Blood Sample Normal (stable) Abnormal (unstable)

ABG
I: assess adequacy of oxygenation;
used to manage pt's respiratory and
metabolic acid-base and electrolyte
homeostasis
p
I: test for respiratory or metabolic
al!alosis or acidosis
p"#$
I: measure of lung compensation
for respiratory al!alosis or acidosis
p#$
I: measures pressure of #$
dissol%ed in the plasma; determines
effecti%eness of #$ therapy
"#&
I: measure of metabolic
component of acid-base equilibrium
#$ 'aturation
I: indicates ( of hemoglobin
saturated )*#$
p: +,&--+,.-
/enous: +,&0-+,.0
p"#$: &--.-mm g
/enous: .1--1mm g
p#$: 21-011mm g
/enous: .1--1mm g
"#&: $0-$2m3q*4
#$ 'at: 5--011(
Any 6-7etabolic al!alosis
8hypo!alemia9 chronic %omiting:;
;espiratory al!alosis 8hypoxemic states-
"<9 "# poisoning9 acute se%ere
pulmonary disease; pain:
Any =-7etabolic acidosis
8!etoacidosis9 se%ere diarrhea:;
;espiratory acidosis 8respiratory failure:
6-"#>?9 o%ersedation9 head trauma9
o%eroxygenation in a pt, )ith "#>?
=-hypoxemia9 pulmonary emboli9
anxiety9 pain
6-polycythemia 8inc, amt, hemoglobin:9
inc, inspired #$9 hyper%entilation
=-mucus plug9 bronchospasm9
pneumothorax9 pulmonary edema9
restricti%e lung disease9 inadequate #$ in
inspired air9 se%ere hypo%entilation
6-chronic %omiting9 "#>?
=-chronic*se%ere diarrhea9 star%ation9
diabetic !etoacidosis9 acute renal failure
@sed to find #$ content 8rqs gb
%alues and p#$:; once obtained results
are those found )ith p#$ 6 or = 8see
abo%e:
Apoliopoprotein
I: 3%aluates ris! of atherosclerosis
and "A?
ApoB-adult male: -1-
0$-mg*d4
4p8a:-"aucasian
male: $,$-.5,.mg*d49
A-A male: .,A-
+0,2mg*d4
6-"A?9 diabetes9 hypothyroidism
=-hyperthyroidism9 malnutrition9
chronic pulmonary disease
6-premature "A?9 uncontrolled ?79
se%ere hypothyroidism
=-malnutrition
"BG
I: ?irect measurement of blood
glucose le%el
Bormal: +1-001mg*d4
C-1yo: increase in
normal range
"ritical %alue for adult male: D-1 and
C.11mg*d4
6-hyperglycemia9 ?79 acute stress
response9 chronic renal failure9 acute
pancreatitis9 diuretic therapy9
corticosteroid therapy
=-insulinoma9 hypothyroidism9
hypopituitarism9 insulin o%erdose9
star%ation
;B"
I: ;elated to hemoglobin and
hematocrit le%els9 another )ay to
e%aluate the E of ;B"s in the
peripheral blood
Adult*elderly male:
.,+-A,0
;B"x01FA*micro4
6-erythrocytosis 8illness9 physiologic
response to en%ironment:9 se%ere "#>?
8chronic state of hypoxia:9 se%ere
dehydration
=-hemolytic anemia 8transfusion
reaction:9 hemorrhage9 dietary deficiency
8iron9 /itB:9 lymphoma
Glycosylated hemoglobin
I: 7onitor diabetes treatment;
measures amount of bA0c; gi%es
a%erage glucose le%els of last 011-
0$1 days
Bondiabetic adult:
$,$(-.,2(
Good diabetic control:
$,-(--,5(
<air diabetic control:
A(-2(
>oor diabetic control:
C2(
6-poorly controlled diabetic
=-hemolytic anemia9 chronic blood loss9
chronic renal failure
Urinalysis
@rine sugar
I: ;eflects degree of glucose
ele%ation in the blood; used to
monitor effecti%eness of therapy for
?7
;andom specimen-
Begati%e
$.-hr specimen-
D1,-g*day
6-diabetes mellitus9 renal glycosuria
8excretion of glucose:9 nephrotoxic
chemicals 8carbon monoxide:
Mechanical Testing
3GG
I: Assist in the diagnosis and
condition of pulmonary diseases
Bormal ; 8A1-
011bpm:9 rhythm9 and
)a%e deflections
"or pulmonale or pulmonary embolus
8acute cor pulmonale-'0H&I&:
>ulmonary function
8'pirometry:
I: 7easures lung %olume9 e%aluates
response to bronchodilator therapy9
determines the diffusing capacity of
the lungs
/ary )ith patient age9
sex9 height9 and )eight
?ecreased lung %olume*capacity9
reduced or impaired diffusing capacity9
reduced >I<;9 reduced air flo) rates and
/"9 abnormal air flo) cur%es9 increased
;/ and 3;/,,,a specific combination of
these can indicate a particular problem
Bronchography 8J-ray:
I: Assess pulmonary function
Bormal
tracheobronchial tree
Bronchiectasis 8bronchial destruction9
poc!ets of infection:9 bronchial
obstruction 8cancer9 mucus plug:9 or
tracheobronchoesophageal fistula
I: Indications (reason why test is performed)