NeW 8u||d|ngs |n 0|d $ett|ngs

- 0onservat|on and eve|opment |n the 0|ty

Te proo|ers |rp||ed o] le reed lo rod|l] or rep|ace a c|l]'s
ou||d|rgs are a|rosl as o|d as le c|l] |lse|l W|l le success
requ|r|rg s||||s W|c recorc||e le reed lo preserve le pasl ard
le ralura| urge lor groWl ard carge. 8] |ls o|d ou||d|rgs ard
|ls reW ores slard|rg s|de o] s|de, le carges |r le c|l]
represerl le |slor] ol le pasl ard le preserl slale ol le
c|v|||sal|or |l |s parl ol.
lr allerpl|rg lo lorru|ale ar appropr|ale des|gr resporse lo
a parl|cu|ar erv|rorrerl, le purpose ol l|s paper |s lo exar|re
le |rp||cal|ors ard |ssues |rvo|ved |r oW ore ra]
accorrodale reW ou||d|rgs lo o|d erv|rorrerls. As a oas|s lor
ara|]s|s ard cors|deral|or lor |rcorporal|rg a reW ou||d|rg |r ar
o|d sell|rg, l|s paper W||| propose a rarge ol cr|ler|a W|c car
oe used lo del|re ard descr|oe le var|ous aspecls, W|c W|||
reed lo oe cors|dered |r lus|rg reW ou||d|rgs ard o|d sell|rgs.
Te cr|ler|a cors|sl ol sever |rlerre|aled corporerls: 'lexlure ol
ar area ol |slor|c uroar laor|c, mass / plct wictn, cuilcir lire,
skylire or s||ouelle, cclcur, scale ard visual cersity.
0|d|r| no| |n med|u |stor|c
- protec[|e s| dezvo|tare urban
Proo|ere|e puse de revo|a de a rod|l|ca sau ir|ocu| c|d|r||e
d|rlrur oras surl aproape |a le| de vec| ca orasu| irsus|, |ar
rezo|varea adecval reces|l corpelerle care recorc|||az
revo|a de as| pslra lreculu|, precur s| |rpu|su| ralura| de
exl|rdere s| sc|roare. Pr|r a|lurarea de c|d|r| vec| s| ro|,
sc|ror||e d|r oras rel|ecl all |slor|a lreculu|u| cl s| slad|u|
aclua| a| c|v|||zal|e| de care aparl|re.
lr ircercarea de a lorru|a ur rspurs de corcepl|e adecval
uru| red|u spec|l|c, scopu| acesle| |ucrr| esle exar|rarea
|rp||cal|||or s| proo|ere|or alererle rodu|u| ir care c|d|r||e ro|
pol l| arp|asale ir red|| |slor|ce. Ca oaz perlru ara||za s|
cors|deral|||e |egale de |rlegrarea ure| c|d|r| ro| irlrur red|u
|slor|c, prezerla |ucrare propure o ser|e de cr|ler|| care se pol
lo|os| |a del|r|rea s| descr|erea d|ler|le|or aspecle care vor lreou|
|uale ir cors|derare |a luz|urea c|d|r||or ro| cu red|u| |slor|c.
Cr|ler|||e au saple corporerle |rlerre|al|orale: lesutul urcar a|
ure| zore |slor|ce, masa / llimea lcturilcr, liria clcirilcr, ccrturul
sau s||uela, culcarea, scara s| cersitatea vizual.
114
Tusnad 2003
|ntroduct|on
Te lorr ard caracler ol a c|l] |s as a corsequerce ol le
|rlerp|a] ol a ruroer ol laclors av|rg d|llererl degrees ol |rpor
larce al d|llererl l|res |r |ls |slor]. 0roWl ard carge, ard occa
s|ora||] dec||re, are caracler|sl|cs ol uroar revo|ul|or, add|l|ors
ard a|leral|ors ol le uroar slruclure gerera||] lo||oW|rg rosl up
lo dale ou||d|rg relods ard arc|leclura| sl]|es ava||ao|e lo
deve|opers.
0es|gr |r |slor|c loWrs |s a W|de rarg|rg suojecl cover|rg, al
ore exlrere, le des|gr ol sra|| dela||s suc as sop s|grs, sop
lrorls, slreel lurr|lure ard pav|rg, ard al le oler exlrere, le
des|gr ol |arge sca|e redeve|oprerl projecls cover|rg severa|
acres ol |ard. Te rereWa| ard reluro|srerl ol |slor|c areas
sou|d oe a gradua|, p|ecerea| ard corl|ru|rg process |l l|s car
poss|o|] oe ac|eved, s|rp|] oecause le ralure ol |arge sca|e
corpreers|ve deve|oprerl W||| a|rosl |rev|lao|] deslro] ruc ol
le ou||l laor|c.
Te arrogarce W|c |s so oller a persora||l] lra|l ol, creal|ve
des|grers ra] |ead ler lo produce ou||d|rgs, W|c are
de||oerale|] al odds W|l le |oca| - surrourd|rgs or le oas|s
lal |l |s recessar] lo ra|e ar arc|leclura| 'slalererl, W|c
rel|ecls le soc|el] ard lecro|og] ol le 1990's. w||sl |l ra]
sorel|res oe appropr|ale lor a reW ou||d|rg lo oe slr|derl ard
de||oerale|] corlrasl W|l |ls re|goours, v|sua| good rarrers
ard a cr|l|ca| urderslard|rg ol le va|ue ol corlorr|l] are |||e|]
lo produce a rore acceplao|e ard erdur|rg so|ul|or.
lr allerpl|rg lo lorru|ale ar appropr|ale des|gr resporse lo
parl|cu|ar erv|rorrerl, l|s paper exar|res le |ssues ard
|rp||cal|ors |rvo|ved or oW reW ou||d|rgs ra] oe accorro
daled |rlo o|d erv|rorrerls.
NeW 8u||d|ngs |n 0|d $ett|ngs. |ssues
A|ac| ol la|l |r 'roderr arc|leclure |s roW a|rosl ur|versa|,
rol or|] |r le r|rds ol le gerera| puo||c oul rore |rporlarl|]
|r le r|rds ol P|arr|rg 0ll|cers ard P|arr|rg Corr|llee
Heroers Wo lorru|ale dec|s|ors or lese rallers lroug le
process ol 0eve|oprerl Corlro|.
Te reasors lor le |ac| ol corl|derce |r arc|lecls ard loWr
p|arrers are We|| |roWr: le Wo|esa|e deslrucl|or ol |slor|c
loWrs ard lar|||ar |ardrar|s dur|rg le Wave ol corpreers|ve
deve|oprerl ol le 190's ard 1970's; le |rlroducl|or ol
'|rurar lorrs ol ou||d|rg suc as |gr|se o|oc|s; le
|rcreased use ol 'a||er raler|a|s ard urre||ao|e lecro|og]; le
p||osop] ol arc|leclura| arrogarce, ard le exc|us|or ol
orrarerl or |deo|og|ca| grourds. Tere are courl|ess exarp|es
ol deve|oprerls W|c g|ve ev|derce ol a dec||re |r des|gr
slardards. Te deve|oprerl ol le 'Sa|rorLeap aparlrerls,
W|c lace across le |slor|c or|dge lo le c|l] Wa||s ol Cesler,
|||uslrales a lola| d|sregard lor le caracler ol le|r sell|rg o]
erp|o]|rg a r|g|d ard georelr|c corcrele 'eggoox corslrucl|or
W|l l|al rools ard or|zorla| slr|p W|rdoWs, |r corlrasl lo le
adjo|r|rg lrad|l|ora| red or|c| ard slore slruclures. T|s
deve|oprerl Wou|d oe |ess d|saslrous |l corla|red W|l|r le
corl|res ol a rarroW slreel, oul |ls oper s|lual|or or le oar|s ol
le R|ver 0ee, Were |l |s lu||] v|s|o|e lror le e|evaled c|l] Wa||s,
erpas|ses |ls urcorpror|s|rg caracler.
NeW 8u||d|ngs |n 0|d $ett|ngs - 0onservat|on and eve|opment |n the 0|ty
u[ p|etek trtnet| krnyezetben
- vros| vde|em s fe[|eszts
Azo| a |rdse|, are|]e|el eg] adoll varos p|ele|re| a
rdosilasa |||elve e|]ellesilse le|velre|, rajdrer eg]|dse|
ragava| a varossa|, s a s||er all| a |pessgl| lgg, og] a
r|l regrzse s a lerrszeles |gr] a rove|edsre s
va|lozasra ||o|ilel |eg]er. Eg] varos va|lozasa|, az eg]ras
re||ell a|| rg| s j p|ele||e|, eg]le|| a varos r|ljara|
lorlrell, rasle|| ped|g a je|er c|v|||zac|s sz|rljl je|erl|.
Aoz, og] regproa|ju| regla|a|r| a regle|e| lervezs|
va|aszl eg] adoll |orr]ezel eselre, je|er do|gozal c|ja, og]
regv|zsga|ja azo|al a |rdse|el s |ovel|ezrr]e|el,
are||]e| eg] j p|el lorlrel| |orr]ezeloe va| e|]ezse|or
la|a||ozur|. Je|er laru|rar] regloga|raz eg] sor |r|lr|urol,
are|]e|el le| |eel aszra|r| a ||orooz je|ersge| s
szerporlo| regalarozasara s |eirasara, a||or ar||or eg] j
p|elel lorlrel| |orr]ezeloe |e|| o|vaszlarur|, s ez
|pezel|| az |||esz|eds v|zsga|alara| a|apjal. A|r|lr|uro| l
eg]rassa| osszelggsoer |ev e|erel larla|raz: eg] lorlrel|
ler|el texturaja, tcme s telekkicsztas, oepils| vora|, sziluett
vag] parkaryvcral, szr, lptk s vizualis sJrJs.
115
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Te dec|aral|or ol Corpreers|ve 0eve|oprerl Areas |r
rar] c|l|es |r poslWar 8r|la|r |ed lo ar ep|der|c ol c|l] ard loWr
cerlre deslrucl|or ard lo redeve|oprerl or ar urprecederled
sca|e. l|slor|c slreel pallerrs Were sWepl aWa] ard le sra||
sca|e, var|ed ard corp|ex loWrscapes W|c ad evo|ved over
cerlur|es Were rep|aced W|l reW l]pes ol ou||d|rg, suc as
ru|l|slore] car par|s ou||l over |arge rela|| ur|ls W|l a o|ard,
rorolorous ard a||er appeararce. Exarp|es ol suc |rsers|l|ve
deve|oprerls car oe lourd, lor exarp|e, lrougoul le cerlres
ol Leeds ard Harcesler, Were a reW Arrada|e Cerlre Was
duooed 'le |orgesl |avalor] Wa|| |r Europe.
Tere |s roW ar |rcreas|rg |rleresl |r le lecr|ques ol
s]rpalel|c des|gr ol reW ou||d|rgs |r |slor|c loWrs, ard lere
|s ev|derce ol a gradua| |rprovererl |r slardards as lrad|l|ora|
s||||s are re|earred ard le |rporlarce ol We||rarrered des|gr
|s recogr|sed. Tere |s, oWever, a gerera| re|uclarce or le
parl ol p|arr|rg aulor|l|es lo ercourage |rroval|or ard
exper|rerl - ro ore Warls lo repeal le r|sla|es ol le pasl -
ard lere |s a W|despread prelererce lor sale 'per|od sl]|es
suc as 'reo0eorg|ar ard 'reoverracu|ar. Tere |s
cors|derao|e puo||c pressure |r supporl ol l|s approac ard le
Pr|rce ol wa|es as a|so expressed |s ||||rg lor le reproducl|or
ol |slor|c sl]|es |r recerl deve|oprerls al Farrar |r Surre]
ard or le r|vers|de al R|crord. 8ul oWever corpelerl|]
lese |r|lal|ors, are des|gred, dela||ed ard corslrucled le] W|||
lerd lo d||ule le va|ue ol aulerl|c |slor|c ou||d|rgs. we rusl
recogr|se lal projecls suc as lese al R|crord ard Farrar
are excepl|ora| oecause ol le |g qua||l] ol le|r execul|or, oul
waz|r| H. $u|, 0real 8r|la|r - arc|lecl spec|a||sed |r arc|leclura| ard
uroar corserval|or, researcer W|l|r le lu|| Scoo| ol Arc|leclure,
L|rco|r; lrporlarl Wor|s: papers preserled or |rlerral|ora| corlererces:
lr|l|al|ves |r Corserval|or Furd|rg, Arrar Jordar, 2002; uroar
Corserval|or |r Ker]a, lrd|a 1994; Puo||c Educal|or |r le corserval|or
process, 8u|gar|a 1995.
Wazr H. 8u0l
lor eac ol lese sceres lere are urdreds ol reW ou||d|rgs
oe|rg erecled eac ]ear |r our |slor|c loWrs ard c|l|es, W|c
car or|] oe descr|oed as |||corce|ved pasl|ce, d|sp|a]|rg ||ll|e
or ro urderslard|rg ol lrad|l|ora| lorr, proporl|or or dela||. lr
rar] |slor|c areas, le pressure lror P|arr|rg 0ll|cers ard
C|v|c Soc|el|es lor 'per|od des|gr |s suc lal deve|opers ard
arc|lecls ra] oe |rc||red lo accepl lese corslra|rls, raler
lar r|s| cosl|] de|a]s or le relusa| ol le|r p|arr|rg
app||cal|ors, W|c r|gl resu|l lror le adopl|or ol a rore
adverlurous approac.
Aroler corsequerce ol le delerr|ral|or lo ra|rla|r a
superl|c|a| |rpress|or ol v|sua| corl|ru|l] ard 'lrad|l|ora|
caracler |r |slor|c areas ever |l l|s deperds or pasl|ce} |s
lal le lrerd |rvo|v|rg redeve|oprerl oe|rd ex|sl|rg |slor|c
lacades |s roW We|| eslao||sed, ard l|s |s oller cordored o]
p|arr|rg aulor|l|es. Suc |s le puo||c pressure lo rela|r ex|sl|rg
|ardrar|s, ard suc |s le d|slrusl ol rove| lorrs ol arc|leclura|
express|or, lal ever le rosl rodesl ard urWorl] lacades
are roW oe|rg rela|red |r le |rleresls ol corserval|or. T|s |s
c|ear|] a regal|ve process W|c deslro]s le |rlegr|l] ol
|rd|v|dua| ou||d|rgs, ard |r lreal|rg |slor|c loWrs pure|] as a
ser|es ol lacades W|c del|re le edges ol slreels ard oler
spaces, ser|ous|] urderr|res le p||osop] upor W|c le
corserval|or ol our |slor|c ou||d|rgs, loWrs ard areas |s
lourded. we are |r darger ol lurr|rg our |slor|c areas |rlo
0|sre]|ard o] ercourag|rg le redeve|oprerl ol |slor|c
ou||d|rgs oe|rd sa|vaged '|slor|c lacades, ard o] le creal|or
ol reW ou||d|rgs, W|c oecause ol our |ac| ol corv|cl|or ard
corl|derce, are c|ad |r |slor|c coslure. wal |s requ|red |s ar
approac lo le des|gr ol reW ou||d|rgs |r |slor|c areas, W|c
ac|eves a oa|arce oelWeer le ea|l] des|re lo exper|rerl
ard |rrovale, |rsolar as l|s rel|ecls le requ|rererls ol le or|el,
ard a d|sp|a] ol good v|sua| rarrers, appropr|ale lo le corlexl.
ll |s |rporlarl lo recogr|se lal |r 0real 8r|la|r, or|] a sra||
proporl|or ol reW ou||d|rgs |r sers|l|ve sell|rgs are des|gred o]
arc|lecls, peraps as ||ll|e as 25 lo 30. T|s proporl|or Wou|d
ralura||] lerd lo oe |ger |r |rporlarl loWr ard c|l] cerlres ard
lor |arge or corp|ex projecls, oul |r re|al|or lo le 'ord|rar]
corserval|or area, ard lere are roW over ,000 ol lose |r
8r|la|r, We car assure lal le rajor|l] ol proposa|s lor reW
deve|oprerl W||| oe suor|lled o] surve]ors, lecr|c|ars, or
ou||d|rg corlraclors W|l ||ll|e exper|erce or qua||l|cal|or |r
des|gr. Te |eve| ol deoale or aeslel|cs or des|gr p||osop] |r
lese c|rcurslarces |s |||e|] lo oe exlrere|] ||r|led ard le gu|l
oelWeer le expeclal|ors W|c ra] oe appropr|ale lor a
parl|cu|ar s|le, ard le qua||l] ol proposa|s W|c are suor|lled
car oe ver] W|de |rdeed. ll |s peraps ever rore d|sluro|rg lal
sore sceres W|c are prepared o] qua||l|ed arc|lecls are ro
rore v|sua||] ||lerale or corv|rc|rg lar lose suor|lled o] so
ca||ed 'urqua||l|ed des|grers. T|s |s a lurdarerla| |ssue W|c
rusl oe addressed o] le arc|leclura| ard loWr p|arr|rg
proless|ors ard o] our spec|a||sl educal|ora| eslao||srerls.
Har] scoo|s ol arc|leclure ard loWr p|arr|rg |r 0real 8r|la|r
devole ||ll|e l|re lo le slud] ol le |slor] ol arc|leclure, or lo
|slor|c ou||d|rg corserval|or, or lo le deve|oprerl ol le s||||s
W|c are requ|red lor Wor| |r |slor|c loWrs ard c|l|es. P|arr|rg
oll|cers Wo ave respors|o|||l] lor ac|ev|rg |s/er slardards ol
des|gr |r |slor|c areas oller ave ro lorra| des|gr educal|or.
ll rusl a|so e rereroered lal a|| rajor deve|oprerl
proposa|s are suojecl lo le vagar|es ol loWr p|arr|rg process
ard lal a lurdarerla| parl ol l|s s]sler |s le deoale W|c
la|es p|ace |r p|arr|rg corr|llees. lr 0real 8r|la|r, p|arr|rg
oll|cers are g|ver ||ll|e aulor|l] lo ra|e dec|s|ors or parl|cu|ar
proposa|s, ard rusl ra|e recorrerdal|ors lo a corr|llee ol
|oca| courc|||ors Wo are e|ecled or le oas|s ol le|r oroad soc|a|
or po||l|ca| oojecl|ves. FeW courc|||ors Wo s|l or p|arr|rg
corr|llees are We|| versed |r le p||osop] ol des|gr, |r
corserval|or |ssues or arc|leclura| aeslel|cs oul l|s does rol
preverl ler lror oe||ev|rg lal le] are experls |r l|s l|e|d.
Te] |roW Wal le] |||e, ard are lrequerl|] W||||rg lo overru|e
le adv|ce ol le|r qua||l|ed adv|sors, re|]|rg |rslead upor
persora| prelererce. Corr|llees are oller re|uclarl lo corcede
lal des|gr |s as |rporlarl ar |ssue as, lor exarp|e, |ard use, or
car par||rg slardards, ard |l car oe d|ll|cu|l lo derorslrale lal
oojecl|ve cr|ler|a ex|sl, W|c prov|de a lrareWor| aga|rsl W|c
le qua||l] ol |rd|v|dua| proposa|s |as car oe reasured.
lr a c||rale W|c |s |rcreas|rg|] osl||e lo dela||ed p|arr|rg
corlro|s, ard |rcreas|rg|] supporl|ve lo le oe||el lal le pr|vale
seclor - Weler erlreprereur, deve|oper or arc|lecl - |roW
oesl lose proless|ora|s Wo are carged W|l le respors|o|||l]
lor corlro|||rg slardards ol des|gr |r |slor|c areas, reed lo oe
|rcreas|rg|] carelu| lal le|r p||osop|ca| oase |s sourd ard
lal le] are rol rere|] |rpos|rg persora| ard suojecl|ve v|eWs
or le creal|ors ol olers. T|s peroreror |s urlorlurale|]
ver] corror |s rar] ol our |slor|c c|l|es, loWrs ard v|||ages. lr
allerpl|rg lo lorru|ale ar appropr|ale des|gr resporse lo a
parl|cu|ar erv|rorrerl, le des|grer rusl l|rsl eva|uale ard
urderslard le caracler ol le p|ace |r W|c e |rlerds lo
ou||d. Te p|arr|rg oll|cer Wo W||| oe expecled lo dea| W|l
deve|oprerl proposa|s rosl a|so urderla|e le sare ara|]s|s |l
a WorlW||e d|a|ogue or des|gr |ssues |s lo la|e p|ace. Tere |s
ro douol lal g|lled arc|lecls or des|grers ra] oe ao|e lo creale
adr|rao|e reW ou||d|rgs W|loul le reed lor a slruclured or
lorra||sed ara|]s|s ol le caracler ol a loWr or area, o] re|]|rg
ra|r|] or |rlu|l|or ard |rsl|rcl. loWever, lere car oe ro
suosl|lule lor a loroug ard rel|cu|ous eva|ual|or ol le soc|a|,
|slor|c ard v|sua| caracler ol a p|ace - oelore le creal|ve
process ol des|gr oeg|rs -; |l |s ol secordar] |rporlarce
Weler l|s process |s |rlu|l|ve ard urslruclured, or Weler |l
lo||oWs a slr|cler relodo|og].
ll car oe e|plu| lo lr] lo deve|op a rarge ol cr|ler|a, W|c car
oe used lo del|re ard descr|oe le var|ous aspecls W|c ra|e
up le caracler ol ar |slor|c area as l|s car prov|de le oas|s
lor ara|]s|s ard lor d|scuss|or aooul le rer|ls ol spec|l|c
proposa|s. Te lo||oW|rg cr|ler|a are rol |rlerded lo oe
exausl|ve oul car prov|de a uselu| relererce ool lor le
des|grer ard lor le arc|lecl or loWr p|arrer Wo |s erp|o]ed
|r le l|e|d ol deve|oprerl corlro|.
116
Tusnad 2003
Te |ssues lo oe cors|dered are: rair, mass/plct wictn,
cuilcir lire, skylire/silncuette, cclcur/texture, scale ard visual
cersity.
0ra|n
0ra|r |s a lerr W|c |s used lo descr|oe le 'lexlure ol ar
area ol |slor|c uroar laor|c. Te lerr |s used |r le sare Wa]
as |l descr|o|rg a scu|plure, pa|rl|rg or a p|ece ol ralura|
raler|a|. Auselu| corcepl |s lo |rag|re a loWr or c|l] |r r|r|alure
so lal our ards car oe rur over |l. T|s Wou|d g|ve le
|rpress|or ol le urder|]|rg lopograp] ard le d|recl|or ol le
l|oW ol ou||d|rgs ard spaces |r re|al|or lo le |ard corlours. Te
d|spos|l|or ol oper spaces W|l|r le ou||lup laor|c Wou|d oe
|derl|l|ed as We|| as le |rc|derce ol urusua| lealures suc as
loWers or dores. Te gra|r ol loWrs car oe exlrere|] derse
W|l rarroW slreels ard r|r|ra| oper space or |l ra] ave a
|oose or coarse lexlure W|l a s|gr|l|carl proporl|or ol oper
space |r re|al|or lo ou||lup areas.
Te gra|r car oe srool ard s|rp|] eco le lopograp] or |l
car oe 'sp||] ard asserl|ve. Te gra|r ol a |arge loWr or c|l]
ra] var] lror area lo area rel|ecl|rg le d|ller|rg |ard uses ard
va|ues |r suouroar areas, |rduslr|a| zores, ard |gders|l]
correrc|a| areas. As le gra|r or lexlure ol ar |slor|c area
prov|des a d|recl lacl||e ressage aooul lopograp], p|ar lorr
ard |ard use, ard a|so |rd|cales le average sca|e ol le
|rd|v|dua| ou||d|rg ur|ls W|c ra|e up le laor|c ol ar area, |l
car prov|de a uselu| 'o|rd'se]e perspecl|ve or le |||e|] |rpacl
ol proposed reW deve|oprerl.
Hosl loWrs ard c|l|es ave a re|al|ve|] ur|lorr gra|r, W|c
prov|des le oac|c|ol lor le excepl|ora| rorurerls ard oler
puo||c ou||d|rgs suc as caledra|s, curces, casl|es ard loWr
a||s W|c are ar esserl|a| express|or ol le re||g|ous, po||l|ca|
ard correrc|a| caracler ol a p|ace ard greal|] err|c |ls v|sua|
qua||l]. loWever, le oa|arce oelWeer le urder|]|rg gra|r ol ar
area ard |ls excepl|ora| puo||c ou||d|rgs, W|c prov|de |slor|ca|
rear|rg, v|sua| locus ard arl|cu|al|or, car oe eas||] d|srupled o]
le |rlroducl|or ol la|| or |argesca|e reW ou||d|rgs W|c are
g|ver urdue pror|rerce. 0es|grers ra] oe de||oerale|]
lerpled lo |rlerrupl le gra|r ol ar area s|rp|] |r order lo ra|e
ar arc|leclura| slalererl, or le] ra] oe corpe||ed o] le
requ|rererls ol ar urrea||sl|c deve|oprerl or|el, W|c |s
|rev|lao|] deslrucl|ve. Hu|l|slore] oll|ce o|oc|s ard car par|s,
ard |arge operp|ar rela|| spaces are le rosl preva|erl
exarp|es ol ou||d|rg l]pes W|c are |rposs|o|e lo ass|r||ale
|rlo |slor|c areas W|l s|gr|l|carl darage. Tese ou||d|rg l]pes
car oe oarred lror our |slor|c areas o] rears ol slr|cl p|arr|rg
corlro|s, oul l|s car oe al le r|s| ol slrarg||rg le esserl|a|
correrc|a| v|ao|||l] ol lese areas. Te gra|r ol area car oe
corpror|sed o] le |rlroducl|or ol |rd|v|dua| ou||d|rgs W|c, |r
le|r rass|rg ard lorr, pa] ||ll|e regard lo le caracler ol le|r
surrourd|rgs.
Te caracler|sl|c gra|r ol a parl|cu|ar loWr car a|so oe
ser|ous|] daraged o] p|ecerea| carge over a per|od ol l|re,
|ead|rg lo |rcrererla| deslrucl|or. Te dero||l|or ol ou||d|rgs
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oe|rd le pr|rc|pa| slreel lrorlages, W|c oller la|es p|ace |r
order lo prov|de rear access ard car par||rg, car ave a
devaslal|rg ellecl over a per|od ol ]ears. T|s process W|||
everlua||] creale ar erv|rorrerl W|c |s rade up ol ou||d|rgs
||r|rg le slreels ard lorouglares oul |ac|s depl, oecause
rol|rg rera|rs ol le corp|ex ol o|der serv|ce ou||d|rgs,
Wor|sops, dWe|||rgs, slao|es ard garders W|c orce
supporled le rore pror|rerl slreel lrorlages. 8ecause ol le
pass|or lor des|gral|rg Corpreers|ve 0eve|oprerl Areas |r
8r|la|r dur|rg le posl War ]ears, urdreds ol acres ol |slor|c
c|l] cerlres ave oeer |a|d Wasle, ard |r sore cases are sl|||
aWa|l|rg redeve|oprerl oecause ol le urcerla|rl|es W|c are
|rererl |r le deve|oprerl |rduslr].
Hass/F|ot w|dth
Te perce|ved rass ol a reW ou||d|rg |s re|aled ver] c|ose|]
lo le apparerl W|dl ol le ou||d|rg p|ol W|c |s expressed
c|ear|] or ever] slreel lrorlage |r le jurcl|ors oelWeer
adjo|r|rg ou||d|rgs. Te s|ze ard d|spos|l|or ol lese ou||d|rg
p|ols rorra||] der|ves d|recl|] lror le ear|] or|g|rs ol le loWr
or c|l]. 8ourdar|es oelWeer p|ols W||| usua||] surv|ve p|ecerea|
reou||d|rg over severa| cerlur|es url|| le] are overWe|red o]
|argesca|e deve|oprerl. Te W|dl ol a l]p|ca| p|ol al le slreel
lrorlage var|es W|l|r rarroW rarg|rs a|rosl regard|ess ol le
age or arc|leclura| l|avour ol le slreel, ard lese lrorlage
W|dls are surpr|s|rg|] ur|lorr |r loWrs ard c|l|es |r rar] parls
ol le Wor|d. Te express|or ol p|ol oourdar|es gererales a
caracler|sl|c verl|ca| erpas|s or le slreel lacade, Walever
le lox|r ol arc|leclura| lrealrerl. T|s verl|ca| erpas|s
perreales le slreel scere, oller |r qu|le suol|e Wa]s, ard |l |s
le la||ure lo urderslard le |rporlarce ol suc urder|]|rg
r]lrs |r our |slor|c loWrs, W|c as |ed lo W|despread
arc|leclura| d|saslers |r recerl decades.
Tese |rporlarl verl|ca| r]lrs car eas||] oe daraged o]
re|al|ve|] r|ror carges, suc as le corl|rual|or ol sop lrorls
ard lasc|as across a ruroer ol adjo|r|rg properl|es, W|c |s
oller a corsequerce ol le expars|or ol rela|| or correrc|a|
prer|ses. Tese superl|c|a| carges car oe corlro||ed lroug
le deve|oprerl corlro| process, oul cors|derao|e s|||| |s
requ|red lo ra|rla|r le v|sua| |rlegr|l] ol |rd|v|dua| ou||d|rg
lrorlages, W||sl al le sare l|re g|v|rg express|or lo ou||d|rg
uses W|c ave oulgroWr le oourdar|es ol le |slor|c ou||d|rg
p|ol.
NeW deve|oprerls or a |arge sca|e are c|ear|] exlrere|]
darag|rg lo le |slor|c laor|c ol uroar areas, ard |l le] carrol
oe avo|ded ler le slreel lacades car oe rode||ed ard
rar|pu|aled so as lo recreale ar appropr|ale verl|ca| v|sua|
r]lr W|c |s caracler|sl|c ol le p|ace. Tese e|eval|or
s|gra|s W||| oov|ous|] ro |orger d|recl|] rel|ecl a lrad|l|ora| sra||
sca|e pallerr ol deve|oprerl W|l|r |slor|c p|ols, oul l|s
approac |s reverle|ess jusl|l|ed |r le |rleresls ol ra|rla|r|rg
a coes|ve slreel scere.
8u||d|ng L|ne
8u||d|rg ||re del|res le re|al|ors|p ol le lacade ol a ou||d|rg
lo lal ol |ls re|goours. lr rar] |slor|c uroar areas, le
ou||d|rg ||re |s la|r|] regu|ar ard corl|ruous, rel|ecl|rg le
pressure or ou||ders lo cap|la||se or ava||ao|e |ard. 0r|]
ou||d|rgs ol parl|cu|ar s|gr|l|carce, suc as curces, |arge
ouses ard loWr a||s Were g|ver pror|rerce o] orea||rg le
lacade oac| or lorWard lror le regu|ar ou||d|rg ||re. Tese
|rc|derls |r ar olerW|se regu|ar slreel lrorlage add v|sua|
|rleresl ard spal|a| corp|ex|l], ard oecause le] allracl le e]e,
reed lo oe des|gred W|l parl|cu|ar care.
l|gWa] |rprovererl ||res W|c Were |rposed o] rar]
|gWa] aulor|l|es |r 8r|la|r dur|rg le |ale |940's, 50's ard 0's
|||uslrale le darag|rg v|sua| ellecls W|c car occur Wer
aro|lrar] seloac|s are |rposed or le ou||d|rg ||re |eav|rg raW
ard exposed gao|e erds. Te |rpos|l|or ol s|gl||res al |gWa]
jurcl|ors, or al erlrarces lo car par|s ard serv|ce oa]s car a|so
ave le ellecl ol |ooser|rg ar olerW|se r|g|d ard ur|lorr
ou||d|rg lrorlage. Te corl||cl oelWeer le derards ol |gWa]
salel] ard v|sua||] sal|slaclor] loWrscape seer lo oe
|rrecorc||ao|e.
Te des|grer |s sorel|res lerpled lo g|ve |s ou||d|rg spec|a|
pror|rerce o] arl|l|c|a||] projecl|rg or sell|rg oac| le ou||d|rg
lrorlage, W|loul recogr|s|rg le add|l|ora| respors|o|||l] W|c
l|s creales. Te expeclal|ors ol le ooserver W||| oe s|gr|l|carl|]
e|glered ar|d le allerl|or W|c as oeer locused or le
ou||d|rg rusl oe jusl|l|ed o] arp|e v|sua| reWards.
$ky||ne/$||houette
Te s|]||re or s||ouelle ol a ou||d|rg |s ar |rporlarl
caracler|sl|c ard |l |s esserl|a| lal a sal|slaclor] re|al|ors|p |s
deve|oped oelWeer le ||re ol le eaves, parapel, gao|e or r|dge
ol a reW ou||d|rg ard lal ol adjo|r|rg ou||d|rgs. lr sore slreels
le or|zorla| eaves or parapel ||re |s erl|re|] regu|ar ard
cors|slerl, ard |l Wou|d oe ||| rarrered lo |rlroduce a p|lced
gao|e lorr |rlo l|s corlexl. Te asserl|ve sapes ol p|lced
gao|es ra] dor|rale |slor|c slreels, W||sl sore c|l|es, suc as
Cesler or Yor|, corla|r a corp|ex r|xlure ol p|lced gao|es ard
parapels, W|c are lurler err|ced o] le add|l|or ol dorrer
W|rdoWs ard c|rre]s. Te des|grer rusl urderslard le
caracler ol le slreel scere W|l|r W|c e |s Wor||rg, ard
prov|de ar appropr|ale resporse, W|c ra|rla|rs le arror]
gereraled o] a parl|cu|ar group ol ou||d|rgs raler lar
|rlroduc|rg d|scord. ll W||| rare|] oe recessar] lo lo||oW lroug
exacl|] le ||res ol W|rdoW s|||s, slr|rg courses, parapels or
r|dges, excepl |r ar exlrere|] lorra| corpos|l|or, as le
lrad|l|ora| slreel scere |s oller v|sua||] sal|sl]|rg prec|se|]
oecause ol le v|sua| |rcors|slerc|es W|c |l corla|rs.
0|ll|cu|l|es car occur |r le des|gr ol reW ou||d|rgs oecause ol
le aoserce ol c|rre]s ard oler lealures W|c orea| le
s|]||re, g|v|rg le ellecl ol a deruded roolscape. w||sl
le |rlroducl|or ol la|e c|rre]s W|c serve ro lurcl|ora|
purpose carrol oe advocaled, le |rag|ral|ve des|grer ra] oe
ao|e lo creale lurcl|ora| rool lealures, suc as verls lor eal|rg
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or a|rcord|l|or|rg s]slers, W|c car prov|de v|sua| |rleresl lo
ar olerW|se o|ard s|]||re.
0o|our/Texture
ll le co|our ol a reW ou||d|rg arror|es c|ose|] W|l lal ol |ls
re|goours, ler rar] sorlcor|rgs ol proporl|or or dela||ed
des|gr W||| oe over|oo|ed o] le casua| passero]. 8u||d|rgs
W|c are asserl|ve |r le|r co|our|rg W||| ralura||] draW allerl|or
lo lerse|ves ard W||| ercourage c|oser scrul|r]. Te de||oerale
use ol corlrasl|rg co|our |r order lo s|gra| le preserce ol ar
|rporlarl puo||c ou||d|rg car oov|ous|] oe jusl|l|ed, oul le
de||oerale use ol corlrasl |r order lo sal|sl] a crav|rg lor
|rroval|or, or le c||erl's des|re lo ra|e a correrc|a| slalererl
are ard|] sull|c|erl jusl|l|cal|or lor creal|rg d|scord W|l|r ar
|slor|c erv|rorrerl. lr rar] s|lual|ors, le sers|l|ve use ol
co|our ra] oe rore re|evarl lar ar |rs|slerce or l|rd|rg ar
exacl ralc lo le ex|sl|rg raler|a|s ol adjo|r|rg ou||d|rgs.
Te use ol roderr s]rlel|c raler|a|s, suc as palerl g|az|rg
or sla|r|ess slee| |rev|lao|] creales sarp corlrasls W|l
le ralura| raler|a|s lror W|c our |slor|c loWrs ard c|l|es are
corslrucled. Tere rusl c|ear|] oe a p|ace lor le corl|ruous
evo|ul|or ol reW slruclura| lorrs, corslrucl|ora| lecr|ques ard
raler|a|s, oul le|r use |r sers|l|ve |slor|c sell|rgs rusl oe
reslra|red. Te c||c ol le s|rp|e r|rrorg|azed laade, W|c
W|ll||] rel|ecls le dela||s ol |slor|c ou||d|rgs W|c surrourd, |l |s
roW oecor|rg raler overWor|ed ard |s ur|||e|] lo oe ar
erdur|rg so|ul|or lo le des|gr ol ou||d|rgs |r o|der areas.
wer used |r a lougllu| Wa], s]rlel|c raler|a|s car add lo
le spar||e ard r|cress ol a v|sua||] corp|ex erv|rorrerl, oul
le des|grer rusl oe sull|c|erl|] corpelerl lo ard|e le
polerl|a||] darag|rg v|sua| corl||cls W|c car ar|se.
$ca|e
lr l|s corlexl, le lerr 'sca|e |s |rlerded lo del|re le
expeclal|or W|c a parl|cu|ar ou||d|rg gererales aooul le s|ze
ol le urar lrare. T|s |rpress|or |s crealed o] le s|ze ard
d|spos|l|or ol e|ererls suc as doors, W|rdoWs, p|ers ard oler
e|ererls ol le laade, ard |s a|so c|ose|] assoc|aled W|l le
suocorsc|ous |rpress|or W|c peop|e ave aooul le rorra|
s|ze ol ou||d|rg lealures suc as or|c|s, W|rdoW pares ard so or.
Te ellecl|ve rar|pu|al|or ol sca|e |s a v|la| aspecl ol le
successlu| des|gr ol reW ou||d|rgs |r |slor|c loWrs ard |s a s||||
W|c |s a|| loo rare|] ercourlered. Te sca|e ol a ou||d|rg car oe
de||oerale|] er|arged or reduced o] le rar|pu|al|or ol e|eval|or
lealures |r order lo respord lo le caracler ol a parl|cu|ar
sell|rg. Aruc deeper urderslard|rg ol l|s lurdarerla| aspecl
ol uroar des|gr |s reeded, ard rore allerl|or sou|d oe devoled
lo l|s raller |r le lra|r|rg ol arc|lecls ard loWr p|arrers. As
We|| as e|p|rg lo evo|ve a |ger degree ol s|||| |r l|s area, l|s
Wou|d a|so erao|e rore rear|rglu| d|scuss|or lo la|e p|ace or
le sca|e proo|ers re|al|rg lo spec|l|c proposa|s - l|s suojecl |s
usua||] cors|dered lo oe loo esoler|c lor le da]loda] Wor|d ol
p|arr|rg app||cal|ors ard deve|oprerl corlro|.
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V|sua| ens|ty
l|slor|c ou||d|rgs ard loWrs lerd lo oe v|sua||] corp|ex ard
ra|e corslarl suocorsc|ous derards or e]e ard ora|r. we
ave oeer ora|rWased lor cerlur|es lo arl|c|pale ard respord
lo a corp|ex v|sua| erv|rorrerl, ard lere |s ev|derce lo
suggesl lal suc v|sua| corp|ex|l] |s good lor our ps]co|og|ca|
We||oe|rg. Recerl researc or le pr|r|l|ve '||ro|c ora|r W|c
|s |ocaled |r le reocorlex derorslrales lal We ave a
suocorsc|ous appel|le lor le vu|gar ard exol|c, lor r|c co|our,
corp|ex|l] ard poWerlu| r]lrs. Te ||ro|c ora|r operales al a
suocorsc|ous |eve| ard as ar |rdeperderl process|rg s]sler
lor v|sua| |rlorral|or, W|c W||| reac rap|d corc|us|ors aooul a
parl|cu|ar v|sua| scerar|o oelore our corsc|ous |og|ca| ora|r as
ad l|re lo corp|ele |ls ara|]s|s. Te ressage |s c|ear - le
reeds ol le ||ro|c ora|r reed lo oe urderslood ard sal|sl|ed |l
le des|gr ol reW ou||d|rg |s lo oe sull|c|erl|] reWard|rg. we are
oeg|rr|rg lo urderslard le |rporlarce ol v|sua| r|cress, ard
orrarerl |s orce rore oecor|rg accepled o] le arc|leclura|
ard p|arr|rg proless|ors aller oe|rg oarred lor decades or
|deo|og|ca| grourds. w||sl lere |s roW cors|derao|e corlus|or
as lo Wal lorr ol orrarerl |s appropr|ale, ard Weler le
reuse ol lrad|l|ora| e|ererls |s acceplao|e, le urder|]|rg lrerd
loWards a relurr lo v|sua| corp|ex|l] |s a s|gr|l|carl lurr|rg po|rl
|r le deve|oprerl ol uroar des|gr.
0onc|us|on
T|s paper rade le assurpl|or lal We are dea||rg W|l
|slor|c uroar areas W|c ave rela|red a s|gr|l|carl proporl|or
ol le|r va|uao|e o|der ou||d|rgs, ard cors|ders le |ssues W|c
reed lo oe addressed |r |rlroduc|rg s|rg|e ou||d|rgs or |arger
ru|l|use deve|oprerls |rlo ar ex|sl|rg corlexl. To ac|eve ar]
degree ol success |r lese rallers |l |s c|ear lal ar ellecl|ve
s]sler ol |ard use ard slraleg|c p|arr|rg sou|d ex|sl as a
lrareWor| W|l|r W|c corserval|or ard des|gr po||c|es car oe
|rp|ererled. Tere |s ||ll|e va|ue |r erler|rg |rlo deoale or
des|gr |ssues |r re|al|or lo a spec|l|c s|le |l progress car
suosequerl|] oe urderr|red o] Wea| or urs]rpalel|c po||c|es
al le oroader slraleg|c |eve|.
A lurler prerequ|s|le ol successlu| des|gr |r |slor|c areas |s
le ex|slerce ol ar ellecl|ve s]sler ol deve|oprerl corlro|,
W|c car preverl uracceplao|e proposa|s lror la||rg p|ace,
ard car prov|de le ve|c|e lor deoale or des|gr rallers.
Arc|lecls ard loWr p|arrers rusl deve|op a loroug
urderslard|rg ol le |slor|ca|, v|sua| ard soc|a| oac|grourd ol
le area W|l|r W|c le] propose lo deve|op, olerW|se reW
ou||d|rgs W||| oe superl|c|a| ard |ac||rg |r corv|cl|or ard
re|evarce. FeW arc|lecls ard des|grers pa] sull|c|erl allerl|or
lo le deve|oprerl ol l|s urderslard|rg, ard loWr p|arrers are
oller |rsull|c|erl|] lra|red or equ|pped lo corlr|oule lu||].
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Ara|]s|s ol v|rlua||] ar] lrad|l|ora| slreel scere |||uslrales le
lacl lal a cerla|r ruroer ol |slor|c ou||d|rgs W||| la|| lo corlorr
lo le gerera| caracler ol le|r surrourd|rgs. Te resu|l |s a
var|ed ard exc|l|rg loWrscape W|c |s caracler|sl|c ol rosl ol
our |slor|c loWrs We l|rd so v|sua||] sl|ru|al|rg ard err|c|rg.
loW sou|d le des|grer dec|de Weler lo ra|e |s reW
ou||d|rg corlorr lo le persora||l] ol le re|goourood, or
Weler a corp|ele corlrasl |s appropr|ale? Har] des|grers lee|
lal le] ave ar aoso|ule r|gl lo ra|e le|r oWr corlerporar]
corlr|oul|or lo le corl|ruous |slor|c evo|ul|or ol loWr o]
|rlroduc|rg lealures W|c are oller d|scordarl, raler lar o]
adopl|rg a |ess corlrorlal|ora| approac, ard 'o|erd|rg |r. T|s
|s ore ol le rosl suojecl|ve aspecls ol uroar des|gr, oul ore
lere ererges c|ear|]; orea||rg le ru|es successlu||] |rvo|ves
cors|derao|e s||||, Wereas good rarrers are re|al|ve|] eas] lo
|earr.
Peferences:
8acor, E. N. 1974}: 0esir cf 0ities. Lordor, Tares ard ludsor.
L]rc, K. 1972}: Wnat time is tnis place. HlT Press: Caror|dge, Hass.
L]rc, K. 190}: Tne imae cf tne city. HlT Press: Caror|dge, Hass.
0oror|c, E. l. 1979}. Tne serse cf crcer.
Verlur|, R. 1977}: 0cmplexity arc ccrtracicticr ir Arcnitecture.
Arc|leclura| Press: Lordor.
lRl Te Pr|rcess ol wa|es 1989}: A visicr cf 8ritair. 0ouo|eda]:
Lordor.
l|||rar, J. 1990}: Plarrir fcr ceauty, tne case fcr cesir uicelires.
lHS0: Lordor.
F|e|der, 8. 1982}: 0crservaticr cf nistcrical cuilcirs. 8ullerWorl:
Lordor.
Sor||r, H. 1990}: 8uilcir cesir |r Rl8A Arrua| 0|scourses, Apr||
1990.
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