Investigation of Damage in Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

Under Flexural Bending in Chile

Jasmin Sadegh, REU student | Tufts University , Medford, MA | jasmin.sadegh@gmail.com
Christopher Hilson, PhD Candidate and John Wallace, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE | University of California, LA, Los Angeles, CA

Overview of Project Phase I: Drift Analysis
Phase II-A: Buckling Failure of Steel Reinforcement
Phase II-B: Testing






Buildings in Chile
(built in early 2000s)
Buildings in the US
6-8in thick RC shear walls
Hoop spacing every 8
inches
8+in thick RC shear walls
Hoop spacing every 4-6
inches
Figure 2. Background
(2-A) The building code in Chile, NCh433.Of96, adopted US
building code ACI 318-95, but did not require SBEs.
Observations and analysis of wall damage after the 2010 M
w

8.8 earthquake in Chile show that the walls were not compliant
with current ACI 318 11 and is a possible explanation for poor
performance. Results of this study will potentially yield
revisions to the US and Chilean codes.
Figure 4. Steps for Assessing Acceptable Moment at Anticipated
Roof Drift Demand from 2010 Earthquake in Chile
(4-A) The building response spectrum from the 2010 earthquake was used
to estimate roof drift. If the shear wall achieved this drift under imposed
monotonic loading, then drift was not cause of failure. This process used
displacement-based design methods to determine anticipated drift ratio.
Figure 3. Axial Load, Wall
Shape, and Plastic Hinge
Impacts on Behavior
(3-A) Taller buildings have higher
axial loads that tend to increase
strength but decrease ductility.

(3-B) Flanged wall configurations
experience different strain
values, and have a different
moment - curvature under cyclic
loading than typical rectangular
walls.

(3-C) In elastic region of a
moment - curvature diagram,
structural analysis determines
relationship from curvature to
drift. Past 1
st
yield, plastic hinge
model is used to relate curvature
and drift.
Figure 5. Comparison of Moment-Curvature Diagrams for Varying Wall Configurations [assessed in steps 1, 2, 3]
(5-A) Wall geometry, reinforcement spacing, and axial load were inputted into Biax1996 and outputted moment-curvature plots for
five major shear walls. The first yield point was important for finding the beginning of the inelastic portion. The neutral axis depth at
a compressive strain of 0.003 is important for special boundary element trigger check. (5-A.1) The steep slope in the elastic portion
of this moment curvature graph shows that wall E8-E is stiff due to its long length (increased moment of inertia) and large axial
load demand (P/Ag*fc). (5-A.2) This graph for T-shaped wall E11-I shows the moment-curvature when the web is in compression.
Acknowledgments


Rodriguez,M., Botero, J., Villa, J. (1999). Cyclic Stress-Strain
Behavior of Reinforcing Steel Including Effect of Buckling J.
Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 605-612.

Wallace, J. W. (2011) "February 27, 2010 Chile earthquake: Preliminary
observations on structural performance and implications for
U.S. building codes and standards," Proc. ASCE Structures
Congress, Las Vegas.
This project was generously funded by NIST towards ATC 94
Task order 21. Thanks to ATC and CUREE, NEHRP, and FEMA for
additional support. This research was possible with funding from
ACEEC-1005054 and CMMI-0927178. Special acknowledgement to
John Wallace and particularly Chris Hilson for his patience and support.
1. Total Seismic Load on
critical section= (200psf)
Dead Load + (40psf)Live
load+ Column and Wall
load + load factors
The utility of the 2010 earthquake in Chile is
proposed
The results will impact the requirements of
SBE in ACI 318-11
Preliminary analysis must ensure the
concrete did not fail before achieving
anticipated drift demand using
displacement-based design
Secondary analysis must examine steel
buckling as an issue
Steps 1-3 of Phase I was completed for
major walls in the Emerald building
2. Use typical floor plan with shear
walls to determine wall geometry
4. Convert to Moment-Drift Graph and
observe if curve reaches drift capacity
Site specific response
spectrum;
4-A
6-A
6-A.2 Using Moment vs. Drift Ratio
graph, identify varying drift
percentages and the respective c
p
*
For s/db ratios less than ~8.0

6-A.3 Hoop spacing and range of
possible c
p
* values indicating bar
buckling (Rodriguez 1999)
Figure 6. Method for Determining
Expected Strains at Failure using
%Drift
(6-A) Steps for Determining Buckling:
(6-A.2) Calculate bar strain, c
p
*,
(defined in 6-A.1) at a % drift based on
Moment-Drift graphs
(6-A.3) See if c
p
* of reinforcement
meets or exceeds range of c
p
*
expected at the s/db (Rodriguez 1999).
Incrementally increase drift ratio and
repeat process until steel buckles or
drift demand met
Figure 7. Method for Finding c
p
*
for Reinforcement Restrained by Concrete
(7-A) Supplementing the Rodriguez test, this
test will identify the expected c
p
* values for
reinforcement in concrete rather than just
exposed steel. (7-B) Four specimens with
varying detailing as per ACI 318 S21.9.6.5 for
with fixed-fixed boundary conditions and
minimal cover. The construction and testing
will begin in Fall 2012. (7-C) Incrementally
increasing strain values will be applied until
steel failure.
bw
2.5bw
7-A 7-B
Estimated curve for
reinforcement steel restrained
in concrete
Figure 1. Investigating Wall Damage in Chile to Improve
ACI 318-11
(1-A) With the widespread failures observed in boundary
zones of Chilean walls, would they have required special
boundary elements (SBE) according to ACI 318-11? With
such a large spacing, could bar buckling have been an issue?
Phase I: Assess concrete crushing failure at large drift
demands
Phase II: Assess failure of steel from tensile yielding
2-A Wall Shape P/Ag*f'c
1st Yield
Curvature, Web
Compr. (1/in)
c @ Compr.
Strain= 0.003
c/lw
E8-E rectangular 0.271 0.0000148 120 0.426
E11-G
rectangular
with small flange
0.229 0.0000205 83.2 0.276
E11-I
T
with small flange
0.089 -0.0000174 73.9 0.365
E11-K T 0.189 -0.0000276 116.7 0.647
E11-L L 0.214 -0.0000235 89.1 0.473
5-A
6-A.1
c
p
* = c
o
c
p
(Rodriguez 1999)
5-A.2
3-A
3-C
3-B
( )
11
40
y
y w
w
h
h
o
|' =
Typical Moment-
Curvature Diagram
3. Wall configuration and axial load yield
a moment curvature using Biax1996

Typical Moment-.
Drift Ratio Diagram


p y p
p y
w
y
w
l
l
h h
) (
) (
| | u
| |
o o
' =
' + =
-400,000
-350,000
-300,000
-250,000
-200,000
-150,000
-100,000
-50,000
0
50,000
100,000
-0.00008 -0.00007 -0.00006 -0.00005 -0.00004 -0.00003 -0.00002 -0.00001 0.00000
M
o
m
e n
t ( k i p
-i n
)
Curvature (1/in)
M-C E11-I WEB COMP
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
0.00000 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00007 0.00008
M
o
m
e n
t ( k i p
-i n
)
Curvature (1/in)
M-C E.8-E WEB COMP
For Further Information
For further information, please contact: Jasmin Sadegh, Chris Hilson
(chilson14@gmail.com), or John Wallace (wallacej@ucla.edu)
1-A
Centro Mayor- Concepcion
5-A.1
-0.003
0.002
0.007
0.012
0.017
0.022
0.027
0.032
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
S
t r a i n
( i n
. / i n
. )
Phase IIB-Test Protocol
7-C
Summary
Key Literature