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Mixed-mode and VLSI Technology


Lecture 1- Data Converter Fundamentals
Dr Baochun Hou
Contents
Ideal D/A Converter Ideal D/A Converter
Ideal A/D Converter
Signed Code
2
Performance Limitations
Fundamentals
General Approach: General Approach:
Input-output relationship
Types of Data Converters:
Nyquist-Rate Converter
Operate at least the input signals Nyquist rate.
A ll l li hl l d(15 10 i )
3
Actually always slightly over-sampled (1.5 or 10 times)
Over-sampling Converters:
Operate much faster than the input signals Nyquist rate.
(over 10 times)
Ideal D/A Converter (1)
N bit D/A converter:
B V
N-bit D/A converter:
N-bit digital signal
is binary digit (0 or 1)
is most significant bit (MSB)
is least significant bit (LSB)
Notethat (why?)
in
B
in
B
out
V
A D/
ref
V
i
b
1
b
N
b
1 < B
4
Note that (why?)
N
N in
b b b B

+ + + = 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
L
1 <
in
B
2
Ideal D/A Converter (2)
Somedefinitionsof N bit D/A converter: Some definitions of N-bit D/A converter:
Unipolar D/A converter, if
Otherwise, Signed D/A converter
Reference signal
Output signal
Therelationshipbetweenthreesignals
, 0 >
in
B
ref
V
out
V
5
The relationship between three signals
in ref
N
N ref out
B V b b b V V = + + + =

) 2 2 2 (
2
2
1
1
L
Ideal D/A Converter (3)
Somedefinitionsof N bit D/A converter: Some definitions of N-bit D/A converter:
Voltage change when one LSB change:
LSB unit:
N
ref
LSB
V
V
2

6
LSB unit:
N
LSB
2
1
1 =
Ideal D/A Converter (4)
Somedefinitionsof N bit D/A converter: Some definitions of N-bit D/A converter:
Transfer curve:
2-bit example
Finite values
Well defined
Max. value:
) 2 1 (
N
V
7
) 2 1 (
N
ref
V

Ideal D/A Converter (5)


Example: Example:
A 8-bit D/A converter has What is the output
voltage when Also, find
Solution:
Using
? 10110100 =
in
B
. 5V V
ref
=
.
LSB
V
N
N in
b b b B

+ + + = 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
L
8
We have,
Then we have,
703125 . 0 2 2 2 2
6 4 3 1
= + + + =

in
B
V B V V
in ref out
516 . 3 = =
mV V
LSB
5 . 19 256 / 5 = =
3
Ideal A/D Converter (1)
N bit A/Dconverter:
B V
N-bit A/D converter:
N-bit digital output signal
analog input signal
analog reference signal
is binary digit (0 or 1)
ismost significant bit (MSB)
out
B
out
B
in
V
D A/
ref
V
i
b
b
in
V
ref
V
9
is most significant bit (MSB)
is least significant bit (LSB)
Note that
N
N out
b b b B

+ + + = 2 2 2
2
2
1
1
L
1
b
N
b
Ideal A/D Converter (2)
isdefinedassignal changecorrespondingtoa
LSB
V is defined as signal change corresponding to a
single LSB change
The relationship between three signals
where
1 1
Q in
N
N ref
V V b b b V = + + +

) 2 2 2 (
2
2
1
1
L
LSB
V
10
where
Note that there is now a range of valid input values that
produce the same digital output. This ambiguity
produces Quantisation Error.
LSB Q LSB
V V V
2
1
2
1

Ideal A/D Converter (3)
Transfer curve: Transfer curve:
2-bit example
Transitions along
axis are offset by
The input signal has to
be:
in
V
LSB
V 2 / 1
ref in
V V
= =
11
otherwise the quantiser
is overloaded.
f
ref
V
V
10
Quantisation Noise (1)
Quantisation Noise Model Quantisation Noise Model
N bit ideal A/DandD/A converter;
B
in
V
D A/
Q
V
A D/
1
V
+

+
12
N-bit ideal A/D and D/A converter;
or
in Q
V V V =
1
Q in
V V V + =
1
4
Quantisation Noise (2)
Quantisation Noise Model (cont ) Quantisation Noise Model (cont.)
Quantised signal can be modelled as the input
signal plus additive noise.
Deterministic Signal (DS) input
Q in
V V V + =
1
13
g ( ) p
Assume input is ramp;
Then the is a staircase (why?);
Quantisation noise is saw-tooth signal (why?);
1
V
in
V
Q
V
Quantisation Noise (3)
14
Input ramp signal V
in
andquantised signal V
1
Source from: ref [2]
Quantisation Noise (4)
15
Quantisation noise signal V
Q
Source from: ref [2]
Quantisation Noise (5)
QuantisationNoisePower for DSinput Quantisation Noise Power for DS input
Quantisation noise is limited to:
Its average is zero;
LSB Q LSB
V V V
2
1
2
1

16
Its RMS (Sawtooth):
12
1 1
2 / 1
2
2
2
2
2 / 1
2
2
2
) (
LSB
T
T
LSB
T
T
Q RMS Q
V
dt
T
t
V
T
dt V
T
V =

=


5
Quantisation Noise (6)
QuantisationNoisePower for Stochastic Quantisation Noise Power for Stochastic
Signal (SS) input
Quantisation noise is random variable:
LSB Q LSB
V V V
2
1
2
1

17
PDF:


=
otherwise
V x
V x f
LSB
LSB Q
0
2
1
1
) (
LSB
V
2
1

LSB
V
2
1
) (x f
Q
LSB
V
1
x
Quantisation Noise (7)
ItsMean(average) iszero: Its Mean (average) is zero:
Its RMS:
0
1
) (
2
2
) (
= = =


LSB
LSB
V
V
LSB
Q mean Q
dx x
V
dx x f x V
1
) (
2 / 1
2 2
2 / 1
2 LSB
V
V
dx x dx x f x V
LSB
=

18
This is applied to all uniform distribution noise
between interval
12
) (
2
) ( V
LSB
Q RMS Q
dx x
V
dx x f x V
LSB
=

=


LSB Q LSB
V V V
2
1
2
1

Quantisation Noise (8)
QuantisationNoiseEffect Quantisation Noise Effect
Recall the definition of , each
additional bit will reduce noise power by 6dB,
given that the remains constant.
Q ti d i l t ( t lid )
N
ref
LSB
V
V
2
=
ref
V
19
Quantised signal spectrum (see next slide)
The spectrum shows that quantisation error
(noise) even occurs in ideal A/D converters.
Quantisation Noise (9)
20
Source from: Maxim
6
Quantisation Noise (10)
SNR of QuantisedSignal SNR of Quantised Signal
For Sawtooth with peak-peak or random
uniformly distributed between 0 and , the
SNR is given by
ref
V
ref
V
12 /
) (
V V
ref RMS in

21
) ( 02 . 6 ) 2 log( 20
12 /
log 20 log 20
) (
) (
dB N
V V
SNR
N
LSB
ref
RMS Q
RMS in
= =

=
Quantisation Noise (11)
SNR of QuantisedSignal SNR of Quantised Signal
For Sinusoidal input signal between 0 and
(i.e. p-p),the SNR is given by
ref
V
12 /
) 2 2 /(
log 20 log 20
) (
) (
V
V
V
V
SNR
LSB
ref
RMS Q
RMS in

=
22
Where
) ( 76 . 1 02 . 6 ) 2
2
3
log( 20
) (
dB N
N
LSB Q
+ = =

2 2
) (
ref
RMS in
V
V =
Signed Codes (1)
Sign Magnitude: Sign Magnitude:
All the bits are the same for the positive number, the
MSB is complemented.
MSB is the sign bit.
Example:
23
p
For a 4-bit number, decimal number 4 represents as 0100;
decimal number -4 represents as 1100;
Signed Codes (2)
1s complement: 1 s complement:
Negative numbers are represented as the complement of
all the bits for the equivalent positive number.
Only number are represented.
Example:
1 2
N
24
p
For a 4-bit number, 4 represents as 0100;
-4 represents as 1011;
7
Signed Codes (3)
Offset Binary: Offset Binary:
The number is offset by
Similar to unipolar representation from 0 to .
Example:
For a4-bit number, 4will be4+8=12andrepresentsas1100;
1 2
N
1
2
N
25
For a 4 bit number, 4 will be 4 8 12 and represents as 1100;
-4 will be -4+8=4 and represents as 0100;
Signed Codes (4)
2s complement: 2 s complement:
Negative numbers are represented as the 1s complement
of the equivalent positive number and add 1 at LSB.
Or it can be obtained from offset binary by
complementing the MSB.
26
Example:
For a 4-bit number, 4 represents as 0100;
-4 represents as 1100;
Signed Codes (5)
Number Sign
Magnitude
1s
complement
Offset
Binary
2s
complement
+7 0111 0111 1111 0111
+6 0110 0110 1110 0110
+5 0101 0101 1101 0101
+4 0100 0100 1100 0100
+3 0011 0011 1011 0011
+2 0010 0010 1010 0010
+1 0001 0001 1001 0001
+0 0000 0000 1000 0000
(-0) (1000) (1111)
27
-1 1001 1110 0111 1111
-2 1010 1101 0110 1110
-3 1011 1100 0101 1101
-4 1100 1011 0100 1100
-5 1101 1010 0011 1011
-6 1110 1001 0010 1010
-7 1111 1000 0001 1001
-8 0000 1000
Performance Limitations (1)
Useful performance measurement:
Resolution:
The number of distinct analog levels vs. different digital words;
Described in N-bit (can resolve 2
N
distinct analog levels);
Offset Error
D/A Offset Error:
actual output that occurs for the input code that should produce
zero output (measured in LSB)
V
28
p ( )
A/D Offset Error:
Deviation of fromLSB (measured in LSB)
1 0L
V
LSB
V
V
E
LSB
D A off
2
1
1 0
) / (
=
L
0 0 ) / ( L
LSB
out
A D off
V
V
E =
8
Performance Limitations (2)
1 0L
V
29 Source from Ref [1]
Offset Error
Performance Limitations (3)
Useful performance measurement: Useful performance measurement:
Gain Error:
The difference at the full-scale value between the ideal and actual
curves when the offset error has been compensated
D/A Gain Error (measured in LSB)
( ) 1 2
0 0 1 1 ) / (

=
N
LSB
out
LSB
out
A D gain
V
V
V
V
E
L L
30
A/D Gain Error (measured in LSB)
( ) 2 2
0 0 1 1
) / (

=
N
LSB LSB
D A gain
V
V
V
V
E
L L
Performance Limitations (4)
31 Source from Ref [1] Gain Error
ADC DAC
Performance Limitations (5)
Integral Nonlinearity (INL) Error: Integral Nonlinearity (INL) Error:
Deviation froma straight line after offset and gain errors
removed.
D/A INL Error (measured in LSB)
A/D INL Error (measured in LSB)
Differential Nonlinearity (DNL) Error:
32
Variation in analog step sizes away from1 LSB after offset and
gain errors removed.
D/A Gain Error (measured in LSB)
A/D Gain Error (measured in LSB)
9
Performance Limitations (6)
33 Source from Ref [1]
Integral Nonlinearity Error
ADC DAC
Performance Limitations (7)
34 Source from Ref [1]
Differential Nonlinearity Error
ADC DAC
Performance Limitations (8)
Absolute Accuracy of Converter: Absolute Accuracy of Converter:
Defined to be the difference between the ideal
and actual transfer response.
It includes:
Offset error
G i
35
Gain error
Nonlinearity errors
Performance Limitations (9)
Relative Accuracy of Converter: Relative Accuracy of Converter:
Defined to be the accuracy after the offset and gain
errors have been removed.
Representation of accuracy:
A percentageerror of thef ll scale al e
36
A percentage error of the full-scale value
The effective number of bits;
A fraction of an LSB;
10
Reading Materials
[1] UnderstandingDataConverters Texas [1]. Understanding Data Converters, Texas
Instruments Application Report SLAA013,
Mixed-Signal Products, 1995.
[2]. D J ohns and K Martin, Analog
Integrated Circuit Design, J ohn Wiley &
SonsInc 1997
37
Sons Inc, 1997.
[3]. http://www.maxim-
ic.com/appnotes10.cfm/ac_pk/2/ln/en

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