Aa

a // (also an //) indefinite article
HELP The form an is used before a

vowel sound.
HEAR SPOKEN EXAMPLES
1 one
A cup of coffee, please.
We've got an apple, a banana and
two oranges.
2 used when you talk about one
example of sth for the first time
I saw a dog chasing a cat this
morning. The cat climbed up a tree.
Have you got a dictionary (= any
dictionary)?
3 used for saying what kind of person or
thing sb/sth is
He's a doctor.
he's a !uslim.
"ou are a clever boy.
#Is that an eagle?$ #%o, it's a falcon.$
4 (used when you are talking about a
typical example of sth) any every
An elephant can live for up to eighty
years.
HELP !ou can also use the plural in
this sense"
&lephants can live for up to eighty
years.
5 (used with prices# rates#
measurements) each
I usually drin' two litres of water a
day.
twice a wee'
He was travelling at about () miles
an hour.
SYN per
6 used with some expressions of
$uantity
a lot of money
a few cars
abandon // verb %transitive&
1 to leave sb/sth that you are
responsible for# usually permanently
The ban' robbers abandoned the car
*ust outside the city.
2 to stop doing sth without finishing it or
without achieving what you wanted to do
The search for the missing sailors
was abandoned after two days.
abandonment noun %uncountable&
abandoned // adjective
1 left and no longer wanted# used or
needed
an abandoned car+house
The child was found abandoned but
unharmed.
There was an abandoned
supermar'et trolley in the middle of the
road.
2 (of people or their behaviour) wild not
following accepted standards
abiit! // noun %countable# uncountable&
(plural abiitie") t#e abiit! to do "t#
the mental or physical power or skill that
makes it possible to do sth
the ability to ma'e decisions
students of mi,ed abilities
OPP inabiit!
abe // adjective
1 %used as a modal verb& be abe to do
"t# to have the ability# power#
opportunity# time# etc. to do sth
Will you be able to come to a meeting
ne,t wee'?
I was able to solve the problem
-uic'ly.
!any men don't feel able to e,press
their emotions.
OPP $nabe
HELP 'n the passive %an&%o$d are
used# not be abe"
The arrangement can't be changed.
2 clever doing your (ob well
one of the ablest+most able students
in the class
an able politician
ab! // adverb
'abe()bodied adjective
physically healthy and strong having
full use of your body
abo$t1 // adverb
1 (also aro$nd) a little more or less
than
It's about three miles from here to the
city centre.
I got home at about half past seven.
SYN appro*imate!
2 (informal) almost nearly
.inner's *ust about ready.
3 (also aro$nd) in many directions or
places
I could hear people moving about
upstairs.
.on't leave your clothes lying about
all over the floor.
4 (also aro$nd) %used after certain
verbs& without doing anything in
particular
The 'ids spend most evenings sitting
about, bored.
5 (also aro$nd) present in a place
existing
It was very late and there were few
people about.
There isn't much good music about
these days.
+,+OMS
be abo$t to do "t# to be going to do
sth very soon
The film's about to start.
I was *ust about to e,plain when she
interrupted me.
abo$t2 // preposition
1 on the sub(ect of
/et's tal' about something else.
What's your boo' about?
He told me all about his family.
I don't li'e it, but there's nothing I can
do about it.
2 in the character of sb/sth
There's something about him that I
don't -uite trust.
I li'e the food, the climate, and
everything else about this country.
3 (also aro$nd) in many directions or
places in different parts of sth
We wandered about the town for an
hour or two.
/ots of old newspapers were
scattered about the room.
+,+OMS
#o-&-#at abo$t./
1 used when asking for information
about sb/sth or for sb)s opinion or wish
How about 0uth? Have you heard
from her lately?
I'm going to have chic'en. What
about you?
2 used when making a suggestion
What about going to a film tonight?
a'bo$t()t$rn (1 a'bo$t()0a%e) noun
%countable&
a complete change of opinion# plan or
behaviour
The government did an about2turn
over ta,.
look at 1(t$rn
abo2e // preposition# adverb

H+3HER PLA4E
1 in a higher place
The people in the flat above ma'e a
lot of noise.
The coffee is in the cupboard above
the sin'.
OPP beo-
EARL+ER PAR5
2 in an earlier part (of sth written)
3ontact me at the above address+the
address above.
OPP beo-
MORE 5HAN
3 more than a number# an amount# a
price# etc.
children aged 44 and above
A score of 5) and above will get you
a grade 6.
"ou must get above 7)8 to pass.
above2average temperatures
OPP beo-
look at o2er
A5 6ORK
4 with a higher position in an
organi*ation# etc.
The person above me is the
department manager.
OPP beo-
PRO1,
5 too proud to do sth
He seems to thin' he's above helping
with the cleaning.
+,+OMS
abo2e a (used to emphasi*e the
main point) most importantly
Above all, stay calm9
abo2e board (used especially about a
business deal# etc.) honest and open
abroad // adverb
in or to another country or countries
They found it difficult to get used to
living abroad.
!y mother has never been abroad.
he often goes abroad on business.
ab"en%e // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& a time when
sb is away from somewhere the fact of
being away from somewhere
:re-uent absences due to illness
meant he was behind with his wor'.
I have to ma'e all the decisions in my
boss's absence.
2 %uncountable& the fact of sth/sb not
being there lack
In the absence of a doctor, try to
help the in*ured person yourself.
OPP for both meanings pre"en%e
ab"ent // adjective
1 ab"ent 70rom "t#8 not present
somewhere
He was absent from wor' because of
illness.
OPP pre"ent
2 thinking about sth else not paying
attention
an absent stare
ab"ent! adverb
ab"entee // noun %countable&
a person who is not in the place where
they should be
ab"enteei"m // noun %uncountable&
the problem of workers or students
often not going to work or school
'ab"ent()minded adjective
often forgetting or not noticing things#
because you are thinking about sth else
SYN 0or9et0$
ab"ent(minded! adverb
ab"o$te // adjective
1 complete total
The whole trip was an absolute
disaster.
%one of the political parties had an
absolute majority (= more votes# etc.
than all the other parties together).
2 not measured in comparison with sth
else
pending on the Health ervice has
increased in absolute terms.
ab"o$te! adverb
1 // completely
It's absolutely free;ing outside9
I absolutely refuse to believe that.
He made absolutely no effort (= no
effort at all) to help me.
SYN tota!
2 // (used when you are agreeing with
sb) yes certainly
#It is a good idea, isn't it?$ #<h,
absolutely9$
ab"orb // verb %transitive&
L+:1+,&HEA5
1 ab"orb "t# 7into "t#8 to take in and
hold sth (a li$uid# heat# etc.)
a drug that is -uic'ly absorbed into
the bloodstream
6lac' clothes absorb the sun's heat.
+N5O S5H LAR3ER
2 ab"orb "t# 7into "t#8 to take sth into
sth larger# so that it becomes part of it
<ver the years many villages have
been absorbed into the city.
+N;ORMA5+ON
3 to take sth into the mind and
understand it
I found it impossible to absorb so
much information so -uic'ly.
+N5ERES5 S<
4 to hold sb)s attention completely or
interest sb very much
History is a sub*ect that absorbs her.
A H+5
5 to reduce the effect of a sudden
violent knock# hit# etc.
The front of the car is designed to
absorb most of the impact of a crash.
ab"orption // noun %uncountable&
ab"orbed // adjective ab"orbed 7in
"t#8
giving all your attention to sth
He was absorbed in his wor' and
didn't hear me come in.
ab"orbent // adjective
able to take in and hold li$uid
an absorbent cloth
ab"orbin9 // adjective
holding all your interest and attention
an absorbing boo'
ab$"e1 // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& using sth in
a bad or dishonest way
an abuse of power
the dangers of drug abuse
2 %uncountable& bad# usually violent
treatment of sb
He sub*ected his children to verbal
and physical abuse.
a victim of se,ual abuse
3 %uncountable& rude words# used to
insult another person
The other driver leaned out of the car
and hurled abuse at me.
racial abuse
ab$"e2 // verb %transitive&
1 to use sth in a bad or dishonest way
The politician was accused of
abusing his position in order to become
rich.
2 to treat sb badly# often violently
The girl had been se,ually abused.
3 to say rude things to sb
The goal'eeper got a red card for
abusing the referee.
SYN in"$t
ab$"i2e // adjective
using rude language to insult sb
an abusive remar'
a%ademi%1 // adjective
1 connected with education# especially
in schools and universities
The academic year begins in
eptember.
2 connected with sub(ects of interest to
the mind rather than technical or practical
sub(ects
academic sub*ects such as History
OPP non(a%ademi%
3 not connected with reality not
affecting the facts of a situation
It's academic which one I prefer
because I can't have either of them.
a%ademi%a! // adverb
a%ademi%2 // noun %countable&
a person who teaches and/or does
research at a university or college
a%adem! // noun %countable& (plural
a%ademie")
1 a school for special training
a military academy
2 A%adem! an official group of people
who are important in art# science or
literature
the 0oyal Academy of Arts
a%%ent // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& a particular
way of pronouncing words that is
connected with the country# area or
social class that you come from
He spea's with a strong cottish
accent.
2 %countable# usually singular& the
particular importance that is given to sth
In all our products the accent is on
-uality.
SYN emp#a"i"# "tre""
3 %countable& the greater force that you
give to a particular word or part of a word
when you speak
In the word #because$ the accent is on
the second syllable.
4 %countable& (in writing) a mark#
usually above a letter# that shows that it
has to be pronounced in a certain way
=ance has an accent on the #e$.
a%%ent$ate // verb %transitive&
to make sth easier to notice
he uses ma'e2up to accentuate her
beautiful eyes.
a%%ept // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to agree to
take sth that sb offers you
He as'ed me to marry him and I
accepted.
.o I have to pay in cash or will you
accept a che-ue?
Why won't you accept my advice?
OPP re0$"e
2 %intransitive# transitive& to say yes to
sth or to agree to sth
Than' you for your invitation. I am
happy to accept.
He as'ed her to marry him and she
accepted.
he has accepted the *ob.
OPP re0$"e
3 %intransitive# transitive& to admit or
recogni*e that sth unpleasant is true
They refused to accept responsibility
for the accident.
4 %transitive& to allow sb to (oin a group#
etc.
The university has accepted me on
the course.
a%%eptabe // adjective
1 that can be allowed
<ne or two mista'es are acceptable
but no more than that.
2 good enough
We hope that you will consider our
offer acceptable.
SYN "ati"0a%tor!
OPP for both meanings $na%%eptabe
a%%eptabiit! // noun %uncountable&
a%%eptab! // adverb
a%%eptan%e // noun %countable#
uncountable&
the act of accepting or being accepted
His ready acceptance of the offer
surprised me.
He -uic'ly gained acceptance in the
group (= the other people thought of him
as e$ual to them).
The new methods have received
widespread acceptance.
a%%e""1 // noun %uncountable&
1 a%%e"" 7to "t#8 a way of entering or
reaching a place
Access to the garden is through the
'itchen.
2 a%%e"" 7to "t#8 the chance or right to
use or have sth
.o you have access to a personal
computer?
3 a%%e"" 7to "b8 permission# especially
legal or official# to see sb
They are divorced, but he has regular
access to the children.
a%%e""2 // verb %transitive&
to find information on a computer
3lic' on the icon to access a file.
a%%e""ibe // adjective
1 possible to be reached or entered
The island is only accessible by boat.
2 easy to get# use or understand
This T> programme aims to ma'e
history more accessible to children.
OPP for both meanings ina%%e""ibe
a%%e""ibiit! // noun %uncountable&"
3omputers have given people greater
accessibility to information.
a%%e""ion // noun %uncountable&
the act of taking a very high position#
especially as ruler of a country or head of
sth
a%%e""or! // noun %countable& (plural
a%%e""orie")
1 an extra item that is added to sth and
is useful or attractive but not of great
importance
The car has accessories such as an
electronic alarm.
2 %usually plural& a thing that you wear
or carry that matches your clothes# for
example a piece of (ewellery# a bag# etc.
3 an a%%e""or! 7to "t#8 (in law) a
person who helps sb to do sth illegal
a%%ident // noun %countable&
an unpleasant event that happens
unexpectedly and causes damage# in(ury
or death
I hope they haven't had an accident.
a car accident
a fatal accident (= when sb is killed)
I didn't mean to 'ic' you, it was an
accident.
+,+OMS
b! a%%ident by chance without
intending to
I 'noc'ed the vase over by accident
as I was cleaning.
OPP deiberate!
a%%identa // adjective
happening by chance not planned
?olice do not 'now if the e,plosion
was accidental or caused by a bomb.
a%%identa! // adverb"
As I turned around, I accidentally hit
him in the face.
'a%%ident and e)mer9en%! (also
%a"$at!) (6rit) noun %uncountable&
(abbr A = E) (1 e)mer9en%! room)
the part of a hospital where people who
have been in(ured in accidents are taken
for immediate treatment
)a%%ident(prone adjective
often having accidents
a%%ommodate // verb %transitive&
1 to provide sb with a place to stay# live
or work
.uring the conference, you will be
accommodated in a nearby hotel.
2 to have enough space for sb/sth#
especially for a certain number of people
&ach apartment can accommodate
up to si, people.
3 (formal) to do or provide what sb
wants or needs
a%%ommodatin9 // adjective
(used about a person) agreeing to do
or provide what sb wants
!y boss is very accommodating
when I need time off wor'.
a%%ommodation // noun %uncountable&
a place for sb to live or stay
We lived in rented accommodation
before buying this house.
The price of the holiday includes
flights and accommodation.
3RAMMAR A%%ommodation is
uncountable# so you cannot say +an
accommodation,. -ometimes it is better
to use a different phrase instead"
I need to find somewhere to live.
I'll help you find a place to stay.
a%%ompaniment // noun %countable&
something that goes together with
another more important thing
He only drin's wine as an
accompaniment to food.
a%%ompan! // verb %transitive&
(a%%ompan!in9 a%%ompanie" past
tense# past participle a%%ompanied)
1 to go together with sb/sth
He went to America accompanied by
his wife and three children.
!assive publicity accompanied the
film's release.
2 a%%ompan! "b 7on "t#8 to play
music for a singer or another instrument
he accompanied him on the guitar.
a%%ord1 // noun %countable&
an agreement# especially between
countries
the Helsin'i accords on human rights
+,+OMS
in a%%ord in agreement about sth
o0 !o$r o-n a%%ord without being
forced or asked
He wasn't sac'ed from his *ob @ he
left of his own accord.
a%%ord2 // verb (formal)
1 %transitive& to give sth to sb
2 %intransitive& a%%ord 7-it# "t#8 to
match to agree with
a%%ordan%e // noun
+,+OMS
in a%%ordan%e -it# "t# in a way that
follows or obeys sth
to act in accordance with instructions
a%%ordin9! // adverb
1 in a way that is suitable
I reali;ed that I was in danger and
acted accordingly.
2 (formal) therefore for that reason
a%%ordin9 to // preposition
1 as stated by sb as shown by sth
According to !ic', it's a brilliant film.
tandards of living are improving,
according to the statistics.
2 in a way that matches# follows or
depends on sth
&verything went off according to
plan (= as we had planned it).
The salary will be fi,ed according to
e,perience.
a%%o$nt1 // noun %countable&
1 (abbr a&%) the arrangement by which
a bank looks after your money for you
a current+deposit account
to open+close an account
I have an account with+at 6arclays.
I paid the che-ue into my ban'
account.
note at mone!
2 %usually plural& a record of all the
money that a person or business has
received or paid out
If you are self2employed you have to
keep your own accounts.
3 an arrangement with a shop# etc. that
allows you to pay for goods or services at
a later date
!ost customers settle/pay their
account in full every month.
4 sb)s report or description of sth that
has happened
he gave the police a full account of
the robbery.
+,+OMS
b! a a%%o$nt" according to what
everyone says
6y all accounts, she's a very good
doctor.
b! !o$r o-n a%%o$nt according to
what you say yourself
6y his own account, ?eter was not
very good at his *ob.
on a%%o$nt o0 because of
<ur flight was delayed on account of
bad weather.
on no a%%o$nt> not on an! a%%o$nt
not for any reason
<n no account should you wal' home
by yourself.
ta?e a%%o$nt o0 "t#> ta?e "t# into
a%%o$nt to consider sth# especially
when deciding or (udging sth
We'll ta'e account of your comments.
We'll ta'e your comments into
account.
a%%o$nt2 // verb
PHRASAL @ER<
a%%o$nt 0or "t#
1 to explain or give a reason for sth
How can we account for these
changes?
2 to form the amount that is mentioned
ales to &urope accounted for ()8
of our total sales last year.
a%%o$ntabe // adjective
expected to give an explanation of your
actions# etc. responsible
he is too young to be held
accountable for what she did.
a%%o$ntabiit! // noun %uncountable&
a%%o$ntan%! // noun %uncountable&
the work or profession of an
a%%o$ntant
a%%o$ntant // noun %countable&
a person whose (ob is to keep or
examine the financial accounts of a
business# etc.
a%#e1 // verb %intransitive&
to feel a continuous pain
His legs ached after playing football.
he was aching all over.
a%#e2 // noun %countable&
a pain that lasts for a long time
to have toothache+earache+stomach
ache
note at pain
HELP A%#e is often used in
compounds. 'n .ritish /nglish it is usually
used without +a, or +an,"
I've got toothache. .ut we always
use +a, with +headache,"
I've got a bad headache. 'n 0-
/nglish# a%#e is usually used with +a, or
+an,# especially when talking about a
particular attack of pain"
I have an awful stomach ache.
a%#ie2e // verb %transitive&
1 to gain sth# usually by effort or skill
"ou have achieved the success you
deserve.
2 to complete sth by hard work and skill
They have achieved a lot in a short
time.
a%#ie2ement // noun %countable#
uncountable&
something that you have done
successfully# especially through hard
work or skill
he felt that winning the gold medal
was her greatest achievement.
He en*oys climbing mountains
because it gives him a sense of
achievement.
a%id1 // noun %countable# uncountable&
(in chemistry) a li$uid substance that
can dissolve metal and may burn your
skin or clothes. A%id" have a pH (= a
measurement of the level of acid or alkali
in sth) value of less than 1
sulphuric acid
look at a?ai
a%id2 // adjective
1 (also a%idi% //) containing an a%id
an acid solution
OPP a?aine
2 (used about a fruit# etc.) with a sour
taste
a%idit! // noun %uncountable&
the $uality of being a%id
to measure the acidity of soil
'a%id )rain noun %uncountable&
rain that has chemicals in it from
factories# etc. and that causes damage to
trees# buildings and rivers
note at en2ironment
a%?no-ed9e // verb %transitive&
1 to accept or admit that sth is true or
exists
He acknowledged (the fact) that he
had made a mista'e.
He is ac'nowledged to be the
country's greatest writer.
2 to show that you have seen or noticed
sb/sth or received sth
I would be grateful if you could
ac'nowledge my letter (= tell me that
you have received it).
a%?no-ed9ement // noun
1 %uncountable& the act of showing that
you have seen or noticed sb/sth
The president gave a smile of
ac'nowledgement to the photographers.
2 %countable# uncountable& a letter# etc.
that says that sth has been received or
noticed
I haven't received AanB
ac'nowledgement of my *ob application
yet.
3 %countable& a few words of thanks
that an author writes at the beginning or
end of a book to the people who have
helped them
a%A$ire // verb %transitive& (formal)
to obtain or buy sth"
he ac-uired an American accent
while living in %ew "or'.
He's ac-uired a reputation for being
difficult to wor' with.
The company has ac-uired shares in
a rival business.
a%A$i"ition // noun (formal)
1 %uncountable& the act of obtaining or
buying sth
a study of language ac-uisition in
children
2 %countable& something that you have
obtained or bought
This sculpture is the museum's latest
ac-uisition.
a%A$it // verb %transitive& (a%A$ittin9
a%A$itted)
1 a%A$it "b 7o0 "t#8 to state formally
that a person is not guilty of a crime
The *ury ac-uitted her of murder.
OPP %on2i%t
2 (formal) a%A$it !o$r"e0. to behave
in the way that is mentioned
He acquitted himself well in his first
match as a professional.
a%A$itta // noun %countable#
uncountable&
a%ro"" // adverb# preposition
1 from one side of sth to the other
The stream was too wide to *ump
across.
He wal'ed across the field.
A smile spread across his face.
The river was about C) metres
across.
The ban' has ()) branches across
(= in all parts of) the country.
2 on the other side of sth
There's a ban' *ust across the road.
The house across the road from us
is for sale.
HELP A%ro"" or o2er2 3e can use
a%ro"" or o2er to mean +on or to the
other side,"
I ran across+over the road. .ut
when we talk about crossing something
high# we usually use o2er"
I can't climb over that wall. 3ith
+room, we usually use a%ro"""
I wal'ed across the room to the
door.
+,+OMS
a%ro"" t#e board involving or
affecting all groups# members# cases#
etc.
a%t1 // noun %countable&

S5H YO1 ,O
1 a thing that you do
In a typical act of generosity they
refused to accept any money.
to commit a violent act
HELP A%t# a%tion or a%ti2it!2 A%t
and a%tion can have the same meaning"
It was a brave act+action. A%t# not
a%tion can be followed by o0"
It was an act of bravery. A%ti2it! is
used for something that is done regularly"
I li'e outdoor activities such as
wal'ing and gardening.
LA6
2 often A%t a law made by a
government
The government passed an act
forbidding the possession of guns.
<EHA@+O1R
3 behaviour that hides your true
feelings
he seems very happy but she's *ust
putting on an act.
+N PLAY
4 often A%t one of the main divisions of
a play or an opera (= a musical play)
How many scenes are there in Act D?
EN5ER5A+NMEN5
5 a short piece of entertainment#
especially as part of a show
.id you en*oy the clowns' act?
+,+OMS
be&9et in on t#e a%t become involved
in an activity that is becoming popular
9et !o$r a%t to9et#er to organi*e
yourself so that you can do sth properly
If he doesn't get his act together he's
going to lose his *ob.
a #ard a%t to 0oo- #ard1
in t#e a%t 7o0 doin9 "t#8 while doing
sth# especially sth wrong
he caught him in the act of loo'ing
through the papers on her des'.
a%t2 // verb
1 %intransitive& a%t 7on "t#8 to do sth to
take action
The doctor 'new he had to act -uic'ly
to save the child.
I'm always giving my brother advice
but he never acts on (= as a result of) it.
2 %intransitive& to behave in the way
that is mentioned
top acting like a child9
Although she was trying to act cool, I
could see she was really upset.
Ali's acting strangely today @ what's
wrong with him?
3 %intransitive# transitive& to perform in a
play or film
I acted in a play at school.
He's always wanted to act the part of
Hamlet.
He hasn't really hurt himself @ he's
*ust acting (= pretending)9
4 %intransitive& a%t a" "t# to perform a
particular function
The man we met on the plane to
To'yo was 'ind enough to act as our
guide.
The elephant's trun' acts as a nose,
a hand and an arm.
a%tin91 // noun %uncountable&
the art or profession of performing in
plays or films
a%tin92 // adjective %only before a
noun&
doing the (ob mentioned for a short
time
Eames will be the acting director while
Henry is away.
a%tion // noun

,O+N3 S5H
1 %uncountable& doing things# often for
a particular purpose
%ow is the time for action.
If we don't take action -uic'ly it'll be
too late9
OPP ina%tion
2 %countable& something that you do
The doctor's -uic' action saved the
child's life.
They should be *udged by their
actions, not by what they say.
note at a%t
+N 4O1R5
3 %countable# uncountable& the process
of settling an argument in a court of law
He is going to take legal action
against the hospital.
+N 6AR
4 %uncountable& fighting in a war
Their son was killed in action.
+N S5ORY&;+LM&PLAY
5 %singular& the most important events
in a story# film or play
The action ta'es place in /ondon.
EX4+5+N3 E@EN5S
6 %uncountable& exciting things that
happen
There's not much action in this boring
town.
I li'e films with lots of action.
an action-packed film
E;;E45
B %singular& the effect that one
substance has on another
They're studying the action of
alcohol on the brain.
+,+OMS
in a%tion in operation while working
or doing sth
We shall have a chance to see their
new team in action ne,t wee'.
into a%tion into operation
We'll put the plan into action
immediately.
o$t o0 a%tion not able to do the usual
things not working
The coffee machine's out of action
again.
a%ti2ate // verb %transitive&
to make sth start working
A slight movement can activate the
car alarm.
a%ti2e // adjective
1 involved in activity
!y grandfather is very active for his
age.
I have a very active social life.
I was at the meeting but I didn't take
an active part in the discussion.
SYN i2e!
OPP ina%ti2e
2 that produces an effect that is in
operation
an active volcano (= one that can still
explode)
3 used about the form of a verb or a
sentence when the sub(ect of the
sentence performs the action of the verb
In the sentence #The dog bit him$, the
verb is active.
HELP !ou can also say" +The verb is
in the active,.
look at pa""i2e
a%ti2e! adverb"
he is actively loo'ing for a *ob.
a%ti2i"t // noun %countable&
a person who takes action to cause
political or social change# usually as a
member of a group
a protest by environmental activists
a%ti2it! // noun (plural a%ti2itie")
1 %uncountable& a situation in which
there is a lot of action or movement
The house was full of activity on the
morning of the wedding.
OPP ina%ti2it!
2 %countable& something that you do#
usually regularly and for en(oyment
The hotel offers a range of leisure
activities.
note at a%t
a%tor // noun %countable&
a person whose (ob is to act in a play#
film or on T4
note at t#eatre
a%tre"" // noun %countable&
a woman whose (ob is to act in a play#
film or on T4
note at t#eatre
a%t$a // adjective %only before a noun&
real that happened
The actual damage to the car was not
as great as we had feared.
They seemed to be good friends but
in actual fact they hated each other.
a%t$a! // adverb
1 really in fact
"ou don't actually believe her, do
you?
I can't believe that I'm actually going
to America9
2 although it may seem strange
He actually e,pected me to coo' his
meal for him9
HELP A%t$a! is often used in
conversation to get somebody)s attention
or to correct somebody politely"
Actually, I wanted to show you
something. Have you got a minute?
We aren't married, actually.
I don't agree about the boo'. I thin'
it's rather good, actually.
HELP 'n /nglish a%t$a! does not
mean +at the present time,. 3e use
%$rrent!# at pre"ent or at t#e moment
instead"
He's currently wor'ing on an article
about 3hina.
I'm studying for my e,ams at
present.
adapt // verb
1 %transitive& adapt "t# 70or "t#8 to
change sth so that you can use it in a
different situation
The bus was adapted for disabled
people.
The teacher adapts the courseboo'
to suit the needs of her students.
2 %intransitive# transitive& adapt
7!o$r"e08 7to "t#8 to change your
behaviour because the situation you are
in has changed
He was -uic' to adapt AhimselfB to the
new system.
adaptabe // adjective
able to change to suit new situations
adaptation // noun
1 %countable& a play or film that is
based on a novel# etc.
2 %uncountable& the state or process of
changing to suit a new situation
adapted // adjective
having all the necessary $ualities to do
sth
3hic'ens are poorly adapted for
flight.
adaptor (also adapter) // noun
%countable&
1 a device that allows you to connect
more than one piece of electrical
e$uipment to a "o%?et (= an electricity
supply point)
2 a device for connecting pieces of
electrical e$uipment that were not
designed to be fitted together
add // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& add 7"t#8 7to
"t#8 to put sth together with sth else# so
that you increase the si*e# number#
value# etc.
I added a couple more items to the
shopping list.
The noise of the crowd added to the
e,citement of the race.
2 %intransitive# transitive& to put
numbers or amounts together so that you
get a total
If you add F and F together, you get
G.
Add H( to the total, to cover postage
and pac'ing.
0onaldo cost more than all the other
players added together.
.on't as' me to wor' it out @ I can't
add.
OPP "$btra%t
MORE 3e often use the word p$"
when we add two numbers"
C plus C is D.
3 %transitive& to say sth more
#6y the way, please don't tell anyone I
phoned you,$ she added.
PHRASAL @ER<S
add "t# on 7to "t#8 to include sth
4)8 will be added on to your bill as a
service charge.
add $p to seem to be a true
explanation
I'm sorry, but your story *ust doesn't
add up.
add 7"t#8 $p to find the total of several
numbers
The waiter hadn't added up the bill
correctly.
add $p to "t# to have as a total
How much does all the shopping add
up to?
added // adjective
in addition to what is usual extra
mil' with added vitamins
)added to preposition
in addition to sth as well as
adder // noun %countable&
a small poisonous snake
addi%t // noun %countable&
a person who cannot stop taking or
doing sth harmful
a drug addict
addi%ted // adjective addi%ted 7to
"t#8"
He is addicted to heroin.
SYN #oo?ed on
addi%tion noun %countable#
uncountable&"
the problem of teenage drug addiction
addi%ti2e // adjective
difficult to stop taking or doing
a highly addictive drug
an addictive game
addition // noun
1 %uncountable& adding sth# especially
two or more numbers
children learning addition and
subtraction
look at "$btra%tion
2 %countable& an addition 7to "t#8 a
person or thing that is added to sth
They've got a new addition to the
family (= another child).
+,+OMS
in addition 7to "t#8 as well as
he spea's five foreign languages in
addition to &nglish.
additiona // adjective
added
a small additional charge for the use
of the swimming pool
SYN e*tra
additiona! // adverb
additi2e // noun %countable&
a substance that is added to sth in
small amounts for a special purpose
food additives (= to add colour or
flavour)
addre""1 // noun %countable&
1 the number of the building and the
name of the street and place where sb
lives or works
/et me give you my home+business
address.
he no longer lives at this address.
?lease inform the office of any
change of address.
an address boo' (= a small book that
you keep the addresses of people you
know in)
2 a series of words and/or numbers that
tells you where you can find sth using a
computer
What's your email address?
3 a formal speech that is given to an
audience
tonight's televised presidential
address
+,+OMS
7o08 no 0i*ed abode&addre"" 0i*ed
addre""2 // verb %transitive&
6R+5E ON LE55ER
1 addre"" "t# 7to "b&"t#8 to write the
name and address of the person you are
sending a letter# etc. to
The pac'age was returned because it
had been wrongly addressed.
MAKE SPEE4H
2 to make an important speech to an
audience
to address a meeting
4OMM1N+4A5E
3 (formal) addre"" "t# to "b make a
comment# etc. to sb
Iindly address any complaints you
have to the manager.
1SE NAME
4 addre"" "b a" "t# to talk or write to
sb using a particular name or title
he prefers to be addressed as #!s$.
,EAL 6+5H PRO<LEM
5 (formal) addre"" 7!o$r"e0 to8 "t# to
try to deal with a problem# etc.
The government is finally addressing
the -uestion of corruption.
adeA$ate // adjective
1 enough for what you need
!a'e sure you ta'e an ade-uate
supply of water with you.
2 (ust good enough acceptable
"our wor' is ade-uate but I'm sure
you could do better.
OPP for both meanings inadeA$ate
adeA$a%! // noun %uncountable&
adeA$ate! adverb"
The mystery has never been
ade-uately e,plained.
adC$"t // verb
1 %transitive& to change sth slightly#
especially because it is not in the right
position
The bra'es on my bicycle need
ad*usting.
The seat can be ad*usted to different
positions.
2 %intransitive& adC$"t 7to "t#8 to get
used to new conditions or a new situation
he found it hard to ad*ust to wor'ing
at night.
adC$"tment noun %countable#
uncountable&"
We'll *ust make a few minor
adjustments and the room will loo'
perfect.
adC$"tabe // adjective
that can be adC$"ted
an ad*ustable mirror
admirabe // adjective (formal)
that you admire excellent
admirab! // adverb"
he dealt with the problem admirably.
admiration // noun %uncountable&
admiration 70or&o0 "b&"t#8
a feeling of liking and respecting sb/sth
very much
I have great admiration for what he's
done.
admire // verb %transitive& admire
"b&"t# 70or "t#&doin9 "t#8
to respect or like sb/sth very much to
look at sb/sth with pleasure
&veryone admired the way he dealt
with the problem.
I've always admired her for being
such a wonderful mother.
We stopped at the top of the hill to
admire the view.
admirin9 // adjective
feeling or expressing admiration
admirin9! adverb
admi""ibe // adjective
that can be allowed or accepted#
especially in a court of law
admissible evidence
OPP inadmi""ibe
admi""ion // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& admi""ion
7to "t#8 the act of allowing sb to enter a
school# club# public place# etc.
Admissions to 6ritish universities
have increased by 478 this year.
look at entran%e
2 %countable& a statement that admits
that sth is true
3 %uncountable& the amount of money
that you have to pay to enter a place
The museum charges half2price
admission on !ondays.
admit // verb (admittin9 admitted)
1 %intransitive# transitive& admit "t#
admit to "t#&doin9 "t# admit 7t#at.8
to agree that sth unpleasant is true or
that you have done sth wrong
"ou should admit your mista'e.
After trying four times to pass the
e,am, I finally admitted defeat.
he admitted having bro'en the
computer.
He refused to admit to the theft.
I have to admit AthatB I was wrong.
OPP den!
2 %transitive& admit "b&"t# 7into&to "t#8
to allow sb/sth to enter to take sb into a
place
He was admitted to hospital with
suspected appendicitis.
admittan%e // noun %uncountable&
(formal)
being allowed to enter a place the right
to enter
The *ournalist tried to gain admittance
to the minister's office.
admitted! // adverb
it must be admitted (that5)
The wor' is very interesting.
Admittedly, I do get rather tired.
adopt // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to take a child
into your family and treat them as your
own child by law
They couldn't have children so they
adopted.
They're hoping to adopt a child.
2 %transitive& to take and use sth
What approach did you adopt when
dealing with the problem?
note at %#id
adopted adjective"
an adopted child
adoption noun %countable#
uncountable&"
The number of adoptions has risen in
the past year (= the number of children
being adopted).
adopti2e // adjective
(used about parents) having legally
taken a child to live with them as part of
their family
the baby's adoptive parents
adorabe // adjective
(used about children or animals) very
attractive
SYN o2e!
adore // verb %transitive&
1 to love and admire sb/sth very much
Iim adores her older sister.
2 to like sth very much
he adores children.
adoration // noun %uncountable&
adorin9 adjective"
his adoring fans
ad$t // noun %countable&
a person or an animal that is fully grown
This film is suitable for both adults
and children.
SYN 9ro-n($p
ad$t adjective
ad$terer // noun %countable& (formal)
a person who commits ad$ter!
ad$ter! // noun %uncountable& (formal)
sex between a married person and sb
who is not their wife/husband
He was accused of committing
adultery.
ad$tero$" // adjective"
an adulterous relationship
ad$t#ood // noun %uncountable&
the time in your life when you are an
adult
ad2an%e1 // noun
1 %countable# usually singular& forward
movement
the army's advance towards the
border
OPP retreat
2 %countable# uncountable& progress in
sth
advances in computer technology
3 %countable& an amount of money that
is paid to sb before the time when it is
usually paid
he as'ed for an advance on her
salary.
+,+OMS
in ad2an%e 7o0 "t#8 before a
particular time or event
"ou should boo' tic'ets for the
concert well in advance.
ad2an%e2 // verb
1 %intransitive& to move forward
The army advanced towards the city.
OPP retreat
2 %intransitive# transitive& to make
progress or help sth make progress
<ur research has not advanced much
recently.
ad2an%e3 // adjective %only before a
noun&
that happens before sth
There was no advance warning of the
earth-ua'e.
ad2an%ed // adjective
1 highly developed
a country that is not very advanced
industrially
2 of a high level
an advanced &nglish class
ad)2an%ed e2e (formal) = A e2e
ad2an%ement // noun (formal)
1 %uncountable# countable& the process
of helping sth to make progress or
succeed the progress that is made
the advancement of
'nowledge+education+science
2 %uncountable& progress in a (ob#
social class# etc.
There are good opportunities for
advancement if you have the right s'ills.
ad2anta9e // noun
1 %countable& an ad2anta9e 7o2er "b8
something that may help you to do better
than other people
Her e,perience gave her an
advantage over the other applicants.
/iving abroad means he has the
advantage of being fluent in two
languages.
ome runners try to gain an unfair
advantage by ta'ing drugs.
2 %countable# uncountable& something
that helps you or that will bring you a
good result
&ach of these systems has its
advantages and disadvantages.
The traffic is so bad here that there is
no advantage in having a car.
look at pro
OPP for both meanings di"ad2anta9e
+,+OMS
ta?e ad2anta9e o0 "b&"t#
1 to make good or full use of sth
We should ta'e full advantage of
these low prices while they last.
2 to make use of sb/sth in a way that is
unfair or dishonest in order to get what
you want
"ou shouldn't let him ta'e advantage
of you li'e this.
ad2anta9eo$" // adjective
that will help you or bring you a good
result
ad2ent$re // noun %countable#
uncountable&
an experience or event that is very
unusual# exciting or dangerous
he left home to travel, hoping for
e,citement and adventure.
<ur *ourney through the *ungle was
-uite an adventure9
ad2ent$ro$" // adjective
1 (used about a person) liking to try new
things or have ad2ent$re"
I'm not an adventurous coo' @ I li'e
to stic' to recipes I 'now.
2 involving ad2ent$re
:or a more adventurous holiday try
mountain climbing.
ad2ert // ( informal) = ad2erti"ement
ad2erti"e // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& ad2erti"e "t#
7a" "t#8 to put information in a
newspaper# on T4# on a picture on the
wall# etc. in order to persuade people to
buy sth# to interest them in a new (ob#
etc.
a poster advertising a new type of
biscuit
The *ob was advertised in the local
newspapers.
It's very e,pensive to advertise on
T>.
2 %intransitive& ad2erti"e 70or "b&"t#8 to
say publicly in a newspaper# on a sign#
etc. that you need sb to do a particular
(ob# want to buy sth# etc.
The shop is advertising for a part2time
sales assistant.
ad2erti"er noun %countable&
ad2erti"in9 noun %uncountable&"
The maga;ine gets a lot of money
from advertising.
an advertising campaign
ad2erti"ement // (also informal ad 6rit
also ad2ert) noun %countable&
a piece of information in a newspaper#
on T4# a picture on a wall# etc. that tries
to persuade people to buy sth# to interest
them in a new (ob# etc.
an advertisement for a new brand of
washing powder
to put an advertisement in a
newspaper
ad2i%e // noun %uncountable&
an opinion that you give sb about what
they should do
he took her doctor's advice and
gave up smo'ing.
/et me give you some advice J
3RAMMAR Ad2i%e is uncountable.
3e say a pie%e o0 ad2i%e (not +an
advice,) and a ot o0 ad2i%e (not
+advices,).
ad2i"abe // adjective (formal)
that is a good thing to do sensible
It is advisable to reserve a seat.
OPP inad2i"abe
ad2i"e // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& ad2i"e "b 7to
do "t#8 ad2i"e 7"b8 7a9ain"t
"t#&a9ain"t doin9 "t#8 to tell sb what
you think they should do
I would strongly advise you to ta'e
the *ob.
They advised us not to travel on a
:riday.
The newspaper article advised
against eating too much meat.
He did what the doctor advised.
he advises the Kovernment on
economic affairs.
2 %transitive& (formal) to officially tell sb
sth
We would li'e to advise you that the
goods are now ready for collection.
SYN in0orm
ad2i"er (1 ad2i"or) // noun
%countable&
a person who gives advice to a
company# government# etc.
an adviser on economic affairs
ad2i"or! // adjective
giving advice only not having the
power to make decisions
a00air // noun
1 a00air" %plural& important personal#
business# national# etc. matters
the minister for foreign affairs
current affairs (= the political and
social events that are happening at the
present time)
2 %countable& an event or situation
The whole affair has been e,tremely
unpleasant.
3 %countable& a sexual relationship
between two people# usually when at
least one of them is married to sb else
he's having an affair with her
boss.
4 %singular& something private that you
do not want other people to know about
What happened between us is my
affair. I don't want to discuss it.
+,+OMS
"tate o0 a00air" "tate1
a00e%t // verb %transitive&
1 make sb/sth change in a particular
way to influence sb/sth
Her personal problems seem to be
affecting her wor'.
This disease affects the brain.
note at in0$en%e
2 to make sb feel very sad# angry# etc.
The whole community was affected
by the tragedy.
HELP A00e%t or e00e%t2 6otice that
a00e%t is a verb and e00e%t is a noun"
mo'ing can affect your health.
mo'ing can have a bad effect on
your health.
a00e%ted // adjective
(used about a person or their
behaviour) not natural or sincere
OPP $na00e%ted
a00e%tation // noun %countable#
uncountable&
a00e%tion // noun %countable#
uncountable& 7an8 a00e%tion 70or&to-ard"
"b&"t#8
a feeling of loving or liking sb/sth
!ar' felt great affection for his sister.
a00e%tionate // adjective
showing that you love or like sb very
much
a very affectionate child
SYN o2in9
a00e%tionate! adverb
a00ord // verb %transitive& %usually after
can# could or be able to& a00ord "t#&to do
"t#
1 to have enough money or time to be
able to do sth
We couldn't afford a T> in those
days.
I've spent more than I can afford.
note at oan
2 to not be able to do sth or let sth
happen because it would have a bad
result for you
The other team is very good so we
can't afford to ma'e any mista'es.
a00ordabe adjective"
affordable prices
a0raid // adjective %not before a noun&
1 a0raid 7o0 "b&"t#8 a0raid 7o0 doin9
"t#&to do "t#8 having or showing fear
frightened
Are you afraid of dogs?
6en is afraid of going out after dar'.
I was too afraid to answer the door.
2 a0raid 7t#at.8 a0raid 7o0 doin9 "t#8
worried about sth
We were afraid that you would be
angry.
to be afraid of offending somebody
3 a0raid 0or "b&"t# worried that sb/sth
will be harmed# lost# etc.
When I saw the gun I was afraid for
my life.
HELP A0raid or 0ri9#tened2 !ou can
only use a0raid after a verb such as +be,#
but you can use 0ri9#tened before a
noun or after a verb"
a frightened animal
The animal was afraid+frightened.
+,+OMS
+)m a0raid 7t#at.8 used for saying
politely that you are sorry about sth
I'm afraid I can't come on unday.
#Is the factory going to close?$ #I'm
afraid so.$
#Is this seat free?$ #I'm afraid not+it
isn't.$
a0ter // preposition# conjunction#
adverb
1 at a later time following sth
Ian phoned *ust after G o'cloc'.
the wee' after ne,t
I hope to arrive some time after lunch.
They arrived at the station after the
train had left.
After we had finished our dinner, we
went into the garden.
I went out yesterday morning, and
after that I was at home all day.
That was in April. oon after, I heard
that he was ill.
HELP 't is more common to use
a0ter-ard" at the end of a sentence"
We played tennis and went to
Angela's house afterwards.
2 .a0ter. repeated many times or
continuing for a long time
day after day of hot weather
I've told the children time after time
not to do that.
3 following or behind sb/sth
hut the door after you.
3 comes after 6 in the alphabet.
4 as a result of sth
After the way he behaved, I won't
invite him here again.
5 looking for or trying to catch or get
sb/sth
The police were after him.
%ic'y is after a *ob in advertising.
6 used when sb/sth is given the name
of another person or thing
We called our son William after his
grandfather.
+,+OMS
a0ter a
1 used when sth is different in reality to
what sb expected or thought
o you decided to come after all9 (= '
thought you weren)t going to come)
2 used for reminding sb of a certain fact
he can't understand. After all, she's
only two.
a0ternoon // noun %countable#
uncountable&
the part of a day between midday and
about 7 o)clock
I'll see you tomorrow afternoon.
What are you doing this afternoon?
I studied all afternoon.
I usually go for a wal' in the
afternoon.
He goes swimming every afternoon.
he arrived at D o'cloc' in the
afternoon.
Tom wor's two afternoons a wee'.
Are you busy on riday afternoon?
note at mornin9
+,+OMS
9ood a0ternoon used when you see
sb for the first time in the afternoon
HELP 8ften we (ust say A0ternoon"
#Kood afternoon, !rs .avies.$
#Afternoon, Eac'.$
a0ter-ard" // (1 also a0ter-ard)
adverb
at a later time
He was ta'en to hospital and died
shortly afterwards.
Afterwards, I reali;ed I'd made a
terrible mista'e.
a9ain // adverb
1 once more another time
3ould you say that again, please?
he's out at the moment, so I'll phone
again later.
.on't ever do that again9
2 in the place or condition that sb/sth
was in before
It's great to be home again.
I hope you'll soon be well again.
3 in addition to sth
#Is that enough?$ #%o, I'd li'e half as
much again, please$ (= one9and9a9half
times the original amount).
+,+OMS
a9ain and a9ain many times
He said he was sorry again and
again, but she wouldn't listen.
t#en&t#ere a9ain used to say that sth
you have (ust said may not happen or be
true
he might pass her test, but then
again she might not.
!et a9ain !et
a9ain"t // preposition
1 being an opponent to sb/sth in a
game# competition# etc.# or an enemy of
sb/sth in a war or fight
We played football against a school
from another district.
2 not agreeing with or supporting sb/sth
Are you for or against the plan?
he felt that everybody was against
her.
OPP 0or
3 what a law# rule# etc. says you must
not do
It's against the law to buy cigarettes
before you are si,teen.
4 in order to protect yourself from sb/sth
Ta'e these pills as a precaution
against malaria.
5 in the opposite direction to sth
We had to cycle against the wind.
6 touching sb/sth for support
I put the ladder against the wall.
a9e1 // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& the length
of time that sb has lived or that sth has
existed
Ali is seventeen years of age.
he left school at the age of si,teen.
3hildren of all ages will en*oy this
film.
He needs some friends of his own
age.
HELP 3hen you want to ask about
somebody)s age# you usually say"
How old is she? and the answer
can be"
he's eighteen or"
he's eighteen years old (but 68T"
he's eighteen years). :ere are
some examples of other ways of talking
about age"
I'm nearly nineteen.
a girl of eighteen
an eighteen2year2old girl
The robber is of medium height and
aged about 4G or 45.
2 %countable# uncountable& a particular
period in sb)s life
a problem that often develops in
middle age
Her sons will loo' after her in her old
age.
3 %countable& a particular period of
history
the computer age
the history of art through the ages
4 %uncountable& the state of being old
a face lined with age
The doctor said she died of old age.
look at !o$t#
5 a9e" %plural& (informal) a very long
time
We had to wait AforB ages at the
hospital.
It's ages since I've done any e,ercise.
+,+OMS
at a tender a9e> at t#e tender a9e
o0. tender1
t#e a9e o0 %on"ent the age at which
sb can legally agree to have sex
%ome o0 a9e to become an adult in
law
!y father gave me a watch when I
came of age.
0ee !o$r a9e 0ee1
$nder a9e not old enough by law to
do sth
a9e2 // verb %intransitive# transitive&
(a9ein9 or a9in9 past tense# past
participle a9ed //)
to become or look old to cause sb to
look old
!y father seems to have aged a lot
recently.
I could see her illness had aged her.
an ageing aunt
a9ed
1 // adjective %not before a noun& of
the age mentioned
The woman, aged CG, was last seen
at >ictoria tation.
2 t#e a9ed // noun %plural& very old
people
services for the sic' and the aged
)a9e 9ro$p noun %countable&
people of about the same age
This club is very popular with the C)2
F) age group.
a9ei"m (1 also a9i"m) // noun
%uncountable&
unfair treatment of people because
they are considered too old"
ageism in *ob advertisements
a9ei"t // adjective"
ageist and se,ist remar's
a9ei"t noun %countable&
a9en%! // noun %countable& (plural
a9en%ie")
1 a business that provides a particular
service
an advertising agency
2 (1) a government department
the 3entral Intelligence Agency (=
the ;'<)
a9ent // noun %countable&
1 a person whose (ob is to do business
for a company or for another person
<ur company's agent in 0io will meet
you at the airport.
!ost actors and musicians have their
own agents.
a travel agent
an estate agent
2 = "e%ret a9ent
a99re""ion // noun %uncountable&
1 angry feelings or behaviour that make
you want to attack other people
?eople often react to this 'ind of
situation with fear or aggression.
2 the act of starting a fight or war
without reasonable cause
a99re""i2e // adjective
1 ready or likely to fight or argue
an aggressive dog
ome people get aggressive after
drin'ing alcohol.
2 using or showing force or pressure in
order to succeed
an aggressive salesman
a99re""i2e! adverb"
The boys responded aggressively
when I as'ed them to ma'e less noise.
a99re""or // noun %countable&
a person or country that attacks sb/sth
or starts fighting first
a9o // adverb
in the past back in time from now
?aul left ten minutes ago (= if it is =>
o)clock now# he left at ten to twelve).
That was a long time ago.
!ow long ago was that?
note at 0or
3RAMMAR A9o is used with the past
simple tense and not the present perfect
tense"
I arrived in 6ritain three months
ago. ;ompare a9o and be0ore. A9o
means +before now, and be0ore means
+before then, (that is before a particular
time in the past)"
Anne married imon two years ago.
he had left her first husband si,
months before (= six months before she
married -imon).
a9ree // verb

SHARE OP+N+ON
1 %intransitive& a9ree 7-it# "b&"t#8
a9ree 7t#at.8 to have the same opinion
as sb/sth
#I thin' we should tal' to the manager
about this.$ #"es, I agree.$
I agree with ?aul.
.o you agree that we should travel by
train?
I'm afraid I don't agree.
OPP di"a9ree
HELP 6ote that we say"
I agree and"
I don't agree 68T +' am agree, or +'
am not agree,. This is incorrect.
SAY YES
2 %intransitive& a9ree 7to "t#&to do "t#8
to say yes to sth
I as'ed my boss if I could go home
early and she agreed.
Al'is has agreed to lend me his car
for the wee'end.
OPP re0$"e
ARRAN3E
3 %intransitive# transitive& a9ree 7to do
"t#8 a9ree 7on "t#8 to make an
arrangement or decide sth with sb
They agreed to meet the following
day.
3an we agree on a price?
We agreed a price of L7)).
APPRO@E O;
4 %intransitive& a9ree -it# "t# to think
that sth is right
I don't agree with e,periments on
animals.
<E 5HE SAME
5 %intransitive& to be the same as sth
The two accounts of the accident do
not agree.
+,+OMS
not a9ree -it# "b (used about food)
to make sb feel ill
a9reeabe // adjective
1 pleasant nice
OPP di"a9reeabe
2 %not before a noun& (formal) ready to
agree
If you are agreeable, we would li'e to
visit your offices on C4 !ay.
a9reeab! // adverb"
I was agreeably surprised by the film.
a9reement // noun
1 %countable& a contract or decision
that two or more people have made
together
?lease sign the agreement and return
it to us.
The leaders reached an agreement
after five days of tal's.
We never break an agreement.
2 %uncountable& the state of agreeing
with sb/sth
he nodded her head in agreement.
We are totally in agreement with
what you have said.
OPP di"a9reement
a9ri%$t$re // noun %uncountable&
keeping animals and growing crops for
food farming
the !inister of Agriculture
a9ri%$t$ra // adjective
a#ead // adverb a#ead 7o0 "b&"t#8
1 in front of sb/sth
I could see the other car about half a
mile ahead of us.
The path ahead loo'ed narrow and
steep.
/oo' straight ahead and don't turn
round9
2 before or more advanced than sb/sth
Inga and %ils arrived a few minutes
ahead of us.
/ondon is about five hours ahead of
%ew "or'.
The Eapanese are way ahead of us
in their research.
3 into the future
He's got a difficult time ahead of him.
We must think ahead and ma'e a
plan.
4 winning in a game# competition# etc.
The goal put Italy C24 ahead at half2
time.
look at be#ind
+,+OMS
a#ead o0 !o$r time so modern that
people do not understand you
"treet" a#ead "treet
aid1 // noun
1 %uncountable& money# food# etc. that
is sent to a country or to people in order
to help them
We sent aid to the earth-ua'e
victims.
economic aid
2 %uncountable& help
to wal' with the aid of a stic'
He had to go to the aid of a child in
the river.
look at 0ir"t aid
3 %countable& a person or thing that
helps you
a hearing aid
dictionaries and other study aids
+,+OMS
in aid o0 "b&"t# in order to collect
money for sb/sth# especially for a charity
a concert in aid of 3hildren in %eed
aid2 // verb %transitive& (formal)
to help sb/sth
leep aids recovery from illness.
+,+OMS
aid and abet to help sb to do sth that
is not allowed by law
aiin9 // adjective
not in good health weak
an ailing economy
aiment // noun %countable& (formal)
any illness that is not very serious
aim1 // noun
1 %countable& something that you
intend to do a purpose
<ur aim is to open offices in ?aris
and 0ome before the end of the year.
His only aim in life is to ma'e money.
2 %uncountable& the act of pointing sth
at sb/sth before trying to hit them or it
with it
he pic'ed up the gun, took aim and
fired.
Eo's aim was good and she hit the
target.
aim2 // verb
1 %intransitive& aim to do "t# aim at&0or
"t# to intend to do or achieve sth
We aim to leave after brea'fast.
The company is aiming at a C78
increase in profit.
"ou should always aim for perfection
in your wor'.
2 %intransitive# transitive& aim 7"t#8 7at
"b&"t#8 to point sth at sb/sth before
trying to them or it with it
he aimed Athe gunB at the target and
fired.
3 %transitive& aim "t# at "b&"t# to direct
sth at a particular person or group
The advertising campaign is aimed at
young people.
+,+OMS
be aimed at "t#&doin9 "t# to be
intended to achieve sth
The new laws are aimed at reducing
heavy traffic in cities.
aime"" // adjective
having no purpose
an aimless discussion
aime""! adverb
air1 // noun
1 %uncountable& the mixture of gases
that surrounds the earth and that people#
animals and plants breathe
the pure mountain air
<pen a window @ I need some fresh
air.
The air was polluted by smo'e from
the factory.
2 %uncountable& the space around and
above things
to throw a ball high into the air
in the open air (= outside)
3 %uncountable& travel or transport in an
aircraft
to travel by air
an air tic'et
4 %singular& an air 7o0 "t#8 the particular
feeling or impression that is given by
sb/sth
he has a confident air.
+,+OMS
a breat# o0 0re"# air breat#
%ear t#e air %ear2
in t#e air probably going to happen
soon
A feeling of change was in the air.
in t#e open air open1
on 7t#e8 air sending out programmes
on the radio or T4
This radio station is on the air CD
hours a day.
2ani"#' et%D into t#in air t#in1
air2 // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to put clothes#
etc. in a warm place or outside in the
fresh air to make sure they are
completely dry to become dry in this way
?ut the sheets on the washing line to
air.
2 %intransitive# transitive& to make a
room# etc. fresh by letting air into it to
become fresh in this way
<pen the window to air the room.
3 %transitive& to tell people what you
think about sth
The discussion gave people a chance
to air their views.
airba9 // noun %countable&
a device in a car that fills with air if
there is an accident. 't protects the
people sitting in the front.
airba"e // noun %countable&
an airport for military aircraft
airborne // adjective %not before a
noun&
flying in the air
)air %onditionin9 noun %uncountable&
the system that keeps the air in a
room# building# etc. cool and dry
)air(%onditioned adjective"
air2conditioned offices
air%ra0t // noun %countable& (plural
air%ra0t)
any vehicle that can fly in the air# for
example a plane
)air%ra0t %arrier noun %countable&
a ship that carries military aircraft and
that has a long flat area where they can
take off and land
air0ied // noun %countable&
an area of land where aircraft can land
or take off. <n air0ied is smaller than an
airport.
)air 0or%e noun %countable# with
singular or plural verb&
the part of a country)s military
organi*ation that fights in the air
note at -ar
look at arm!# na2!
)air #o"te"" noun %countable& (old2
fashioned)
a woman who looks after the
passengers on a plane
look at %abin %re-# 0i9#t attendant
)airin9 %$pboard noun %countable&
a warm cupboard that you put clothes#
etc. in to make sure they are completely
dry after being washed
aire"" // adjective
not having enough fresh air
The room was hot and airless.
airi0t // noun %countable&
an operation to take people# soldiers#
food# etc. to or from an area by aircraft#
especially in an emergency or when
roads are closed or dangerous"
an airlift of food and medical supplies
to the besieged city
airi0t verb %transitive&"
Two casualties were airlifted to
safety.
airine // noun %countable&
a company that provides regular flights
for people or goods in aircraft
airiner // noun %countable&
a large plane that carries passengers

airmai // noun %uncountable&
the system for sending letters#
packages# etc. by plane
I sent the parcel AbyB airmail.
airpane // (1) = aeropane
airport // noun %countable&
a place where aircraft can land and take
off and that has buildings for passengers
to wait in
note at pane
)air raid noun %countable&
an attack by military aircraft
air"i%? // adjective
feeling sick or 2omitin9 (= bringing up
food from the stomach) as a result of
travelling on a plane
look at %ar"i%?# "ea"i%?# tra2e("i%?
air"pa%e // noun %uncountable&
the part of the sky that is above a
country and that belongs to that country
by law
air"trip // (also )andin9 "trip) noun
%countable&
a narrow piece of land where aircraft
can take off and land
airti9#t // adjective
that air cannot get into or out of
airti9#t // adjective
that air cannot get into or out of
'air 'tra00i% %on)troer noun
%countable&
a person whose (ob is to organi*e
routes for aircraft# and to tell pilots by
radio when they can land and take off
air! // adjective (airier airie"t)
having a lot of fresh air inside
aarm1 // noun
1 %uncountable& a sudden feeling of
fear or worry
he *umped up in alarm.
2 %singular& a warning of danger
A small boy saw the smo'e and
raised the alarm.
3 %countable& a machine that warns you
of danger# for example by ringing a loud
bell
The burglars set off the alarm when
they bro'e the window.
The fire+burglar alarm went off at
Da.m.
4 %countable& = aarm %o%?

+,+OMS
a 0a"e aarm 0a"e
aarm2 // verb %transitive&
to make sb/sth feel suddenly frightened
or worried
a)arm %o%? (also aarm) noun
%countable&
a clock that you can set to make a noise
at a particular time to wake you up
he set the alarm cloc' for half past
si,.
aarmed // adjective %not before a
noun& aarmed 7at&b! "t#8
feeling frightened or worried
aarmin9 // adjective
that makes you frightened or worried

aarmin9! adverb
a%o#o // noun %uncountable&
1 drinks such as beer# wine# etc. that
can make people drunk
He never drin's alcohol.
2 the clear li$uid in drinks such as beer
and wine that can make you drunk
low2alcohol beer
a%o#oi%1 // adjective
containing alcohol
alcoholic drin's
OPP non(a%o#oi%
MORE ?rinks without alcohol are also
called "o0t drin?".
a%o#oi%2 // noun %countable&
a person who regularly drinks too much
alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking
MORE < person who does not drink
alcohol at all is a teetotaer.
a%o#oi"m // noun %uncountable&
a medical condition that is caused by
regularly drinking a large amount of
alcohol and not being able to stop
ai2e // adjective %not before a noun&
1 not dead living
The young woman was still alive
when the ambulance reached the
hospital.
The -uic' action of the doctors kept
the child alive.
HELP Ai2e or i2in92 Ai2e can only
be used after a noun or a verb such as
+be,# but you can use i2in9 before a
noun"
Are her parents still alive?
.oes she have any living relatives?
2 continuing to exist
!any old traditions are very much
alive in this area of the country.
3 full of life
In the evening the town really comes
alive.
a1 // determiner# pronoun
1 every one of a group
All AofB my children can swim.
!y children can all swim.
he's read all AofB these boo's.
he's read them all.
The people at the meeting all voted
against the plan.
All of them voted against the plan.
2 the whole of a thing or of a period of
time
All AofB the food has gone.
They've eaten all of it.
They've eaten it all.
This money is all yours.
All of it is yours.
all wee'+month+year
He wor'ed hard all his life.
3 everything that the only thing that
I wrote down all I could remember.
All I've eaten today is one banana.
+,+OMS
abo2e a abo2e
a0ter a a0ter
0or a
1 in spite of
:or all her wealth and beauty, she
was never very happy.
2 used to show that sth is not important
or of no interest or value to you
or all I know, he's probably
remarried by now.
note at ato9et#er
in a in total
There were ten of us in all.
not a t#at. not very
The film wasn't all that good.
7not8 at a in any way
I didn't en*oy it at all.
MORE 3e can say not at a as a
reply when somebody thanks us for
something.
a2 // adverb
1 completely very
He has lived all alone since his wife
died.
I didn't watch that programme @ I
forgot all about it.
They got all e,cited about it.
2 (in sport) for each side
The score was two all.
+,+OMS
a aon9 from the beginning
I 'new you were *o'ing all along.
a t#e better' #arder' et%D even
better# harder# etc. than before
It will be all the more difficult with two
people missing.
a&C$"t t#e "ame "ame
aied adjective
1 // %only before a noun& (used about
organi*ations# countries# etc.) having an
agreement to work together and support
each other
allied forces
2 // aied 7to "t#8 connected with
existing together with
The newspaper is closely allied to the
government.
ao- // verb %transitive&
NO5E

1 ao- "b&"t# to do "t# ao- "t# to
give permission for sb/sth to do sth or for
sth to happen
3hildren under eighteen are not
allowed to buy alcohol.
I'm afraid we don't allow people to
bring dogs into this restaurant.
?hotography is not allowed inside the
cathedral.
2 ao- "b "t# to let sb have sth
!y contract allows me four wee's'
holiday a year.
3 to give permission for sb/sth to be or
go somewhere
%o dogs allowed.
I'm only allowed out on :riday and
aturday nights.
4 to make sth possible
Wor'ing part2time would allow me to
spend more time with my family.
5 ao- "t# 70or "b&"t#8 to provide
money# time# etc. for sb/sth
"ou should allow about F) minutes
for each -uestion.
PHRASAL @ER<
ao- 0or "b&"t# to think about
possible problems when you are
planning sth and include extra time#
money# etc. for them
The *ourney should ta'e about two
hours, allowing for heavy traffic.
O5HER 6OR,S ;OR ao-
;ompare ao-# permit and et. Ao-
can be used in both formal and informal
/nglish. The passive form be ao-ed to
is especially common. Permit is a formal
word and is usually used only in written
/nglish. Let is an informal word# and
very common in spoken /nglish. !ou
ao- "b to do "t# but et "b do "t# (no
+to,). Let cannot be used in the passive"
>isitors are not allowed+permitted to
smo'e in this area.
mo'ing is not allowed+permitted.
I'm not allowed to smo'e in my
bedroom.
!y dad won't let me smo'e in my
bedroom.
ao-abe // adjective
that is allowed# especially by law or by
a set of rules"
It's not allowable under union rules.
What is the ma,imum allowable
number of users on the networ'?
ao-an%e // noun %countable&
1 an amount of money that you receive
regularly to help you pay for sth that you
need
2 an amount of sth that you are allowed
!ost flights have a C) 'g baggage
allowance.
3 (especially 1) = po%?et mone!

+,+OMS
ma?e ao-an%e" 0or "b&"t# to (udge
a person or their actions in a kinder way
than usual because they have a
particular problem or disadvantage
'a )ri9#t (also informal ari9#t)
adjective# adverb# interjection %not
before a noun&
1 good enough
Is everything all right?
2 safe and well
I hope the children are all right.
.o you feel all right?
3 showing you agree to do what sb has
asked
#3an you get me some stamps?$ #"es,
all right.$
SYN for all meanings OK
HELP !ou say +That)s all right#, when
sb thanks you for sth or when sb says
sorry for sth he/she has done"
#Than's for the lift home.$ #That's
A-uiteB all right.$
#I'm so sorry I'm late.$ #That's all
right. We haven't started yet anyway.$
a! // verb %transitive& (a!in9 aie"
past tense# past participle aied) a!
7!o$r"e08 -it# "b&"t#
to give your support to another group
or country
The prince allied himself with the
cots.
a! // noun %countable& (plural aie")
1 a country that has an agreement to
support another country# especially in a
war
:rance and its &uropean allies
look at aian%e
2 a person who helps and supports you#
especially when other people are against
you
the ?rime !inister's political allies
amo"t // adverb
nearly not $uite
6y M o'cloc' almost everybody had
arrived.
3areful9 I almost fell into the water
then9
The film has almost finished.
he almost always cycles to school.
There's almost nothing left.
Almost all the students passed the
e,am.
SYN near!
aone // adjective %not before a noun&
adverb
NO5E

1 without any other person
The old man lives alone.
Are you alone? 3an I spea' to you for
a moment?
I don't li'e wal'ing home alone after
dar'.
2 %after a noun or pronoun& only
"ou alone can help us.
The rent alone ta'es up most of my
salary.
+,+OMS
9o it aone to start working on your
own without the usual help
ea2e "b&"t# aone ea2e1
et aone and certainly not
We haven't decided where we're
going yet, let alone boo'ed the tic'ets.
O5HER 6OR,S ;OR aone
Aone and one! both mean that you
are not with other people. Lone! (1
one"ome) means that you are unhappy
about this# but aone does not usually
suggest either happiness or
unhappiness. Aone cannot be used
before a noun. !ou can also use on !o$r
o-n and b! !o$r"e0 to mean +alone,.
These expressions are more informal
and very common in spoken /nglish.
aon9 // preposition# adverb
1 from one end to or towards the other
end of sth
I wal'ed slowly along the road.
.avid loo'ed along the corridor to
see if anyone was coming.
2 on or beside sth long
Wild flowers grew along both sides of
the river.
<ur house is about halfway along the
street.
3 forward
We moved along slowly with the
crowd.
4 (informal) with sb
We're going for a wal'. Why don't you
come along too?
+,+OMS
a aon9 a2
aon9 -it# "b&"t# together with sb/sth
9o aon9 -it# "b&"t# to agree with
sb)s ideas or plans
aon9"ide // preposition# adverb
1 next to sb/sth or at the side of sth
The boat moored alongside the -uay.
%ic' caught up with me and rode
alongside.
2 together with sb/sth
the opportunity to wor' alongside
e,perienced musicians
ao$d // (also 'o$t )o$d) adverb
in a normal speaking voice that other
people can hear
to read aloud from a boo'
OPP "ient!
ap#abet // noun %countable&
a set of letters in a fixed order that you
use when you are writing a language
There are CG letters in the &nglish
alphabet.
ap#abeti%a // adjective
arranged in the same order as the
letters of the alphabet
The names are listed in alphabetical
order.
ap#abeti%a! // adverb
aread! // adverb
1 used for talking about sth that has
happened before now or before a
particular time in the past
#Would you li'e some lunch?$ #%o, I've
already eaten, than's.$
We got there at G.F) but !arsha had
already left.
ita was already awa'e when I went
into her room.
2 (used in negative sentences and
$uestions for expressing surprise) so
early as soon as this
Have you finished already?
urely you're not going already9
a"o // adverb %not with negative verbs&
in addition too
He plays several instruments and
also writes music.
6ring summer clothing and also
something warm to wear in the evenings.
The food is wonderful, and also very
cheap.
+,+OMS
not on!. 7b$t8 a"o not
O5HER 6OR,S ;OR a"o
5oo and a" -e are less formal than
a"o and are very common in spoken
/nglish. A"o usually goes before a main
verb or after +is,# +are,# +were,# etc."
He also en*oys reading.
He has also been to Australia.
He is also intelligent. 5oo and a"
-e usually go at the end of a phrase or
sentence"
I really love this song, and I li'ed
the first one too+as well.
ater // verb %intransitive# transitive&
to make sth different in some way# but
without changing it completely to
become different
We've altered our plan, and will now
arrive at 5.)) instead of (.)).
The village seems to have altered
very little in the last twenty years.
ateration // noun %countable#
uncountable& 7an8 ateration 7to&in "t#8
a small change in sb/sth
We want to make a few alterations
to the house before we move in.
atar // noun %countable&
a high table that is the centre of a
religious ceremony
aternate1 // verb
1 %transitive& aternate A -it# < to
cause two types of events or things to
happen or follow regularly one after the
other
He alternated periods of wor' with
periods of rest.
2 %intransitive& aternate -it# "t#
aternate bet-een A and < (used about
two types of events# things# etc.) to
happen or follow regularly one after the
other
6usy periods in the hospital alternate
with times when there is not much to do.
he seemed to alternate between
hating him and loving him.
aternation // noun %countable#
uncountable&
aternate2 // adjective
1 (used about two types of events#
things# etc.) happening or following
regularly one after the other
There will be alternate periods of sun
and showers tomorrow.
2 one of every two
He wor's alternate wee's (= he
works the first week# he doesn)t work the
second week# he works again the third
week# etc.).
aternate! adverb"
The bric's were painted alternately
white and red.
aternati2e1 // noun %countable& an
aternati2e 7to "t#8
one of two or more things that you can
choose between
What can I eat as an alternative to
meat?
There are several alternatives open
to us at the moment.
aternati2e2 // adjective %only before a
noun&
1 that you can use# do# etc. instead of
sth else
The motorway was closed so we had
to find an alternative route.
2 different to what is usual or traditional
alternative medicine
aternati2e! adverb
at#o$9# // conjunction
1 in spite of the fact that
Although she was tired, she stayed
up late watching T>.
2 and yet but
I love dogs, although I wouldn't have
one as a pet.
SYN for both meanings t#o$9#
HELP 5#o$9# and at#o$9# are the
same but at the end of a sentence it is
only possible to use t#o$9#"
he 'new all her friends would be
at the party. he didn't want to go,
though. E2en t#o$9# can be used for
emphasis"
he didn't want to go,
although+though+even though she 'new
all her friends would be there.
ato9et#er // adverb
1 completely
I don't altogether agree with you.
At the age of 77 he stopped wor'ing
altogether.
This time the situation is altogether
different.
2 including everything in total
How much money will I need
altogether?
Altogether there were si, of us.
3 when you consider everything
generally
Altogether, this town is a pleasant
place to live.
HELP Ato9et#er or a to9et#er2 A
to9et#er means +everything or
everybody together,"
?ut your boo's all together on the
table.
/et's sing. All together now9
a-a!" // adverb
1 at all times regularly
I always get up at G.F).
Why is the train always late when I'm
in a hurry?
2 all through the past until now
Tony has always been shy.
I've always li'ed music.
3 for ever
I shall always remember this moment.
4 %only used with continuous tenses&
again and again# usually in an annoying
way
he's always complaining about
something.
5 used with +can, or +could, for
suggesting sth that sb could do#
especially if nothing else is possible
If you haven't got enough money, I
could always lend you some.
3RAMMAR A-a!" does not usually
go at the beginning of a sentence. 't
usually goes before the main verb or
after +is,# +are,# +were,# etc."
He always wears those shoes.
I have always wanted to visit &gypt.
:iona is always late. :owever#
a-a!" can go at the beginning of a
sentence when you are telling somebody
to do something"
Always stop and loo' before you
cross the road.
aDmD (1 ADMD) // abbreviation
(from @atin)ante meridiem before
midday
4) a.m. (= =A o)clock in the morning)
look at pDmD
amaEe // verb %transitive&
to surprise sb very much to be difficult
for sb to believe
ometimes your behaviour ama;es
me9
It ama;es me that anyone could be
so stupid9
amaEed // adjective amaEed 7at&b!
"b&"t#8 amaEed 7to do "t#&t#at.8
very surprised
I was ama;ed by the change in his
attitude.
he was ama;ed to discover the truth
about her husband.
amaEement // noun %uncountable&
a feeling of great surprise
He loo'ed at me in ama"ement.
#o my ama"ement, he remembered
me.
amaEin9 // adjective
very surprising and difficult to believe
he has shown ama;ing courage.
I've got an ama;ing story to tell you.
SYN in%redibe
amaEin9! adverb
ambition // noun
1 %countable& ambition 7to do&be "t#8>
ambition 7o0 doin9 "t#8 something that
you want to do or achieve very much
It has always been her ambition to
travel the world.
He finally achieved his ambition of
becoming a doctor.
2 %uncountable& a strong desire to be
successful# to have power# etc.
<ne problem of young people today
is their lac' of ambition.
ambitio$" // adjective
1 ambitio$" 7to be&do "t#8 having a
strong desire to be successful# to have
power# etc.
I'm not particularly ambitious @ I'm
content with my life the way it is.
We are ambitious to succeed.
2 difficult to achieve or do because it
takes a lot of work or effort
The company have announced
ambitious plans for e,pansion.
amb$an%e // noun %countable&
a special vehicle for taking ill or in(ured
people to and from hospital
the ambulance service
note at #o"pita
ami"" // adjective %not before a noun&
adverb
wrong not as it should be
When I wal'ed into the room I could
sense that something was amiss.
+,+OMS
not %ome&9o ami"" to be useful or
pleasant
Things are fine, although a bit more
money wouldn't come amiss.
ta?e "t# ami"" to be upset by sth#
perhaps because you have understood it
in the wrong way
?lease don't ta'e my remar's amiss.
amo? // adverb
+,+OMS
r$n amo? to suddenly become very
angry or excited and start behaving
violently# especially in a public place"
ome drun'en students had run
amo' in the college car par'.
SYN r$n riot
amon9 // (also amon9"t //)
preposition
1
surrounded by in the middle of
I often feel nervous when I'm among
strangers.
I found the missing letter amongst a
heap of old newspapers.
note at bet-een
2 in or concerning a particular group of
people or things
.iscuss it amongst yourselves and
let me 'now your decision.
There is a lot of anger among
students about the new law.
Among other things, the drug can
cause headaches and sweating.
3 to each one (of a group)
<n his death, his money will be
divided among his children.
amo$nt1 // noun %countable&
1 total or sum of money
"ou are re-uested to pay the full
amount within seven days.
2 the amount of sth is how much of it
there is $uantity
I spent an enormous amount of time
preparing for the e,am.
I have a certain amount of sympathy
with her.
a large amount of money
amo$nt2 // verb %intransitive& amo$nt
to "t#
1 to add up to to total
The cost of the repairs amounted to
L7 ))).
2 to be the same as
Whether I tell her today or tomorrow,
it amounts to the same thing.
am$"e // verb %transitive&
1 to make sb laugh or smile to seem
funny to sb
&verybody laughed but I couldn't
understand what had amused them.
2 to make time pass pleasantly for sb
to stop sb from getting bored
I did some crosswords to amuse
myself on the *ourney.
I've brought a few toys to amuse the
children.
am$"ed // adjective
thinking that sth is funny and wanting
to laugh or smile
I was amused to hear his account of
what happened.
+,+OMS
?eep "b&!o$r"e0 am$"ed to do sth
in order to pass time pleasantly and stop
sb/yourself getting bored
am$"ement // noun
1 %uncountable& the feeling caused by
sth that makes you laugh or smile# or by
sth that entertains you
!uch to the pupils' amusement, the
teacher fell off his chair.
2 %countable& something that makes
time pass pleasantly an entertainment
The holiday centre offers a wide
range of amusements, including golf and
tennis.
a)m$"ement ar%ade = ar%ade (2)
a)m$"ement par? noun %countable&
a large park which has a lot of things
that you can ride and play on and many
different activities to en(oy
am$"in9 // adjective
causing you to laugh or smile
He's a very amusing person and he
ma'es me laugh a lot.
The story was -uite amusing.
note at #$mo$r
ana!"e (1 ana!Ee) // verb
%transitive&
to look at or think about the different
parts or details of sth carefully in order to
understand or explain it
The water samples are now being
analysed in a laboratory.
to analyse statistics
he analysed the situation and then
decided what to do.
ana!"i" // noun (plural ana!"e" //)
1 %countable# uncountable& the careful
examination of the different parts or
details of sth
ome samples of the water were sent
to a laboratory for analysis.
2 %countable& the result of a careful
examination of sth
"our analysis of the situation is
different from mine.
3 %uncountable& = p"!%#oana!"i"
(c) 8xford 0niversity Bress
ana!"t // noun %countable&
a person whose (ob is to examine sth
carefully as an expert
a food analyst
a political analyst
ana!ti%a // (also ana!ti% //) adjective
using careful examination in order to
understand or explain sth
ana!Ee (1) = ana!"e
an%ient // adjective
1 belonging to a period of history that is
thousands of years in the past
ancient civili;ations
an ancient tradition
OPP modern
2 very old
I can't believe he's only F) @ he loo's
ancient9
and // conjunction
1 (used to connect words or parts of
sentences) also in addition to
a boy and a girl
.o it slowly and carefully.
We were singing and dancing all
evening.
3ome in and sit down.
HELP 3hen the two things are closely
linked# you do not need to repeat the +a,#
etc."
a 'nife and for'
my father and mother
2 (used when you are saying numbers
in sums) in addition to
Twelve and si, is eighteen.
SYN p$"
HELP 3hen you are saying large
numbers and is used after the word
+hundred,"
We say C CGD as two thousand, two
hundred and si,ty2four.
3 used instead of +to, after certain verbs#
for example +go,# +come,# +try,
Ko and answer the door for me, will
you?
Why don't you come and stay with us
one wee'end?
I'll try and find out what's going on.
4 used between repeated words to
show that sth is increasing or continuing
The situation is getting worse and
worse.
I shouted and shouted but nobody
answered.
an9er1 // noun %uncountable&
the strong feeling that you have when
sth has happened or sb has done sth
that you do not like
He could not hide his anger at the
news.
he was sha'ing with anger.
an9er2 // verb %transitive&
to make sb become angry
an9e1 // noun %countable&
1
the space between two lines or
surfaces that meet# measured in degrees
a right angle (= an angle of CAD)
at an angle of D)N
The three angles of a triangle add up
to 4()N.
2 the direction from which you look at
sth
>iewed from this angle, the building
loo's bigger than it really is.
+,+OMS
at an an9e not straight
an9e2 // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to put sth in a
position that is not straight to be in this
position
Angle the lamp towards the des'.
2 %transitive& an9e "t# 7at&to&to-ard"
"b8 to show sth from a particular point of
view to aim sth at a particular person or
group
The new maga;ine is angled at
young professional people.
PHRASAL @ER<
an9e 0or "t# to try to make sb give
you sth# without asking for it in a direct
way
he was angling for an invitation to
our party.
an9er // noun %countable&
a person who catches fish as a hobby
look at 0i"#erman
an9in9 // noun %uncountable&
fishing as a sport or hobby
He goes angling at wee'ends.
look at 0i"#in9
an9r! // adjective (an9rier an9rie"t)
an9r! 7-it# "b8 7at&abo$t "t#8
feeling or showing anger
3alm down, there's no need to get
angry.
!y parents will be angry with me if I
get home late.
He's always getting angry about
something.
an9ri! adverb
anima // noun %countable&
a living creature that can move and feel
the animal 'ingdom
Humans are social animals.
farm animals
He studied the animals and birds of
outhern Africa.
HELP Anima is sometimes used to
talk about only mammals.
an?e // noun %countable&
the part of your body where your foot
(oins your leg
The water only came up to my
an'les.
anno$n%e // verb %transitive&
1 to make sth known publicly and
officially
They announced that our train had
been delayed.
The winners will be announced in
ne,t wee''s paper.
2 to say sth in a firm or serious way
he stormed into my office and
announced that she was leaving.
anni2er"ar! // noun %countable& (plural
anni2er"arie")
a day that is exactly a year or a number
of years after a special or important
event
the hundredth anniversary of the
country's independence
a wedding anniversary
note at birt#da!# C$biee
anno$n%ement // noun
1 %countable& a statement that tells
people about sth
/adies and gentlemen, I'd li'e to
make an announcement.
2 %uncountable& the act of telling people
about sth
anno$n%er // noun %countable&
a person who introduces or gives
information about programmes on radio
or T4
anno! // verb %transitive&
to make sb angry or slightly angry
It really annoys me when you act so
selfishly.
3lose the door if the noise is
annoying you.
SYN irritate
anno!an%e // noun
1 %uncountable& the feeling of being
annoyed
2 %countable& something that annoys sb
anno!ed // adjective anno!ed 7-it#
"b8 7at&abo$t "t#8 anno!ed t#at.
slightly angry
I shall be e,tremely annoyed if he
turns up late again.
he's annoyed with herself for
ma'ing such a stupid mista'e.
He's annoyed that nobody believes
him.
SYN irritated
anno!in9 // adjective
making you feel angry or slightly angry
It's so annoying that I can't come with
you9
His most annoying habit is always
arriving late.
ann$a1 // adjective
1 happening or done once a year or
every year
the company's annual report
an annual festival
2 for the period of one year
What's the average annual salary for
a nurse?
the annual sales figures
ann$a! // adverb
ann$a2 // noun %countable&
a book# especially one for children# that
is published once each year
the 4MMM :ootball Annual
ann$it! // noun %countable& (plural
ann$itie")
a fixed amount of money paid to sb
each year# usually for the rest of their life
he receives a small annuity.
anot#er // determiner# pronoun
1 one more person or thing of the
same kind
Would you li'e another drin'?
They've got three children already
and they're having another.
2 a different thing or person
I'm afraid I can't see you tomorrow.
3ould we arrange another day?
If you've already seen that film, we
can go and see another.
+,+OMS
anot#er&a di00erent matter matter1
one a0ter anot#er&t#e ot#er one1
!et anot#er !et
an"-er1 // noun %countable& an
an"-er 7to "b&"t#8
1 something that you say# write or do as
a reply
The answer to your -uestion is that I
don't 'now.
They've made me an offer and I have
to give them an answer by :riday.
I wrote to them two wee's ago and
I'm still waiting for an answer.
I 'noc'ed on the door and waited but
there was no answer.
SYN rep!
2 a solution to a problem
I didn't have any money so the only
answer was to borrow some.
3 the correct reply to a $uestion in a
test or exam
What was the answer to -uestion D?
4 a reply to a $uestion in a test or exam
!y answer to -uestion 7 was wrong.
How many answers did you get right?
+,+OMS
in an"-er 7to "t#8 as a reply (to sth)
an"-er2 // verb %intransitive# transitive&
NO5E

1 to say or write sth back to sb who has
asked you sth or written to you
I as'ed her what the matter was but
she didn't answer.
I've as'ed you a -uestion, now
please answer me.
Answer all the -uestions on the form.
He hasn't answered my letter yet (=
written a letter back to me).
When I as'ed him how much he
earned, he answered that it was none of
my business.
#%o9$ he answered angrily.
2 to do sth as a reply
to answer the phone (= to pick up
the phone when it rings)
I rang their doorbell but nobody
answered.
PHRASAL @ER<S
an"-er ba%? to defend yourself
against sth bad that has been written or
said about you
an"-er 7"b8 ba%? to reply rudely to sb
an"-er 0or "b&"t#
1 to accept responsibility for sth/sb
omebody will have to answer for all
the damage that has been caused.
2 to speak in support of sb/sth
I can certainly answer for her
honesty.
O5HER 6OR,S ;OR an"-er
An"-er and rep! are the most
common verbs used for speaking or
writing in reaction to $uestions# letters#
etc."
I as'ed him a -uestion but he didn't
answer.
I sent my application but they
haven't replied yet. 6ote that you an"-er
a person# a $uestion or a letter (no +to,)
but you rep! to a letter. Re"pond is
less common and more formal with this
meaning"
Applicants must respond within
seven days. 't is more commonly used
with the meaning of +reacting in a way
that is desired,"
.espite all the doctor's efforts the
patient did not respond to treatment.
an"-erabe // adjective %not before a
noun& an"-erabe to "b 70or "t#8
having to explain and give good
reasons for your actions to sb
responsible to sb
)an"-erin9 ma%#ine (6rit also
an"-erp#one //) noun %countable&
a machine that answers the telephone
and records messages from the people
who call
I rang him and left a message on his
answering machine.
anti( // %in compounds&
1 against
anti2tan' weapons
look at pro(
2 the opposite of
anticlima,
3 preventing
antifree;e
anti%ipate // verb %transitive&
to expect sth to happen and prepare
for it
to anticipate a problem
I anticipate that the situation will get
worse.
anti%ipation // noun %uncountable&
1 the state of expecting sth to happen
(and preparing for it)
The government has reduced ta, in
anticipation of an early general
election.
2 excited feelings about sth that is
going to happen
happy+eager+e,cited anticipation
an*iet! // noun %countable#
uncountable& (plural an*ietie")
a feeling of worry or fear# especially
about the future
a feeling+state of an,iety
There are an,ieties over the effects of
unemployment.
an*io$" // adjective
1 an*io$" 7abo$t&0or "b&"t#8 worried
and afraid
I'm an,ious about my e,am.
I began to get an,ious when they still
hadn't arrived at M o'cloc'.
an an,ious loo'+e,pression
2 causing worry and fear
:or a few an,ious moments we
thought we'd missed the train.
3 an*io$" to do "t# an*io$" 0or "t#
wanting sth very much
?olice are an,ious to find the owner
of the white car.
an*io$"! adverb
an! // determiner# pronoun# adverb
1 used instead of some in negative
sentences and in $uestions
We didn't have any lunch.
I spea' hardly any (= almost no)
panish.
.o you have any -uestions?
I don't li'e any of his boo's.
note at "ome
2 used for saying that it does not matter
which thing or person you choose
Ta'e any boo' you want.
3ome round any time @ I'm usually in.
I'll ta'e any that you don't want.
3 %used in negative sentences and
$uestions& at all to any degree
I can't run any faster.
Is your father any better?
+,+OMS
an! moment' da!' "e%ond' et%D 7no-8
very soon
he should be home any minute now.
an!bod! // (also an!one) pronoun
1 %usually in $uestions or negative
statements& any person
I didn't 'now anybody at the party.
Is there anybody here who can spea'
Eapanese?
Would anybody else (= any other
person) li'e to come with me?
note at "ome# "omebod!
HELP The difference between
"omebod! and an!bod! is the same as
the difference between "ome and an!.
2 any person# it does not matter who
Anybody (= all people) can learn to
swim.
3an anybody come, or are there
special invitations?
an!#o- // adverb
1 = an!-a!
2 in a careless way with no order
.on't throw your clothes down *ust
anyhow9
an! )more (6rit) (also an!more)
adverb
often used at the end of negative
sentences and at the end of $uestions# to
mean +any longer,
he doesn't live here any more.
Why doesn't he spea' to me any
more?
an!one // = an!bod!
an!t#in9 // pronoun
1 %usually in negative sentences and in
$uestions& one thing (of any kind)
It was so dar' that I couldn't see
anything at all.
There isn't anything interesting in the
newspaper today.
.id you buy anything?
#I'd li'e a 'ilo of apples please.$
#Anything else?$ (= any other thing2)
note at "ome
"omet#in9 and an!t#in9 is the same as
the difference between "ome and an!.
2 any thing or things" it does not matter
what
I'm very hungry @ I'll eat anything9
I'll do anything you say.
+,+OMS
an!t#in9 b$t not at all
Their e,planation was anything but
clear.
an!t#in9 i?e "b&"t# at all similar to
sb/sth nearly
he isn't anything li'e her sister, is
she?
This car isn't anything li'e as fast as
mine.
a" #app!' A$i%?' et%D a" an!t#in9
(spo'en) very happy# $uick# etc.
do not#in9&not do an!t#in9 b! #a2e"
#a01
i?e an!t#in9 i?e1
not %ome to an!t#in9 %ome
an!-a! // (also an!#o-) adverb
1 (used to add an extra point or
reason) in any case
I don't want to go out tonight, and
anyway I haven't got any money.
SYN be"ide"
2 used when saying or writing sth which
contrasts in some way with what has
gone before
I don't thin' we'll succeed, but
anyway we can try.
I'm afraid I can't come to your party,
but than's anyway.
3 used after a pause in order to change
the sub(ect or go back to a sub(ect being
discussed before
Anyway, that's enough about my
problems. How are you?
4 (used for correcting sth you have (ust
said and making it more accurate) at
least
&verybody wants to be rich @ well,
most people anyway.
an!-#ere // (1 also an!pa%e)
adverb
1 %usually in negative sentences or in
$uestions& in# at or to any place
I can't find my 'eys anywhere.
Is there a post office anywhere near
here?
"ou can't buy the boo' anywhere
else (= in another place).
note at "ome
"ome-#ere and an!-#ere is the same
as the difference between "ome and
an!.
2 any place it does not matter where
"ou can sit anywhere you li'e.
apart // adverb
1 away from sb/sth or each other not
together
The doors slowly slid apart.
tand with your feet apart.
The houses are ten metres apart.
I'm afraid our ideas are too far apart.
2 into pieces
The material was so old that it *ust
fell/came apart in my hands.
+,+OMS
ta?e "t# apart to separate sth into
pieces
He too' the whole bicycle apart.
te A and < apart te
a)part 0rom (especially 1 a)"ide 0rom)
preposition
1 except for
I've answered all the -uestions apart
from the last one.
There's nobody here apart from me.
2 as well as in addition to
Apart from music, she also loves
painting.
apartment // noun %countable&
1 (especially 1) = 0at2 (1)
2 a set of rooms rented for a holiday
a self2catering apartment
a)partment bo%? noun %countable&
(especially 1)
a large building containing several
apartment"
apoo9iEe (also (i"e) // verb
%intransitive& apoo9iEe 7to "b8 70or "t#8
to say that you are sorry for sth that
you have done
"ou'll have to apologi;e to your
teacher for being late.
MORE 3hen you apologi*e# the
actual words you use are usually ++)m
"orr!,.
apparent // adjective
1 apparent 7to "b8 clear easy to see
It -uic'ly became apparent to us that
our teacher could not spea' :rench.
SYN ob2io$"
2 %only before a noun& that seems to be
real or true but may not be
His apparent interest in the proposal
didn't last very long.
apparent! // adverb
according to what people say or to how
sth appears# but perhaps not true
Apparently, he's already been
married twice.
He was apparently undisturbed by the
news.
appea1 // noun
1 %countable& a formal re$uest to sb in
authority to change a decision
The *udge turned down the
defendant's appeal.
2 %uncountable& the attraction or
interesting $uality of sth/sb
I can't understand the appeal of
stamp collecting.
3 %countable& a serious re$uest for sth
you need or want very much
The police have made an urgent
appeal for witnesses to come forward.
4 %countable& an appea to "t# a
suggestion that tries to influence sb)s
feelings or thoughts so that they will do
what you want
an appeal to our sense of national
pride
appea2 // verb %intransitive&
1 appea 7a9ain"t&0or "t#8 to ask sb in
authority to make or change a decision
He decided to appeal against his
conviction.
The player fell down and appealed for
a penalty.
2 appea 7to "b8 to be attractive or
interesting to sb
The idea of living in the country
doesn't appeal to me at all.
3 appea to "b 70or "t#8 appea 0or "t#
to make a serious re$uest for sth you
need or want very much
he appealed to the 'idnappers to let
her son go.
0elief wor'ers in the disaster area
are appealing for more supplies.
4 appea to "t# to influence sb)s
feelings or thoughts so that they will do
sth you want
We aim to appeal to people's
generosity.
appeain9 // adjective
1 attractive or interesting
The idea of a lying on a beach
sounds very appealing9
2 showing that you need help# etc.
an appealing loo'
appeain9! adverb
appear // verb %intransitive&
1 appear to be&do "t# appear 7t#at8.
to seem
he appears to be very happy in her
*ob.
It appears that you were given the
wrong information.
ad(ective apparent
2 to suddenly be seen to come into
sight
The bus appeared from round the
corner.
OPP di"appear
3 to begin to exist
The disease is thought to have
appeared in Africa.
4 to be published or printed
The article appeared in this morning's
paper.
5 to perform or speak where you are
seen by a lot of people
to appear on T>+in a play
appearan%e // noun
1 %uncountable& the way that sb/sth
looks or seems
A different hairstyle can completely
change your appearance.
He gives the appearance of being
e,tremely confident.
2 %singular& the coming of sb/sth
the appearance of T> in the home in
the 4M7)s
3 %countable& an act of appearing in
public# especially on stage# T4# etc.
His last appearance before his death
was as Eulius 3aesar.
appe // noun %countable# uncountable&
a hard# round fruit with a smooth green#
red or yellow skin
apple *uice
appi%ant // noun %countable&
a person who appie" for sth#
especially for a (ob# a place at a college#
university# etc.
There were over C)) applicants for
the *ob.
appi%ation // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& 7an8
appi%ation 7to "b8 70or "t#8 a formal
written re$uest# especially for a (ob or a
place in a school# club# etc.
Applications for the *ob should be
made to the ?ersonnel !anager.
To become a member, fill in the
application form.
note at Cob
2 %countable# uncountable& the practical
use (of sth)
the application of technology in the
classroom
3 %countable& (abbr app) a computer
program designed to do a particular (ob
a database application
4 %uncountable& hard work effort
uccess as a writer demands great
application.
appied // adjective
(used about a sub(ect) studied in a way
that has a practical use
OPP p$re
app! // verb (app!in9 appie" past
tense# past participle appied)

;OR FO<&4O1RSE
1 %intransitive& app! 7to "b8 70or "t#8
to ask for sth in writing
I've applied to that company for a *ob.
he's applying for a place at
university.
1SE
2 %transitive& app! "t# 7to "t#8 to
make practical use of sth
new technology which can be applied
to solving problems in industry
4REAM
3 %transitive& app! "t# 7to "t#8 to put
or spread sth onto sth
Apply the cream to the infected area
twice a day.
<E RELE@AN5
4 %intransitive& app! 7to "b&"t#8 to
concern or involve sb/sth
This information applies to all children
born after 4MM5.
,ES4R+<E
5 %transitive# usually passive& to use a
word# a name# etc. to describe sb/sth
I don't thin' the term #music$ can be
applied to that awful noise.
6ORK HAR,
6 %transitive& app! !o$r"e0&"t# 7to
"t#&doin9 "t#8 to make yourself give all
your attention to sth
to apply your mind to something
appoint // verb %transitive&
1 appoint "b 7to "t#8 to choose sb for a
(ob or position
The committee have appointed a new
chairperson.
He's been appointed AasB assistant to
.r !c!ullen.
2 (formal) appoint "t# 70or "t#8 to
arrange or decide on sth
the date appointed for the ne,t
meeting
appointment // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& an
appointment 7-it# "b8 an arrangement
to see sb at a particular time
I have an appointment with .r ula at
F o'cloc'.
I'd li'e to make an appointment to
see the manager.
I reali;ed I wouldn't be able to keep
the appointment so I cancelled it.
>isits are by appointment only (= at a
time that has been arranged in advance).
2 %uncountable& appointment 7to "t#8
the act of choosing sb for a (ob
!any people critici;ed the
appointment of such a young man to the
post.
3 %countable& a (ob or a position of
responsibility
a temporary+permanent appointment
appre%iate // verb
1 %transitive& to en(oy sth or to
understand the value of sb/sth
!y boss doesn't appreciate me.
I don't appreciate good coffee @ it all
tastes the same to me.
2 %transitive& to be grateful for sth
Than's very much. I really appreciate
your help.
3 %transitive& to understand a problem#
situation# etc.
I appreciate your problem but I'm
afraid I can't help you.
4 %intransitive& to increase in value
Houses in this area have appreciated
faster than elsewhere.
appre%iation // noun %uncountable&
1 understanding and en(oyment of the
value of sth
I'm afraid I have little appreciation of
modern architecture.
2 understanding of a situation# problem#
etc.
3 the feeling of being grateful for sth
We bought him a present to show our
appreciation for all the wor' he had
done.
4 an increase in value
appre%iati2e // adjective
1 appre%iati2e 7o0 "t#8 grateful for sth
He was very appreciative of our
efforts to help.
2 feeling or showing pleasure or
admiration
an appreciative audience
approa%#1 // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to come near
or nearer to sb/sth
The day of the e,am approached.
When you approach the village you
will see a garage on your left.
2 %transitive& to speak to sb usually in
order to ask for sth
I'm going to approach my ban'
manager about a loan.
3 %transitive& to begin to deal with a
problem# a situation# etc.
What is the best way to approach this
problem?
approa%#2 // noun
1 %countable& a way of dealing with
sb/sth
?arents don't always 'now what
approach to ta'e with teenage children.
2 %singular& the act of coming nearer (to
sb/sth)
the approach of winter
3 %countable& a re$uest for sth
The company has made an
approach to us for financial assistance.
4 %countable& a road or path leading to
sth
the approach to the village
approa%#abe // adjective
1 friendly and easy to talk to
2 %not before a noun& that can be
reached
SYN a%%e""ibe
appropriate1 // adjective appropriate
70or&to "t#8
suitable or right for a particular situation#
person# use# etc.
The matter will be dealt with by the
appropriate authorities.
I don't thin' this film is appropriate for
young children.
OPP inappropriate
appropriate! adverb
appropriate2 // verb %transitive&
to take sth to use for yourself# usually
without permission
appropriation // noun %uncountable#
singular&
appro2a // noun %uncountable&
feeling# showing or saying that you think
sth is good agreement
&verybody gave their approval to
the proposal.
OPP di"appro2a
appro2e // verb
1 %intransitive& appro2e 7o0 "b&"t#8 to
be pleased about sth to like sb/sth
His father didn't approve of him
becoming a dancer.
Her parents don't approve of her
friends.
OPP di"appro2e
2 %transitive& to agree formally to sth or
to say that sth is correct
We need to get an accountant to
approve these figures.
appro2in9 // adjective
showing support or admiration for sth
#I agree entirely,$ he said with an
approving smile.
appro2in9! adverb
appro* abbreviation (written) =
appro*imate# appro*imate!
appro*imate // adjective (abbr
appro*)
almost correct but not completely
accurate
The appro,imate time of arrival is F
o'cloc'.
I can only give you an appro,imate
idea of the cost.
OPP e*a%t
appro*imate! // adverb (abbr appro*)
about
It's appro,imately fifty miles from
here.
SYN ro$9#!
appro*imation // noun %countable&
a number# answer# etc. which is nearly#
but not exactly# right
AprD abbreviation = Apri"
C Apr. 4MMF
Apri // noun %uncountable# countable&
(abbr AprD)
the Eth month of the year# coming after
Farch
note at Fan$ar!
area // noun
NO5E

1 %countable& a part of a town# a
country or the world
Housing is very e,pensive in the
To'yo area.
The wettest areas are in the West of
the country.
built2up areas (= where there are a
lot of buildings)
:orests cover a large area of the
country.
2 %countable& a space used for a
particular activity
The restaurant has a non2smo'ing
area.
3 %countable& a particular part of a
sub(ect or an activity
Training is one area of the business
that we could improve.
4 %countable# uncountable& the si*e of a
surface# that you can calculate by
multiplying the length by the width
The area of the office is F7 s-uare
metres.
The office is F7 s-uare metres in
area.
look at 2o$me
O5HER 6OR,S ;OR area
< di"tri%t may be part of a town or
country# and it may have fixed
boundaries"
the district controlled by a council. <
re9ion is larger# usually part of a country
only and may not have fixed boundaries"
the industrial regions of the country.
<n area is the most general term and is
used with the same meaning as both
di"tri%t and re9ion"
the poorer areas of a town
an agricultural area of the country .
3e use part more often when we are
talking about a section of a town"
Which part of ?aris do you live in?
ar9$abe // adjective
1 probably true that you can give
reasons for
It is arguable that all hospital
treatment should be free.
2 probably not true that you can give
reasons against
ar9$ab! // adverb"
#Iing /ear$ is arguably ha'espeare's
best play.
ar9$e // verb
1 %intransitive& ar9$e 7-it# "b8
7abo$t&o2er "t#8 to say things# often
angrily that show that you do not agree
with sb about sth
The couple ne,t door are always
arguing.
I never argue with my husband about
money.
look at 0i9#t# A$arre
2 %intransitive# transitive& ar9$e t#at.
ar9$e 70or&a9ain"t "t#8 to give reasons
that support your opinion about sth
He argued against buying a new
computer.
ar9$ment // noun
ar9$ment 7-it# "b8 7abo$t&o2er "t#8
an angry discussion between two or
more people who disagree with each
other
ue had an argument with her father
about politics.
He accepted the decision without
argument.
MORE < noisy# serious argument is a
ro- /ra0/. < A$arre is usually about
something less serious.
2 %countable& the reason(s) that you
give to support your opinion about sth
What are the arguments for/against
lower ta,es?
ar9$mentati2e // adjective
often involved in or en(oying arguments
ari"e // verb %intransitive& (past tense
aro"e // past participle ari"en //)
to begin to exist to appear
If any problems arise, let me 'now.
arm1 // noun %countable&
1 the long part at each side of your
body connecting your shoulder to your
hand
He was carrying a newspaper under
his arm.
2 the part of a piece of clothing that
covers your arm a sleeve
He had a hole in the arm of his
*umper.
3 the part of a chair where you rest your
arms
+,+OMS
arm in arm with your arm folded
around sb else)s arm
The friends wal'ed arm in arm.
%ro""&0od !o$r arm" to cross your
arms in front of your chest
he folded her arms and waited.
Eames was sitting with his arms
crossed.
t-i"t "b)" arm t-i"t1
-it# open arm" open1
arm2 // verb %intransitive# transitive&
to prepare sb/yourself to fight by
supplying or getting weapons
look at armed# arm"
armed // adjective
carrying a gun or other weapon
involving weapons
All the terrorists were armed.
armed robbery
the armed forces (= the army# navy
and air force)
OPP $narmed
arm0$ // noun %countable&
the amount that you can carry in your
arms
arm" // noun %plural&
1 weapons# especially those that are
used in war
a reduction in nuclear arms
2 = %oat o0 arm"

+,+OMS
$p in arm" protesting angrily about
sth
The wor'ers were up in arms over the
news that the factory was going to close.
arm! // noun %countable# with singular
or plural verb& (plural armie")
1 the military forces of a country which
are trained to fight on land
the 6ritish Army
he joined the army at the age of
eighteen.
The army is+are advancing towards
the border.
an army officer
note at -ar
look at air 0or%e# na2!
2 a large number of people# especially
when involved in an activity together
An army of children was helping to
pic' up the rubbish.
aro$nd // adverb# preposition
1 (also abo$t ro$nd) in or to various
places or directions
This is our office @ >ictoria will show
you around (= show you the different
parts of it).
They wandered around the town,
loo'ing at the shops.
2 (also ro$nd) moving so as to face in
the opposite direction
Turn around and go bac' the way you
came.
3 (also ro$nd) on all sides forming a
circle
The par' has a wall all around.
Kather around so that you can all
see.
We sat down around the table.
4 (also ro$nd) near a place
Is there a ban' around here?
5 (also abo$t) present or available
I went to the house but there was
nobody around.
6 (also abo$t) approximately
I'll see you around seven (= at about
1 o)clock).
B (also abo$t) used for activities with no
real purpose
#What are you doing?$ #%othing, *ust
la;ing around.$
arran9e // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& arran9e 70or8
"t# arran9e to do "t# arran9e 7"t#8
-it# "b to make plans and preparations
so that sth can happen in the future
We're arranging a surprise party for
!ar'.
he arranged for her mother to loo'
after the baby.
he arranged to meet tuart after
wor'.
2 %transitive& to put sth in order or in a
particular pattern
The boo's were arranged in
alphabetical order.
Arrange the chairs in a circle.
he arranged the flowers in a vase.
arran9ement // noun
1 %countable# usually plural& plans or
preparations for sth that will happen in
the future
3ome round this evening and we'll
make arrangements for the party.
agreement with sb to do sth
They have an arrangement to share
the cost of the food.
We both need to use the computer so
we'll have to come to some
arrangement.
3 %countable& a group of things that
have been placed in a particular pattern
a flower arrangement
arre"t1 // verb %transitive&
when the police arrest sb# they take
them prisoner in order to $uestion them
about a crime
note at %rime
arre"t2 // noun %countable#
uncountable&
the act of arresting sb
The police made ten arrests after the
riot.
The wanted man is now under arrest
(= has been arrested).
arri2a // noun
1 %uncountable& reaching the place to
which you were travelling
<n our arrival we were told that our
rooms had not been reserved.
OPP depart$re
2 %countable& people or things that
have arrived
We brought in e,tra chairs for the late
arrivals.
arri2e // verb %intransitive&
1 arri2e 7at&in.8 to reach the place to
which you were travelling
We arrived home at about midnight.
What time does the train arrive in
%ewcastle?
They arrived at the station ten
minutes late.
HELP .e careful. 3e use arri2e in
with the name of a town# country# etc.
and arri2e at with a place# building# etc.
2 to come or happen
The day of the wedding had finally
arrived.
PHRASAL @ER<
arri2e at to reach sth
We finally arrived at a decision.
arro- // noun %countable&
1 a thin piece of wood or metal# with
one pointed end and feathers at the
other end# that is shot by pulling back the
string on a bo- (= a curved piece of
wood) and letting go
to fire an arrow at a target
look at ar%#er
2 the sign () which is used to show
direction
The arrow is pointing left.
art // noun
NO5E

1 %uncountable& the activity or skill of
producing things such as paintings#
designs# etc. the ob(ects that are
produced
an art class
modern art
I've never been good at art.
2 %countable# uncountable& a skill or sth
that needs skill
There's an art to writing a good
letter.
3 t#e art" %plural& activities which
involve creating things such as paintings#
literature or music
The government has agreed to spend
twice as much on the arts ne,t year.
4 art" %plural& sub(ects such as history
or languages that you study at school or
university
an arts degree
MORE 3e usually contrast art" (or
art" "$bCe%t") with "%ien%e" (or
"%ien%e "$bCe%t").
5OP+4 Art
<n arti"t works in a "t$dio. < painter
paints pi%t$re"# for example portrait" (=
pictures of people)# and"%ape" (=
pictures of the countryside) or ab"tra%t
paintin9". < picture might be a
-ater%oo$r or an oi paintin9. !ou put
a picture in a 0rame and hang it on the
wall. < "%$ptor makes "%$pt$re" of
figures or ob(ects in materials such as
marbe (= a type of stone) or bronEe (=
a type of metal). <n e*#ibition is a
collection of -or?" o0 art which the
public can go and see in an art 9aer!.
< great work of art is called a
ma"terpie%e.
art0$ // adjective
clever at getting what you want#
sometimes by not telling the truth
SYN %ra0t!
arti%e // noun %countable&
1 an ob(ect# especially one of a set
articles of clothing
2 a piece of writing in a newspaper or
maga*ine
There's an article about !e,ico in
today's paper.
3 the words a# an (= the indefinite
article) or the (= the definite article)
arti0i%ia // adjective
not genuine or natural but made by
people
artificial flowers
arti0i%ia! // adverb
'arti0i%ia in)tei9en%e noun
%uncountable&
(the study of) the way in which
computers can be made to copy the way
humans think
arti"t // noun %countable&
a person who produces art# especially
paintings or drawings
arti"te // (also arti"t) noun %countable&
a person whose (ob is to perform# for
example a singer or a dancer"
Among the artistes appearing on our
show tonight we haveJ
a mime artiste
arti"ti% // adjective
1 %only before a noun& connected with
art
the artistic director of the theatre
2 showing a skill in art
Helen is very artistic @ her drawings
are e,cellent.
arti"ti%a! // adverb
arti"tr! // noun %uncountable&
the skill of an artist
art-or? // noun
1 %uncountable& photographs#
drawings# etc. that have been prepared
for a book or maga*ine
a piece of artwor'
2 %countable& a work of art# especially
one in a museum or a show
art! // adjective (informal)
seeming or wanting to be very artistic
or interested in the arts
He can't really li'e all those boring
arty films.
a" // preposition# adverb#
conjunction
1 used for talking about sb/sth)s (ob#
role or function
Thin' of me as your friend, not as
your boss.
HELP A" or i?e2 .efore a noun# a"
refers to a (ob or function"
he wor's as a scientist.
I used the *ar as a vase. Li?e
means +similar to,"
He has blue eyes li'e his father.
Li?e (or formally# "$%# a") also means
+for example,"
I love sweet food, li'e chocolate.
2 a".a" used for comparing people or
things
/en'a's almost as tall as me.
/en'a's almost as tall as I am.
It's not as cold as it was yesterday.
I'd li'e an appointment as soon as
possible.
he earns twice as much as her
husband.
I haven't got as many boo's as you
have.
3 while sth else is happening
The phone rang *ust as I was leaving
the house.
As she wal'ed along the road, she
thought about her father.
4 in a particular way# state# etc. like
?lease do as I tell you.
/eave the room as it is. .on't move
anything.
5 because
I didn't buy the dress, as I decided it
was too e,pensive.
6 used at the beginning of a comment
about what you are saying
As you know, I've decided to leave
at the end of the month.
+,+OMS
a" 0or used when you are starting to
talk about a different person or thing
Kianni's upstairs. As for Tino, I've no
idea where he is.
a" i0> a" t#o$9# used for saying how
sb/sth appears
he loo's as if+though she's *ust got
out of bed.
a" it -ere used for saying that sth is
only true in a certain way
he felt, as it were, a stranger in her
own house.
a" o0> a" 0rom starting from a
particular time
As from ne,t wee', Tim haw will be
managing this department.
a" to about a particular thing
concerning
I was given no instructions as to how
to begin.
a"#amed // adjective %not before a
noun& a"#amed 7o0 "t#&"b&!o$r"e08
a"#amed t#at. a"#amed to do "t#
feeling guilty or embarrassed about
sb/sth or because of sth you have done
he was ashamed of her old clothes.
How could you be so rude? I'm
ashamed of you9
he felt ashamed that she hadn't
helped him.
OPP $na"#amed
a"ide // adverb
1 on or to one side out of the way
We stood aside to let the man go
past.
2 to be kept separately# for a special
purpose
I try to set aside a little money each
month.
a)"ide 0rom (especially 1) = apart
0rom
a"? // verb

:1ES5+ON
1 %intransitive# transitive& a"? 7"b8
7abo$t "b&"t#8 a"? "b "t# to put a
$uestion to sb in order to find out some
information
We need to as' about tic'ets.
3an I as' you a -uestion?
As' him how old he is.
he as'ed if I wanted tea or coffee.
#What's the time?$ he as'ed.
He as'ed what the time was.
He as'ed me the time.
RE:1ES5
2 %intransitive# transitive& a"? 7"b8 0or
"t# a"? "t# 7o0 "b8 a"? "b to do "t#
to re$uest that sb gives you sth or does
sth for you
he sat down and as'ed for a cup of
coffee.
.on't as' Eoe for money @ he hasn't
got any.
"ou are as'ing too much of him @ he
can't possibly do all that9
0ing this number and as' for !rs
Ihan.
I as'ed him if he would drive me
home.
I as'ed him to drive me home.
PERM+SS+ON
3 %intransitive# transitive& to re$uest
permission to do sth
I'm sure she'll let you go if you as'.
Theo as'ed to use our phone.
We as'ed if we could go home early.
+N@+5E
4 %transitive& a"? "b 7to "t#8 to invite
sb
They as'ed si, friends to dinner.
MONEY
5 %transitive& to say the price that you
want for sth
How much are they as'ing for their
car?
+,+OMS
a"? 0or tro$be&it to behave in a way
that will almost certainly cause you
problems
.riving when you're tired is *ust
as'ing for trouble.
i0 !o$ a"? me if you want my opinion
PHRASAL @ER<S
a"? a0ter "b to ask about sb)s health
or to ask for news of sb
Tina as'ed after you today.
a"? "b o$t to invite sb to go out with
you# especially as a way of starting a
romantic relationship
Harry's too shy to as' her out.
a"eep // adjective %not before a noun&
not awake sleeping
The baby is fast+sound asleep (= very
deeply asleep).
It didn't ta'e me long to fall asleep
last night.
OPP a-a?e
note at "eep1
HELP A"eep or "eepin92 6otice
that you can only use a"eep after a
noun or a verb such as +be,. Seepin9
can be used before the noun"
a sleeping child
a"pe%t // noun %countable&
one of the $ualities or parts of a
situation# idea# problem# etc.
What are the main aspects of your
*ob?
a""i"t // verb %intransitive# transitive&
(formal) a""i"t 7"b8 in&-it# "t# a""i"t
7"b8 in doin9 "t#
to help
>olunteers assisted in searching for
the boy.
a""i"tan%e // noun %uncountable&
(formal)
help or support
financial assistance for poorer
families
he shouted for help but nobody
came to her assistance.
a""i"tant // noun %countable& (abbr
a""t)
1 a person who helps sb in a more
important position
The director is away today. Would
you li'e to spea' to her assistant?
2 (1 %er?) a person who sells things
to people in a shop
a shop+sales assistant
a""i"tant adjective %only before a
noun&"
the assistant manager
a""o%iate1 // verb
1 %transitive& a""o%iate "b&"t# 7-it#
"b&"t#8 to make a connection between
people or things in your mind
I always associate the smell of the
sea with my childhood.
2 %intransitive& a""o%iate -it# "b to
spend time with sb
I prefer not to associate with
colleagues outside wor'.
3 %transitive& a""o%iate !o$r"e0 -it#
"t# to say that you support sth or agree
with sth
I do not wish to associate myself with
any organi;ation that promotes violence.
OPP for all meanings di""o%iate
a""o%iate2 // noun %countable&
a person that you meet and get to
know through your work
a business associate
a""o%iation // noun
1 %countable& (abbr A""o%D) a group of
people or organi*ations that work
together for a particular purpose
the %ational Association of /anguage
Teachers
2 %uncountable& (oining or working with
another person or group
We wor' in association with our
%ew "or' office.
3 %countable# uncountable& the act of
connecting one person or thing with
another in your mind
The cat soon made the association
between human beings and food.
a""$me // verb %transitive&
1 to accept or believe that sth is true
even though you have no proof to
expect sth to be true
I assume that you have the
necessary documents.
&veryone assumed 0alph was guilty.
&veryone assumed 0alph to be
guilty.
2 to begin to use power or to have a
powerful position
to assume control of something
SYN ta?e
3 to pretend to have or be sb/sth
to assume a false name
a""$mption // noun
1 %countable& something that you
accept is true even though you have no
proof
We'll wor' on the assumption that
guests will be hungry when they arrive.
It's unfair to make assumptions
about somebody's character before you
'now them.
a reasonable+ false assumption
2 %uncountable& t#e a""$mption o0 "t#
the act of taking power or of starting an
important (ob
a""$ran%e // noun
1 %countable& a promise that sth will
certainly happen or be true
They gave me an assurance that
the wor' would be finished by :riday.
2 (also '"e0(a")"$ran%e) %uncountable&
the belief that you can do or succeed at
sth confidence
a""$re // verb %transitive&
1 to promise sb that sth will certainly
happen or be true# especially if they are
worried
I assure you that it is perfectly safe.
/et me assure you of my full support.
2 to make sth sure or certain
The success of the new product
assured the survival of the company.
a""$red // (also '"e0(a")"$red)
adjective
believing that you can do sth or
succeed at sth confident
The doctor had a calm and assured
manner.
at // preposition
1 used to show where sb/sth is or
where sth happens
at the bottom+top of the page
He was standing at the door.
3hange trains at 3hester.
We were at home all wee'end.
Are the children at school?
#Where's ?eter?$ #He's at ue's.$ (= at
-ue)s house)
2 used to show when sth happens
I start wor' at M o'cloc'.
at the wee'end
at night
at &aster
he got married at 4( (= when she
was =G).
3 in the direction of sb/sth
What are you loo'ing at?
He pointed a gun at the policeman.
.on't shout at me9
4 used to show what sb is doing or what
is happening
They were hard at work.
The two countries were at war.
5 used to show the price# rate# speed#
etc. of sth
We were travelling at about 7) miles
per hour.
6 because of sth
I was surprised at her behaviour.
We laughed at his *o'es.
B used with ad(ectives that show how
well sb/sth does sth
he's not very good at :rench.
G the symbol (H) used in email
addresses
atmo"p#ere // noun
1 t#e atmo"p#ere %countable# usually
singular& the mixture of gases that
surrounds the earth or any other star#
planet# etc.
the earth's atmosphere
2 %singular& the air in a place
a smo'y atmosphere
3 %singular& the mood or feeling of a
place or situation
The atmosphere of the meeting was
rela,ed.
atmo"p#eri% // adjective
1 %only before a noun& connected with
the earth)s atmosphere
2 creating a particular feeling or
emotion
atmospheric music
atom // noun %countable&
the smallest part into which an element
can be divided
look at moe%$e
)atom bomb = atomi% bomb
atomi% // adjective
connected with an atom or atoms
atomic physics
look at n$%ear
a'tomi% )bomb (also )atom bomb)
noun %countable&
a bomb that explodes using the energy
that is produced when an atom or atoms
are split
a'tomi% )ener9! noun %uncountable&
the energy that is produced when an
atom or atoms are split. Atomi% energy
can be used to produce electricity.
atta%# // verb %transitive&
1 atta%# "t# 7to "t#8 to fasten or (oin
sth to sth
I attached a label to each bag.
OPP deta%#
2 atta%# "t# to "b&"t# to think that sth
has a particular $uality
.on't attach too much importance to
what they say.
3 %usually passive& atta%# "b&"t# to
"b&"t# to make sb/sth (oin or belong to
sb/sth
The research centre is attached to
the university.
+,+OMS
7-it#8 no "trin9" atta%#ed> -it#o$t
"trin9" "trin91
atta%#ed // adjective %not before a
noun& atta%#ed to "b&"t#
liking sb/sth very much
atta%#ment // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& atta%#ment
7to&0or "b&"t#8 the feeling of liking sb/sth
very much
emotional attachment
2 %countable& something that you can fit
on sth else to make it do a different (ob
an electric drill with a range of
attachments
3 %countable& a document that you
send to sb using email
atta%?1 // noun
1 %countable# uncountable& 7an8 atta%?
7on "b&"t#8 trying to hurt or defeat
sb/sth by using force
The rebel forces launched an attac'
on the capital.
The town was under attack from all
sides.
2 %countable# uncountable& 7an8 atta%?
7on "b&"t#8 an act of saying strongly
that you do not like or agree with sb/sth
an outspo'en attac' on government
policy
3 %countable& a short period when you
suffer badly from a disease# medical
condition# etc.
an attac' of asthma+flu+nerves
4 %countable& the act of trying to score
a point in a game of sport
The home team went on the attack
again.

atta%?2 // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to try to hurt
or defeat sb/sth by using force
The child was attac'ed by a dog.
2 %transitive& to say strongly that you do
not like or agree with sb/sth
teffi attac'ed Kuy's right2wing
political views.
3 %transitive& to damage or harm sb/sth
a virus that attac's the nervous
system
4 %intransitive# transitive& to try to score
a point in a game of sport
This team attac's better than it
defends.
atta%?er // noun %countable&
a person who tries to hurt sb using
force
The victim of the assault didn't
recogni;e his attac'ers.
attempt1 // noun %countable&
1 an attempt 7to do "t#&at doin9 "t#8
an act of trying to do sth
The thief made no attempt to run
away.
I failed the e,am once but passed at
the second attempt.
They failed in their attempt to reach
the %orth ?ole.
2 an attempt 7on "b&"t#8 trying to
attack or beat sb/sth
an attempt on somebody's life (= to
kill sb)
+,+OMS
a a"t(dit%# attempt a"t1
attempt2 // verb %transitive& attempt 7to
do8 "t#
to try to do sth that is difficult
.on't attempt to ma'e him change his
mind.
he was accused of attempted
murder (= she didn)t succeed).
attempted // %only before a noun&
(used about a crime# etc.) that sb has
tried to do but without success
attempted rape+murder+robbery
attend // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& to go to or be
present at a place
The children attend the local school.
We'd li'e as many people as possible
to attend.
.o you attend church regularly?
2 %intransitive& (formal) attend to "b&"t#
to give your care# thought or attention to
sb/sth or look after sb/sth
?lease attend to this matter
immediately.
attendan%e // noun
1 %uncountable& being present
somewhere
Attendance at lectures is compulsory.
2 %countable# uncountable& the number
of people who go to or are present at a
place
There was a poor attendance at the
meeting.
attendant1 // noun %countable&
a person whose (ob is to serve or help
people in a public place
a car par' attendant
attendant2 // adjective %only before a
noun& (formal)
that goes together with or results from
sth
unemployment and all its attendant
social problems
attention1 // noun %uncountable&
1 watching# listening to or thinking
about sb/sth carefully
I shouted in order to attract her
attention.
hy people hate to be the centre of
attention (= the person that everyone is
watching).
to hold somebody's attention (= to
keep them interested in sth)
2 special care or action
The hole in the roof needs urgent
attention.
to re-uire medical attention
3 a position in which a soldier stands up
straight and still
to stand+come to attention
+,+OMS
%at%# "b)" attention&e!e %at%#1
dra- 7"b)"8 attention to "t# dra-1
9et&#a2e "b)" $ndi2ided attention>
9i2e !o$r $ndi2ided attention 7to
"b&"t#8 $ndi2ided
pa! attention pa!1
attention2 // interjection
used for asking people to listen to sth
carefully
attenti2e // adjective attenti2e 7to
"b&"t#8
watching# listening to or thinking about
sb/sth carefully
The hotel staff were very attentive to
our needs.
OPP inattenti2e
attenti2e! adverb"
to listen attentively to something
attit$de // noun %countable& an attit$de
7to&to-ard" "b&"t#8
the way that you think# feel or behave
?eople's attitude to marriage is
changing.
he has a positive attitude to her
wor'.
attorne! // (1) = a-!er
attra%t // verb %transitive&
1 %usually passive& to cause sb to like
sb/sth
he's attracted to older men.
2 to cause sb/sth to go to sth or give
attention to sth
I waved to attract the waiter's
attention.
!oths are attracted to light.
The new film has attracted a lot of
publicity.
attra%tion // noun
1 %uncountable& a feeling of liking
sb/sth
se,ual attraction
2 %countable& something that is
interesting or en(oyable
The city offers all 'inds of tourist
attractions.
attra%ti2e // adjective
1 (used about a person) beautiful or
nice to look at
He found her very attractive.
note at bea$ti0$
2 that pleases or interests you that you
like
an attractive part of the country
an attractive idea
OPP for both meanings $nattra%ti2e
attra%ti2e! adverb
attra%ti2ene"" noun %uncountable&
a$dien%e // noun %countable&
1 %with singular or plural verb& all the
people who are watching or listening to a
play# concert# speech# the T4# etc.
The audience was+were wild with
e,citement.
There were only about C)) people in
the audience.
note at t#eatre
2 a formal meeting with a very important
person
He was granted an audience with the
?resident.
A$9$"t // noun %uncountable#
countable& (abbr A$9D)
the Gth month of the year# coming after
Iuly
note at Fan$ar!
a$nt // (also informal a$ntie a$nt! //)
noun %countable&
the sister of your father or mother the
wife of your uncle
Aunt &llen
a$t#or // noun %countable&
a person who writes a book# play# etc.
a well2'nown author of detective
novels
a$t#or"#ip noun %uncountable&
a$t#orit! // noun (plural a$t#oritie")
PO6ER
1 %uncountable& the power and right to
give orders and make others obey
3hildren often begin to -uestion their
parents' authority at a very early age.
"ou must get this signed by a person
in authority (= who has a position of
power).
PERM+SS+ON
2 %uncountable& a$t#orit! 7to do "t#8
the right or permission to do sth
The police have the authority to
-uestion anyone they wish.
He was sac'ed for using a company
vehicle without authority.
O;;+4+AL 3RO1P
3 %countable# usually plural& a person#
group or government department that
has the power to give orders# make
official decisions# etc.
I have to report this to the authorities.
KNO6LE,3E
4 %uncountable& the power to influence
people because they respect your
knowledge or official position
He spo'e with authority and
everybody listened.
EXPER5
5 %countable& an a$t#orit! 7on "t#8 a
person with special knowledge
He's an authority on criminal law.
a$t#oriEe (also (i"e) // verb %transitive&
to give official permission for sth or for
sb to do sth
He authori;ed his secretary to sign
letters in his absence.
a$t#oriEation (also (i"ation) // noun
%uncountable&
a$tomati%1 // adjective
1 (used about a machine) that can work
by itself without direct human control
an automatic washing machine
2 done without thinking
?ractise this e,ercise until it becomes
automatic.
3 always happening as a result of a
particular action or situation
All the staff have an automatic right to
a space in the car par'.
a$tomati%a! // adverb"
The lights will come on automatically
when it gets dar'.
a$tomati%2 // noun %countable&
an a$tomati% machine# gun or car
This car is an automatic (= has
automatic gears).
a$tomation // noun %uncountable&
the use of machines instead of people
to do work
a$tomobie // (especially 1) = %ar (1)
a$t$mn // (1 usually 0a) noun
%countable# uncountable&
the season of the year that comes
between summer and winter
In autumn the leaves on the trees
begin to fall.
a$t$mna // adjective
a2aiabiit! // noun %uncountable&
the state of being available
"ou will receive the colour you order,
sub*ect to availability (= if it is available).
a2aiabe // adjective
1 a2aiabe 7to "b8 (used about things)
that you can get# buy# use# etc.
This information is easily available to
everyone at the local library.
0efreshments are available at the
snac' bar.
2 (used about people) free to be seen#
talked to# etc.
The minister was not available for
comment.
a2era9e1 // adjective
1 %only before a noun& (used about a
number) found by calculating the
a2era9e2 (1)
What's the average age of your
students?
2 normal or typical
children of above+below average
intelligence
a2era9e2 // noun
1 %countable& the number you get when
you add two or more figures together and
then divide the total by the number of
figures you added
The average of 4D, F and 4 is G (= =G
divided by J is 7).
He has scored MF goals at an
average of 4.77 per game.
2 %singular# uncountable& the normal
standard# amount or $uality
$n average, I buy a newspaper
about twice a wee'.
a2era9e3 // verb %transitive&
to do# get# etc. a certain amount as an
average
If we average 7) miles an hour we
should arrive at about D o'cloc'.
PHRASAL @ER<
a2era9e o$t 7at "t#8 to result in an
average (of sth)
a2oid // verb %transitive&
1 a2oid "t#&doin9 "t# to prevent sth
happening or to try not to do sth
He always tried to avoid an argument
if possible.
he has to avoid eating fatty food.
2 to keep away from sb/sth
I leave home early to avoid the rush
hour.
a2oidan%e noun %uncountable&
a2oidabe // adjective
that can be prevented unnecessary
OPP $na2oidabe
a-a?e1 // adjective %not before a noun&
not sleeping
I was sleepy this morning but I'm
wide awake now.
They were so tired that they found it
difficult to stay awake.
I hope our singing didn't keep you
awake last night.
OPP a"eep
a-a?e2 // verb %intransitive# transitive&
(past tense a-o?e // past participle
a-o?en //)
to wake up to make sb/sth wake up
I awo'e to find that it was already M
o'cloc'.
A sudden loud noise awo'e us.
< more common expression is -a?e
$p.
a-a?en // verb
1 %intransitive# transitive& (written) to
wake up to make sb/sth wake up
We were awa'ened by a loud 'noc'
at the door.
< much more common expression is
-a?e $p.
2 %transitive& (formal) to produce a
particular feeling# attitude# etc. in sb
The film awa'ened memories of her
childhood.
PHRASAL @ER<
a-a?en "b to "t# to make sb notice
or reali*e sth for the first time
The letter awa'ened me to the
seriousness of the situation.
a-a?enin9 // noun %countable# usually
singular&
1 a moment when sb notices or reali*es
sth for the first time
It was a rude (= unpleasant)
awa'ening when I suddenly found myself
unemployed.
2 the act of starting to feel or
understand sth the start of a feeling# etc.
the awa'ening of an interest in the
opposite se,
a-ard1 // noun %countable&
1 a pri*e# etc. that sb gets for doing sth
well
This year the awards for best actor
and actress went to two Americans.
2 an amount of money given to sb as
the result of a court decision
he received an award of L7 ))) for
damages.
a-ard2 // verb %transitive& a-ard "t#
7to "b8
to give sth to sb as a pri*e# payment#
etc.
he was awarded first pri;e in the
gymnastics competition.
The court awarded L4) ))) each to
the wor'ers in*ured in the accident.
a-are // adjective
1 %not before a noun& a-are 7o0 "b&"t#8
a-are 7t#at8 knowing about or reali*ing
sth conscious of sb/sth
I am well aware of the problems you
face.
I suddenly became aware that
someone was watching me.
There is no other entrance, as far as
I am aware.
OPP $na-are
2 interested in and knowing about sth
!any young people are very
politically aware.
a-arene"" // noun %uncountable&
knowledge or interest
?eople's awareness of healthy eating
has increased in recent years.
SYN %on"%io$"ne""
a-a! // adverb# adjective
1 a-a! 70rom "t#8 at a particular
distance from a place
The village is two miles away from
the sea.
!y parents live five minutes away.
2 in the future
<ur summer holiday is only three
wee's away.
3 a-a! 70rom "b&"t#8 to a different
place or in a different direction
Ko away9 I'm busy9
I called his name, but he *ust wal'ed
away from me.
4 into a place where sth is usually kept
?ut your boo's away now.
They cleared the dishes away (= off
the table).
I'm going to throw my old clothes
away (= put them in the rubbish).
5 a-a! 70rom "t#8 (used about people)
not present
!y neighbours are away on holiday
at the moment.
A'i was away from school for two
wee's with measles.
SYN ab"ent
6 continuously# without stopping
They chatted away for hours.
B until sth disappears
The crash of thunder slowly died
away.
He's given most of his money away.
G (used about a football# etc. match) on
the other team)s ground
<ur team's playing away on
aturday.
an away match+game
OPP at #ome
+N;O Kor special uses with many
verbs# for example 9i2e a-a!# look at
the verb entries.
+,+OMS
do a-a! -it# "b&"t# to get rid of
sb/sth
The government are going to do
away with the ta, on fuel.
ri9#t&"trai9#t a-a! immediately
without any delay
I'll phone the doctor right away.
a-0$ // adjective
1 very bad or unpleasant
We had an awful holiday. It rained
every day.
I feel awful @ I thin' I'll go to bed.
What an awful thing to say9
SYN terribe
note at bad
2 %only before a noun& (informal) very
great
We've got an awful lot of wor' to do.
3 terrible very serious
I'm afraid there's been some awful
news.
a-0$! // adverb (informal)
very very much
I'm awfully sorry.
SYN terrib!
a-?-ard // adjective
1 embarrassed or embarrassing
I often feel aw'ward in a group of
people.
There was an aw'ward silence.
2 difficult to deal with
That's an aw'ward -uestion.
"ou've put me in an aw'ward
position.
an aw'ward customer
The bo, isn't heavy but it's aw'ward
to carry.
SYN di00i%$t
3 not convenient
!y mother always phones at an
aw'ward time.
This tin2opener is very aw'ward to
clean.
SYN di00i%$t
4 not using the body in the best way
not elegant or comfortable
I was sitting with my legs in an
aw'ward position.
a-?-ard! adverb
a-?-ardne"" noun %uncountable&

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