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Theory of Oscilloscope
Introduction to CAD
Naehyuck Chang
naehyuck@snu. ac. kr
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Introduction
A graph-displaying device of electrical signal
X axis: Time
Y axis: Voltage
Z axis: Intensity or brightness
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Introduction (contd.)
Information given by oscilloscopes
Time and voltage
Frequency and phase
DC and AC components
Spectral analysis
Rise and fall time
Mathematical analysis
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What can you do with oscilloscopes?
Designing and repairing electronic equipment
With the proper transducer (Ex: microphone)
Electrical signal in response to physical stimuli,
such as sound, mechanical stress, light, or heat.
Engine vibrations
Brain waves
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Control panel of an oscilloscope
Vertical Section
Horizontal Section
Trigger Section
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Basic setting
Vertical system
attenuation or amplification of signal (volts/div)
Horizontal system
The Time base (sec/div)
Trigger system
To stabilize a repeating signal and to trigger on a single event
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In digital circuits
Measuring
Logic level
Timing
Logic strength
Rise and fall time
Frequency
Signal integrity
Waveform distortion
Noise level
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In digital circuits (contd.)
Diagnosing
Timing fault
Proper fan-in and fan-out
Proper pull-up and/or termination
Collision
Signal integrity
Reflection
Noise, crosstalk and ground bounce
Open, short or stuck at 0 or 1
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Analog and digital oscilloscope
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Analog oscilloscope
Real-time display of signals
Block diagram
Sweep generator and vertical amplifier
Earthquake recorder
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Digital oscilloscope
Capture and view events
Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO)
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Digital oscilloscope (contd.)
Sampling
Interpolation
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Why DSO?
Trend
Easy of use
One-shot measurement
Non-periodic waveform
Recoding
Lengthy waveform analysis
Triggering
Complex trigger condition
Data reuse
Connectivity
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Probes
High quality connector
No discontinuity
High impedance (10M)
Invisible observer (no circuit loading)
50 for high frequency measurement
Passive probe and active probe
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Probe (contd.)
Components
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Passive probe
10 attenuation
Good for low circuit loading
Suitable to high frequency signal
Difficult to measure less than 10mV signals
1 attenuation
Good for small signals
Introducing more interference
20x attenuation
Newly announced
Low-capacitance passive probe
Tektronix P6158, 3GHz 20x
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Passive probe (contd.)
Bandwidth and capacitance
10MHz (100pF) and 500MHz (10pF)
< 20K Won and < 500K Won
20:1 high-speed passive probe
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Active probe
Signal conditioningoscilloscope
1GHz (1.5pF) <5M Won
Require power source
Good for high speed digital signals over
100MHz clock frequency (up to 500ps fall
time)
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Point to remember in probes
Probe characteristics are described assuming that there
is zero length of ground lead loop.
More expensive, high performance (mostly low
capacitance) probe is more severely affected by the
ground lead loop.
Dont even think about ground lead extension!
Do not waste money.
No ground leadCan you imagine?
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High-performance DSO
Why high speed?
High-fidelity measurement of digital signals
Who degrade the fidelity of measurement?
Probe
Font-end analog amplifier
Sampling and interpolation
How fast DSO do we need?
Bandwidth of the digital signals
Clock frequency, rise time and fall time
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DSO performance measure
Bandwidth (3dB or RMS)
Measurable frequency range
Sampling rate
Rise time
Adding rise time to the original signal
Vertical sensitivity
Measurable weak signal (mV/div)
Gain accuracy
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DSO performance metrics
Time base or horizontal accuracy
Other metrics
ADC resolution (vertical resolution)
Record length
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In School of CSE
Analog scopes
40MHz analog oscilloscope (24)
100MHz analog oscilloscope with CRT readout (10)
DSOs
100MHz bandwidth 200MS/s DSO(TDS420, 1)
300MHz bandwidth 2.5GS/s DSO (TDS3032, screen delay defect, 3)
400MHz bandwidth 2GS/s DSO(TDS380, out of order, 1)
200MHz bandwidth 200MS/s DSO (DL1620, 2)
1GHz bandwidth 5GS/s DSO (TDS5104, 1)
Probes
400MHz 17pF passive probe
< 1pF 1GHz active probe (P6245)
3GHz 20:1 passive probe (P6158, 1.5pF)
Note: New comers