EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 1

Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction

EAGE, Paris 2004
Jean-Luc Formento
2
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction
Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction
Seismic solution for predicting drilling hazards
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 3
Outline
Pore Pressure Concepts
Seismic Processing HDPIC technology
Filtering and Calibration of Velocity Cube
Pore Pressure Estimation
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 4
Pore Pressure Concepts
- =
Total Vertical Stress
Over Burden
Effective stress
Pore Pressure
Lithostatic Load
+
Fluid Column
Matrix
Pore Fluids
Stress equation

total
PP =
effective
Different methods can be used to relate
effective
to velocity
Terzaghi
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 5
Over pressure Mechanisms
Under compaction
+
Secondary Mechanism
Under- compaction
Compaction
Overburden
Gradient
Top Overpressure
PP
Effective
stress
Fluid expansion
8.3 -9 ppg
10-14 ppg
> 15 ppg
Bowers GL, 2001
Pore Pressure Gradient
Why Predict Pore Pressure?
OBG = overburden
gradient
FG = fracture gradient
PPG = pore pressure
gradient
MD = mud weight
gradient real
MD = mud weight
gradient ideal
Well stability risks,
blow out
Losing mud and
fracture risk
Damaging
Reservoir risks
Key requirement for safe well planning in over-pressured formations
depth
pressure
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 6
PP = OBG - (OBG GHyd ) * (Vint
obs
/Vint
nor
)
x
PP = Pore Pressure gradient(ppg or psi/ft)
OBG = Overburden Gradient (ppg or psi/ft)
(z) = Density from Gardner relation
Ghyd = Hydrostatic gradient
Vint
nor
= Normal Compaction Trend for interval velocity (m/s)
Vint
obs
= Interval velocity observed (m/s)
X = Exponent
Eatons Method
How to relate pore pressure to seismic velocity?
Vint
nor
Vint
D
e
p
t
h
Vint
obs
Effective stress gradient
( )
b
mudline
V V
a
1
int
1
=
PPpressure = OB vertical stress - Effective stress
Bowers Method
1500
1700
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3
(
g
)
V=2575* (Esfuerzo
effect
)
1.4323
Effective Stress
Bowers assumes an Effective stress - velocity relationship

z
dz z
z
0
). (
1

Where V
int
= Interval velocity observed (m/s)
V
mudline
= cste (m/s)
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 7
The General Workflow
Calibration Pore Pressure Gradient
with existing wells
Estimation and Calibration of
3D Velocity cube
Apply HDPIC high resolution automatic
velocity picking
Perform Geostatistical Filtering (GSFIL)
Calibrate seismic interval velocities
to well rock velocities
Convert Vint cube from time to depth
Analyze drilling history of wells
Analyze compaction regime and estimate trend
Calculate Overburden Gradient OBG,
Pore Pressure Gradient PPG and
Fracture Gradient FG from Drilling data
Estimate Effective Stress and Correlation with Vint
Transform Vint cube into Effective Stress Cube
Compute OBG cube, then PPG cube and FG cube
Extract OBG, PPG and FG profiles at new drilling locations
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 8
Outline
Pore Pressure Concepts
Seismic processing HDPIC technology
Filtering and Calibration of Velocity Cube
Pore Pressure Estimation
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 9
Seismic processing HDPIC technology
HDPIC = High-Density Anisotropic Velocity Analysis
High density accurate Geological Velocity (RMS) fields
Two parameter picking (V and )
Picking independent from mute
Confidence (semblance) associated to each picked point
internal QC and editing of the picked values are performed
V
nmo
= V
RMS

EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 10

HDPIC overview
Near offset data
(offset/depth0.5)
Full offset data
Standard Velocity Analysis
Bispectral Velocity Analysis
Hyperbolic Moveout
one parameter: V
T
i
m
e
Velocity
Non Hyperbolic Moveout
two parameters picked
T
i
m
e
dtn

0
V
rms
< V
stack
(curvature at 0)
V
rms
= f(time, dtn
0
)
= f(time,
0
)
(offset/depth<2.5)
Stacking
Velocity
Stacking
(dtn
0
) pair
Geological Velocity
(RMS)
direct estimation
V
rms
= 95%V
stack
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 11
Outline
Pore Pressure Concepts
Seismic processing HDPIC technology
Filtering and Calibration of Velocity Cube
Pore Pressure Estimation
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 12
Geostatistical Filtering of Velocity Cube
Raw interval velocity section
Final interval velocity section
The 3D geostatistical
filtering:
removes the
residual noise from
the automatic velocity
picking
prevents anomalous
interval velocity
values
preserves main
geological features
Filtered RMS velocity volume is converted into interval velocity volume, which is the
key parameter in the pore pressure workflow
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 13
Calibration of the Velocity Cube
Workflow
Match seismic velocity to sonic logs, check shots and geological tops when
available.
Calculation of seismic interval velocity (VI
hz
) in each macro layer
Calculation of well interval velocity from checkshots
Estimation of VI
hz
correction coefficients for each interval to match the
wells
Correction of the velocity cube by macro interval
Calibrated velocity cube used for:
Time-depth conversion
Density estimation (Gardner)
Vint
obs
(Eaton, Bowers,..)
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 14
Interval
velocity
before
calibration
Calibrated
interval
velocity
Calibration
Transformation into
average velocity
Time/depth conversion
Average velocity
time
depth
Calibration of the Velocity Cube
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 15
Outline
Pore Pressure Concepts
Seismic processing HDPIC technology
Filtering and Calibration of Velocity Cube
Pore Pressure Estimation
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 16
Methodology
Used to derive the Overburden gradient ( key parameter of Terzaghi equation)
Different techniques can be used according to well data available
Estimation of density using compaction law with depth
Estimation of density from Vint with modified Gardner equation at each well location and 3D
kriging by macro intervals: Rho =Rho(0) + A*(Vint-V0)
B
=> density trend cube
Density cubes obtained using different geostatistical algorithms (wells as hard data and
density trend as soft data)
Estimation of the Density Cube
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Density (g/cc)
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Density from Gardner
Density from log
Density cube
OBG cube

z
dz z
z
0
). (
1

EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 17

Pore Pressure Cube Generation
Pore Pressure analysis at each well location using PP indicator, geological and drilling reports
Define overpressure mechanism
Define relationship between interval velocity observed and effective stress (Eaton, Bowers,)
Pore Pressure
profile from Vint
Overburden gradient
OBG
Vint
nor
Definition:
Low case
Best case
High Case
( )
b
mudline
V V
a
1
int
1
= Bowers: PP = OBG - (OBG GHyd ) * (Vint
obs
/Vint
nor
)
x
Eaton:
Vint
obs
Pore Pressure
indicator
PP = OBG - Effective stress
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 18
Pore Pressure Cube Generation
OBG - Effective stress = Pore Pressure
OBG
Effective
stress
Pore
Pressure
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 19
Predictions at future well locations
From the 3D cube, OBG, PPG
and FG can be extracted at any
new location. Over-pressured
zones are interpreted in their
structural and seismic
stratigraphy framework.
Top Over-pressured zone
PPG cube
Seismic Amplitude cube
Extraction of Pore
pressure cubes around
new well locations
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 20
PP low case (ppg)
Uncertainty assessment: sensitivity cubes
PP high case (ppg)
PP best case (ppg)
EAGE 2004 - Seismic Pore Pressure Prediction 21
The CGG workflow
Careful well calibration of key geopressure parameters by geomechanical experts
Improvement in pore pressure prediction resolution using CGGs High density anisotropic velocity
analysis
Advanced geostatistical techniques to derive rock properties and calibrate seismic and well
velocities
3D GOCAD geo-modelling technology for 3D estimations and predictions at new well location
Provides:
Detection of problematic drilling zones
Pre-drill pore pressure profiles along planned well trajectories
Multiple scenarios with Pore Pressure confidence margins