Name : Zaid Hadi Obeid

Civil engineering /water resources department

"Floods"
A flood is an unusually high stage in a river, normally the level at
which the river overflows its banks and inundates the adjoining area.
The damages result from floods in terms of loss of life, property and
economic loss due to disruption of economic activity. The hydrograph
of extreme floods and stages corresponding to flood peaks provide
valuable data for purposes of hydrologic design. Further, of the
various characteristics of the flood hydrograph, possibly the most
important used parameter is the flood peak. At a given location in a
stream, flood peaks vary from year to year and their magnitude
constitutes a hydrologic series which enable one to assign a frequency
to a given flood-peak value. In the design of practically all hydrologic
structures the peak flow that can be prospective with an assigned
frequency (1 in 100 years) is of major importance to adequately
proportion the structure to accommodate its effect. The design of
bridges, culvert waterways and spillways for dams and estimation of
scour at a hydraulic structure are some examples wherein flood-peak
values are required.













Name : Zaid Hadi Obeid
Civil engineering /water resources department



"Water Table"

A water table is the free water surface in an unconfined aquifer.
The static level of a well penetrating an unconfined aquifer indicates
the level of the water table. The water table is nearly constant in
motion adjusting its surface to achieve a balance between the recharge
and outflow from the subsurface storage. The inconstancy in the water
level varies from season to season of the year, lowering of the
groundwater table in a region due to heavy pumping of the wells and
the rise in the water table in an irrigated area with poor drainage, are
some common examples of the inconstancy of the water table. The
water table follows the topographic features of the surface. If the
water table intersects the land surface the groundwater comes out to
the surface in the form of springs or seepage.
Sometimes a lens or localized path of impervious stream can
occur inside an unconfined aquifer water. Such a water table retained
around the impervious material is known as perched water table.
Usually the perched water table is of limited extent and the yield from
such a situation is very small. In groundwater exploration a perched
water table is quite often confused with a general water table.