onferen#e were &oon Kwe 0y%ng B?i Do
Kwan representativeC, $h Woon Ky% B,h%ng Do Kwan
representativeC, Lee 8a S%k B,hang Moo Kwan
representativeC, Hwang Kee BMoo D%k Kwan representativeC,
;o 0y%ng ?ik BSong Moo Kwan representativeC, 8a Tae Hi
BEh Do Kwan representativeC, Park ,h%l Hee BKang D%k Won
representative C, and Lee Kyo &%n BHan Moo Kwan
representativeC. "lso in attendan#e were Lee ,hong Woo B?i
Do Kwan4Han K%k ,he &%k KwanC, Lee 0y%ng ;o B?i Do
Kwan4Han K%k ,he &%k KwanC, Ko ?ae ,h%n BEh Do KwanC
and Lee &o%ng S%p BSong Moo KwanC.
"t that eeting, there was a #onfli#t with regard to the naing
of the art, and Taesoodo was #hosen be#a%se of the efforts of
Lee 8a S%k, $h Woon Ky% and Lee ,hong Woo in
arg%ing that the nae sho%ld be Taekwondo.
"fter the nae was #hosen, the $nifi#ation and ,reation
,oittees whi#h had seven ebers, was #reated. Here is a
s%ary of soe of the high tension dis#%ssions Kfro the
notes of ,onferen#e Se#retary Lee 0y%ng ;oL/
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ 7 need to hear abo%t the attendee>s right to
speak and right to vote. K8ote/ The attendees were Lee ,hong
Woo and Lee 0y%ng ;o BHan K%k ,he &%k KwanC, Ko ?ae
,h%n BEh Do KwanC and Lee &o%ng S%p BSong Moo KwanC
who were present, b%t did not represent their Kwan at the
eeting.L
Parti#ipants/ The de#ision was that attendees had a right to
speak b%t not a right to vote.
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ 7 prefer &oon Kwe 0y%ng be the ,hairan of
the ,onferen#e.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 8o, 7 do not want to be ,hairan.
;es%lt of voting/ &$8 Kwe 0y%ng B3 votesC, $h Woon Ky%
B- voteC, two abstentions. &$8 Kwe 0y%ng was ele#ted.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7 noinate Lee 0y%ng ;oh B?i Do KwanC
as Se#retary of the ,onferen#e.
"ll Kwan ;epresentatives/ We agree.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7 will ask abo%t a A%or% and a provisional
resol%tion.
Lee 8a S%k/ 7 prefer at least )41 of all parti#ipants.
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ 7 prefer at least )41 for a A%or%, and ore
than half of the parti#ipants for a provisional resol%tion.
Hwang Kee/ 7 agree.
Lee 8a S%k/ 8ot #onsented, redis#%ssion.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7 de#lare that the redis#%ssion is passed. 7
need to pi#k the ,reative ,oittee ebers. Please tell e
the n%ber of #oittee ebers and the ethod of
sele#tion.
Lee ,hong Woo/ 7 propose that we gather every tea#her fro
every different s#hool in regions and villages, and then pi#k a
#ertain n%ber of best players to be representatives.
Park ,h%l Hee/ 7 agree with Lee ,hong Woo>s proposal.
Lee 8a S%k/ How abo%t only 2 do<angs to be pi#kedJ
Lee ,hong Woo/ We will send an (Gainee ,oission to
visit.
Hwang Kee/ 7 agree.
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ ;edis#%ssion
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7f there is no ob<e#tion, 7 de#lare it as is.
Please say the n%ber of people.
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ 5 ebers.
Park ,h%l Hee/ 7 agree.
Hwang Kee/ ;edis#%ssion.
8a Tae Hi/ How abo%t -- ebersJ
Lee Kyo &%n/ 7 agree.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ ,onsented. So who sho%ld the ebers
beJ
Lee 8a S%k/ Seven ebers s%#h as &oon Kwe 0y%ng,
Hwang Kee, $h Woon Ky%, ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, Park ,h%l Hee,
8a Tae Hi, and Lee Kyo &%n.
Lee Kyo &%n/ 7 wish to opt o%t. Please p%t in Lee 8a S%k
instead.
Lee 8a S%k/ 8o, 7 wish to be eG#l%ded.
Lee ,hong Woo/ 7 agree that Lee Kyo &%n sho%ld be
eG#l%ded, whi#h is what he hiself said.
"ll Kwan ;epresentatives/ (veryone agrees.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ Therefore the ,reative ,oittee
ebers are Park ,h%l Hee, 8a Tae Hi, $h Woon Ky%,
Lee 8a S%k, &oon Kwe 0y%ng, ;o 0y%ng ?ik and Hwang
Kee. 8ow we have to pi#k the
'o%ndation ,oittee ebers. Please give e the ethod
of sele#tion and the n%ber of ebers.
8a Tae Hi/ 7 s%ggest 1 ebers.
Park ,h%l Hee/ 7 agree.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 8o ob<e#tionsJ There 7 de#lare that the
'o%ndation ,oittee will have 1 ebers.
Lee 8a S%k/ 7 s%ggest that we eG#l%de Hwang Kee and
in#l%de Lee ,hong Woo be#a%se Lee ,hong Woo is ne%tral
between the 'o%ndation and the ,reative ,oittees.
Park ,h%l Hee/ 7 agree.
$h Woon Ky%/ 7 agree. "ny s%ggestions or ob<e#tionsJ
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ Sin#e there is no ob<e#tion, 7 de#lare that
Lee ,hong Woo, Lee 8a S%k and $h Woon Ky% be the
ebers of the 'o%ndation ,oittee.
The above in%tes was taken fro the re#ords of Lee 0y%ng
;o, who was an instr%#tor at the Han K%k ,he &%k Kwan,
dated Septeber -.@-. "s the Se#retary of the eeting, he
took the in%tes and was also present at the
eeting.
The ain dis#%ssion of Septeber -@, -.@- was held at the
Han K%k ,he &%k Kwan #onferen#e roo and #entered
aro%nd the 5 ,reative ,oittee ebers. There was a lot of
anger regarding the sele#tion of the n%ber of #oittee
ebers. $h Woon Ky% asked FWhy 5 ebersJF and ;o
0y%ng ?i#k answered FThe reason why Lee ,hong Woo
de#lared is be#a%se of y s%ggestion.F 0e#a%se of the tension
at the tie, ;o 0y%ng ?ik de#ided to withdraw fro the
,reative ,oittee.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ ;o 0y%ng ?ik is going to withdraw. "ny
s%ggestions fro Park ,h%l Hee and Hwang KeeJ
Hwang Kee/ 7f everyone agrees, 7 will withdraw too.
Park ,h%l Hee/ We pi#ked the ,oittee ebers fro the
best. 7f things get worse, 7 will withdraw too b%t not at this
tie.
That day, the #onferen#e ended witho%t Park ,h%l Hee, who
stepped o%t d%ring the #onferen#e.
"fter that, &oon Kwe 0y%ng asked abo%t organi=ing staff
ebers based on personal A%alifi#ation or A%ality of do<ang.
8a Tae Hi agreed b%t Hwang Kee had a different view.
Hwang Kee s%pported Lee 8a S%k>s s%ggestion abo%t
in#l%ding five ebers of the original five Kwans BDigan
Do<ang/ ,h%ng Do Kwan, Song Moo Kwan, ?i Do Kwan,
,hang Moo Kwan and Moo D%k KwanC pl%s one additional
eber fro the ilitary do<ang BEh Do KwanC. 8a Tae Hi
also s%ggested that @ of -) ebers be ele#ted fro the Korea
"ate%r Sports "sso#iation.
$h Woon Ky% re#oended as ebers &oon Kwe
0y%ng, Hwang Kee, ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, 8a Tae Hi, Lee 8a
S%k, and $h Woon Ky% and this was passed. 7t took @ days
to refor the gro%p.
The neGt iss%e was the naing of the art, whi#h was very
iportant at the tie. 8a Tae Hi Bthinking abo%t the old
-.3. Korea Taekwondo "sso#iationC s%ggested the nae of
the art be Taekwondo, and $h Woon Ky% agreed. 0%t Lee
8a S%k Bthinking abo%t his own Kong Soo Do ,hang Moo
KwanC s%ggested Kong Soo Do, and Hwang Kee and ;o
0y%ng ?ik agreed with this. En this parti#%lar day -- Ii#e
Presidents were ele#ted.
Chapter 2
Section .: &he Korea &aesoo'o $ssociation: &he 7ntit) of
6nification
;o 0y%ng ?ik led the eeting whi#h was held at the Han K%k
,he &%k Kwan on Septeber -., -.@-. However, be#a%se
there were arg%ents on the ele#tions and the naing of the
art, the eeting did not go soothly.
"nother eeting was held the neGt day to dis#%ss the sae
topi#s. "ttending the eeting were/ B-C &oon Kwe 0y%ng B?i
Do Kwan representativeC, B)C Hwang Kee BMoo D%k Kwan
representativeC, B1C $h Woon Ky% B,h%ng Do Kwan
representativeC, B:C ;o 0y%ng ?ik BSong Moo Kwan
representativeC, B3C 8a Tae Hi BEh Do Kwan representativeC,
and B@C Lee 8a S%k B,hang Moo Kwan representativeC. "lso
attending were B5C Lee ,hong Woo B?i Do Kwan4Han K%k
,he &%k KwanC, B2C Lee Kyo &%n BHan Moo KwanC, and B.C
Park ,h%l Hee BKang D%k WonC.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng s%ggested that everyone be ele#ted eG#ept
the 7nspe#tor position and also s%ggested a verbal naing.
Hwang Kee s%ggested that Ii#e Presidents, a ,hairan and a
Ii#e ,hairan sho%ld be noinated and ele#ted. $h Woon
Ky% agreed with Hwang Kee>s s%ggestion. The following are
portions of the dialog at this eeting/
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7 wo%ld like to help y friends sin#e
Hwang Kee, ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, ,hoi Hong Hi, and 7 have
resigned fro this position.
Hwang Kee/ 7 agree.
8a Tae Hi/ 7 wo%ld like to eGpress y #on#ern sin#e the
fo%r of yo% are eG#ellent and sho%ld reain in offi#e.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ We are not leaving forever.
Hwang Kee/ 7 agreed to 8a Tae Hi. We did not do anything
#onstr%#tive at all and instead have been tro%bleakers. We
are not avoiding the sit%ation and we are going to help as
%#h as we #an.
Lee 8a S%k/ The proble is whether the yo%nger generation
#an handle the sit%ation after the older generation leave. Why
don>t yo% give %s a little bit of tie so we #an dis#%ss this.
Hwang Kee/ 7 s%ggest that the ,hairan sho%ld #oe fro
the yo%nger generation.
Lee 8a S%k/ 7 wo%ld like to s%ggest that we <%st leave the
,hairan position open for now and eG#l%de these fo%r people
who resigned. That way, the #oittee has the a%thority to
sele#t the ,hairan #andidates.
Hwang Kee/ 8o s%ggestion or #oent.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/ 7 s%ggest that the yo%nger generation have
the a%thority to sele#t the ,hairan #andidates b%t %st
eG#l%de those fo%r older generation gro%p.
Hwang Kee/ 7 agree.
;o 0y%ng ?i#k/ 7 also agree, and so that will be it.
The res%lt of the voting BsiG votersC was ;edis#%ssion for was
1, Epposed was 1, and "greeent was 1, Epposed was 1. So
the final res%lt was redis#%ssion.
Lee 8a S%k be#ae a Ii#e ,hairan with the #oordination
of &oon Kwe 0y%ng and the eeting #ontin%ed to sele#t its
#oittee ebers.
&oon Kwe 0y%ng s%ggested -1 ebers, b%t 8a Tae Hi
s%ggested -5 ebers. &oon Kwe 0y%ng s%ggested --
ebers in response and Hwang Kee agreed to this. However,
$h Woon Ky% s%ggested that ) o%t of the @ people be
noinated and 8a Tae Hi agreed to this. So &oon Kwe
0y%ng had to give %p on his de#ision and $h Woon Ky%
agreed to it and the @ person #oittee had #oproised.
Sin#e then, the list of naes was posted/
;o 0y%ng ?i#k, who was ,hairan, anno%n#ed the naes of
the -- ebers of the @ person #oittee/ The naes were/
B-C Eh Se ?oon, B)C Park ,h%l Hee, B1C Lee ,hong Woo, B:C
Lee Kyo &%n, B3C Lee &o%ng S%p, B@C Song Tae Hak, B5C Ki
Soon 0ae, B2C Hy%n ?ong My%n, B.C $h Woon Ky%, B-*C
8a Tae Hi, and B--C ;o 0y%ng ?ik B,hairanC.
Soon the sele#tion of the ?%dging ,oittee began and
,hairan ;o 0y%ng ?i#k asked the A%estion of whether the
position of ?%dging ,oittee will be a pl%ral offi#e or
independent. Lee 8a S%k and $h Woon Ky% agreed on a
pl%ral offi#e. ;o 0y%ng ?ik #ontin%ed with the ?%dging
,oittee sele#tion ethod and the @ people ,oittee
ethod passed with -**M agreeent. ;o 0y%ng ?ik
anno%n#ed the @ people who had been sele#ted to the ?%dging
,oittee/ B-C 0ae &o%ng Ki, B)C Hong ,hong Soo, B1C Lee
8a S%k, :C $h Woon Ky%, B3C Song Tae Hak, B@C Lee
&o%ng S%p.
The neGt part was the ost sensitive topi# of the eeting,
whi#h was the naing of the art. 8a Tae Hi said F7 strongly
s%ggest that the nae has to be Taekwondo be#a%se the nae
Taekwondo was passed when the eeting had been held in
-.3..F $h Woon Ky% agreed with 8a Tae Hi b%t &oon
Kwe 0y%ng said/ FWe agreed on the nae Taekwondo
%nanio%sly be#a%se the Ministry of (d%#ation de#ided on
the nae Taekwondo, so it was not agreed %nanio%sly.F
&oon also said, F"nd so we s%ggest Kong Soo Do be the
nae.F &oon Kwe 0y%ng was serio%s and his idea was that
the nae Kong Soo Do BKarate DoC was the nae re#ogni=ed
internationally, whi#h was his strong arg%ent. ;o 0y%ng ?ik
and Lee 8a S%k agreed with this. 0e#a%se &oon Kwe 0y%ng
reali=ed that the sit%ation was going to essed %p, he
s%ggested Tae Soo Do, whi#h #ae fro Tae BTaekwondoC
and Soo BKong Soo DoC. "fter the voting, the res%lt was
Taesoodo, whi#h had : votes for and ) votes abstention.
The neGt #onferen#e eeting was held at the ,hang Moo
Kwan on Septeber )), -.@-. Present at this eeting were/
B-C Lee 8a S%k, B)C Lee ,hong Woo, B1C Lee Kyo &%n, B:C
Park ,h%l Hi, B3C Eh Se Woong, B@C Lee &o%ng S%p, B5C Song
Tae Hak, 2C Ki Soon 0ae, B.C Hy%n ?ong My%n, B-*C $h
Woon Ky%, and B--C Ko ?ae ,h%n. "t this #onferen#e, the
parti#ipants s%ggested that a ,hairan be sele#ted fro the
Ministry of (d%#ation and it was passed. 7t was agreed that the
,hairan sho%ld be internationally fao%s and fleGible, and
the Ii#e ,hairen sho%ld be sele#ted depending on his ability
to be fao%s internationally and nationally. Sele#ted as Ii#e
,hairen were Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky%. "fter
that, they sele#ted the Se#retary Deneral of the #oittee, a
Ii#e President and 7nspe#tor.
En this day, the de#ision was that the ,hairan %st be
sele#ted by the Ministry of (d%#ation b%t a##ording to Park
,h%l Hee>s s%ggestion, the Ministry of (d%#ation sho%ld
de#ide a ,hairan o%t of three people s%ggested by Lee 8a
S%k BIi#e PresidentC and Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon
Ky% BIi#e ,hairenC.
Sin#e then, the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation s%bitted and
reported the do#%ents to the Ministry of (d%#ation thro%gh
the $nifi#ation ,onferen#e Meetings %p to Septeber )),
-.@-. The naes below were s%bitted to the Ministry of
(d%#ation/
(le#ted Effi#ials of the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation/
,hairan/ ,hoi My%ng Sin
Ii#e ,hairen/ Lee ,hong Woo, $h Woon Ky%
(Ge#%tive ,oittee BDire#torsC/ Ko ?ae ,h%n, 8a Tae Hi,
Lee &ong Woo, Lee &o%ng S%p, Eh Se ?oon, Ko Hong
Myong
Ii#e President/ Hy%n ?ong My%n, Lee Kyo &%n, Park ,h%l
Hee, Ko ?ae ,h%n, Song Tae Hak
7nspe#tors/ ,H" Soo &o%ng, Lee H%i ?in
Chapter 2
Section 0: 6nification of the Dan 8romotion &est an'
()ung (8oomsae
8ow we are going to look at the syste of Dan Prootion
Test BKong 7n Se%ng Dan Shi SaC of the Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation. "t the tie, Taekwondo %sed different naes
s%#h as Kong Soo Do, Tang Soo Do, Soo 0ahk Do, and
Taekwondo, and the Kwans %sed different poosae BforsC
and kyor%gi BsparringC. The Prootion Test syste #onfli#t
was the ost probleati#al iss%e at the tie be#a%se ea#h
Kwan prooted those who were not really A%alified in order
to eGpand their Kwans and show theselves as the best.
The first Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation president, ,hoi My%ng
Shin, stated/ FThe biggest proble we had was the Prootion
Test Syste, whi#h needed to be set and forali=ed. What we
did was set %p an 7nspe#tion Tea to get rid of the differen#es
in Hy%ng BpoosaeC, Daery%n Bfree sparringC and Kyokpa
BbreakingC that eGisted between ea#h Kwan.F
The first Prootion Test was held at the K%k Min Hwe (%i
Dang on 8oveber --, -.@). The Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation s%pported the event, along with the Korean
"ate%r Sports "sso#iation BK"S"C, the Daehan ?aekeon
K%kin $n Dong 0onb% Bpoliti#al partyC and the Dae Han
7lbo Sa BKorea 8ewspaper ,opanyC. There were )3 <%dges
and they in#l%ded/ ,hoi My%ng Shin, Lee 8a S%k, Lee
,hong Woo, $h Woon Ky%, Park ,h%l Hee, Lee &o%ng
S%p, Hy%n ?ong My%n, Hong ?ong Pyo, Ki Soon 0ae, Ki
Soo ?in, Lee 0y%ng ;o, Ko ?ae ,h%n, Lee Kyo &%n, 0aek
?oon Ki, aong others.
"t the event, ,hoi My%ng Shin said/ FThe Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation did not iprove be#a%se of the any #onfli#ts
between the any opposing sides. However, we are now in a
good position to #hange that d%e to the May -@, -.@- ,o%p de
tat. 7n the past, we prooted people witho%t d%e
#onsideration, b%t 7> so glad that we are now doing the right
thing and #an deterine and eGtra#t the real artial artists.F
The following is the a#t%al pro#ed%re for the first 8ational
Prootion Test B?%n K%k Se%ng Dan Shisa Dae HweC of the
Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation/
-C Epening, B)C ,o%rtesy, B1C ;evol%tion P%bli# Pledge, B:C
Epening rearks by Prootion Test ,hairan ,hoi My%ng
Shin, B3C Perforan#e of test and <%dges #onsideration, B@C
;eview and ,oent of ?%dges, B5C Dan ,ertifi#ate award
#ereony, B2C Manse Sa ,hang BKorean version of 0an=ai/
FManseH ManseH ManseHFC, B.C ,losing of the Prootion Test.
Ene thing that was spe#ial abo%t this first Prootion Test was
the in#l%sion of the ;evol%tion P%bli# Pledge, be#a%se So%th
Korea was %nder a ilitary regie at the tie.
Hong ?ong Pyo B5) years old in -...C kept the paperwork for
the event and stated/ F'or 1rd Dan prootion and higher, the
three areas tested were Hy%ng BpoosaeC, Taery%n BsparringC
and 8on%n Bwritten eGainationC. The -st Dan #andidates
were reA%ired to perfor hy%ng fro the 3 Pyong "hn Hy%ng,
,h%l Ki ,hodan Hy%ng B,h%l Ki N-C, 8aebo<in ,hodan
Hy%ng B8aebo<in N-C, ?a Won Hy%ng, and Hwarang Hy%ng.F
"t the tie, the prootion test #onsisted of Hy%ng BpoosaeC,
Shihap BsparringC and 8on%n Bwritten eGainationC. The
Sparring portion of the Prootion Test was #ond%#ted %nder
the following r%les/ B-C Hog% B#hest prote#torC %st be worn
on the %pper body, and gloves %st be worn on both hands,
B)C The <%dges #onsisted of one ,enter ;eferee, fo%r ,orner
?%dges, and two ?%ry ebers. The ,enter ;eferee has the
responsibility to deterine the winner and is in #harge of the
#ontest. The ,orner ?%dges were pla#ed at ea#h #orner of the
ring and s#ored points %sing red and bl%e flags. The ?%ry>s
responsibility was to #al#%late and tab%late the s#oring of the
,orner ?%dges. B1C The si=e of the #opetition area is 2 G 2
eters, B:C The length of the #opetition was one ro%nd of
three in%tes.
With respe#t to the Hy%ng BpoosaeC portion of the
eGaination, the eGainees #hose two fors fro the
following gro%p/
)nd Dan fors/ 0alhan Hy%ng Dae, ,h%l Ki ( Dan Hy%ng
B,h%l Ki N)C, 8aebo<in ( Dan Hy%ng B8aebo<in N)C, Kia (
Dan Hy%ng BKia N)C, ,hoong Moo Hy%ng.
1rd Dan fors/ Ship S% Hy%ng, Pal Sae Hy%ng, &on 0i
Hy%ng, Dan Kwon Ky%ng, 8o Pae Hy%ng, De 0aek Hy%ng,
$l ?i Hy%ng.
:th Dan fors/ ,h%l Ki Sa Dan Hy%ng B,h%l Ki N1C,
8aebo<in Sa Dan Hy%ng B8aebo<in N1C, Kia Sa Dan
Hy%ng BKia N1C, ?a $n Hy%ng, ?in Soo Hy%n, " Hak
Hy%ng, ?in Dong Hy%ng, Sa 7l Hy%ng, ?ang Kwon Hy%ng.
3th Dan fors/ Kong Sang K%n Hy%ng, Kwan Kong Hy%ng,
Eh Ship Sa Hy%ng, Ship Sa Hy%ng, 0an Wol Hy%ng, Pal Ki
Kwon Hy%ng.
"t the tie, the Hy%ng BPoosaeC were adapted fro Karate
as was the Daery%n BKyor%giC. 7n the -.3*>s, ,hoi Hong Hee>s
,hang Hon ;y% fors De 0aek and ,hoong Moo %sed at the
Eh Do Kwan was in#l%ded in this prootion test. Hong ?ong
Pyo #riti#i=ed ,hoi Hong Hi and the ,hang Hon ;y%/ F,hoi
Hong Hi is a histori#al fig%re, and he was brave, b%t at one
tie, he had a strong #onne#tion with forer ;EK President
;hee Syng Man and tried to kiss %p to hi with those fors.
He also ade the (%i " Hy%ng.F
,andidates for 1rd Dan and above also had a 8on%n, or
written eGaination reA%ireent. The -st (Ga A%estion was
FPlease eGplain the iportan#e of the %nifi#ation and
standardi=ation of the different Hy%ng.F "s the A%estion
shows, the biggest proble of the Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation was the %nifi#ation of the different Kwan
ethods. However, as tie went on, the written eGaination
was taken o%t of the testing reA%ireents.
D%ring this tie period, the ain fo#%s of every Kwan was to
foster the attit%de of the artial artist, as well as develop the
basi# te#hniA%es, oveent and philosophy of ea#h Kwan.
The training of Hy%ng was fro Karate, and Daery%n or
sparring te#hniA%es and spe#ialties varied depending on ea#h
Kwan>s spe#ialty.
Chapter 2
Section 1: 9oun'ing the Korea &ae"won'o $ssociation
Park ?ong Tae, who was the )nd president of the Korea
Taesoodo "sso#iation, was %nable to %se his a%thority as
President. 7nstead, Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky%
handled the internal affairs of the Taekwondo organi=ation.
"ro%nd this tie, ,hoi Hong Hi ret%rned to Korea after
#opleting his ten%re as ;EK "bassador to Malaysia. ,hoi
Hong Hi>s ret%rn #ae as a sho#k to Lee ,hong Woo, $h
Woon Ky% and Lee 8a S%k, the leaders of the Korea
Taesoodo "sso#iation.
,hoi Hong Hi #oplained be#a%se the nae of the art had
been #hanged fro Taekwondo to Taesoodo. This eant that
the nae of the art wo%ld be#oe a big iss%e again between
,hoi Hong Hi and the three leaders. ,hoi Hong Hi p%t %#h
effort in the sports B,he &%kC #o%nity and also Taekwondo
so he #o%ld be#oe the 1rd President of the Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation in ?an%ary -.@3.
The Moo D%k Kwan had the ost tro%ble internally with
respe#t to the %nifi#ation efforts. The ?i Do Kwan also had
internal #onfli#ts, so %#h so that &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Lee
,hong Woo alost separated, b%t it was not as serio%s as in
the Moo D%k Kwan. The reason why the Moo D%k Kwan had
so %#h tro%ble was be#a%se Hwang Kee was #on#entrating
solely on his own Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation.
En Mar#h -2, -.@3, there was a $nifi#ation De#laration
,ereony held at the Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation
a%ditori%. Moo D%k Kwan>s Hwang Kee was there and
agreed to the de#laration at the tie. However, the very neGt
day, Hwang Kee stated that the $nifi#ation De#laration was
invalid.
Moo D%k Kwan>s Hong ,hong Soo, who advised Hwang Kee
for 1@ ho%rs straight on this iss%e, stated/ FThe day after the
$nifi#ation De#laration ,ereony was held, Hwang Kee told
e that the de#laration was invalid. 7 #o%ld not %nderstand
Hwang Kee and told hi >Why do yo% say thatJ &o% are one
of the ost fao%s artial artists in the #o%ntry and yo%
sho%ld not say that the $nifi#ation De#laration is invalid.> 7
advised hi a lot to try and get hi to #hange his position.
'inally, he asked e to #all ,hoi Hong Hi for hi. When 7
gave Hwang Kee the telephone, he told ,hoi Hong Hi that the
de#laration was invalid and he h%ng %p the telephone before
,hoi Hong Hi #o%ld respond.F
The relationship between Hwang Kee and ,hoi Hong Hi was
bad. Hwang Kee ob<e#ted to ,hoi Hong Hi being the president
of the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation be#a%se he said the art and
organi=ation wo%ld not develop with ,hoi Hong Hi in #harge.
"fter %#h dis#%ssion and arg%ent ba#k and forth over the
iss%e, ,hoi Hong Hi #hanged the nae of the art fro
Taesoodo to Taekwondo, whi#h led to great hostility fro Lee
,hong Woo and Lee 8a S%k. ,hoi Hong Hi attepted to
establish his a%thoritarian di#tator style b%t he #o%ld not
#ontin%e to lead be#a%se no one wo%ld follow hi. "fter one
year, ,hoi Hong Hi was for#ed to resign the KT" presiden#y
by Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky%. ,hoi Hong Hi
begged Lee ,hong Woo to allow hi to reain as President
for siG ore onths, b%t Lee ,hong Woo said no.
Lee ,hong Woo #oents on the iss%e/ F,hoi Hong Hi was
like an a%thoritarian di#tator so $h Woon Ky% and 7 had to
ki#k hi o%t. Ene orning we went to visit hi at his ho%se
in Hannadong Bnear &ong SanC to ask hi to resign, b%t
,hoi Hong Hi begged %s to allow hi to reain as KT"
President for siG ore onths. We told hi he wo%ld have to
#hoose between three things/ Money, Position or Honor. We
told hi that if he #hose Honor and resigned, we wo%ld help
hi ake his own private 7nternational Taekwon!Do
'ederation, b%t we wanted hi to resign iediately and get
o%t of the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation.F
,hoi Hong Hi finally resigned as KT" President be#a%se he
#o%ld not over#oe the hostility of the Kwan heads BKwan
?angC in Taekwondo. 7n Mar#h -.@@, the 7T' was #reated at
the ,hoson Hotel with nine parti#ipating #o%ntries s%#h as
West Derany, $S", T%rkey, 7taly, et#. 0%t be#a%se he had
too %#h desire and be#a%se of his a%thoritarian ways, he was
forever labeled the Fperanent tro%bleakerF in Taekwondo.
;o 0y%ng ?ik Bfo%nder of the Song Moo KwanC be#ae the
:th President of the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation and he
tried hard to proote Taekwondo s%#h as #reating the
President>s 'lag ,hapionships. He ran the Seo%l Song Moo
Kwan ,entral Do<ang BSeo%l Song Moo Kwan ,h%ng "ng
Do<angC and ta%ght Taekwondo to poli#e offi#ers. However,
;o 0y%ng ?ik still had a strong love of his own Kwan and he
felt that Dan #ertifi#ation %st not be iss%ed by the KT", b%t
instead by the Kwans. The irony was that ;o 0y%ng ?ik was
President of the KT", b%t he loved his Song Moo Kwan ore
than the KT".
Chapter 2
Section 1:: &rou3le 3etween the 9irst an' Secon'
;enerations in &ae"won'o
The people who p%t the efforts into the %nifi#ation thro%gh the
establishent of the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation were not
Hwang Kee, ;o 0y%ng ?ik or &oon Kwe 0y%ng Bfirst
generation pra#titionersC, b%t rather were the se#ond
generation pra#titioners s%#h as Lee ,hong Woo, $h Woon
Ky%, Lee 8a S%k, Lee 0y%ng ;o, Park ,h%l Hee and Song
Tae Hak. Sin#e the late -.3*>s, the first generation
pra#titioners were oving away fro Taekwondo, and were
being s%##eeded by se#ond generation pra#titioners s%#h as
Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky%.
Ene of the ain iss%es of the tie was how to narrow the gap
between the first and se#ond generation. The first generation
felt they were losing their power, and the se#ond generation
knew this was happening, whi#h led to soe hostility between
the two gro%ps.
En ?%ly -), -.@-, Dovernent De#ree N@ anno%n#ed that
Taesoodo had the potential to be a strong sport in the f%t%re
and also a##epted and a#knowledged the %nifi#ation efforts in
Taesoodo. However, Hwang Kee and &oon Kwe 0y%ng were
against the %nifi#ation efforts and what was being
a##oplished.
The fo%r first generation pra#titioners who agreed to resign
fro the 'o%ndation and ,reative ,oittees of the Korea
Taesoodo "sso#iation, &oon Kwe 0y%ng, ;o 0y%ng ?i#k,
Hwang Kee and ,hoi Hong Hi, began aking reA%ests to
be#oe peranent lifetie ebers of the ?ong Sin ?e ,he
Ko Shi Sa (%i Won B8ational S%pree 0oard of (Gainers
and ProotionC so that they #o%ld reorgani=e the dan
eGaination syste. This iss%e was the t%rning point of the
#onfli#t between the first and se#ond generation. The reA%est
#ae ainly fro Hwang Kee and &oon Kwe 0y%ng.
The Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation knew that they #o%ld not
agree or honor this reA%est, b%t also reali=ed that the sit%ation
#o%ld be#oe worse if they did not give soething to the first
generation ebers. Lee ,hong Woo, Lee 8a S%k and $h
Woon Ky% de#ided that instead of giving peranent or
lifetie appointents, that they wo%ld give a ter in offi#e of
a liited d%ration. However, the ,oittee did not a##ept
this idea fro the three ebers, and so the liited ter idea
had no eaning or weight, be#a%se the ,oittee stated the
three did not have the independent a%thority to ake s%#h a
proposal to the first generation. The KT" ,oittee did not
know what the sol%tion was for this iss%e and the de#ision was
still %p in the air.
7n the eantie, the first generation ade plans to seek o%t
the ost powerf%l people they #o%ld appeal to, s%#h as the
head of the Ministry of (d%#ation and the President of the
Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation BK"S"C, b%t their efforts
were in vain be#a%se the Ministry of (d%#ation and K"S"
looked instead to the KT" ,oittee to ake s%#h de#isions.
"fter that, &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Lee ,hong Woo went to
?apan for a visit and the KT" #oittee eeting was
postponed.
" few days later, Hwang Kee wrote a letter to Lee 8a S%k
on ?%ly )*, -.@), and the following is an eG#erpt fro that
letter/ FWe tried to #oordinate with yo% in the spirit of the May
-@ revol%tion, b%t now we see that the opposite is o##%rring on
the iss%e of %nifi#ation. We believe that this a#tion leads the
artial arts spirit in the wrong dire#tion. We went to see the
,oittee on this iss%e, b%t we were not given any
satisfa#tory answer. &oon Kwe 0y%ng re#eived a essage
fro the ,oittee that we wo%ld get an answer within 3 or @
days, b%t we have still not heard anything. ,o%ld yo% please
respond by "%g%st 1, -.@)JF
En ?%ly )1, -.@), the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation response to
Hwang Kee in#l%ded the following/ F7t is not #lear whether
yo%r letter was an offi#ial reA%est or a private one. We de#ided
that yo%r reA%est was private and reply in the following
anner/ B-C &o% reA%ested to be eG#l%ded fro the
,oittee, b%t we have still not re#eived any foral letter of
resignation fro yo%. B)C There is a differen#e of opinion
between Ii#e President Lee ,hong Woo, &oon Kwe 0y%ng
and yo%rself as to the iss%e that is being addressed, and there
was no intent on the part of Lee ,hong Woo to ake any
proises. Lee ,hong Woo spoke with the ,oittee for a
long tie abo%t the sit%ation of ;o 0y%ng ?i#k, &oon Kwe
0y%ng and yo%rself. However, we are not #lear fro yo%r
letter what iss%e yo% are speaking abo%t. ,o%ld yo% please
write %s a foral letter stating yo%r intentionsJ B1C When Lee
,hong Woo stated that he was going to resign fro the
,oittee, 7 believe it was yo%r position that Lee ,hong Woo
not resign at the oent, b%t instead yo% wo%ld be resigning.
We have been waiting for yo% foral letter of resignation, b%t
we have not yet re#eived it. "gain, what is yo%r intention and
position on this atterJF
With respe#t to De#ree N-*, the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation
was against Hwang Kee be#a%se he did not respond to their
reA%est for a stateent of his intentions. 7t was the Korea
Taesoodo "sso#iation>s position that they #o%ld not respond to
Hwang Kee %ntil he stated his intentions. "t the sae tie,
the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation was waiting for Lee ,hong
Woo to ret%rn fro ?apan. When Lee ,hong Woo #ae ba#k
to Korea, he ade a #all to Hwang Kee, b%t Hwang Kee
ref%sed to eet with hi. "fter that, Lee ,hong Woo, who
was attepting to prevent Hwang Kee and &oon Kwe 0y%ng
fro resigning, finally gave %p.
Hwang Kee was not the only one who was against the
foration of the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation in -.@-. $h
Woon Ky% and Lee ,hong Woo were the ain for#es behind
the %nifi#ation efforts, b%t the ?i Do Kwan had soe slight
probles, be#a%se the ebers who followed and s%pported
&oon Kwe 0y%ng B2) years old in -..., and not in good
healthC did not want the ?i Do Kwan to <oin the Korea
Taesoodo "sso#iation.
The following is the ;esignation Letter of Hwang Kee and
&oon Kwe 0y%ng/
;esignation Letter
'or the following reason, we resign fro the Moo D%k Kwan
and ?i Do Kwan/
-. The do#trines and operational systes are totally wrong in
the way of
artial arts ideology.
"%g%st )., -.@)
Moo D%k Kwan ?ang Hwang Kee
?i Do Kwan ?ang &oon Kwe 0y%ng
"##ording to p%bli# opinion, &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Hwang
Kee did not like the yo%nger generation <%niors who were in
their early 1*>s at the tie be#a%se they were only
#on#entrating on the de#ision aking with regard to
organi=ing the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation, and they, the first
generation, lost power be#a%se of this. 0e#a%se they were
losing their power, Hwang Kee and &oon Kwe 0y%ng
established a #lose relationship and later ran the Korea Soo
0ahk Do "sso#iation together, an organi=ation #reated by
Hwang Kee.
"##ording to Lee Ho S%ng, a reporter who lived in the $S"/
FHwang Kee established the Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation
and had it registered in -.@*. 0%t the p%bli# was ore for the
Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation. "fter the May -@ revol%tion, the
Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation flo%rished. What %pset Hwang
Kee was the Ministry of (d%#ation dissolved the Korea Soo
0ahk Do "sso#iation, and so Hwang Kee fo%ght with the
Ministry of (d%#ation, whi#h led to the downfall of the Moo
D%k Kwan.F
Hwang Kee>s ref%sal to parti#ipate in the Korea Taesoodo
"sso#iation #reated a #onfli#t within the Moo D%k Kwan. The
?i Do Kwan was also affe#ted by &oon Kwe 0y%ng>s de#ision
not to parti#ipate, and this #reated a #onfli#t between &oon
Kwe 0y%ng and Lee ,hong Woo. They did not have an
answer for this and it led the to establish a syste s%#h as
FKwan ?ang &oon Kwe 0y%ng and Dae Pyo B;epresentativeC
Lee ,hong WooF for their teporary hierar#hi#al order, whi#h
was very %n%s%al. There was no favorable resol%tion and
finally Lee ,hong Woo began to lead the gro%p of people who
were attepting to establish the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation.
The se#ond President of the Kang D%k Won, Park ,h%l Hee,
re#ogni=ed Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky% as the best
people in the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation. He states/ FLee
,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky% #ae and told e to ask
Hwang Kee, ;o 0y%ng ?ik and &oon Kwe 0y%ng to
parti#ipate in the "sso#iation. 7 went to the a n%ber of
ties, b%t Hwang Kee said that if ,hoi Hong Hi be#oes the
President, there will be no good at all. Hwang Kee was against
it b%t ;o 0y%ng ?ik parti#ipated.F
,hoi Hong Hi established the -.3. Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation with the assistan#e of the Liberal Party B?a &%
DangC. He was a fao%s and politi#ally strong an before the
May -@ revol%tion. He was #oander of the ;EK @th "ry
,orps, a #oander of a #obat operation, Dire#tor of
7ntelligen#e for the ;EK "ry, and #oander of the )nd
8onsan training fa#ility. However, the May -@ revol%tion was
hell for hi. Deneral ,hoi was hated by ;EK President Park
,h%ng Hee and as a res%lt was for#ed o%t of the ilitary and
sent to Malaysia as "bassador. 0e#a%se of these reasons, he
#o%ld not do things as freely as when he was a eber of the
Liberal Party.
The following is a A%ote fro Deneral ,hoi Hong Hi/ FWhen
7 was in Malaysia, 7 #opleted the T%l BforsC, whi#h are the
ost iportant part of Taekwondo. However, when 7 #ae
ba#k to Korea, there was no Taekwondo, b%t instead there was
Taesoodo.F
The Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation was #reated in May -.@-,
b%t there was no President of the KT" %ntil De#eber -.@).
Lee ,hong Woo and $h Woon Ky% p%t a lot of effort to
#hoose the right person as President. The se#ond generation
did a lot of things d%ring that tie, b%t it was witho%t a
President. However, they knew that they needed an infl%ential
person who #o%ld assist the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation.
Ii#e President $h Woon Ky% wanted ,hoi My%ng Shin to
be KT" President. ,hoi My%ng Shin was ,hairan of the
;EK ilitary ?oint ,hiefs of Staff, and he had a deep
relationship with $h Woon Ky% thro%gh the ilitary. There
were any ,h%ng Do Kwan grad%ates in the ilitary and it
gave the an easy tie to set %p vario%s pro<e#ts. "lso, when
,hoi My%ng Shin was #oander of the ;EK -st "ry in
the late -.3*>s, he p%t an effort in to pop%lari=e Taekwondo.
There was not %#h #onfli#t for Deneral ,hoi My%ng Shin to
be KT" President, and he was approved by the Korea
"ate%r Sports "sso#iation as KT" President on De#eber
)2, -.@). Taesoodo be#ae the )2th offi#ial sport of K"S",
followed by so##er, baseball and swiing on 'ebr%ary )1,
-.@). The Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation oved its offi#es to
the K"S" b%ilding, S%ite 1)1, on May -, -.@1, and the
following was a list of KT" offi#ials at the tie/
President BHwe ?angC/ ,hoi My%ng Shin
Ii#e President B0% Hwe ?angC/ Hy%n ?ong My%n, Lee ,hong
Woo
(Ge#%tive Dire#tor B?%n Moo ( SaC/ Park ,h%l Hee, $h
Woon Ky%
(Ge#%tive ,o%n#il B,hong Moo ( SaC/ Lee 0y%ng ;o
(Ge#%tive Effi#ial of Dae BKyong Ki ( SaC/ Woo ?ong Li
Dire#tor B( SaC/ Lee &ong Woo, ,hoi Ki &ong, ?%ng ?in
&ong, Lee Kyo &%n, Ki Soon 0ae, 0aek ?oon Ki, Lee
&o%ng S%p, Lee 0yong Keon
7nspe#tor BKa SaC/ Ki 0ong Sik, Lee ;yong Hong
Head Effi#ial BSa Moo ?angC/ Ki Wan Soo
Sin#e the Korea Taesoodo "sso#iation was in good standing,
it parti#ipated in the 8ational Sports Daes in E#tober -.@1.
Park ?ong Tae, who was a eber of the Deo#rati#
;ep%bli#an Party and 8ational "ssebly eber, was
ele#ted as the )nd President.
Chapter !: 7mergence of Ku""i<&ae"won'o
Section 1: &he %th 8resi'ent Kim Yong Chae: Developing
&ae"won'o
7f the first and se#ond generations of Taekwondo initiated it,
then Ki &ong ,hae was the one who a#t%ally developed
Taekwondo. 7n -..., Ki &ong ,hae was the Ii#e ,hairan
of the ?ainry%n B$nited Liberal Deo#rats politi#al partyC of
Korea, whose ,hairan is ;EK Prie Minister Ki ?ong
Pil.
Ki &ong ,hae be#ae the 3th KT" President in ?an%ary
-.@5 and had a good rep%tation be#a%se he p%shed for the
developent of the hog% for #opetition, was the first to send
KT" 7nstr%#tors to foreign #o%ntries, refored the r%les for
To%rnaent #opetition, and b%ilt the ,entral Do<ang B,h%ng
"ng Do<angC whi#h be#ae the K%kkiwon. Taekwondo
needed a lot of work at the tie be#a%se it had <%st gotten o%t
of a lot of tro%bles and #onfli#ts, and Taekwondo did not have
%#h s%pport finan#ially. However, Ki &ong ,hae %sed his
rep%tation as a past eber of the 8ational "ssebly, and his
great a#hieveent was b%ilding the K%kkiwon with a b%dge
estiated at )*,*2*,*** won. Ki &ong ,hae raised the
)*,*2*,*** won needed to b%ild the K%kkiwon thro%gh his
f%nd raising efforts.
"##ording to head offi#ial Ki Wan Soo/ FKi &ong ,hae
was a powerf%l an. He was a fo%nding eber of the
?ainry% B$nited Liberal Deo#ratsC whi#h was the doinant
party at the tie and he was also a eber of the 8ational
"ssebly. 0e#a%se of this, he #o%ld raise the 1*,***,*** won
needed for the b%dget. 'or these reasons, Lee ,hong Woo
re#oended that Ki &ong ,hae be#oe the neGt KT"
President be#a%se Taekwondo needed a powerf%l an to
s%pport Taekwondo.F
So how did Ki &ong ,hae be#oe the 3th KT" PresidentJ
Lee ,hong Woo, $h Woon Ky% and Park ,h%l Hee played
the ain roles in aking Ki &ong ,hae the President in
-.@5. These three were the ain players in Taekwondo at the
tie, and when ;o 0y%ng ?ik resigned his position as KT"
President after only one year of servi#e, the KT" needed to
have a new person. Ki &ong ,hae was pi#ked be#a%se he
was a fo%nding eber of the ?ainry% B;ep%bli#an PartyC
and also worked for the &o%th "sso#iation B,h%ng 8y%n 0%n
HwaC as well.
Ki &ong ,hae was fro the Kang D%k Won and had a #lose
relationship with fellow Kang D%k Won ebers Park ,h%l
Hee B@2 years old in -..., residing in the $SC and Lee K%
Hong B@1 years old in -..., #%rrent Se#retary Deneral of the
World Taekwondo 'ederationC. 0efore he entered politi#s he
was trained well in Taekwondo and he parti#ipated in the )nd
?apan Karate (G#hange in -.@3. 0e#a%se of this, Lee ,hong
Woo approa#hed Lee K% Hong to ask Ki &ong ,hae to be
KT" President. Ki &ong ,hae a##epted witho%t reservation
and said he #o%ld start iediately.
Later Ki &ong ,hae stated/ F7> the one who s%pported and
gathered the ne#essary f%nds to b%ild the K%kkiwon, b%t it
sees like Ki $n &ong did all that and got all the #redit, and
7 feel sad abo%t it.F
Ki &ong ,hae>s #ontrib%tions to Taekwondo are often
overlooked, and in -.5-, Ki $n &ong be#ae the neGt KT"
President.
Chapter !
Section 2: &he ,th 8resi'ent Kim 6n Yong: =eha3ilitating
&ae"won'o
En ?an%ary -5, -.5-, there was a eeting within the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation whereby a Spe#ial ,oittee B?%n
Hy%ng (%i WonC was #reated and #onsisted of five ebers/
B-C Lee ,hong Woo, B)C $h Woon Ky%, B1C Lee 8a S%k,
B:C Hong ,hong Soo, and B3C ,h%n 7l S%p. These #oittee
ebers was entr%sted with setting %p the ;eorgani=ation
Plan and the new KT" b%dget for -.5-.
The Spe#ial ,oittee also had several eetings to sele#t a
new KT" President. En ?an%ary )1, -.5-, Ki $n &ong
Bthen serving as Dep%ty Dire#tor of the ;EK Presidential
Prote#tive 'or#esC was sele#ted as the new Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation president. "lso the KT" Spe#ial ,oittee was
refored and an additional inspe#tor BKa SaC was #hosen.
Ki $n &ong, who is the ost iportant person in
Taekwondo, was said to have been #hosen in this fashion/ He
was a diploat who had a #lean ba#kgro%nd and re#ord, and
when he was first approa#hed to be KT" President, he
de#lined be#a%se the Taekwondo syste at that tie did not
have a #lean and #orre#t way of doing things. 7n a -..2 M0,
TI do#%entary #alled FS%##essf%l DenerationF BS%ng Kong
Shi DaeC, Ki $n &ong stated/ F7 a##epted the position of
KT" President be#a%se the Korean governent told e to
#orre#t the way Taekwondo was at that tie.F He was
indire#tly saying to the Korean p%bli# that he a##epted
be#a%se he had no #hoi#e.
There were soe threats to Ki $n &ong to not a##ept the
KT" President position fro o%tsiders. However this was
before the KT" Spe#ial ,oittee #hose Ki $n &ong to be
President. However, on#e #hosen, Ki $n yong <%ped in
and be#ae KT" President witho%t #onsideration for those
threats, and he was wel#oed as KT" President by the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation on ?an%ary )., -.5-.
"t his ina%g%ration, Ki $n &ong ephasi=ed b%ilding the
Taekwondo ,entral Do<ang B?%ng "ng Do<angC whi#h was to
be#oe the K%kkiwon and stated/ FWe are going to have to
proise that Taekwondo %st be#oe o%r national sport, as
well as be#oe an international sport whi#h represents
Korea.F He strongly ephasi=ed that the K%kkiwon was to
be#oe the #enter of Taekwondo in the world, and that when
people think abo%t Taekwondo they wo%ld si%ltaneo%sly
also think abo%t the K%kkiwon and Korea. He also
ephasi=ed the globali=ation of Taekwondo and stated that
FWe %st b%ild on the efforts of the KT" Past Presidents to
ake this strong.F His plan was to b%ild the K%kkiwon
Taekwondo #enter and develop the new plans for the #oing
year.
His ain fo#%s and otivation for Taekwondo the first year
was b%ilding the K%kkiwon. Ki $n &ong/ F "s far as 7
know, the Ministry of (d%#ation is willing to donate
1*,***,*** won to b%ild the Taekwondo ,enter. However,
this is not s%ffi#ient and we have to raise at least )**,***,***
won to a#t%ally b%ild it. We will plan the b%dget, look for the
land and do whatever else needs to be done to ake this
happen.F Ki $n &ong>s intention was to b%ild the K%kkiwon
in two phases. He planned to have 1*** pyong of land, with
3** pyong allo#ated for the b%ilding itself.
The b%ilding of the Taekwondo ,entral Do<ang B?%ng "ng
Do<angC was the ost iportant pro<e#t at the tie, and the
general #onsens%s was that Ki $n &ong was ele#ted KT"
President be#a%se everyone believed that he #o%ld help b%ild
it. "lso the p%bli# a#knowledged that Lee ,hong Woo was the
one who helped Ki $n &ong be#oe President.
When Ki $n &ong be#ae President, the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation reorgani=ed the KT" (Ge#%tive ,oittee as
follows/
Ii#e President B0% Hwe ?angC/ $h Woon Ky%, Lee 8a
S%k, ,hang ?ae Sik.
Managing Dire#tor B?%n MooC/ Hong ,hong Soo
Dire#tor B,hong MooC/ Lee 0y%ng ;o
To%rnaent ,oittee ,hairan BKi HoekC/ Ki Soon 0ae
'a#ility Dire#tor BShi SeolC/ Hong ?ong Pyo
Dire#tor B( SaC/ Lee Kyo &oon, Lee &ong Woo, Ki S%n K%,
Ki 7n S%k, ,h%ng ,hang &o%ng, Hy%n Woo &ong, Park
Hae Man, ,hoi Dong Hee, Lee Do &oon.
7nspe#tor BKa SaC/ Lee Kye Kwang, Ki ,h%l Hee
"t that tie, $h Woon Ky% was ,h%ng Do Kwan Kwan
?ang, Lee 8a S%k was ,hang Moo Kwan Kwan ?ang, Lee
0y%ng ;o was Han K%k ,he &%k Kwan Transferred Sab%
B,h%n 7 Sab%C, Hong ,hong Soo was Moo D%k Kwan
Peranent "dvisor BSang 7 Ko MoonC, Lee Kyo &oon was
Han Moo Kwan Kwan ?ang, Lee &ong Woo was ?%ng Do
Kwan Kwan ?ang, ,h%ng ,hang &o%ng was a Dire#tor of the
;ailroad $nion, and Hong ?ong Pyo was an instr%#tor at Seo%l
8ational $niversity.
Chapter !
Section !: $ >eap in Ku""i<&ae"won'o
There was a K%kki Taekwondo pop%lation of abo%t -.1
illion ebers when Ki $n &ong BDep%ty Dire#tor of the
;EK Presidential Prote#tive 'or#esC ass%ed the position of
@th KT" President in -.5-. "t abo%t the sae tie, ;EK
President Park ,h%ng Hee designated the nae FK%kki!
TaekwondoF whi#h was offi#ially pro#laied as Korea>s
8ational Sport.
Sin#e -.@@, the 7nternational Taekwon!Do 'ederation #reated
by ,hoi Hong Hi flo%rished and was strong. There were also
abo%t @* different Kwans derived fro the Eriginal 'ive
Do<ang BKi Kan Do<angC whi#h were the ,h%ng Do Kwan, ?i
Do Kwan, Moo D%k Kwan, ,hang Moo Kwan, and Song Moo
Kwan.
7n -.@2, the Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation presented its
World ,hapionships and 3th "sia Tang Soo Do
,hapionships in Seo%l. 7n -.@., Hwang Kee and the Korea
Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation went to the Philippines to help
pop%lari=e their style.
Th%s, the Korea Soo 0ahk Do "sso#iation and other gro%ps
attepted to blo#k K%kki Taekwondo and served as obsta#les
b%t there was no good legal eans to s%ppress these efforts.
Said Ki $n &ong/ F7n reality, there is no legal a#tion to stop
other Martial "rts fro advertising and prooting their own
style, however K%kki Taekwondo will not lose its power
be#a%se of these efforts.F Ki $n &ong was #onfident and he
was not afraid of the potential threats these other Martial "rts
gro%ps posed to K%kki Taekwondo. 7nstead he went forward
with his plans.
Ki $n &ong did raise the )**,***,*** won needed to b%ild
the K%kkiwon, whi#h proved how otivated he was. Ki $n
&ong proised to hold 7nternational (vents at the K%kkiwon
whi#h wo%ld help %pgrade Korea>s iage thro%gh Taekwondo.
7n addition, he proised to p%blish Taekwondo periodi#als
and a Taekwondo TeGtbook BTaekwondo KyobonC in order to
help train and ed%#ate beginners. However, he did not have a
good answer to the iss%e of the 7T', whi#h #a%sed big tro%ble
sin#e the id -.@*>s.
7n "pril -.5-, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation organi=ed
the S#holarship ,oittee to give o%t s#holarships to good
players. The s#holarship syste sele#ted -@ people fro 5th
Drade iddle s#hool %p thro%gh 1rd &ear #ollege st%dents and
awarded the )*,*** won every year.
The KT" also began having Taekwondo "ward ,ereonies,
and gave o%t Disting%ished Servi#e Medals to Lee 0y%ng ;o
and Ki Soon 0ae, with Leadership Medals given to ,h%n 7l
S%p and Kwon &o%ng Moon. Lee 0y%ng ;o re#eived the
Disting%ished Servi#e Medal be#a%se he did any things for
the KT" sin#e its #reation in -.@-. ,h%n 7l S%p was awarded
the Leadership Medal be#a%se he was the President of the
,holla 0%k Do Taekwondo "sso#iation and prod%#ed any
#hapions sin#e -.@-.
The Taekwondo Kyegan aga=ine was spe#ial be#a%se it was
the first s%##essf%l aga=ine prod%#ed by a eber of the
Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation. 0asketball and other
sports tried to prod%#e siilar aga=ines, b%t did not s%##eed
like the Taekwondo Kyegan, whi#h was a good so%r#e of f%nd
raising for the KT".
En De#eber )1, -.5-, Ki $n &ong proised that he will
pop%lari=e Taekwondo internationally and told the instr%#tors
living overseas to get ready be#a%se he will p%blish an (nglish
versions of Taekwondo aterials that will in#l%de both history
and training #on#epts, to be distrib%ted in foreign #o%ntries.
BSo%r#e/ ,hos%n 7lbo 8ewspaper, De#eber 1*, -.5-C.
Ki $n &ong also proised that he wo%ld set %p the World
Taekwondo ,hapionships and eGpand the S#holarship
Progra to non!Taekwondo people as well. 0e#a%se of all
these efforts, Taekwondo began to pop%lari=e internationally.
Chapter !
Section #: &he Discussion regar'ing the 7limination of -l'
&eaching Metho's an' =estrictions on the &ransfer of
Kwan Mem3ership
The Te#hni#al ,oittee of the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation et on ?%ly -, -.5- to dis#%ss the reforation of
the Taekwondo tea#hing ethodology in order that leadership
in Taekwondo #o%ld be iproved. Lee ,hong Woo was
,hairan of the KT" Te#hni#al ,oittee and other
ebers who attended in#l%ded $h Woon Ky%, Hong
,hong Soo, Lee 0y%ng ;o, Hy%n Woo &o%ng, Lee Kyo &oon
and others. The following is a portion of the in%tes of the
eeting/
Lee ,hong Woo/ Shall we dis#%ss the ethods of Taekwondo
leadership being %sed in do<angs presentlyJ
$h Woon Ky%/ We have to think abo%t how leadership
affe#ts the yo%ng st%dents.
Hong ,hong Soo/ The ethods that we have %sed so far have
to be refored.
Hong ?ong Pyo/ Sab%s first have to st%dy. 7 think they have
to st%dy ore both physi#ally and entally.
Hy%n Woo &o%ng/ The leaders B?i Do ?aC %st st%dy and be
properly trained first. "s for tea#hing ethodology, the
leaders %st %nderstand how to tea#h s#ientifi#ally and
systeati#ally.
$h Woon Ky%/ 7n addition to Hy%n Woo &o%ng>s
#oents, 7 wo%ld like to add that leaders %st know the
s#ien#e of Taekwondo in order for the to tea#h s#ientifi#ally
and systeati#ally.
Lee Kyo &oon/ Then we %st %nderstand how to analy=e the
aptit%de and abilities of the st%dents as well.
Lee 0y%ng ;o/ "s far as 7 know, there are statisti#s in every
do<ang regarding how to analy=e the st%dent>s aptit%de and
abilities.
$h Woon Ky%/ 7 %nderstand that reforation with regard to
the s%b<e#t we have <%st dis#%ssed is iportant. However, 7
think that dis#ipline and otivation of the leaders is iportant
as well.
Lee Kyo &oon/ 7 think the linking %p of instr%#tors BSab%C,
st%dents BKwanwonC and faily BKa<%ngC is iportant too.
Lee 0y%ng ;o/ 7 agree. 7n that way, leadership will be better
and the rep%tation of both st%dents and the do<ang will be
better.
Lee ,hong Woo/ 7n order to ake a better Taekwondo
environent, we need to develop new te#hniA%es, ed%#ate
new leaders who have to be dis#iplined, as well as dis#ipline
the st%dents. The Te#hni#al ,oittee %st provide new
ethods of tea#hing, and we also need to speed the
establishent of the Taekwondo ,ollege BTaekwondo Dae
HakC whi#h is in the planning stages.
Hong ,hong Soo/ We also need to fo#%s o%r attention on
ed%#ation, sin#e we all know that ed%#ation is very iportant.
Lee ,hong Woo/ The neGt topi# of dis#%ssion is re#r%iting
new st%dents.
Hy%n Woo &o%ng/ We %st think abo%t how Taekwondo will
#ontrib%te to so#iety. We have to think abo%t how Taekwondo
affe#ts people, how to ake Taekwondo interesting to its
pra#titioners, how Taekwondo iproves its pra#titioners in
what areas, and so forth.
$h Woon Ky%/ We have to think abo%t how Taekwondo
#ontrib%tes to the st%dent>s growth and how to ake
Taekwondo interesting so that parents and g%ardians of
st%dents will tr%st and believe in Taekwondo>s #ontrib%tion to
their lives.
Towards the end of -.5-, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation
had a #onferen#e to dis#%ss the iss%e of reoving restri#tions
on ebers transferring fro one Kwan to another. The
restri#tion was reoved by the KT" be#a%se of the idea that
restri#tion on Kwan transfer was an old %seless way of doing
things. Soe agreed and others did not.
"t the tie, there were -: Kwans thro%gho%t Korea s%#h as
the ,h%ng Do Kwan, ?i Do Kwan, Moo D%k Kwan, ,hang
Moo Kwan and Song Moo Kwan, and on#e soeone <oined a
parti#%lar Kwan, it was very diffi#%lt to transfer to another
Kwan. When soeone wanted to transfer to another Kwan, his
original Kwan ?ang had to a%thori=e and approve the transfer,
b%t in reality the Kwan ?ang %s%ally threatened the eber
%sing a%thoritative eans in an effort to pers%ade the potential
transferee to not leave. This was a #riti#al iss%e in those days.
Th%s, the #onferen#e and eetings on this iss%e were held
with KT" %nifi#ation in ind, b%t in reality the iss%e was far
reoved fro the KT". Most everyone opposed the idea of
free transfer be#a%se it wo%ld interfere with the eGpansion
efforts of ea#h Kwan. Hong ?ong Pyo stated/ F7n reality, the
transferring fro one Kwan to another for the high dan
ebers was ipossible be#a%se it interfered with Kwan
eGpansion and re#r%itent. "lso, if soeone transferred fro
one Kwan to another, he wo%ld forever be branded as a
disloyal betrayer to his original Kwan.F
Chapter !
Section %: &he Year 11.1
-.5- was a golden year for Taekwondo in Korea, and there
were a lot of things happening nationally and internationally.
7n 'ebr%ary -.5-, the Ministry of (d%#ation reA%ired FPrivate
S#hoolF perits for Taekwondo do<angs, whi#h s%b<e#ted
Taekwondo do<angs to governent reg%lations. There were
13* do<ang in Seo%l and 2*M or )5* do<ang did not eet the
new Ministry of (d%#ation si=e, s%itability and %sage
reg%lations reA%ired for a perit.
"##ording to the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation, only 5.
do<ang in Seo%l #o%ld #oply with the new Ministry of
(d%#ation reg%lations, and the others either #o%ld not or did
not obtain the ne#essary perit. The Seo%l bran#h of the
Ministry of (d%#ation reA%ired Taekwondo do<angs to have a
#ertain level of finan#ial ability, s%#h as ini% si=e and
eA%ipent reA%ireents, and any Taekwondo do<ang had a
hard tie to f%lfill these. Ki Wan Soo, who was the head
offi#ial BSa%<angC of the Seo%l bran#h of the Ministry of
(d%#ation, said/ FThe Seo%l Ministry of (d%#ation reA%ired all
Taekwondo do<ang to #oply with Private S#hool reg%lations,
b%t there were no #ases of do<ang going bankr%pt or #losing as
a res%lt of these new reg%lations. However, there were any
#onfli#ts between the Sab%s be#a%se there were so any
do<angs within a #lose distan#e of ea#h other and it was very
#opetitive.F
Ki $n &ong, on the atter of registration and reg%lation of
Taekwondo do<ang as Private S#hools, stated/ F7 think that
gynasi%s %st not kill or s%ppress ea#h other>s b%sinesses,
b%t instead sho%ld #oordinate with ea#h other as well as
#ooperate with the p%bli# and ordinary people. Th%s, 7 will
ake a proposal to the Ministry of (d%#ation on this iss%e. 7n
addition, it will take a long tie to %nify all the different
fa#tions s%#h as the Soo 0ahk Do Hwe, b%t 7 will do y best
on that iss%e as well.F
En E#tober )., -.5-, the first Taekwondo do<ang to pay taGes
was in the ,h%ng ;yan ;i area of Seo%l. The Tong Dae Moon
TaG Effi#e #olle#ted taGes fro Ki Soon 0ae, who was
r%nning the ,hang Moo Kwan Seo%l HeadA%arters B,hang
Moo Kwan Seo%l 0on 0%C lo#ated at ?%nnong - Dong. The
ao%nt of taG was -),2:* won per A%arter. Ten other do<ang
s%#h as the Moo D%k Kwan and ,hoong Moo Do<ang in the
,h%ng ;yan ;i area paid taGes as well. 0%t the voi#es inside
Taekwondo arg%ed against the taG, saying that F7t didn>t ake
sense be#a%se the governent sho%ld eGept taGes for
gynasi%s whi#h are operated for the p%bli#>s health and
benefit.F
0e#a%se of the #oplaints fro Taekwondo!in, the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation s%bitted a proposal reA%esting a taG
eGeption for gys to the Ministry of (d%#ation, the Ministry
of 'inan#e and the 8ational TaG Effi#e with regard to
Paragraph )1, Se#tion :-25 of the Presidential De#ree.
7n that sae year, KT" instr%#tor &oon K% ?oong B1) years
old in -.5-C was assassinated in Malaysia. &oon K% ?oong
s%ffered fatal g%n shot wo%nds to his #hest and abdoen on
E#tober -2, -.5- at his hoe. &oon Sab% had arrived in
8orthern Malaysia ten onths earlier and was tea#hing
Taekwondo to yo%ng people when he was %rdered for no
apparent reason.
Chapter !
Section ,: $n 7ntanglement of Suffering
FTaekwondo is not <%st for self defense Bhoshins%lC b%t %st
also be %sed to straighten %p h%anity as well as set the
dis#ipline for an %pright and honest so#iety.F ! Ki $n &ong
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation>s President, Ki $n
&ong, in a De#eber -.5- interview in the Dong " 7lbo
BDong " 8ewspaperC, stated/ F"ll the a<or and inor
probles and tro%bles #reated d%ring the early developent of
Taekwondo will be resolved thro%gh the efforts of people who
are A%ietly looking into the atter.F This stateent was ade
in referen#e to the hostility that eGisted between Ki $n &ong
and 7nternational Taekwon!Do 'ederation President ,hoi
Hong Hi. Ki $n &ong added/ FThere were a n%ber of
shaef%l a#ts o%tside of Korea whi#h diinished the
rep%tation of Taekwondo, b%t the sit%ation is iproving d%e to
the efforts of the new Sab%s tea#hing internationally.F
BSo%r#e/ Dong " 7lbo, De#eber -1, -.5-C.
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation and the 7nternational
Taekwon!Do 'ederation attepted to get rid of the hostility by
appointing ,hoi Hong Hi as KT" Honorary President BMy%ng
&e Hwe ?angC and appointing Lee 8a S%k as 7T' Se#retary
Deneral BSa% ,hong ?angC. However, there was no
iproveent in the relationship between the two
organi=ations be#a%se both sides #on#entrated instead on
eGpanding their power and infl%en#e against ea#h other.
"lso, sin#e the beginning of the #reation of the KT", there
were a lot of probles be#a%se the Kwan ?angs gave o%t dan
#ertifi#ates to re#ipients witho%t #onsideration of their
A%alifi#ations. Later, this #reated even ore probles be#a%se
these d%bio%sly A%alified pra#titioners began re#oending
their own #andidates for prootion. "ll that was reA%ired for
dan prootion was a re#oendation and the Kwan ?ang
wo%ld iediately approve the prootion on the word of the
re#oending instr%#tor. The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation
attepted to fiG this proble slowly, b%t the dan #ertifi#ation
dilea was too widespread to easily fiG, d%e to the abition
and desire of the Kwan ?angs to eGpand the power and
infl%en#e of their individ%al Kwan.
Chapter #: Ku""iwon < &he Mother Bo') of
=eha3ilitation
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation needed a ,entral Do<ang
B,h%ng "ng Do<angC to help pop%lari=e and globali=e
Taekwondo and also to help %nify the Kwans. Taekwondo was
to be a sybol of Korea, and be#a%se of this, the ,entral
Do<ang needed to be b%ilt on a o%ntain top rather han on flat
gro%nd to show its spirit.
The ,entral Do<ang was finally b%ilt thro%gh the efforts of a
lot of people, espe#ially Ki &ong ,hae and Ki $n &ong. 7t
was lo#ated in &%k Sa Park, at @13 &%ksa!dong,
Kangna!g% in Seo%l and naed the K%kkiwon.
The K%kkiwon was known as the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation ,entral Do<ang BDae Han Taekwondo Hyop Hwe
,h%ng "ng Do<angC %ntil 'ebr%ary @, -.51, when the nae
was #hanged to the World Taekwondo HeadA%arters BSae Dye
Taekwondo 0on 0%C.
Chapter #
Section 1: 7arl) Steps in Buil'ing the Central Do*ang
7nitiation of the b%ilding of the ,entral Do<ang began when
Ki $n &ong be#ae KT" President. However, the planning
started when Ki &ong ,hae BIi#e ,hairan of the Liberal
Deo#rati# Party FLDPF or ?ainry% in -...C was KT"
President, and he raised 1* illion won for the b%ilding f%nd.
'ro -.5*, the KT" began to plan b%ilding the ,entral
Do<ang for its -.1 illion ebers. "n ar#hite#t was retained
to #oe %p with the initial perspe#tive views and bl%eprints,
with the idea that the #entral do<ang wo%ld syboli=e Korea in
its iage to the world.
Lee Kwang 8o, who was a Professor at Seo%l 8ational
$niversity, took #harge of the ar#hite#t%ral plans and 0os%ng
7nd%strial ,opany, Ltd be#ae the general #ontra#tor.
,onstr%#tion began on 8oveber -., -.5- at San 5@,
&%ksa!dong, Seongdong!g% in Seo%l. Kangna!g% was
#alled Seongdong!g% at the tie. The governent #ontrib%ted
-3* illion won for he initial b%ilding #osts.
Many fao%s people attended the gro%ndbreaking #ereony
on 8oveber -., -.5-, in#l%ding Min Kwan Sik B;EK
Minister of (d%#ationC, Son &o ,han BPresident of 7n#hon
Steel 7nd%stries, Ltd.C, Won Kyong Soo BPresident of Py%ng
?ip ! 8ews Effi#eC, &oon 7k Ky%n B(Ge#%tive Dire#tor of he
Seo%l 8ewspaper ,opanyC, vario%s Korea "ate%r Sports
"sso#iation offi#ials as well as offi#ials fro the $S.
D%ring his #ongrat%latory spee#h, Min Kwan Sik said/
FTaekwondo is already a fao%s sport in the world and soon
we will have the ,entral Do<ang, so please work hard and p%t
all yo%r efforts into prooting Taekwondo.F
The KT" ,entral Do<ang was #opleted in one year and ten
days and #onsisted of gro%nds spa#e of )1** pyong Bof whi#h
--2. pyong was %sed for the b%ildingC. There were three
floors above gro%nd, as well as a baseent level, ))5 pyong
devoted to the #opetition area, as well as an additional )***
pyong for spe#tator seating, le#t%re roos, #leri#al offi#es,
resta%rants, shower roos, and lo#ker roos.
The K%kkiwon opening #ereony was held on 8oveber 1*,
-.5) at )/** p. Those in attendan#e in#l%ded Ki ?ong Pil
B;EK Prie Minister and Honorary ,hairan of the
?ainry% LDP PartyC, &ang Tae Sik BMayor of Seo%l ,ityC,
Shi ,hang &% B"ssistant Se#retary of the Ministry of
(d%#ationC, Ki Tae Soo BPresident of the Korean "ate%r
Sports "sso#iationC and Ki $n &ong BPresident of the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iationC.
7n a spe#ial spee#h, Ki ?ong Pil said/ FKorea is now the best
in Taekwondo in the world, and now we have the ,entral
Do<ang. 7 wo%ld now ask that all -.1 illion Taekwondo!in
%nite to develop everyone>s health so that we #an pop%lari=e
and globali=e Taekwondo.F
Ki $n &ong added/ F7 will invite :* foreign Taekwondo
teas in May -.51 to #opete at the -st World Taekwondo
,hapionships. The #entral do<ang will f%n#tion as the
%nifying for#e for Taekwondo thro%gho%t the world so that
instr%#tors BSab%C fro all over #an #oe and train hard.F
The K%kkiwon>s p%rpose is as follows/ B-C To develop
te#hniA%es BKi SoolC, B)C 'or Poo and Dan prootion and to
train Sab% in ters of te#hniA%es so that they #an be strong
leaders, B1C To proote the A%ality of Sab% inside and
o%tside of Korea, B:C To host to%rnaents and events
nationally and internationally, and B3C To proote the health
of all Koreans and proote the spirit of Taekwondo.
The K%kkiwon had several spe#ial feat%res. 7t has a traditional
Korean type roof, an eGterior of the b%ilding syboli=ing the
traditions of Korea, a stat%e of a artial artist, and the
syboli# Pagoda whi#h shows the Korean spirit and
philosophy. 7n addition, the #olor of the K%kkiwon is &ang
B&ang as in $ O &angC, with the bl%e #olor of the roof
syboli=ing the (ast, and the set of eight poles in the front of
the b%ilding syboli=ing the Palg%e.
Sin#e -..@, the K%kkiwon has %ndergone additional
#onstr%#tion, whi#h in#l%ded one additional shower fa#ility,
three #leri#al roos, two le#t%re roos, two lo#ker roos, one
file roo, and three #onferen#e roos. The K%kkiwon
President>s offi#e was also renovated.
The front gate of the K%kkiwon was b%ilt on Septeber ),
-.5: thro%gh the s%pport of Song &o ,han BPresident of
7n#hon Steel 7nd%stries, Ltd.C. The hanging board with the
#alligraphy #hara#ters FK%kkiwonF on the front gate was
written by Ki ?ong Pil. The front gate>s spe#ial
#hara#teristi#s show the bea%ty of Korean traditions with the
Korean iages of #ir#les.
The Korean traditional eight sided resting pla#e BPalgak<%ngC
was b%ilt by ,hang 7k ;yong BPresident of ?inro, Ltd.C on
"%g%st )*, -.53. The Palgak<%ng was naed F&oon Dok
?%ngF, whi#h is a pen nae of Ki $n &ong. This pla#e
be#ae fao%s thro%gh its %se by foreigners who take
pi#t%res there.
7n the K%kkiwon b%ilding itself, there are adinistrative
offi#es, the 7nternational Taekwondo "#adey, and the WT'
adinistrative offi#es. 7t has been )@ years sin#e the
K%kkiwon was born and it has been the ven%e for any
(vents and to%rnaents d%ring that tie. There were abo%t
)*** (vents held there so far, in#l%ding the -st and )nd World
Taekwondo ,hapionships, the -st "sian Taekwondo
,hapionships, Training ,o%rses for foreigners, 7nternational
;eferee #o%rses, and Leadership #o%rses. 7n addition, the
K%kkiwon was the site for the organi=ing dis#%ssions for the
D"7S' and ,7SM in -.53 as well as the "sian Daes in
-.2@.
The K%kkiwon Deonstration Tea was #reated on
Septeber @, -.5:, with approGiately 5** perforan#es
sin#e then, prooting Taekwondo and perforing for vario%s
people, in#l%ding the Presidents of any foreign #o%ntries as
well as several #oittees of the 7E,.
The K%kkiwon logo was #hanged on 'ebr%ary -, -.5@. The
new logo was #reated by Lee ,hong Woo, Ii#e President of
the WT'. The ideal of the logo #oe o%t of the #on#epts of
Heaven, (arth and Man in relationships to one another. The
eaning of this is that Taekwondo, thro%gh the K%kkiwon,
will spread thro%gho%t the world to all the different ra#es and
lang%ages, with the ro%nd earth having the position of Sant%l
Makki. The offi#ial english nae of the K%kkiwon is World
Taekwondo HeadA%arters.
Chapter #
Section 2: 8ro'ucing 7lite &ae"won'o<in
The first offi#ial Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation Dan
Prootion Test was held on 8oveber --, -.@). $p %ntil
-.5., the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation was responsible for
#ond%#ting Dan Prootion Tests. However, on De#eber )2,
-.5., at the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation Deneral "ssebly
eeting held at the Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation
#onferen#e roo, it was s%ggested and agreed that the
responsibility for #ond%#ting Poo and Dan Prootion Tests
as well as the iss%ing of Poo and Dan #ertifi#ates wo%ld be
transferred to the K%kkiwon. En 'ebr%ary 3, -.2*, the
K%kkiwon offi#ially took over responsibility for the iss%an#e
of Poo and Dan #ertifi#ates fro the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation.
There are approGiately 1.@ illion Poo and Dan holders
thro%gho%t the world. The priary ission of the K%kkiwon
today is to work in #oordination with the World Taekwondo
'ederation, f%n#tioning as the #enter of Taekwondo
worldwide.
The ob<e#tive of the K%kkiwon is to proote Taekwondo as a
eans of general eGer#ise for the benefit of p%bli# health as
well as to spread Taekwondo as a sybol of Korea and its
traditions.
Those who possess the instr%#tor>s li#ense B<a kyok <%ngC #an
iss%e g%ep, poo and dan rank. Eriginally, an instr%#tor #o%ld
proote st%dents %p to the rank of :th Dan within the do<ang,
b%t for 3th Dan and above, #andidates were reA%ired to test at
the K%kkiwon. Later, this was aended so that @th Dan or
above #andidates were reA%ired to test at the K%kkiwon.
7n the #ase of instr%#tors in foreign #o%ntries, Sab% who
possess the K%kkiwon :th Dan or higher #an proote st%dents
to K%kkiwon Poo and Dan ranks. The Prootion Test
,oittee eets twi#e a onth to review and approve
prootion re#oendations. ,andidates who serve in he
;EK "ry %st also have the re#oendation fro
soeone in their #hain of #oand.
The K%kkiwon Prootion ;eg%lations have been aended
seven ties sin#e its adoption by the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation on Mar#h -, -.5). 'or eGaple, #andidates who
wish to be prooted to 2th and .th Dan are reA%ired to go to
Korea and test at the K%kkiwon in person.
En 8oveber :, -..@, the K%kkiwon re#eived an %pgraded
inforation and #op%ter syste fro Sas%ng 7nd%stries,
and #an now pro#ess :*** Poo and Dan #ertifi#ates per day,
%p fro its previo%s #apa#ity of -*** Poo and Dan
#ertifi#ates per day.
Chapter #
Section !: &he 2nternational &ae"won'o $ca'em)
Sin#e -.5), the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation was
responsible for #ond%#ting ed%#ational progras. These
training progras were held at he K%kkiwon starting on
8oveber -, -.5@. The K%kkiwon ass%ed responsibility to
tea#h these ed%#ational progras fro the Korea Taekwondo
"sso#iation in -.2*, starting with the )2th 7nstr%#tor ,o%rse.
The Taekwondo "#adey at the K%kkiwon was san#tioned
thro%gh the Ministry of ,%lt%re and Sports, p%rs%ant to
,hapter )), Se#tion ) of the Law of P%bli# Health BK%k Min
,he &%k H%el 0%pC on 8oveber )., -.21. Previo%sly, the
,oa#h "#adey at Han K%k ,hae &%k Dae Hak Dyo BKorean
8ational Physi#al (d%#ation $niversity, ,hae Dae for shortC
ta%ght these #o%rses for :: sports, b%t Taekwondo reA%ested
and was granted an eG#eption, so that it #o%ld tea#h its #o%rses
at the K%kkiwon.
En 'ebr%ary ):, -..*, the Ministry of ,%lt%re and Sports
#hanged the nae of the ed%#ation progras to FSahoe ,he
&%k ?ido<a &ons%wonF and %nified the 7nstr%#tor ,o%rse with
the 1rd ,lass ,oa#h ,o%rse. Those #andidates who #oplete
the . day training #o%rse at the K%kkiwon ?ido<a &ons%won
re#eive the 7nstr%#tor Li#ense and 1rd ,lass ,oa#h
#ertifi#ation, and then they are able to open their own do<ang
or ,hey%kkwan in Korea. The %nified training was started at
the 5)nd 7nstr%#tor ,o%rse and presently there have been ore
than -** s%#h #o%rses ta%ght.
The following is a saple of the areas of st%dy #overed by the
7nstr%#tor ,o%rse/ Theory of physi#al ed%#ation, taking #are of
health, the role and dis#ipline of a leader, biology of physi#al
ed%#ation, ethods of training, sports psy#hology, so#iology
of sports, theory of re#reation, safety and eva#%ation, and
theory of Taekwondo te#hniA%es.
More than )3,*** Taekwondo instr%#tors have been trained
thro%gh these #o%rses, whi#h are open to those who possess
the K%kkiwon :th Dan or higher. The nae of the instit%tion
that #ond%#ts these #o%rses %sed to be F7nternational
Taekwondo "#adeyF, b%t sin#e -..@, the nae was #hanged
to FWorld Taekwondo "#adeyF in order to globali=e
Taekwondo.
Chapter #
Section #: &he &ae"won'o Museum
The Taekwondo M%se% opened on 8oveber -., -..-,
#oeorating the K%kkiwon>s -.th birthday. Present at the
opening #ereony were K%kkiwon President Ki $n &ong,
$nited States Taekwondo $nion President "hn Kyong Won,
?ewoo 7nd%stries President Ki Hyon Woo, and -3* other
people asso#iated with Taekwondo. The %se% has been
open to the p%bli# sin#e that day, allowing people to view the
any ites related to Taekwondo and the Elypi#
Moveent. 7n#l%ded are ites fro Ki $n &ong>s personal
#olle#tion relating to his 7E, a#tivities. More than 3*,***
people have visited the %se%, in#l%ding 7E, President ?%an
"ntonio Saaran#h, any 7E, ,oittee ebers, D"7S'
President Thoas Kelly, and any abassadors fro foreign
#o%ntries. The %se% is lo#ated behind the #orner of the
K%kkiwon, with a floor si=e of 3* pyong, in a two story
b%ilding. 7t took one year and ten onths to b%ild the %se%,
with a b%dget of 3* illion won.
The %se% #ontains 1@: posters, :* trophies, -33 edals,
-:5 plaA%es, )5* other so%venirs, :** video tapes, -5-
periodi#als, )2 offi#ial newspaper arti#les, 1* other newspaper
arti#les, )3* offi#ial books, and 113 other books. 7n addition,
there is a syste where anyone #an wat#h WT' international
#opetitions. There is also a display dedi#ated to D%iness
0ook of World ;e#ord holder ,h%ng K%k Hy%n>s dobok and
pi#t%res.
Chapter #
Section %: Kim 6n Yong?s 7fforts in =etrospect
Ki $n &ong, who is an 7E, (Ge#%tive ,oittee eber,
President of Korea "ate%r Sports "sso#iation, President of
the Korean Elypi# ,oittee, President of the World
Taekwondo 'ederation, and President of the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation, talks abo%t the sit%ations and
atosphere of the tie when the K%kkiwon was b%ilt in his
book/
(very organi=ation needs a headA%arters, s%#h as the 0l%e
Ho%se for Korea or for the legislat%re it is the 8ational
"ssebly 0%ilding. Taekwondo>s headA%arters is the
K%kkiwon.
The K%kkiwon had to be b%ilt. We needed a #entral
gynasi% for Taekwondo training and also for the
developent, anageent and %nifi#ation of all Taekwondo
gys thro%gho%t the world. 0%ilding a ,entral Do<ang was
the goal of all Taekwondo!in at the tie.
0efore the K%kkiwon was b%ilt, o%r Dan Prootion Tests
were held in the gy of the Hans%ng Woen>s High S#hool
and o%r 8ational ,hapionships were held on the volleyball
#o%rt at Seo%l Stadi%. 7t was really shaef%l that we did not
have a ,entral Do<ang at the tie that foreigners #o%ld visit
and train in, while other #o%ntries already had any gys. 7n
y first interview right after 7 be#ae President of the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation, 7 let y idea be known to the people,
not only in Korea, b%t thro%gho%t the world. This was part of
y interview/
Press/ FWe heard that yo% are planning to b%ild a ,entral
Do<ang for Taekwondo. 7s that tr%eJ
Ki $n &ong/ F&es.F
Press/ FHow %#h do yo% think it will #ostJF
7 s%ddenly got #onf%sed. 7 had always tho%ght that Fwhere
there is a will there is a wayF and if 7 wanted to do soething,
7 #o%ld, b%t 7 did not give %#h tho%ght abo%t the b%dget at
all. This ight have been be#a%se 7 #ae
fro a ri#h faily, b%t 7 #o%ldn>t let this affe#t e. So 7
A%i#kly glan#ed over at Lee ,hong Woo and he handed e a
note %nder the desk whi#h said F1**,***,*** wonF.
7 said F7 think we need no ore than )**,***,*** won.F
7 gave a saller ao%nt than what Lee ,hong Woo told e. 7
did this be#a%se people did not %nderstand the potential of
Taekwondo, and if 7 gave s%#h a large n%ber, the p%bli#
ight oppose the pro<e#t.
The neGt day, the newspapers reported in their headlines that
)**,***,*** won wo%ld be needed to b%ild the K%kkiwon.
However, we only had a plan b%t no spe#ifi#s abo%t how to
ake it work. 'irst, we needed a pla#e to b%ild it, and after
looking at every pla#e in Seo%l that was owned by the
governent, 7 went to see the ayor of Seo%l. The ayor of
Seo%l at that tie was &"8D Taek Shik, who was one of y
#losest friends.
Ki $n &ong/ FWe need abo%t )*** pyong to b%ild the
K%kkiwon. 7f possible, please rent %s a site.F
&"8D Taek Sik/ FHow abo%t the ,hasil areaJF
Ki $n &ong/ F7 think that a o%ntain top wo%ld be better.F
7 took o%t a ap to eGplain the res%lts of o%r resear#h.
Ki $n &ong/ F,hasil wo%ld be a agnifi#ent pla#e for a
stadi%, b%t only )*** pyong wo%ld be eno%gh for %s to b%ild
the ,entral Do<ang.F
&"8D Taek Sik/ F7 do not %nderstand why yo% wo%ld want to
b%ild on a o%ntain top, and not on good land on a perfe#t
plain.F
Ki $n &ong/ FWell, be#a%se 7 want to see if a ira#le #an
happen.F
The ayor seeed s%spi#io%s. 7t ight be a #oin#iden#e, b%t
the site the Mayor preferred was the very pla#e in ,hasil that
the Elypi# Stadi% was later b%ilt.
My idea was that the K%kkiwon wo%ld be a on%ental
sybol of the 8ation, as the ,entral Do<ang for Taekwondo.
7n order to do that, it wo%ld be better if the K%kkiwon were
b%ilt on a o%ntain top that #o%ld be seen fro anywhere,
instead of on low flat gro%nd. My plan for the perfe#t lo#ation
was soepla#e that did not have skys#rapers.
The #onstr%#tion for the K%kkiwon #ae ostly fro non!
governent so%r#es. Sas%ng, Eriental (Gpress BTongyang
DosokC, Taenong, E0, ?inro, and Tongyang TeGtile
BTongyang 0ang<ikC all s%pported the pro<e#t. Thanks to these
b%sinesses and #orporations, we were able to raise eno%gh
oney to b%ild the K%kkiwon.
"nother proble was se#%ring the ne#essary b%ilding
aterials. However, Ssan &ong helped %s with the #eent,
7n#hon Steel with the ferro!#on#rete, Dong " with the l%ber,
Pyoksan with the roofing aterial, Hank%k &%ri and
Dongkwan &%ri with the glass.
7 wanted to b%ild the K%kkiwon in the traditional Korean style
as %#h as possible so that it wo%ld look failiar and to give
the ipression of tradition, like the Korean Pala#es for
instan#e, or the agnifi#ent hoes of the ,onf%#ian high
offi#ials. 0e#a%se of this, 7 had the roof #overed with the
Korean traditional roofing tiles BKiwaC, espe#ially the bl%e
Kiwa.
While the K%kkiwon was being b%ilt, the Eil ,risis began. 7n
the early -.5*>s, we had the ost severe e#onoi# #risis and it
seeed like we ight not be able to #ontin%e #onstr%#tion. We
had originally planned to finish #onstr%#tion within one year,
b%t there were soe people who s%ggested that we sho%ld
pro#eed in a slower fashion and delay if for abo%t ) years. 0%t
7 felt that it wo%ld be ore diffi#%lt to finish the #onstr%#tion
if we let the pro#ess go loose and slow. So instead, 7 tightened
%p the plan to pro#eed.
FEpport%nity kno#ks only on#e.F
7 was deterined to pro#eed as firly as possible. 7
en#o%raged the people aro%nd e to not give %p and to
#ontin%e to work hard. We p%t the obile tele#o%ni#ation
syste to f%ll %se and d%g wells and laid the ele#tri#al power
lines. The ele#tri#ity did not work %ntil the day before the
Epening ,ereony, and when the ele#tri#ity finally ki#ked in,
everyone who parti#ipated in the #onstr%#tion sho%ted for <oy
and was yelling like #ra=y.
The K%kkiwon was finally #opleted on 8oveber 1*, -.5).
The b%ilding bore every drop of sweat and every bit of effort
fro all of the people who had taken part in its #onstr%#tion.
7n the end, the ,entral Do<ang stood agnifi#ently on a
o%ntain top so%th of the A%iet #ity. The whole #onstr%#tion
ight have gone to nothing if we had delayed #onstr%#tion
d%e to the Eil ,risis. F(verything is done in its own tie.F 7
think this saying is definitely tr%e. We often %nderstand this
saying as eaning only waiting, b%t 7 think that it also eans
the we are better off if we a#hieve o%r goals within the
spe#ified planned tie.
En#e the K%kkiwon was b%ilt, 7 set %pon another goal, whi#h
was the globali=ation of Taekwondo. Ever the last )3 years,
the K%kkiwon has hosted vario%s types of events s%#h as
to%rnaents, ed%#ational progras and Prootion Tests for
Koreans and foreigners.
Ene of the first things we did at the K%kkiwon was the
foration of the World Taekwondo 'ederation, whi#h has
been playing the ost signifi#ant role in Taekwondo>s
globali=ation. The K%kkiwon has also hosted the World
,hapionships, "sian ,hapionships, WT' 7nternational
;eferee ,o%rses, 7nstr%#tor and Leadership ,o%rses,
Prootion Tests, vario%s types of doesti# events, spe#ial
training #o%rses for foreigners, &%n Moo Shib% BMilitary
(Ger#isesC every year. These events have all helped to develop
Taekwondo thro%gho%t its history.
7n addition, the K%kkiwon helped get the WT' affiliated with
the Deneral "sso#iation of 7nternational Sports 'ederations
BD"7S'C in -.53, the "ate%r "thleti# $nion B""$C in -.5:
and the ,o%nsel 7nternational Sportive Militaire B,7SMC in
-.5@. More than that, it also played a ain role in helping
Taekwondo be #hosen as an offi#ial sport in the -.2@ "sian
Daes and -.25 Pan "eri#an Daes, as a Deonstration
Sport at the -..2 Seo%l Elypi# Daes and -..) 0ar#elona
Elypi# Daes, and finally as an offi#ial edal sport at the
)*** Sydney Elypi# Daes. Ii#e Presidents Lee ,hong
Woo, $h Woon Ky% and Hong ,hong Soo willingly helped
e every tie 7 ran into probles, to whi#h 7 a gratef%l.
The K%kkiwon will reain a shining Me##a of Taekwondo
thro%gho%t history. 7t will never stop working hard to iprove
itself and will reain dear in the hearts of all Taekwondo!in
all over the world.
Chapter %: &he 8rocess of Kwan 6nification
'ro -.:3 to -.@*, there were :* Kwan thro%gho%t Korea
whi#h were #opeting with ea#h other, and this prevented
Taekwondo fro developing into a %nified fao%s artial art.
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation #onsolidated those :*
Kwan into . Kwan in -.5:. "t that tie, there were abo%t
1*** do<ang %nder those . Kwan, with ore than -**,*** dan
holders By%dan<aC.
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation attepted to eliinate the
old #on#ept of the Kwan in order to %nify Taekwondo.
"ltho%gh there were ob<e#tions to the eliination of the Kwan
syste, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation earnestly began
serio%sly working towards that goal in beginning in -.5:. En
May )*, -.5@, the Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation eliinated
the naes of the Kwans and repla#ed the with n%bers. The
following are the Kwan nae and their n%ber/
Kwan N-/ Song Moo Kwan
Kwan N)/ Han Moo Kwan
Kwan N1/ ,hang Moo Kwan
Kwan N:/ Moo D%k Kwan
Kwan N3/ Eh Do Kwan
Kwan N@/ Kang D%k Won
Kwan N5/ ?%ng Do Kwan
Kwan N2/ ?i Do Kwan
Kwan N./ ,h%ng Do Kwan
However, the Moo D%k Kwan had ebers who were
separated fro their Kwan, and so Moo D%k Kwan ebers
were %nder both Kwan N: BMoo D%k KwanC as well as Kwan
N-*, whi#h was designated as the "dinistrative Managing
Kwan BKwan ;i KwanC.
Chapter %
Section 1: 9ormation of the Kwan Driving Committee
The real efforts towards Kwan $nifi#ation began in -.55. The
Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation had several eetings in -.5@
and -.52 to %nify the Kwans, and it was de#ided that the ten
Kwans wo%ld be %nited by the end of ?%ly, -.52.
Ki ,h%l H%i stated/ FLet>s %nify all the Kwan in order to be
one.F However, other ebers ob<e#ted to the s%ggestion,
stating that %nifi#ation at the present tie was preat%re.
However, it was de#ided whi#h Kwan wo%ld parti#ipate with
the %nifi#ation and the list was s%bitted to Ki $n &ong.
7n addition, the Kwan $nifi#ation ,oittee B,hoo ?in (%i
Won HweC was #reated on 'ebr%ary )1, -.55, #oposed of
five ebers. The ,oittee ebers agreed in prin#iple to
give %p the #on#ept of Kwan in order to %nify. 7n addition, the
,hong 0on Kwan was #reated to eliinate all of the negative
aspe#ts of Taekwondo. The following people were ebers
of the ,hong 0on Kwan/
Ki $n &ong B,hong 0on Kwan ?angC
Lee ,hong Woo, $h Woon Ky% B0% Kwan ?angC
Lee 8a S%k BSa% ,hong ?angC
Lee 0y%ng ;o, Kang Won Sik BKa SaC
Lee ,hong Woo, $h Woon Ky%, Lee 8a S%k, Kang Won
Sik
Kwak 0y%ng Eh BSe ,hik Shi (%i Won HweC
Ki $n &ong and Lee ,hong Woo initiated the efforts to
%nify the Kwans right after the #reation of the ,hong 0on
Kwan, b%t little was done. "n offi#e was set %p at (%l#hiro @
Da in Seo%l, b%t the ,oittee did nothing sin#e everyone
tho%ght that Kwan $nifi#ation was ipossible.
"fter siG onths the ,hong 0on Kwan did re#oend soe
Taekwondo!in for dan prootion and also eGpanded the
,oittee>s fo#%s nationwide. However, the ,hong 0on
Kwan>s efforts were not going well and it was diffi#%lt for the
,oittee to gather positive s%ggestions and ideas on this
diffi#%lt s%b<e#t.
7n ?%ly -.52, the ,hong 0on Kwan anno%n#ed that %nifi#ation
wo%ld take pla#e in the so%thern provin#es and r%ral areas
first, to be followed by %nifi#ation in the %rban areas of Seo%l
and Ky%ngki Do. The ,hong 0on Kwan also anno%n#ed that
Kwan $nifi#ation is not a proble. 7n addition, all Kwan ?ang
BKwan PresidentsC wo%ld be infored beforehand so that they
#o%ld inii=e the #opli#ations involved in %nifi#ation. The
,hong 0on Kwan>s a#tions #onfired that the %nifi#ation
efforts wo%ld go forward.
Chapter %
Section 2: 9inal =eali@ation of &ae"won'o?s Deep =oote'
7nmit)
"%g%st 5, -.52, #an be #onsidered a histori#al date for
Taekwondo be#a%se it was on this day that the Kwans finally
#oproised and #losed the Kwan syste with a
Pro#laation signed finali=ing Kwan $nifi#ation. The
following people signed the Pro#laation on behalf of their
Kwan/
Kwan N-/ ,h%n ?%ng Woong BSong Moo KwanC
Kwan N)/ Lee Kyo &oon BHan Moo KwanC
Kwan N1/ Lee 8a S%k B,hang Moo KwanC
Kwan N:/ ,hoi 8a Do BMoo D%k KwanC
Kwan N3/ Kwak 0y%ng Eh BEh Do KwanC
Kwan N@/ Lee K% Hong BKang D%k WonC
Kwan N5/ Lee &ong Woo B?%ng Do KwanC
Kwan N2/ Lee ,hong Woo B?i Do KwanC
Kwan N./ $h Woon Ky% B,h%ng Do KwanC
Kwan N-*/ Ki 7n S%k BKwan ;i KwanC
Lee 0y%ng ;o and Kang Won Sik Bboth ebers of the
,hong 0on KwanC signed the Pro#laation as well.
The following is what the Pro#laation stated/
FTaekwondo will strive hard to %nify and will eliinate the
different Kwan of the last 1* years.
Sin#e -.5), we %nified the Taekwondo terinology and
poosae in order to inii=e the differen#es whi#h eGisted
between the different Kwan. With respe#t to Dan Prootion
Tests, the Sab% in the individ%al do<ang will re#oend the
#andidates for rank advan#eent. We will do o%r d%ty to treat
everyone as eA%als and to work towards a #lean adinistrative
pro#ed%ral syste. 0e#a%se Taekwondo is o%r 8ational Sport
we proise to be good leaders and %nify all Taekwondo!in
thro%gho%t the nation. We will #lose all Kwan offi#es and the
,hong 0on Kwan will instead #oordinate with the K%kkiwon
so that we #an keep o%r adinistration #lean. We proise to
do o%r part to %nify Taekwondo.F
The Pro#laation was seen as a t%rning point be#a%se
Taekwondo #o%ld now work earnestly towards a eaningf%l
%nifi#ation. Lee ,hong Woo, Lee 0y%ng ;o and Kang Won
Sik were the people who worked hard and did a good <ob for
Kwan $nifi#ation, b%t there were any ore probles to
solve.
Chapter %
Section !: $ftermath of the 6nification of the Kwans
Taekwondo fa#ed any new probles and #hallenges in the
afterath of Kwan %nifi#ation. The ain iss%e was how %pset
the Kwan<angs Bthe Kwan headsC were when they lost %#h of
their ability to oversee Dan prootions.
Eriginally, the Dan prootion test fee was divided as follows/
1*M to the re#oending instr%#tor B7l s%n sab%CP )3M to
the instr%#tor>s Kwan HeadA%arters B,h%ng "ng 0on KwanCP
-*M to the provin#e Taekwondo "sso#iation BDo Hyop HweCP
and -*M to the instr%#tor>s Kwan provin#e headA%arters BDo
0on KwanC. However, after the Kwan %nifi#ation, the Korea
Taekwondo "sso#iation revised the test fee division as
follows/ :*M to the K%kkiwonP :*M to the #ity or provin#e
Taekwondo "sso#iation BShi4Do Hyop HweCP -3M to the
"sso#iation HeadA%arters B,h%ng "ng Hyop HweCP and 3M
for adinistration #osts. '%rther, the K%kkiwon reA%ired that
the prootion test re#oendation #oe dire#tly fro the
Sosok<ang whi#h be#ae the Hyop Hwe De%nkrok
Kwan<ang.
This new arrangeent, whi#h be#ae effe#tive in De#eber
-.52, #a%sed a lot of tro%ble be#a%se instr%#tors Bsab%C now
went dire#tly to the K%kkiwon, bypassing their Kwan B0on
KwanC.
Soe Kwan ebers were very %pset be#a%se the new
arrangeent took the Kwans o%t of the Dan prootion syste
witho%t #opensating the Kwans. Soe said/ FWhen the
governent #ondens ho%ses, they pay #opensation to the
owner. 0%t when the Kwans were eliinated, there was no
#opensation paidF.
The Korea Taekwondo "sso#iation was %nsypatheti# to
those Kwan voi#es. Their response was/ F(ven tho%gh yo%
sa#rifi#ed %#h for Taekwondo it is wrong for the Kwans to
ask for #opensation for their sa#rifi#es. We need to give %p
the old idea of Kwans in favor of the new syste, for the
p%rpose of standardi=ationF.
(ven tho%gh Kwan %nifi#ation a#hieved %#h, in#l%ding the
standardi=ation of Taekwondo, today there are still those who
attept to address or solve the probles #a%sed in the
afterath of the Kwan %nifi#ation, with the spirit of the
Kwans still alive, espe#ially in the #o%ntries o%tside Korea.
KendL