WoP Particles of The Standard Model

VU lecture World of Particles Thomas Gajdosik, FI & VU
World of Particles o d o a t c es
Th P ti l Z
Thomas Gajdosik
Vilnius Universitetas, Teorins Fizikos Katedra
The Particle Zoo
Symmetries
The Standard Model
Particles of the Standard Model: Particles of the Standard Model:
Fermions
1. reminder about the particles
from the historical introduction
2. the ordering principle
example: electron and neutrino example: electron and neutrino
3. the systematics
extending the ordering to all fermions extending the ordering to all fermions
counting the degrees of freedom
4 i 4. overview
th l t
e
-
the electron
e
-
Thomson Thomson Thomson Thomson
1897
the positron (anti-matter)
e
+
p ( )
e
-
discovery
p
nn
Anderson Anderson
prediction
Dirac Dirac
1897
1900-1924
1914
1932
1937
1947
the neutrino
e
-
p
n
Fermi Fermi Pauli Pauli
n
e
+
1897
1900-1924
1914
1932
1937
1947
Reminder:
Are symmetries perfect?
P violation - but maybe a CP symmetry? y y y

right-handed
left-handed left-handed
there is no left-handed anti-neutrino, but there is a left-handed
neutrino (and only a such-handed!)
right handed
anti-neutrino
left-handed
anti-neutrino
left-handed
neutrino
neutrino (and only a such handed!)
obviously, this violates C-symmetry (symmetrie between matter
and anti-matter)
BUT: the combined symmetry transformation CP (exchange y y ( g
matter/anti-matter plus mirroring) works:

CP CP
right-handed
anti-neutrino
left-handed
neutrino
CP CP

Ordering principle g p p
discreet symmetries
Parity P Parity P
left handed or right handed
e
L
e
R
Charge Conjugation C
particle or antiparticle

_
particle or antiparticle
Charge Q or Flavour
0 -1

-
possible values:
Generation
e u d
first second third
e
Particles of the Standard Model:
Fermions
Right Left
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
P
a
r
t
i
e
e
+
e
+
_
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
e
R
e
L

e
A
n
t
the proton
p
p
e
-
Rutherford Rutherford
1897
1900-1924
1914
the neutron
n
the neutron
e
-
Chadwick Chadwick
p
1897
1900-1924
1914
1932
partons / parton model p p
e
-
Richard Feynman
1969

p
n
1969
n
e
+
1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1947
1969
Fermions
Right Left
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
P
a
r
t
i
e
e
+
e
+
_
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
e
R
e
L

e
A
n
t
the pion
the pion
e
-
prediction discovery
p
nn
Powell Powell Yukawa Yukawa Powell Powell Yukawa Yukawa

1897
1900-1924
1914
1932
1937 1947
Fermions
Right Left
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
P
a
r
t
i
e
e
+
e
+
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
e
R
e
L
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
the muon
the muon
e
-
Who
ordered
that one?
p
nn
k h b
Hess
spark chamber
Hess
Anderson,
Neddermeyer
1897
1900-1924
1914
1932
1937
Street, Stevenson
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-
L
-
P
a
r
t
i
e
e
+
e
+
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
e
R
e
L
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
Rochester
strange particles
e
-
KK
Rochester,
Butler,
...

p
n
e
+
1897
1900-1924
1914 1932
1937
1947
1947-...
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-
L
-
P
a
r
t
i
s
L
s
R
e
e
+
e
+
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
_
s
L
_
s
R
e
R
e
L
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
antineutrino
reactors:
_
e
-
Clyde Cowan,
Frederick Reines
p
nn
e
+
1897
1900-1924
1914 1932
1937
1956
1955
1947
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
s
L
s
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
_
s
L
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
charm quark: J/
c
q
e
-
p
nn
Burt Richter (SLAC),

Samuel Ting (BNL)

e
+
Samuel Ting (BNL)
1974
1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1947
1969
1974
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
tau lepton:
p
e
-
Martin Perl
(SLAC LBL)

p
n
(SLAC-LBL)
1975
n
e
+
1975 1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1947
1969
1974
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
R
-
L
-
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
R
+
L
+
bottom quark
b
q
e
-
p
nn
e
+
E288 (Fermilab)
1977
1975 1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1947
1969
1974 1977
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
R
-
L
-
b
L
b
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
R
+
L
+
_
b
L
_
b
R
top quark
t
CDF D0
p q
e
-
CDF, D0
(Fermilab)
1995
p
nn
e
+
1975 1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1995 1947
1983 1969
1974 1977
1979
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
R
-
L
-
t
L
b
L
t
R
b
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
R
+
L
+
t
L
_ _
b
L
t
R
_ _
b
R
tau neutrino:
e
-
DONUT
(Fermilab)
2000

p
n
2000
n
e
+
1975 1900-1924
1897 1914 1947 1932
1937 1955
1995 1947
1983 1969
1974 1977
2000 1979
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
e
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-

L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
R
-

L
-
t
L
b
L
t
R
b
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L

e
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
A
n
t
R
+
L
+

_
t
L
_ _
b
L
t
R
_ _
b
R
neutrino oscillations:
e
x
solve the solar neutrino puzzle
solve the solar neutrino puzzle

neutrinos have a tiny mass
there exist also right-handed neutrinos
but they have:
no charge, no hypercharge, and no color
no interaction except the mass term no interaction, except the mass-term
their existence does not change the
Standard Model!
Fermions
Right Left
- -
c
l
e
e
R
-
eR
e
L
-
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
R
-
L
-
P
a
r
t
i
c
L
s
L
c
R
s
R
R
-
L
-
t
L
b
L
t
R
b
R
e
e
+
e
+
_
u
_
_
d u
_
_
d
_
R
+
L
+
t
i
p
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
R
_
c
L
_
_
s
L
c
R
_
_
s
R
e
R
e
L
eR
u
L
d
L
u
R
d
R
e
A
n
t
R
+
L
+
R
_
t
L
_ _
b
L
t
R
_ _
b
R
_
Gauge Bosons
1. Gauge Theory (wop-sm2.pdf)
2. screening in QED 2. screening in QED
Vacuum polarization
running coupling constant running coupling constant
3. anti-screening in QCD
asymptotic freedom asymptotic freedom
confinement
4 i t b 4. massive vector bosons
screening screening
the effective charge of an electron g
in dielectric media is reduced by
dielectric molecules surrounding
the charge
the same happens in the vacuum: pp
if one looks at the charge with
sufficient energy to see virtual
electron-positron pairs:
Vacuum polarization! Vacuum polarization!
screening screening
the energy dependence of the gy p
effective charge in the vacuum
due to Vacuum polarization
is described by the
running coupling: running coupling:
anti screening anti-screening
the self couplings in QCD p g
have the opposite effect for
the color charges:
the closer one looks, the
weaker the charges seem to g
become:
asymptotic freedom! asymptotic freedom!
anti screening anti-screening
but that also means:
th l th the lower the energy
becomes, the stronger
the charges seem to be! the charges seem to be!
when we try to separate
color charges, we have color charges, we have
no problems at high energies colliders
but at low energies, the force is strong enough, g , g g ,
that the potential (= force * distance) can create
a quark-antiquark pair, that restores color neutrality
color confinement!
color confinement color confinement
low energy states have to be color neutral gy
we can only observe color neutral particles
the strong force hides inside the nucleons
the nuclear force is more like a the nuclear force is more like a
van der Waals force:
mediated by mesons (quark antiquark pairs)
Baryons and Mesons are color singlets Baryons and Mesons are color singlets
first hint for
massive vector bosons
first hint for
neutral currents:
G ll Gargamelle
Bubble chamber,
1973
W and Z bosons
massive vector bosons
W- and Z-bosons
detected in 1983
b UA1 d UA2 by UA1 and UA2
W
+
W
-
event in Aleph (LEP)
W- and Z-bosons
precision
studies
by LEP: by LEP:
W- and Z-bosons
precision studies by LEP:
Higgs Boson
1. Why a Higgs Boson?
2. The Higgs mechanism 2. The Higgs mechanism
again formulas
3 Systematics: 3. Systematics:
counting the degrees of freedom
4 E i t l id 4. Experimental evidence
how it is seen
exclusion / hints
Why a Higgs Boson ?
The Standard Model is a chiral theory
it is described with massless fermion fields it is described with massless fermion fields
Gauge Symmetry enforces
massless vector bosons massless vector bosons
But we have
i f i l t d k massive fermions: leptons and quarks
massive vector bosons: W
and Z
0
Solution: the Higgs mechanism
The Higgs mechanism
Ingredients:
a scalar field
continuous symmetries = gauge symmetries
vacuum
Result:
the symmetry is spontaneously broken y y y
the scalar field develops a vacuum expectation
value (vev)
other fields can acquire masses due to the vev
symmetry breaking y y g
example: chess
the rules of chess are in principle the rules of chess are in principle
absolutely symmetric for both players
i.e. the rules how the pieces move are
the same for black and white the same for black and white
but:
symmetry is broken at the beginning symmetry is broken at the beginning,
due to the initial setup of the pieces
therefore, e.g. a bishop never can
change the color of the field it is change the color of the field it is
standing on
symmetry breaking
In the standard model, the particles masses are an effect of symmetry breaking:
y y g
the origin of mass
originally, all particles are massless
but there is an additional interaction with the so-called Higgs-field
if there were no Higgs-field, the interaction would have no effect
however due to a spontaneous symmetry breaking the whole universe however, due to a spontaneous symmetry breaking, the whole universe
is filled with a non-zero Higgs-field
the interaction with this omni-present field produces what we know
as mass of particles
energy
hot universe
(shortly after big
bang)
particles are massless
Higgs-field
0
cold universe
(condensed into an
asymmetric state)
particles get a mass
spontaneous symmetry breaking
gg
degrees of freedom: degrees of freedom:
(only SU(2) x U(1) bosons)
massive theory massless theory
1
complex scalar
4 1
real scalar field
1 1
p
doublet
4
4
massless gauge
8
1
(Higgs)
1
1
massless gauge
2 4
g g
boson (B, W
i
)
8
0
massiv gauge
0
1
g g
boson (photon)
2
3
massiv gauge
9 0
g g
bosons
0
12
3
g g
bosons (W
,Z
0
)
9
12 12 12
Production at LEP: Production at LEP:
Higgs production cross section :
Higgs-strahlung:
Higgs fusion: Higgs-fusion:
Production at LEP: Production at LEP:
Higgs branching ratio : Higgs branching ratio :
seen in the decay to:
bottom quarks
b-tagged jets
tau leptons
reconstructed
IF the m > 161 GeV IF the m
H
> 161 GeV
W-pair
Z-boson pair
exclusion by LEP I & II: exclusion by LEP I & II:
comparison between an
expected (calculated)
distribution and the
measured distribution of
events
measured mass distribution
statistically better
evaluated by a
likelihood ratio Q:
comparison between the
distribution, depending
on a test mass and the on a test mass and the
measured distribution of
events
then one compares the
likelihood of likelihood of
signal+background,
measured in confidence
levels CL
s+b
with the levels CL
s+b
, with the
likelihood of only background
and defines the signal as
CL CL / CL CL
s
= CL
s+b
/ CL
b
exclusion of the signal is
given if g
CL
s
< 0.05
LEP excludes a 114.4 GeV Higgs boson at 95% CL
exclusion by Tevatron: exclusion by Tevatron:
hints: hints:
electroweak
precision measurements precision measurements
precise measurements
ll th i ith allow the comparison with
precise calculations:
but all loop calculations
depend on the masses of
the particles in the loop! the particles in the loop!
sensitivity to particles,
th t ld t t b that could not yet be
produced!
hints: hints:
blueband-plot:
giving the most
probable value for
the mass of the the mass of the
Higgs boson from
electro-weak
precision
measurements:
the most probable
value is already
excluded by direct
non-observation.

WoP Particles of The Standard Model

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WoP Particles of The Standard Model

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VU lecture World of Particles Thomas Gajdosik, FI & VU

VU lecture World of Particles Thomas Gajdosik, FI & VU

Powell Powell Yukawa Yukawa Powell Powell Yukawa Yukawa

Burt Richter (SLAC),

solve the solar neutrino puzzle

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