Comparative Life Cycle

Assessment on
Alternative Refrigerants
Hyundai Hyundai Kia Motors Kia Motors
Contents Contents
Overview
Life Cycle Assessment
Eco-efficiency
Conclusion
Background
System of Alternative refrigerants
LCA Process
Result
Definition of Eco-efficiency
Result
Conclusion
Overview
Life Cycle Assessment
Eco-efficiency
Conclusion
Background Background
System of Alternative refrigerants System of Alternative refrigerants
Backgrounds Backgrounds
Restriction of Substances exceeding GWP 150
(Directive 2006/40/EC)
Need to develop Alternative Refrigerant
instead of R-134a
R
1
3
4
R
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3
4-
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R-134a
GWP=1,300
Backgrounds Backgrounds
R-744 or HFO-1234yf ?
Determine the most sustainable solution for the future
R-744(CO2)
HFO-1234YF
Which one we choose?
Performance
Cooling ability
Environment
Eco-friendly
Economy
Proper price
Life Cycle Assessment
Ex) Global warming,
Acidification, Eutrophication,
Photo Chemical Oxidant Creation,
Resource Depletion.
Eco-efficiency
Target Product Systems Target Product Systems
R/D
Alternative refrigerants
compressor
HVAC
Gas cooler
valve
Accumulator/
Heat exchanger
compressor
HVAC
TXV
condenser
Life Cycle Assessment
Overview
Eco-efficiency
Conclusion
LCA Process and boundary LCA Process and boundary
LCIA result LCIA result
What is LCA? What is LCA?
A life cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life cycle analysis, ecobalance,
and cradle-to-grave analysis) is the investigation and valuation of the
environmental impacts of a given product or service caused or necessitated
by its existence.
Air Emissions Water Emissions Solid Waste
Energy Material Natural Resources
Raw Material
Processing
Transportation Manufacturing
Use
Recycling
Dispose
Input Input
Output Output
Transportation
LCA vs. LCCP LCA vs. LCCP
1998 1998
Bumper (New vs Old)
Crash pad skin (TPO vs PVC)
Engine (gasoline vs diesel)
Hood (Steel vs Al vs Plastic)
Total Car LCA
2000 2000
2003 2003
2004 2004
2006~current 2006~current
2008 2008
ISO 14040 Certification
(TV NORD)
Hyundai-Kia has been utilizing LCA method since 1998 and in 2008
ISO 14040 certification was received.
LCA has become a critical milestone in a development process of any new
technology for Hyundai-Kia
1 Goal & Scope Definition
Interpretation
ISO 140040 Series
Goal & Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory
Life Cycle Impact
Assessment
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Qualitatively compare environmental impact from the current refrigerant(R134a)
vs. other proposed refrigerants, CO2 and HFO-234yf
Air-conditioning-system installed with specific vehicle
(SUV with 2.0 liter diesel engine and 4 A/T]
Goal
Scope
R-744
HFO-1234yf
R-134a
Whish one is more
environment Friendly ?
LCA Process LCA Process
System boundary
LCA Process (2) LCA Process (2)
2 Life Cycle Inventory
Manufacturing Use
Dismantling Material production
- Driving Condition / Life of vehicle = 12 years/150,000km
- A/C Operation = ambient temperature above 25
116 days/year, Korean Status (based on statistics in 2006~2007)
- System performance and measurement as equipped in test cars
- Computerized simulation for predicting fuel efficiency
- Raw/process material
acquisition
- Using Commercial Database
(European commercial DB such
as Ecoinvent, )
- Input & output data of Manufacturing
refrigerants and air-conditioning systems.
: raw / subsidiary materials, energy as input
: Air/Water emissions, waste as output
- Using specific questionnaire for suppliers
- No Cut off criteria
- Allocation by weight
- Scenario
1) Refrigerant : Emit to air
2) Metal : Material recycling
3) Plastics : Energy Recovery with incineration
4) ASR: Landfill
LCA Process (2) LCA Process (2)
2 Life Cycle Inventory
Refrigerant Type
Components
R-134a HFO-1234yf R-744
COMPRESSOR
Type Fixed Swash Plate Fixed Swash Plate Variable Swash-Ring
Volume 180cc 180cc 28cc
CONDENSOR
/GAS COOLER
Type Parallel Flow Parallel Flow Parallel Flow
Size 592 x 370 x 16 592 x 370 x 16 600 x 384 x 16
Performance 15,000kcal/h 15,000kcal/h 11,100kcal/h
COOLING FAN
Size 466 x 7BL 466 x 7BL 466 x 7BL
Flow rate 2,450 m
3
/H 2,450 m
3
/H 2,450 m
3
/H
Motor Power 250w 250w 250w
TXV
Setting value 1.5 RT, 1.5K / 0.7S 1.5 RT, 1.3K / 1.05S -
Type TXV (Block) TXV (Block) By-Pass Orifice
EVAPORATOR
Size 256 x 235 x 60 281 x 265 x 35 281 x 265 x 35
Performance 4,200kcal/h 4,550kcal/h 4,750kcal/h
Discharge Hose
Tube / Hose Size 12 x 2.0t / 19 12 x 2.0t / 19 8 x 1.0t / 12
Material Al/Rubber hose Al/Rubber hose Steel/Steel hose
Suction Hose
Tube / Hose Size 19 x 2.0t / 26.9 19 x 2.0t / 26.9 10 x 1.5t / 14
Material Al/Rubber hose Al/Rubber hose Al/Rubber hose
Accumulator Size None None 81 x 240 H
LCA Process (2) LCA Process (2)
2 Life Cycle Inventory
C
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N
D
COOLING
FAN
COND entrance Temp. &
Humidity
COND entrance flow
velocity
COMP
E
V
A
P
BLWR entrance Temp.
& Humidity
BLWR entrance flow
velocity
TXV
LIQUID LINE
SUC LINE
DIS LINE
LCA Process (2) LCA Process (2)
2 Life Cycle Inventory
Bench Test Result
Computerized Simulation
in NEDC mode
Fuel loss by operation of air-conditioning
3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
LCA Result LCA Result
R134a R744 HFO1234
1000
(
k
g
C
O
2
-
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
)
(218)
(975)
(669)
(233)
(1270)
(28)
(202)
(1040)
(26)
2000
1500
500
0
Dismantlin
guse
manufacturing
4 Interpretation
LCA Result Conclusion LCA Result Conclusion
Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation Interpretation
1. 1. HFO HFO- -1234yf system is the most environment ally friendly proposal. 1234yf system is the most environment ally friendly proposal.
better fuel efficiency during operation of air conditioning better fuel efficiency during operation of air conditioning
2. HFO 2. HFO- -1234yf system has the least impact on Global Warming 1234yf system has the least impact on Global Warming
For the life of the vehicle, 260kg CO For the life of the vehicle, 260kg CO
2 2
- -eq of global warming potential eq of global warming potential
emission can be reduced when HFO emission can be reduced when HFO- -1234yf A/C system is implemented. 1234yf A/C system is implemented.
Overview
Life Cycle Assessment
Conclusion
Definition of Eco Definition of Eco- -efficiency efficiency
Calculation result Calculation result
Eco-efficiency
Eco Eco- -efficiency efficiency
1 What is Eco-efficiency?
Eco-efficiency
Environmental Load
Economic Value
=
Business
Creating more Value with less Impact
Environment assessment & managing technique for environment & economy at the same time
To improve value of products or services and minimizing environmental influence
(WBCSD, 1997)
- Economic Value: Cost
R-134a: 100
HFO-1234yf: 103.5
R-744: 150
- Environmental Load: Total kg of CO
2
-eq
Need to be re-visited upon availability of
refrigerant cost
Eco Eco- -efficiency Result efficiency Result
Economic Value (Normalized Cost)
Environmental
Load
(Normalized
CO2-eq emission)
100 50 150
100
60
140
R R- -134a 134a
R R- -744 744
HFO HFO- -1234yf 1234yf
Better Eco Better Eco- -efficiency efficiency
Worse Eco Worse Eco- -efficiency efficiency
HFO-1234yf has higher eco-efficiency than R-744
Overview
Life Cycle Assessment
Eco-efficiency
Conclusion Conclusion
Conclusion
Conclusion Conclusion
1. Based on LCA result, 1. Based on LCA result,
HFO HFO- -1234yf is more environment friendly than R 1234yf is more environment friendly than R- -744 744
2. For specific model, 2. For specific model,
260 kg CO 260 kg CO
2 2
- -eq emission can be reduced for whole life cycle eq emission can be reduced for whole life cycle
3. Considering both environment and economic value, 3. Considering both environment and economic value,
HFO HFO- -1234yf is better choice for sustainable development 1234yf is better choice for sustainable development