CC2417 - Human Biology I

Laboratory I – Integumentary System, Skeletal System & Nervous System

Venue: 1307 Health Care Lab
Date: Week 12 (16th – 20th November 2009)

Aims of the laboratory session:

After the laboratory exercises, students are expected to be:
1. name the different layers in the cutaneous membrane
2. describe the structure and function of the integumentary system
3. able to identify the organization, landmarks and features of the skeletal system,
nervous system;
4. able to relate the physiology to anatomy; and
5. differentiate different types of joints.

Activities:
Relate to diagrams in your textbook and models of
1. integumentary system
2. whole skeleton
3. skulls,
4. vertebral column with pelvis
5. pelvis, knee joint and foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint, hand joint,
6. brain , and
7. the spinal cord.

Then, do the following activities.

1
Group 1 Skull
Part I Examining the Cranium (x 8)
1. Identify foramina, sutures and base of the skull
Name the four cranium sutures. What kind of tissue made up of this suture? How
does the anatomy of a baby skull different from an adult?

2 Locate the following skull bones; observe how each bone joint or articulate
with other bones

Cranium Bone Articulate with Special features

Frontal parietal, nasal, zygomatic, --------
sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillae
Parietal (x2) articulate with occipital, frontal, ---------
temporal, sphenoid
Temporal (x2) occipital, frontal, zygomatic, encloses auditory
sphenoid and mandible; ossicles
Occipital Parietal, temporal, sphenoid Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles articulate allows the spinal cord
with atlas (1st cervical passing through
vertebra)
Sphenoid occipital, frontal, temporal, Sella Turcica encloses
zygomatic, palatine, maxillae, the pituitary gland
ethmoid and vomer
Ethmoid Frontal, nasal, lacrimal, Forms the roof of
sphenoid, maxillae and vomer nasal cavity

Part II Examining the facial bones

1. Identify the landmark and functions of the following bones

2. Locate the sinuses and discuss the functions of sinuses

Face Bones (x14) Function

Mandible

Maxillae ( )

( ) Forms the posterior 1/3 of the hard palate

Zygomatic ( )

Lacrimal ( )

Nasal ( )

Vomer

2
Sinuses Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

Group 2 – Vertebral column with pelvis, Joints

Part I Examining the vertebral column

Referring the model of vertebral column,

1. Identify the common features of a typical vertebra- Spinous Process, Lamina,
Transverse process, pedicle, body, notch foramen, articular facet
2. Identify the 5 regions of vertebral column – cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum
and coccyx
3. Examine the 4 curves of vertebral column- cervical, thoracic, lumbar and
pelvic regions

Part II Examining Pectoral girdle

Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones

1. Name the three bones which form the coxal bone.

Identify symphysis pubis and pubic arch, Obturator foramen

2. How does a male pelvis different from a female pelvis? State the significance
of this difference.

Part III Examining the Pelvis, knee joint, foot joint , shoulder joint, elbow joint,
hand joint
1. With the given models, classify them into the following 6 types of synovial
joints
Saddle joint ________________________________________
ball- and socket joint ____________________________________
pivot joint ___________________________________
hinge joint ____________________________________
gliding joint___________________________________
condyloid joint _________________________________

2. Correlate their shapes with movement

3
Group 3 Nervous System
Part I
Observe the brain model and answer the following questions.
1. Identify the major parts of the brain. What are they?

2. How are the cerebral hemispheres connected together?

3. Locate hypothalamus and explain its function.

4. Which functional system of the brain is responsible for emotion?

Part II Spinal Cord

Identify different parts of the spinal cord.
Locate ganglion, the gray matter, and white matter.
Distinguish sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, dorsal root, ventral root.

1. A careless student touches a hot beaker. Draw a labeled diagram showing the path
of a reflex arc and briefly explain the phenomenon.

4
Group 4 Integumentary System

1. Differentiate among the three regions: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

2. Identify the 5 separate layers of epidermis and its composition
3. Describe the structure and function of the accessory glands such as sebaceous gland,
eccrine and apocrine sweat gland, arrector pili muscle, hair follicle, sensory nerve
( pain, temperature, Merkel cells for touch etc.)
4. Relate the skin disorder like acne and melanoma with the concerned accessory
glands and skin layer

5
Reviewing the whole skeleton (Optional)
Part I Identify the components of the axial skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage
Middle ear bones

Examining the Rib cage

1. Identify different parts of the rib cage and differentiate true rib and false
( floating ribs)
2. Identify sternum – manubrium, body and xiphoid process

Examining the Vertebral Column

1. Identify different parts of the Vertebral Column (Spine)
2. State their functions and normal curvatures

Part II Identify the components of the appendicular skeleton

Examining Pectoral Girdle

1. Recognize the composition of a pectoral girdle

2. Recognize what are process and cavity
3. Locate the scapula, and clavicle

Examining upper limbs

1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa
and condyle
2. Identify the features in humerus ( head , neck, shaft, lateral & medial
epicondyle)
radius ( head, neck and styloid process)
ulna ( olecranon and styloid process)
3. Identify carpal, metacarpals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges

Examining the pelvis

1.Recognize the composition of a pelvic girdle- formed by 2 coxal bones

2. Identify ilium, iliac crest, spine and iliac fossa

Ischium, ischial spine and tuberosity
Pubis, symphysis pubis and pubic arch

Examining lower limbs

1. Recognize what are Head, Neck, Shaft, tubercle, tuberosity, groove, fossa
and condyle
2. Identify the features in femur ( head, neck, greater tronchanter, medial
condyle and epicondyle

6
 patella ( sesamoid bone)
tibia ( tubial tuberosity, medial malleolus)
fibula ( lateral malleolus)
3. Identify tarsal, metatarsals and differentiate proximal from distal phalanges.

Write the scientific name of the numbered bones.

-THE END-