Energy Conservation Using Aerated Anoxic Technology

Page 1 Water Technologies
Energy Conservation using

Aerated Anoxic Treatment
Technology
Aerated anoxic is the backbone of all
Siemens aeration processes with >700
installations worldwide:
Orbal Process
Multichannel oxidation ditch operated in series
VLR Process
Rectangular basins operated in series;
(oxidation ditch flipped on its side)
Verticel Process
VLR followed by Fine Bubble Aeration;
(optimizes Energy Efficiency)
Bionutre Process
Fine bubble tanks operated in series

Getting Started
Aerated Anoxic is an activated
Sludge Process!

Aerated Anoxic can be applied anywhere
secondary biological treatment is required.

BOD removal only (30/30 effluent)
Nutrient removal (TN and TP limits)
New construction
Plant retrofits/upgrades
High peak/storm flows

Application of Aerated Anoxic Processes
Advantages of Aerated Anoxic Processes

Provides the environment for simultaneous
nitrification / denitrification

Reduced power requirements (>30% vs.
Conv.)

Reactors in series eliminates impact of short
circuiting. It is compete mix technology

Anoxic and aerobic zones confined in
defined volumes so environmental
conditions of each zone can be controlled
exactly.

The terms can be very confusing
Aerated-anoxic
Anoxic-aeration
Anaerobic-aeration

what in the world am I talking
about!
Recognition of Aerobic / Anoxic Science
Aerobic / Anoxic Discussion is Found in
Environmental Engineering Text Books.

Grady, Daiger & Lim Biological wastewater Treatment;
2
nd
Edition; Marcell Dekker; New York; 1999

Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants; Water
Environment Federation Manual of Practice No. 8; 2
nd
Edition;
Book Press; Brattleboro;1991

Key Oxygen Level Definitions
Anaerobic Devoid of all sources of O. Bacteria function in the
complete absence of oxygen.
Anoxic No DO; Chemically combined O used by micro-
organisms. Bacteria function by metabolizing constituents
containing oxygen like nitrate and nitrite.
Aerobic/Anoxic DO available but not measurable; Both DO
and chemically combined O used by micro-organisms in a high
food environment
Aerobic DO Plentiful. Bacteria function in the presence of free
dissolved oxygen.
Typical designs use dedicated Anoxic and Aerobic
reactors
Aerobic Zone
w/ Aeration
Secondary
Clarifier
Internal recycle
RAS
Anoxic Zone
w/o Aeration
Dedicated zones for nitrification and denitrification
Mixing is achieved by a mechanical mixer
No air added to the anoxic reactor
Nitrates are brought back through internal recycle
4Q required to achieve 80% denitrification
Influent
WAS
Effluent
An Aerated Anoxic Reactor is not the same as a
reactor with Aerobic and Anoxic zones
Non carbon driven denitrification (lower rate)
Oxygen supply has to be greater than demand to complete treatment
Difficult to control aerobic and anoxic zones in a single stage
Load variations cause zone variations

Anoxic
Anoxic
Aerobic
Aerobic
Aerated/anoxic is a biological process which operates
at constant oxygen deficit in the first part of the process
Oxygen is supplied the anoxic zone but it is less than the O
2
demand in
that zone.
Supplied oxygen includes oxygen recovered through denitrification
Internal recycle not required for the same level of denitrification as plant
with dedicated anoxic and aerobic zones
Aerobic Zone
RAS
WAS
Anoxic Zone
w/ Aeration
Secondary
Clarifier
Influent Effluent
DO Deficit Condition
Demand Supplied
Deficit
Result = 0 DO
O
2
Supplied = 25 to 75% of O
2
Demand
An oxygen deficit is when the O
2
supplied to a reactor
is less than <75% of the O
2
demand of the reactor
For single reactor system - It
means Youre in Trouble!

For reactors in a series, it
pertains to the conditions
desired in the 1
st
reactor and
possibly the 2
nd
reactor.

Last reactor provides enough
oxygen to satisfy the O
2

demand ensuring complete
treatment.
D
e
m
a
n
d
1
0
0
S
u
p
p
l
y
5
0
D
e
m
a
n
d
5
0
S
u
p
p
l
y
3
5
D
e
m
a
n
d
1
5
S
u
p
p
l
y
2
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
%
O
2

D
e
m
a
n
d
1 2 3
Reactor
Aerated Anoxic O
2
Demand vs. Supply
Result = 0 mg/l DO
(Negative ORP)
-800 mV +200 mV
Anaerobic
Anoxic
Aerobic
Methanogenesis
Sulfur
Reduction
Acid
Formation
Phosphorus
Release
Denite
Nitrification
Aerobic Oxidation
What really is aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic?
ORP gives the answer
Advantages of Reactors in Series
Eliminates impact of short circuiting
Example
Single Stage Reactor = 5%
3 stage Series Complete Mix Reactor with higher
degree of short circuiting per
stage = 10% x 10% x 10% = 0.1%

Reduces sludge bulking
Less than 0.2 mg/l DO with high F:M upfront
reactors
Positive DO with low FM in later reactors
Wellington Donaldson compartmentalized plug
flow tanks to reduce bulking over 70 years ago
Orris Albertson Control of Sludge Bulking

Inf. Eff.
Single Stage Reactor
Inf. Eff.
Reactors in Series
Advantages and Disadvantages of Complete Mix
and Plug Flow Reactors
Inf. Eff.
Quick dispersion handles short-term high loads
Short circuiting small amount of influent will exit
prematurely
Slower reaction rates

No short circuiting: flow will travel slowly from one end to
the other
Faster reaction rates
Shock loads are not buffered and could upset the process
Inf. Eff.
Reactors in Series combines the best of both!
Complete Mix
Plug Flow
Aerated Anoxic processes are all designed as
complete mix reactors operated in series
Complete mix tank ensures quick dispersion handles short-term high loads
Reactors in series eliminates impact of short circuiting
Reactors in series improves kinetics by moving closer to plug flow kinetics
Complete mix is accomplished automatically in an oxidation ditch
At an average velocity of 1 ft/s a completes circuit occurs in less than 5 minutes for a length of
300 ft

Inf. Eff.
Complete Mix Reactors in Series
Orbal Designs using Reactors in Series
Take Advantage of Aerated Anoxic
Environments
Outer
Middle
Inner
RAS
WAS
Effluent
Influent
Aerobic
Anoxic
At average load, 50% of
volume is an anoxic first tank
Second and third
tanks are aerobic
Reactors in Series Improves Nitrification
Carey, OH WWTP Case Study

Challenge: 5 tanks in parallel
with nitrification problems.
Ammonia not meeting limits

Solution: Switch from parallel to
series.

Results:
Before (Two in parallel): eff.
Ammonia 1.7 mg/l
After (Three in Series): eff.
Ammonia 0.03 mg/l
Parallel Series
Simultaneous Biological Nitrification and
Denitrification
Nitrification, Denitrification, and Bio-P
processes can occur simultaneously in the
same vessel given the appropriate conditions

Essential to simultaneous nutrient removal
is creation of an aerated-anoxic treatment
environment

Advantages of Simultaneous Nitrification/Denitrification

Aerated Anoxic the environment for simultaneous
nitrification/denitrification

Immediate production of nitrites in 1
st
tank

Results in a shorter pathway for simultaneous
nitrification / denitrification, Lowering operating
costs

Increased safety factor for nitrification vs. same
volume of a conventional design

Better denitrification without internal recycle and
Increased Total Nitrogen reduction rates

Increased operating stability

Denitrification
Shortcut Pathway
5-step pathway:
Ammonia nitrite nitrate
nitrite nitrogen gas
3-step Shortcut pathway (in
aerated anoxic tanks):

Ammonia nitrite nitrogen gas

Requires 33% less carbon
Explains lack of nitrite oxidizers in
Orris Albertsons Phoenix study

Lower Little Miami, Ohio WWTP
VLR Process
Four VLR tanks in series
First two tanks operate at zero DO and
constant air input year around
Additional O
2
is added to the later tanks to
adjust for seasonal load variations.
Ammonia is 5 times higher in the summer
Super anoxic during summer
Mildly anoxic during winter

Q: Denitrification is better during winter.
Why?
A: More air is available for simultaneous
nitrification/denitrification

21 SWD
1
1
0

30
20 hp
2 mg/l
20 hp
20 hp 20 hp 20 hp
20 hp 20 hp
0 mg/l 0 mg/l 4 mg/l
20 hp
Errors in the Science of Nitrification
For efficient nitrification, DO at a concentration of 1.5 to 2 mg/L is
recommended (Wanner 1997).

DO concentrations greater than 2 mg/L may be required in practice
(EPA, 1993).

Nitrification is not expected to occur below 0.3 mg/L of DO (Stenstrom
and Poduska, 1980).

For efficient nitrification in an aerated anoxic process,
most of the process should operate at less than 0.3 mg/l
DO or negative ORP.
Oxygen delivery is not harmful to denitrifcation
Phoenix 91st Avenue WWTP Aerated-anoxic study*:
Established that anoxic tank could be mixed with
course bubble air instead of conventional mixers
Anoxic tank equaled 25% of total volume
Air did not hurt denitrification.

Study did not specifically address:
Where was the nitrification occurring?
Why was it assumed that oxygen delivery might hurt
denitrification?
Why was there a reduced number of nitrite oxidizers?

*Orris Albertson Evaluation of Anoxic-Aerobic
Treatment at the Phoenix 91
st
Avenue Plant
Aerated Anoxic
Nitrification
Nitrification Requirements:
Adequate oxygen
Alkalinity
Adequate sludge age for
appropriate temperatures
Adequate ammonia
Advantages of Nitrifying in the
Aerated Anoxic Reactor:
Complete nitrification in smaller
footprint
Single system SRT
Better denitrification without
internal recycle
Immediate source of nitrates for
denitrification
A short-cut nitrification/
denitrification pathway is available
(nitrite to nitrogen gas)

Where does the nitrification occur?
Q: Does all the nitrification
occur in the high DO zones?

A: Not in Siemens BNR
systems The low DO
reactors are the BEST
environment for the
nitrifiers.

The nitrification occurs
where the majority of O
2
is
delivered
0
1
2
DO Profile in Orbal
Channel O
2
Demand,
lb/Hr

O
2
Supplied, lb/Hr

Before After
Outer 160 45 90
Middle 90 120 120
Inner 25 66 66
Total 275
Effect of Increasing O
2
Delivery in Outer Channel
INCREASING oxygen delivery in anoxic tanks to
IMPROVE Denitrification Hammonton, NJ WWTP
Effluent NO
3
-N, mg/L went from 2.8 mg/l to 1.6 mg/l by increasing O
2

delivery to the Aerated Anoxic part of the process!
Sounds backwards?

Wouldnt denitrification be better with no
oxygen delivery in anoxic tanks?
Hammonton, NJ WWTP
Nitrogen Balance
Q: With 0.3 mg/l nitrate, how much
denitrification is due to recycle?

Influent N to be nitrified @ 200 lbs/day
N denitrified @ 197 lbs/day
N in recycle @ 13 lbs/day
N denitrified due to simultaneous N-D
@ 184 lbs/day

A: More than 93% is denitrified due to
simultaneous N-D!
Similar results achieved at Elkton, MD
Research discovers nitrifiers will adapt and thrive
in Aerated Anoxic Processes
University of Wisconsin Studies

Molecular probes to identify NH
3
oxidizing
population diversity
Compare Orbal population to modified
UCT Process - Glenn Tranowski
(complete MS thesis)
Isolate as many different NH
3
oxidizing
bacteria a possible - Scott Cheng, MS
student
Determine differences in microbial
populations in various BNR plants,
Hee Dung Park, PH.D student

FISH Analysis of Ammonia Oxidizing Activity
Research validates benefits simultaneous
nitrification/denitrifcation processes
Max kinetic rate similar between high and low DO AOB
At low DO the kinetic rate for aerated anoxic AOB is significantly higher than
high DO nitrifiers.
Low-DO environment supports stable nitrification
Different DO conditions select for phylogenetically different AOB
Lab enriched AOB are different from full-scale AOB (N. europaea lineage vs.
Nitrosospiria)

0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
DO (mg DO/L)
(
d
a
y

-
1
)
Measured Values (High DO)
Non-linear Regression (H)
Measured Values (Low DO)
Non-linear Regression (L)
Kinetic Parameters
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
DO (mg DO/L)
(
d
a
y

-
1
)
Measured Values (High DO)
Non-linear Regression (H)
Measured Values (Low DO)
Non-linear Regression (L)
Kinetic Parameters
0.1
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
H-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
N. europaea
lineage
Nitrosospira
lineage
N. oligotropha
lineage
N. marina
lineage
N. communis
lineage
N. cryotolerans
lineage
Phylogenetic Locations
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine
Springs
Clones
0.1
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
Marshall
Clones
H-DO Reactor
Clones
H-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
L-DO Reactor
Clones
N. europaea
lineage
Nitrosospira
lineage
N. oligotropha
lineage
N. marina
lineage
N. communis
lineage
N. cryotolerans
lineage
Phylogenetic Locations
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine
Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine Springs
Clones
Nine
Springs
Clones
Nitrifiers Denitrifiers
Nitrosomonas Achromobacter
europaea Aerobacter
oligotropha Bacillus
cryotolerans Micrococcus
marina Pseudomonas
communis Flavobacterium
Nitrobacter Proteus
Nitrospira Alcaligenes

Research Results
Aerated Anoxic Processes Provide Power Savings
Better oxygen transfer by delivering
the majority the oxygen under
aerated anoxic conditions.
Oxygen transfer is dependent upon:
(C
s
C)
Alpha () = O
2
transfer in MLSS/clean water
(C
s
C) = difference between saturation DO
(C
s
) and the mixed liquor DO (C)

20 - 30% power savings possible
Orbal Disc
Aerated Anoxic Saves 20 to 30% in power vs.
conventional textbook designs
MLE with Fine
Bubble
Bionutre VertiCel
Anoxic Aerobic VLR
Fine
Bubble
Flow, MGD 18 18 18
Net AOR*,
lb/hr
2025 2025 890 1135
Alpha - 0.5 0.5 0.95 0.68
DO, mg/l 0 2 0,1,2 0 1, 2
SOR, lb/hr 5220 973 2012
Aerator bHp - 816 650 322 298
Mixer/Pump
bhP
70 - - - -
Total bHp

886 650 620
* Includes Denitrification Credit
$0.0 M
$2.0 M
$4.0 M
$6.0 M
$8.0 M
VertiCel Bionutre MLE
Total Annualized Present Value
Energy Cost
Discount Rate = 5%
Life Cycle Duration = 20 years
Power Costs = 0.069 $/kwh (2009 US Average)
Power Cost Inflation Rate = 5% (rate from 2000-2009 for US)
Enhanced Bio-Phosphorus Removal
Requires staged reactors in series that expose the mixed liquor to anaerobic
conditions followed by aerobic conditions

BOD
5
uptake and PO4 release from cells occur under anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic conditions support the luxury uptake of PO4.

Non-enhanced treatment systems will contain from 1 to 2 % phosphorus in its
sludge.

Enhanced treatment systems can contain from 4 to 6 % phosphorus in its sludge

PAO Behavior
Cell
POLY-P
PHB
Short
Chain
Fatty
Acids
PO
4

Cell
POLY-P
PHB
PO
4
O
2
CO
2
Cell
POLY-P
PHB
PO
4
NO
3
N
2
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anoxic
Aerated Anaerobic ?

It sounds too odd

But it works in designs with LARGE
aerated anoxic tanks and limited oxygen
supplied. (The outer channel of the
Orbal is 50% of the volume!)

ORP conditions of -200 to -400
Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms
Acinetobacter
Candidatus Accumulobacter
Rhodocyclus Sp.
Thauera selenatis
Propionibacter pelophilus
Dechlorimonas Sp.
McMinnville, Oregon WWTP
Two 3-channel Orbal Basins
1
st
channel operates as
aerated anaerobic channel
2
nd
channel operates as
aerated anoxic channel
1.52 m.gal. Aeration Volume per
basin
Four 50 hp Drives
0.07 mg/l eff. P required
Designed for 8 day sludge age
0.5 mg/l eff. ammonia required
Only 18% of total basin volume is
aerobic
McMinnville, Oregon WWTP
P-removal Performance
Typical Municipal Plant

Operates first channel with discs
at 29 rpm less than 10% of the
total oxygen (aerated anaerobic)
Second channel operates with
70% of the air and a zero DO
(aerated anoxic)
Effluent ammonia at 0.2 mg/l (with 8 day sludge age)

Sol. P from Orbal/FC is 0.03 mg/l

Total P from Orbal/FC is 0.1 mg/l
Automatic control of BNR Environment
using DO and ORP
Conclusion
Aerated Anoxic operation is essential in the design of highly efficient
BNR systems.

Tanks in series operation allows for complete isolation of aerated
anaerobic, aerated anoxic, and aerobic zones.

These new environments have been found to contain their own
biological populations.

Research is on-going.

IT WORKS !
Contact
John E. Olson P.E.
Technical Sales Manager, Biological Processes
Siemens Water Technologies
2607 North Grandview Blvd
Waukesha, WI 53188

Phone: 262-521-8495
Cell: 262-488-5996
Fax: 262-521-8287

E-mail: john.e.olson@siemens.com
Thank you for your attention!
Activated Sludge
Operation &
Control Strategies
John E. Olson P.E.
Siemens Water Technologies

Biological Mechanisms in Aerated-Anoxic
Treatment
Bio-reactor macro environment
DO, Temp, MLSS, Mixing velocity, F/M, etc.
Floc micro environment
Anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic
Novel micro-organisms
Nitrosospira Sp., Rhodocyclus Sp.
Current studies at Rutgers University and The University of
Wisconsin are investigating the biological mechanisms
involved.
Activated Sludge
Developed 1880 1920 in Europe & US
Batch treatment first developed
Officially named activated sludge on Jan 12,
1915
Use naturally occurring aerobic microbiology to
stabilize WW before discharge to environment
Activated Sludge Systems
Conventional with course or fine bubble aeration
(plug, complete mix, step feed, contact stabilization)
Oxidation ditches
Sequencing Batch Reactors
Vertical Loop Reactors
All are environments that contain a
dispersed microbiological growth
suspended in a mixture of raw wastewater
and recycled settled sludge from clarifiers
Floc, Filaments & Critters
Sphaerotilus natans = Low DO
Type 1701
Sphaerotilus natans
Haliscomenobacter hydrossis

Cause
Inadequate Dissolved O
2
throughout basin

Cure

Increase DO

False Branching identifies SN

Design & Control Parameters for Activated Sludge
Dissolved Oxygen
Flows (Hydraulics)
Food / Micro-organism Ratio (F/M)
MCRT - Mean Cell Residence Time (Sludge age)
Yield (Solids Production)
Loading Rates (BOD, Ammonia, Phosphorus, etc.)
Basic Formulas
Pounds (lbs) = Flow (MGD) x Concentration (mg/l) x 8.34
Area (ft) = length x width or 3.14(radius)
Volume (ft) = Area x Depth
Gallons = Cubic Feet (ft) x 7.48
Flow

Influent
Storm
Side-streams
RAS
WAS
Types of Flow Measurement
Flumes
Mag Meters
Fill & Draw
Pump capacity
Q = A*V
Dissolved Oxygen Measurement
Manual DO measurement of basins
Must always be done in-situ with portable meter
Oxygen Uptake Rate OUR
Measure the rate of Oxygen utilization in the
basin which correlates to the strength of
wastewater in the basin
Flow Control
Storage & Equalization
Pumps & Pumping Capacities
Variable Frequencies Drives
PLC-based Control Systems

Control the Hydraulic and Organic Loading on Processes
Within the Plant
Clarifier operation / RAS control
A clarifier is designed to remove solids from the wastewater.

It is not a sludge holding basin!

Target: 0.5 to 1.5 foot sludge blanket

RAS flow range: 50% to 150% Q range (60 to 80% Q typical)

Automatic Flow Control Helps Maintain Constant Sludge Blanket
Level

Detention Time (hrs)

DT = Tank Volume (gallons) X 24 (hrs/day)
Total all Flows (gallons / day)
Example:
WW Influent = 450,000 GPD VLR Tank #1 Volume
RAS = 100% of Influent = 240,000 gallons
Digester Supernate = 20,000 GPD
Septage Hauler = 8,000 GPD

DT VLR Tank 1 = ???
Sludge Quality Management
Four Questions

How many micro-organisms are in my WW treatment process?
(Inventory)

Where are they? (basins, clarifiers, etc)

How long have they been there? (MCRT)

Where are they going? (WAS or Effluent)
A + B
MCRT =
C + D
A + B = Sludge Inventory

A = Lbs MLSS in Aeration Basins

MLSS (mg/l) x Basin Volume (MG) x 8.34

A + B = Sludge Inventory
B = Lbs TSS in Clarifier

[RAS (mg/l) + MLSS (mg/l)] = AVG Conc.
2

(3.14 x Radius x Sludge bed (ft) x 7.48) = Sludge Volume
1,000,000

AVG Conc. x Sludge Volume x 8.34 = Clarifier Solids
C + D = Sludge Wasted

C = Lbs Solids Intentionally Wasted

RAS (mg/l) x Daily Waste Sludge Flow x 8.34
1,000,000
C + D = Sludge Wasted

D = Lbs Solids Lost with Effluent

Eff TSS (mg/l) x Effluent Flow (MG) x 8.34
Calculate MCRT
Influent Flow = 1,225,000 GPD
MLSS = 2500 mg/l
RAS = 7500 mg/l
Eff TSS = 12 mg/l
3 VLR Tanks = 25 W x 80 L x 20 D
2 Clarifiers = 50 diameter x 12 D
Average sludge bed depth = 9
Waste Sludge Flow = 75,000 gallons
Supernate Return from digester = 50,000 GPD
Loading Rates
Organic loading = lbs BOD
1000 ft Tank Volume

Nitrogen Loading = lbs BOD
lbs TKN (NH3 +Org N

Phosphorus Loading = lbs BOD
lbs Phosphorus

Food / Micro-organism Ratio
Food = lbs BOD coming into process
(mg/l influent BOD x MG Flow x 8.34)

Micro-organisms = lbs MLSS in Basin

(mg/l MLSS x Basin volume (MG) x 8.34)

F/M ultimately controls the population of micro-
organisms that inhabit the WW system
Yield
Yield = The Amount of Sludge Produced
The Amount of BOD Removed

Y = RAS mg/l x Waste Sludge Flow x 8.34
[BOD Inf BOD eff] (mg/l) x Influent Flow (MG) x 8.34
Settleability
Most Important Operational Goal Good Settleability!

Problems
Pin floc
Ashing
Filaments

Solution
Manage the MCRT in the plant!
30 Minute Settling Test
Fill Beaker to 100%
Stir
Set timer for 30 Min.
Allow to settle
Read level of settled sludge in
beaker
Record every minute for rate
Record final result after 30 min.
Monitoring Settleability
SVI Sludge Volume Index (mL/Gram)

SVI = Settled Volume (mL/L) x 1000 (mG/Gram)
MLSS (mG/L)

Energy Conservation Using Aerated Anoxic Technology

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