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Passive components and circuits - CCP

Lecture 11
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Content
Coils
Short history
Electrical properties
Constructive elements of a coil
Parameters
Categories
Transformers
3/36
The coil history
1821 Michael Faraday highlights the magnetic field lines
that appear around a conductor through electric current
flows.
1825 William Sturgeon builds the first electromagnet
1831 independently, Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
discover the law of the magnetic induction
Faraday is the one who built the first electric engine, the first
electric generator and the first transformer.
Henry is the one who built the first telegraph then improved by
Morse
1876 Bell invents the first telephone and electromagnetic
phonograf
4/36
Electrical properties
The inductance depends on
the geometry of the coil and
on the magnetic properties
of the media where the coil
is placed.
Formula (1) is valid for a
length l of the coil greater
than its diameter 2r
c
.
Formula (2) is valid for a coil
of length l smaller than its
diameter 2r
c
. r
w
represents
the diameter of the reeling
string.
) 1 (
) (
2
2
0
Henries
l
r N
L
c
t
=
) 2 ( } 2 )
8
{ln(
2
0
~
w
c
c
r
r
r N L
] [ 10 4
1 1 7
0

= m A Wb t
5/36
Electrical properties
The inductance depends on the geometry of the coil
(l, d=2r, h in mm). The formulas are valid for air.
] [
44 , 0
001 , 0
2
H
d
l
d N
L
+
=
] [
10 9 3
008 , 0
2 2
H
h l d
d N
L
+ +
=
6/36
Electrical properties
The inductance is dependent on the
distance between the whirls (turns).
The inductance is dependent on the
magnetic property of the media in
which the coil is placed, property
characterized by the magnetic
permeability, .
air 1.257x10
-6
H/m
ferrite U M33 9.42x10
-4
H/m
nickel 7.54x10
-4
H/m
iron 6.28x10
-3
H/m
ferrite T38 1.26x10
-2
H/m
steell 5.03x10
-2
H/m
supermalloy 1.26 H/m
7/36
The coil equivalent circuit
p p p
2
p
L
C R j LC 1
L j R
Z
e + e
e +
=
8/36
The coil the frequency characteristic
10%
10%
Inductive area
p
R
Q R
p

e
p
0
LC
1
= e
0
3 , 0 e
L
R 2 , 2
p
L e
C
1
e
L
Z
9/36
Dimensioning the inductance when the wires
are remoted
] H [ 10 D N k L
7
m

= A
L L L
0 1
A =
] H [ 10
D 45 , 0 l
) ND (
L
7
2
0

+
t
=
l
d
p
D
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4
p/d
k
m
10/36
Calculus of the parasitic capacitance
Cp[pF]
p/d
1 1,3 1,5 1,7 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
0,5
0,7
1
2
3
5
7
10
20
30
1,1
D=10cm
D=8cm
D=6cm
D=4cm
D=2cm
11/36
Designing steps for a coil
It starts from the value of the
needed inductance L, its
diameter D and from the
domain in which it is going to
be used.
From these it can be deduced
the maximum value for C
p
.
Then, calculate the number of
wires depending on the
geometric dimensions of the
coil by solving the equation
on the right.
ND k
d
p
D
d
N
D N
L
k d p
L
C
D L
m
m
p
1 , 0
1 44 , 0
] [
/
1
, ,
2
2
0
max
0

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=

H
e
e
Dimension the length of a coil with diameter of 2cm and the inductivity
of 50 H that is executed in one layer and for which it is desired a
parasite capacitance lower that 2 pF.
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Constructive elements of a coil
The coil turns (whirls)
The body
The impregnating material
The core
No core Iron core Ferrite core
13/36
Coil turns
The most frequently used material for reeling conductors is
cooper (due to its electrical and mechanical properties) but the
aluminum is also used.
The used conductors are isolated in order to avoid short-
circuits between the adjoined turns.
The materials used for isolation are enamels (lacquers of
different compositions), fabrics (silk, cotton) or inorganic fibers
(glass fiber).
The type of isolating material is chosen depending on the
reached estimated temperature of the conductor. The
materials with the lower thermal resistance are the textiles
and the materials with the higher thermal resistance are the
glass fibers.
14/36
Coil turns
The diameter of the conductor is chosen depending on two
criteria:
The intensity of the current that flows through the conductor,
gives the inferior limit of the diameter in order to avoid
overheating.
The maximum value accepted for the resistance of the coil
(parasite parameter) can furthermore limit the dimension of
the diameter.
At high frequencies, due to the pelicular effect, stranded wired
conductors or silvered cooper conductors are used.
The conductors for reeling are delivered by producers with
diameters of standardized dimensions: 0,05mm, 0,07mm,
0,1mm, ... 2mm. These diameters do not include the
thickness of the isolator layer.
15/36
The carcass of the coil
Its role is to insure the stiffening of the reeling (and through
this keep the electric properties of the coil ).
The materials used must have adequate properties both
electrical (dielectric stiffness, small dielectric loses ) and
mechanical (thermal stability and resistance to the action of
humidity).
Examples in increasing order of performances: cardboard, electro
isolating cardboard, pertinax, textolite, thermorigide materials
(bakelite), thermoplastic materials ( polystyrene, polyethylene, teflon),
ceramic materials.
Constructively, they can have different sections: circular,
square, rectangular, with or without flanges.
At very high frequencies, the coils can be manufactured
without a body (carcass).
16/36
The impregnating material
It has the role of increasing protection against humidity and a
role in extra stiffening (especially when the coils are not
placed in carcasses).
Advantages of impregnating:
Stiffening of the wires;
Improves the heat dissipation;
Improves the electrical properties of the isolation between the
wires;
Avoids the humidity access between the wires;
Disadvantages of impregnating: can lead to the increase of
the parasite capacities (by increasing the relative permeability
of the dielectric between the wires).
17/36
The core of the coil
For increasing the usual inductance, magnetic cores are
introduced in the coil. They make up a magnetic circuit
(sometimes with interruptions) that has the purpose of
concentrating the magnetic field lines. In this way, the magnetic
flux increases, most of the lines intersecting the surface of the
wires, and so the inductance of the coil increases too.
Magnetic materials have a nonlinear behavior when placed into
an exterior magnetic field. This nonlinearity refers to the
dependence of the magnetic induction B on the intensity of the
magnetic field H. The ratio between the two represents the
magnetic permeability of that media:
H
B
H
B
r
0
1
;

= =
18/36
The properties of the magnetic materials
the histerezis phenomena
H
c
coercive field, anules
the magnetic induction;
B
r
remanent magnetic
induction;
H
s
the intensity of the
magnetic field to which
the saturation phenomena
appear;
B
s
the magnetic
induction at saturation .
H
B
H
s
B
s
B
m
H
m
H
c
-H
c
-H
m
-H
s
B
r
-B
r
-B
m
-B
s
0
19/36
The properties of the magnetic materials
the histerezis phenomena
The magnetic materials have atoms with their own magnetic
moments, and neighboring atomic moments are oriented
identically, the material presenting a remanent
magnetization.
When applying an exterior field, the magnetic domains are
reoriented.
The intensity of the exterior field at which the magnetic inductance is
zero is called coercive field. When H increases at a certain moment,
there appears a saturation phenomena (B no longer modifies).
The phenomena are dependent on the sense in which the
magnetic field modifies (histerezis).
The remanent magnetization manifests itself up to a certain
temperature (Curie temperature) at which the thermal
agitation destroys the domains of ordered orientation.
20/36
The use of magnetic materials
Clasification:
Soft magnetic materials H
c
<80 A/m (narrow histeresis )
Rough magnetic naterials H
c
>80 A/m (broad histeresis)
The soft magnetic materials with the ratio:
B
r
/B
m
(ratio that characterizes the histeresis inclination) <0,5 for
inductances approximately constant ;
0,5<B
r
/B
m
<0,8 for common cores;
B
r
/B
m
>0,8 (rectangular histeresis ) in memorization and commutation
circuits.
The rough magnetic materials with the ratio:
B
r
/B
m
<0,4 are used for the magnetic recording of the information;
B
r
/B
m
>0,4 for manufacturing permanent magnets.
21/36
Constructive shapes for cores
Sheet plates, bands, cloaks for manufacturing the magnetic circuit
for transformers;
Cylindrical bars for inductances used in high frequencies
(sometimes they are adjustable);
Toroidal coils and pot cores used in high frequency and
pulses;
Yokes of different shapes in circuits of magnetic deflection;
The cores for high frequencies are obtained by pressing
magnetic powders. This is how are obtained magneto-
electric cores (powder is a ferromagnetic material), but also
the magneto-ceramic ones (also called ferrites).
22/36
Dimensioning coils with core
If a coil without a core has the inductance L
0
by introducing
a core it becomes:
0
L L
ef
=
The actual permeability,
ef
is dependent on the relative
permeability of the material, on its geometry and on its position
relative to the reeling.
The ferrites manufacturers indicate, in catalogs, an
inductance factor for them, A
L
meaning the inductance that is
obtained if a single wire is made on the ferrite (in nH/wire or
H/wire). Using this parameter, the total inductance is
obtained with the formula:
2
N A L
L
=
23/36
Parameters of coils
Its inductance and tolerance
The parasitic resistance
The loss angle tangent
The quality factor
The temperature coefficient
L
R
v
v
tg
L
L
RL
L
e
o = =
L
L
R
L
Q
e
=
dT
dL
L
L
1
= o
24/36
A few categories of coils
Toroidal (A)
Cylindrical (B)
Incapsulated (C)
Adjustable (D,E)
Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Purple
Gray
White
None
Silver
Gold
Digit
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
Multiplier
1
10
100
1000
Tolerance
20%
10%
5%
Code of colors for
encapsulated coils
25/36
Transformers
This component consists of two coils manufactured on the
same magnetic support (core), like iron.
The magnetic core couples the magnetic flux, u
B
, between
the two coils.
In accordance with Faradays induction law:

dt
d
N V
dt
d
N V
B
S S
B
P P
u
=
u
=
P
S
P
S
N
N
V
V
=
The ecuation of the transformer
P S
N N > Step-up transformer
P S
N N <
Step-down transformer
26/36
The ideal transformer
An ideal transformer has no loses, therefore:
The input power = The output power
S S P P
I V I V =
S
P
S
P
P
S
N
N
V
V
I
I
= =
A transformer achieves its function only if the
voltage/current varies through one of the wires. This will
generate a variable voltage in the second wire.
The real transformers that are
well manufactured can have
the efficiency over 99%.
27/36
The mutual inductance
The variation in time of the current in
circuit 1 causes an induced voltage in
circuit 2, v
2
. The curent through circuit
2 apares only if it is closed on a load.
Let coil 1 have N1 wires and coil 2 with N2 wires.

21
= the magnetic flux in coil 2 due to the current i
1
from coil 1
2 21 1 2 21 1 21 1
(constant) N I N i M i u ~ u = =
2 21
21
1
N
M
i
u
=
Mutual inductance Unit = Henry
1 H = V
.
s/A =
.
s
28/36
The mutual inductance
The induced voltage in coil 2 can be expressed:
21
2 2
d
v N
dt
u
=
1
2
21
21
I
N
M
= u
dt
dI
N
M
dt
d
1
2
21 21
=
u
21 1 1
2 2 21
2
M di di
v N M
N dt dt
= =

29/36
The mutual inductance
2
1 12
di
v M
dt
=
2 1
1 2

di di
v M v M
dt dt
= =
Similary, it can be proved that the induced
voltage in coil 1 by the variation of the current
in coil 2 is:
It can be proved that: M
21
= M
12
= M=k
2
L
P
L
S
In an ideal case, k, the coupling factor, is 1.

30/36
The transformer circuit functioning
As the symbol shows, the transformer has two coils. The
one in the circuit where the voltage source is, is called
primary (L
s
), and the one found in the other circuit where
the load R
L
is called secondary (L
L
).
Each inductance functions in the circuit where it is placed
in accordance with the properties studied, and moreover
they are coupled by the mutual inductance, M.
Ro
Rl
Primar Secundar
N
P
N
S
L
P
L
S
v
o
v
p
v
s
i
p
i
s
31/36
The transformer circuit functioning
The voltage on the primary coil will be:
The voltage on the secondary coil will be:
s s s p
v j L i j Mi = e e
p p p s
v j L i j Mi = e e
Ro
Rl
Primar Secundar
N
P
N
S
L
P
L
S
v
o
v
p
v
s
i
p
i
s
32/36
The transformer circuit functioning
The sum of the voltages from the primary circuit obeys TKV:
The sum of the voltages from the secondary circuit obeys TKV:
o o p p p s
v R i j L i j Mi = + e e
0
s s s p
R i j L i j Mi = + e e
Ro
Rl
Primar Secundar
N
P
N
S
L
P
L
S
v
o
v
p
v
s
i
p
i
s
33/36
The transformer circuit functioning
Taking into consideration that:
It is obtained:
Ro
Rl
Primar Secundar
N
P
N
S
L
P
L
S
v
o
v
p
v
s
i
p
i
s
2
S
P
S
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
N
L
L
p
2
P
S
P p o
|| i
N
N
Rl L j i Ro v
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = e
34/36
Transformers constructive variants
Cylindrical (solenoidal)
Toroidal
Yoke
35/36
Basic formulas for dimensioning the studied
components
S
l
S
l
R
r Cu
= =
d
A
C
r
c c =
0
2
0
N
l
A
L
r
=

Cu
=5,344 x 10
-7
O-cm c
0
=8,854210
-12
F/m
0
=410
-7
H/m
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Problems
Using a 1mm diameter Copper wire (=5,344 x 10-7 O-cm)
40 turns are made on a cylindrical insulating substrate, with
10 mm diameter.
Determine the electrical parameters of the coil.
How is the value of the coils impedance modulus at 50 Hz
and 500KHz frequencies?