AAL

Acoustic Amplitude Log

Abandon
To cease efforts to produce fluids from a well in a depleted formation and to plug the well
without adversely affecting the environment.

Abnormal BHP
A reservoir is set to have an abnormal bottomhole pressure when its pressure is appreciably
greater than that of a saltwater column which height is equivalent to the depth of the reservoir.

Abnormal Operating Condition
A condition which occurs in a process components when an operating variable ranges outside of
its normal operating limits.

Absolute Pressure
This is the gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Pressure measured from absolute zero
pressure, ordinarily expressed as gauge pressure (the reading obtained from a pressure
measuring instrument) plus atmospheric pressure, denoted in pounds per square inch absolute
(psia) or kilopascal (kpa).

Absolute Volume
The volume per unit mass, reciprocal of absolute density.

Absorption
A process for separating mixtures into their constituents, by taking advantage of the fact that
some components are more readily absorbed than others. An example is the extraction of the
heavier components from natural gas.

AC
Borehole Compensated Acoustilog

Accumulator
A pressure vessel typically charged with nitrogen gas used to store hydraulic fluid under
pressure for operation of pressure control equipment or other hydraulically operated equipment
components.

Accumulator Precharge | Precharge |
An initial charge of gas (typically nitrogen) within an accumulator which is further compressed
when the hydraulic fluid is pumped into the accumulator storing potential energy.

ACE
Acoustic Casing Evaluation

Acid
Any chemical compound containing hydrogen capable of being replaced by positive elements or
radicals to form salts. In terms of the dissociation theory, it is a compound which, on
dissociation in solution, yields excess hydrogen ions. Acids lower the pH.

Acid Brittleness
Brittleness induced in steel, when it is pickled in dilute acid. Commonly attributed to absorption
of hydrogen.

Acid Rain
Develops when sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), released by the combustion of
fossil fuels (particularly coal), combine with moisture in the atmosphere to form sulphurous,
sulphuric, nitrous and nitric acids. Because SOx and NOx are gases and because the formation
of acid rain takes tie, acid rain damage often occurs far from the source of the problem.

Acidizing
A technique used in oil and gas wells to increase permeability immediately around the wellbore
by injecting hydrochloric acid through the completion into the formation. Acidizing is also used
to clean the walls of the borehole or the completion interval through circulation or injection of
the low pH chemical.

ACL
Borehole Compensated Long-spaced Acoustilog

Acoustic Log
A record of the time taken by an acoustic (sound) wave to travel over a certain distance through
the geological formations. Also called a sonic log. See also: seismic survey.

Acreage
Area covered by a lease granted for oil and gas exploration and for possible future production.

Actuation Test
The closing and opening of a pressure sealing component or flow control device to assure
mechanical functioning.

Additive
Chemical added to a product to improve its properties.

Adjustable Choke
A choke equipped with a variable aperture which is used to vary the rate of flow of liquids
and/or gas, or to control the back pressure applied to the well, either through manual or
automatic adjustment.

Adsorption
A separation process for removing impurities based on the fact that certain highly porous
materials fix certain types of molecules onto their surface.

ADT
Azimuthal Density Log

Aeration
The technique of injecting air or gas in varying amounts into a fluid for the purpose of reducing
hydrostatic head.

Aerosol
Suspension of liquid or solid particles in air or gas.

AFE
Authorisation For Expenditure

Aggregate
An essentially inert material of mineral origin having a particle size predominantly greater than
10 mesh. Also a group of two or more individual particles held together by strong forces which
are not subject to dispersion by normal mixing or handling. The mineral matter used together
with bitumen to create asphalt for road construction.

AIL
Acoustic Impedance Log

Air Gun
Chamber from which compressed air is released to produce shock waves in the earth. The air
gun array is the most common technique used for seismic surveying at sea.

AIT
Array Induction Imager

AKO
Adjustable Kick-Off Sub

ALARP
As low as reasonably practical

Alcohols
A class of compounds, of which ethanol (the alcohol of beer and wine) is the best known. They
react with acids to form esters. They are widely used as solvents.

Alkalinity
The combining power of a base measured by the maximum number of equivalents of an acid
with which it can react to form a salt. In water analysis, it represents carbonates, bicarbonates,
hydroxides, and occasionally the borates, silicates, and phosphates in the water. It is determined
by titration with standard acid to certain datum points.

Ammonia
Manufactured by the direct combination of hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure over a
catalyst. Anhydrous ammonia is mainly used for the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers.

AMS
Auxiliary Measurement Tool

Anaerobic
Refers to microbial life or processes that occur in the absence of oxygen.

Anchor
A device for holding, fixing, or fastening an object which may tend to change its position (for
example, deadline, wireline or derrick anchor). Also, an anchor may be a length of tubing
extending below the working barrel in a pumping well such as a gas anchor or mud anchor.

Angle of Inclination
The angle in (degrees) taken at one or at several points of variation from the vertical revealed by
a deviation survey. Sometimes called the inclination or angle of deviation.

Angle of Twist
The azimuth change through which a work string or drill stem must be turned to offset the twist
caused by the reactive torque of a downhole motor.

ANHYD
Anhydrite

Anhydrous
Without water or dried.

Annealing
A process involving heating and cooling, usually applied to induce softening. The term also
refers to treatments intended to alter mechanical or physical properties, produce a definite
microstructure or to remove gases.

Annular Preventer
A large bag-type pressure isolation component, usually installed above the ram preventers,
which forms a seal in the annular space between the drill pipe or tubing and the wellbore.
Compression of a reinforced elastomer packing element by hydraulic pressure effects the seal.
Some annular preventers are capable of creating a pressure seal, even if pipe or tubing is not
present in the wellbore.

Annular Velocity
The average velocity of a fluid moving within the annulus.

Annulus
The space between the casing and the wall of the wellbore, between two strings of casing,
between production tubing and casing or between coiled tubing and tubing or casing.

Anti-Foam
A substance used to prevent foam formation by greatly decreasing the surface tension within the
fluid mixture.

Anticline
A fold in layered rocks originating below the surface in the form of an elongated dome.
Anticlines make excellent drilling prospects since any oil in the deposit will naturally rise to the
highest point of the structure because oil has a lower specific gravity than water. See also:
syncline.

AOF
Absolute Open Flow Potential

API Gravity
The gravity (weight per unit volume) of crude oil or other related liquids as measured by a
system recommended by the American Petroleum Institute. API Gravity is expressed in degrees,
a specific gravity of 1.00 being equivalent to 10 API. API gravity is related to specific gravity
(SG) by the following formula: API Gravity =(141.5 /Specific Gravity) - 131.5.

Apparent Viscosity
The viscosity a fluid appears to demonstrate on a given instrument at a stated rate of shear. It is
a function of the plastic viscosity and yield point of the given fluid. The apparent viscosity in
centiPoise (cP) as determined by the direct-indicating viscometer is equal to 1/2 of the 600 RPM
reading.

Appraisal Well
A well drilled as part of a programme to determine the size and likely yield of an oil or gas
field.

Approach
The number of degrees temperature difference between the hot fluid inlet and cold fluid outlet,
or between the hot fluid outlet and cold fluid inlet, whichever is smaller.

APS
Accelerator Porosity Sonde (IPL)

Aquifier
An underground zone of permeable rock saturated with water under pressure. For gas storage
applications, an aquifer will need to consist of a permeable lower layer of rock and an
impermeable upper layer (or "cap"), with a cavity for storing gas.

ARG
Argillaceous

ARI
Azimuthal Resistivity Imager

Aromatics
Hydrocarbons with a ring structure, generally with a distinctive aromatic odour, and good
solvent properties (e.g. BTX).

Artificial Lift
Any means of lifting liquid from a wellbore that has ceased to flow due to inadequate reservoir
energy. These methods include rod pumps, electric submersible pumps (ESP), gaslift, plunger
pumps, and hydraulic jet pumps.

ASI
Array Seismic Imager

ASL
Above Sea Level

Asphalt
The mixture of bitumen and aggregate used for road surfacing.

Associated Gas
Natural gas found in association with oil in a reservoir, either dissolved in the oil or as a cap
above the oil.

ASSY
Assembly

AST
Acoustic Scanner Tool

ASV
Annular Safety Valve

AT | A.T. |
Average Tide

Atmospheric Pressure
The weight of the atmosphere on the surface of the Earth. At sea level this is approximately
1.013 bars, 101,300 Newtons per square metre, 14.7 pounds per square inch or 30 inches of
mercury.

ATS
Borehole Audio Tracer

ATT
Auxiliary Telemetry Log

Attapulgite Clay
A colloidal, viscosity-building clay used principally in saltwater drilling fluids. Attapulgite, a
special fullers earth, is a hydrous magnesium, aluminum silicate.

Austenite
A solid solution of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron.

AZI
Azimuth

Azimuth
Direction of a course measured in a clockwise direction from 0 through 360 degrees, with 0
degrees established as North.

B/O
Back-Off

B/OUT
Break Out

B/U
Bottoms Up

BA
Breathing Apparatus

Back Pressure
The pressure retained in a pipeline, flowline, vessel, or reservoir resulting from restrictions of
the outflow of gas or liquids.

Back Tension
The tension developed by the service reel drive system needed to bend the coiled tubing over
the tubing guide arch and onto the service reel, maintaining control of the tubing.

Backoff
To unscrew one threaded piece within a connection (e. g. a section of pipe) from another.

Backoff J oint
The point where the drill pipe, casing, tubing, or rod segment connection is unscrewed above
such a point at which it is stuck in the hole.

Backup
The act of holding one section of tubing near a connection while a separate segment of tubing is
screwed into or out of the connection. A backup wrench refers to any wrench being used to hold
the pipe securely. Backup tongs are applied to the drill pipe or production tubing and are used to
hold the section of pipe while another segment is screwed into through use of other tongs.

Backwashing
The process of cleaning a completion interval by injecting fluids into the formation and
permitting the well to backflow.

Bail
To recover bottomhole fluids, samples or drill cuttings by lowering a cylindrical vessel, called a
"bailer" to the bottom of the well, filling it, and retrieving it. Also refers to a link of steel
attached to pipe elevators used for lifting.

Bailer
A long tubular vessel fitted with a bail at the upper end and a valve at its lower extremity.
Bailers are used to remove water, oil and solids from a wellbore. When fitted with a plunger to
which a line is attached, a bailer can draw materials into the vessel as it is lifted.

BAL
Bond Attenuation Log

Balance Point
Length of tubing within the wellbore where generates a tubing weight equal to the well pressure
acting against the cross-sectional area of the tube. Note that this is a static condition with the
tubing full of fluid and does not include frictional forces of the stripper assembly and/or tubing
rams, if engaged.

Ball Valve
A valve whose mechanism consists of a ball with a through-bore hole oriented along the same
axis as the direction of fluid flow. Turning the plug 90 degrees opens or closes the valve. The
valve may or may not be full-bore opening.

Banding
Layers of oxides or other inclusions inside the steel from which coiled tubing is manufactured.

Barite
Barium sulfate (BaSO4), a mineral used to increase the weight of drilling fluids. Barite has an
approximate specific gravity of 4. 2.

Barrel | bbl |
Barrel (bbl), a standard measure for oil and oil products. One barrel =35 imperial gallons, 42
US gallons, or 159 litres.

Barrel Oil Equivalent | boe |
Barrel Oil Equivalent (boe), a term frequently used to compare gas with oil and to provide a
common measure for different quality gases. It is the number of barrels of stabilised crude oil,
which contains approximately the same amount of energy as the gas: for example: 5.8 trillion cf
(of lean gas) approximates to 1 billion boe.

Barrels Per Day | bpd | bopd | b/d |
Barrels Per Day (bpd, bopd, or b/d) , in production terms, the number of barrels of oil produced
from a well over a 24 hour period, normally an average figure from a longer period of time. (In
refining terms, the number of barrels input or production of a refinery during a year, divided by
365 less the downtime needed for maintenance).

Base Chemicals
Basic building blocks for the chemical industry, which are converted to other chemicals (e.g.
aromatics and olefins converted into polymers).

Baseload
The basic, underlying level of demand, or system minimum. used in the context of gas supply
and power generation. The opposite of peak load.

Basket Sub
A fishing accessory typically run above the bit to permit recovery of small amounts of metal or
junk from the wellbore.

Bauschinger Effect
An effect wherein strain cycling of tubing causes a lowering of the yield strength of the
material.

BBL
Barrel

Bcf | BN cf |
Billion (10^9) cubic feet (cf), unit of measurement.

BCM | BN CM |
Billion (10^9) cubic metres (cm), unit of measurement.

Beach Price
Price applying to gas at landfall, when water and liquid hydrocarbons have been removed.

Bell Nipple
A flow-diverting nipple installed above the well control stack. The top end of the nipple is
expanded (belled) to guide workstring tools into the hole and usually has side connections for
attaching the fill line and the mud returns line.

Bellows
An expandable accordion-shaped device used to impart motion to a recording or controlling
element within an instrument or to provide a flexible seal for pump shafts, etc. In gaslift
technology, the bellows acts as the pressurized accumulator used to operate the valve.

Bending Cycle
The completion of two bending events whereby the axial strain returns to zero from a loaded
condition. A cycle therefore consists of one bending event and one straightening event. The
axial strain in coiled tubing is zero when the tubing is straight.

Bending Moment
The moment tending to bend the workstring or bottomhole assembly measured in Lb-ft or
Newton-meters.

Bending Strength Ratio | Stiffness Ratio |
Bending Strength Ratio, (Stiffness Ratio) ratio Of Box To Pin Modulus. Used as a measure of
how well "balanced" the mating pin and box rotary connections are in their ability to resist any
bending moment.

Bent Sub
A sub used on top of a downhole motor to give a "non-straight" bottom assembly. One of the
connecting threads is machined at an angle to the axis of the body of the sub.

Bentonite
A plastic, colloidal clay largely composed of the mineral sodium montmorillonite (a hydrated
aluminum silicate) and having the property of swelling when hydrated in an aqueous solution.
The generic term "bentonite" is neither an exact mineralogical name nor is the clay of definite
mineralogical composition. Bentonite has a specific gravity ranging from 2.

Benzene
The simplest aromatic compound with a ring of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. one
of the most important feedstocks for the chemical industry.

BGL
Borehole Geometry Log

BHA
Bottom Hole Assembly

BHC
Borehole Compensated Sonic

BHFP
Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure

BHP
Bottom Hole Pressure

BHT
Borehole Televiewer

BHTV
Bore Hole Tele Viewer

Biodegradable
Material that can be decomposed or rotted by bacteria or other natural agents.

Biomass
Plant matter, such as wood, which can be used as source of energy.

Biomass Conversion
The conversion of biochemically derived material for the production of energy.

Bit
The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. The bit consists of a cutting
element and a circulating element. The cutting element may be steel teeth, tungsten carbide
buttons, industrial diamonds or polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs).

Bit Breaker
A heavy plate which fits within the rotary table and holds the drill bit while it is being made up
or broken out of the drill stem.

Bitumen
Extremely heavy semi-solid product of oil refining, made up of heavy hydrocarbons, used for
road-building and roofing.

Black Products
Diesel oils and fuels oils, i.e. products from the low or heavy end of the distillation process. See
also: white products.

Blind Rams
The rams in a well control stack which are designed to seal against each other to effectively
close the wellbore when there are no tools or tubing through the well control stack. The blind
rams are not intended to seal against coiled tubing or any other tubular products.

BLKY
Blocky

Block
The subdivision of a nation's exploration and production acreage. Blocks are generally defined
in terms of latitude and longitude, at one-degree intervals.

Blowdown
A method of producing a gas/condensate reservoir by letting the reservoir depressure over time
without re-injecting any gas. With this method of production some condensate may condense
within the reservoir, where its recovery is no longer a practical proposition.

Blowout
An uncontrolled flow of pressurized wellbore fluids and/or formation fluids out of the wellbore
or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout) due to the release of pressure
in a reservoir or the failure of containment systems.

Blowout Preventer
A heavy wellhead control device equipped with opposed rams or an annular device which may
be closed around the workstring or completely close off the top of the well control stack if the
workstring is withdrawn.

BO
String Shot Back-off

Booster Station
A platform on a section of subsea gas pipeline, designed to boost the flow of gas.

BOP
Blow Out Preventer

BOPD
Barrels Oil Per Day

BOPE
Blow Out Preventer Equipment

Borcholt
<img src="-B30D3D5F.jpg" width="54" height="77">Matthias Borcholt created this Glossary.
Borcholt@GMX.de

Bottled Gas
LPG stored in the liquid state at moderate pressure in steel containers.

Bottomhole Assembly
An arrangement of downhole tools comprised of the bit, motor (if applicable), stabilizers,
reamers, collars, subs, etc. , which are installed at the bottom of the workstring or drillstring and
used to perform milling or drilling operations.

Bottomhole Flowing Pressure
The flowing pressure at or near the bottom of the wellbore. The bottomhole flowing pressure is
usually determined at the face of the producing formation by means of pressure-recording
instruments which can be lowered into the well.

Bottomhole Pressure
The static pressure at or near the bottom of the wellbore. Bottomhole pressure (BHP) is usually
determined at the face of the formation by means of pressure-recording instruments which can
be lowered into the well. BHP may be calculated by adding the surface pressure to the wellbore
fluid hydrostatic pressure if the density(s) of the fluid(s) is known.

BP
Beam Pump

BPR
Bridge Plug Setting Record

Braking Systems
Mechanisms operating on the injector and service reel which prevent uncontrolled or
undesirable movement of the coiled tubing string. These braking systems may be mechanically
or hydraulically operated.

Brent Blend
A blend of North Sea crudes, used as an international marker for crude oil pricing.

Bridge
An obstruction in the wellbore. A bridge may be formed by sloughing of the borehole into the
wellbore or the accumulation of formation solids in sufficient volume to create physical
blockage within the wellbore.

Bridge Plug
A downhole flow control device composed primarily of slips, block mandrel, and rubber-sealing
element which is run and set into tubing or casing to isolate pressure and fluid in the lower
portion of the wellbore.

British Thermal Unit | BTU |
British Thermal Unit, BTU, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound
of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

BRNG
Bearing

BS&W
Basic Sediment and Water

BTM
Bottom

BTU
British Thermal Unit

BTX
Abbreviation of the aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene and xylene.

BU
Bottoms Up

Buckling
A large deformation of the tube body resulting from a sight increase of an existing load under
which the tube had previously exhibited little, if any, deformation before the load was increased.
In unsupported tube lengths, the deflection of the lateral axis of the tube body can rapidly
become large, resulting in catastrophic failure. In bounded environments where the tube is
concentric to tubing or casing, the buckling can take a sinusoidal or helical form, depending
upon the applied load and ratio of tubing (or casing) ID and concentric tube OD.

Buckup
To tighten up a threaded connection (such as two joints of tubing).

Build-And-Hold Borehole
A borehole configuration where the inclination is increased to some terminal angle of
inclination and maintained at that angle to the specified target.

Build Angle
The act of increasing the inclination of the drilled hole. Also the rate of change represented in
degrees per 100 feet (30 meters) of the increasing angle in the hole.

Buildup
The portion of the borehole in which the inclination angle is increased. The rate of buildup is
usually expressed as the angular increase in degrees per 100 feet (30 meters) of measured depth.

Bulk Cargo
Any liquid or solid cargo loaded on to a vessel without packaging (e.g. oil or grain).

Bullhead Squeeze
The process by which hydraulic pressure is applied to a well to force fluids such as acids or
cement outside the wellbore. Annular flow (returns) is prevented by a packer set in the casing
above the perforations and/or in open hole, or by sealing off the returns flow path at the surface.

Bunker Fuel
Any diesel or fuel oil supplied to fuel a ship's engines. i.e. to run the ship rather than as cargo to
be transported for sale. The 'bunkers' are the place where it is stored on the ship.

Butane
A hydrocarbon consisting of four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms. Normally a gas, but
easily liquified for transport and storage. used in gasolines, and for cooking and heating. See
also: LPG.

Butt Welding
See Tube-to-Tube Welding.

Bypass
Usually refers to a plumbing connection around a valve or other flow control mechanism. A
bypass is installed in such cases to permit passage of fluid through the diverting line when the
maximum flow rate and/or pressure desired downstream is reached.

C
Compressibility

C.I.P.
Casing In Place

C&C
Condition And Circulate

C/L
Control Line

C/W
Complete With

Ca
Calcium

CAC
Circumferential Acoustilog

Caisson
A single-wellhead marine completion structure.

CAL
Caliper

CAL2
2-arm Caliper

CAL4
4-arm Caliper

CALC
Calcareous

Calcium Carbonate | CaCO3 |
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3): An insoluble calcium salt sometimes used as a weighing material
(limestone, oyster shell, etc. ) in specialized drilling fluids. It is also used as a standard unit for
expressing hardness of water.

Calcium Chloride | CaCl2 |
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2): A highly soluble salt which imparts special properties to drilling and
completion fluids, but primarily for increasing the density of the fluid phase and/or accelerate
the hydration reaction of cement and water.

Calibration
Comparison and adjustment of instruments, prior to use, to known basic reference points often
traceable to the National Bureau of Standards. When calibrating instruments, often one of the
reference points is "zero", thereby providing the means to establish the gain (slope) and the
offset (y-intercept).

Caliper Logging
An operation used to determine the diameter of the wellbore or the internal diameter of casing,
drill pipe or tubing. In the case of wellbore calipers, the logging operation is used to determine
restrictions or enlargement in the wellbore. In the case of tubular goods, the caliper log indicates
where internal corrosion or scale accumulation is prevalent.

Calorific Value
The quantity of heat produced by the complete combustion of a fuel. This can be measured dry
or saturated with water vapour. and net or gross. ("Gross" means that the water produced during
combustion has been condensed to liquid and thus released its latent heat, "net" means the water
remains as vapour). The general convention is dry and gross.

Cap Rock
An impervious layer of rock which overlies a reservoir rock and so prevents the hydrocarbons
escaping to the surface.

CAPO
Computer Assisted Production Operations

Capping
The term referring to the method by which uncontrolled flow from a wellbore is halted or placed
under control.

Carbon
A solid element which exists in many forms, including diamonds, graphite, coke and charcoal.
The combinations of carbon with hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons and can consist of very
large molecules (e.g. polypropylenes) or very short ones (e.g. methane).

Carbon Black
A carbon product obtained from liquified carbon feedstock and used mainly in the rubber
industry (e.g. in tyres).

Carbon Dioxide | CO2 |
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) : A greenhouse gas, created when carbon containing compounds are
oxidised.

Casing
The steel pipe placed in an oil or gas well which prevents the wall of the borehole from caving
in, restricts movement of the borehole fluids from one formation to another, and improves the
efficiency of extracting petroleum in productive wells.

Casing Point
The depth within a well at which the casing is set, generally the depth at which the casing shoe
rests. Also, the objective depth in a drilling contract, either a specified depth or the depth at
which a specific zone is to be penetrated.

Casing Pressure
The pressure in the annular space between two casing strings or the casing string and tubing
string.

Casing String
The entire length of all joints of casing run into a wellbore.

Casinghead
A heavy flanged steel fitting which is connected to the first string of casing set within the
borehole. The casinghead provides a housing for slips and packing assemblies, provides
suspension of intermediate and production casing, as well as a means to seal off the annulus.

CAT
Category

Catalyst
A substance which aids or promotes a chemical reaction without forming part of the final
product. It enables the reaction to take place faster or at a lower temperature, and remains
unchanged at the end of the reaction. In industrial processes, nevertheless, the catalyst must be
changed periodically to maintain economic production.

Cathodic Protection
A method employed to minimise the rate of electrochemical corrosion of structures such as oil
drilling and production platforms, pipelines and storage tanks.

CB
Core Barrel

CBIL
Circumferential Borehole Imager

CBL
Cement Bond Log

CC
Chemical Cutter

CCL
Casing Collar Locator

CDL
Compensated Densilog

CDN
Compensated Densi-Neutron Log (MWD)

Cellar
Excavation around the wellhead usually dug prior to drilling a deep well which provides space
for items of equipment at the top of the wellbore. Also serves as a pit to collect drainage of
water and other liquids.

CEM
Cement

Cement
A mixture of calcium aluminates and silicates made by combining lime and clay while heating.
Slaked cement contains approximately 62. 5% calcium hydroxide.

Cement Bond Log
A well log of the vibrations of an ultrasonic acoustical signal as it passes through a four-phase
system of fluid, pipe, cement and formation. If the pipe is not acoustically coupled tightly with a
dampening material such as cement, very little of the acoustical energy signal is lost. If the
cement is bonded or acoustically coupled tight to the pipe, the energy is extremely dampened
and the signal nearly disappears, thereby indicating that the casing is well cemented.

Cement Dump Bailer
A cylindrical container with a valve that is used to release small batches of cement downhole in
a remedial cementing operation or for other special purposes.

Cement Plug
A portion of cement placed at some point in the wellbore to effect a seal used to isolate pressure
or eliminate liquid movement.

Cementing
Conventional: The operation by which a cement slurry is pumped down a string of tubing and
displaces the annular space to a predetermined height above the end of the cement string. In
drilling and completion operations, cementing is used to secure the casing in place and isolate
formations for control of fluids. In remedial operations cementing is used to seal holes in the
wellbore for fluid control. Squeeze:The process of forcing cementing material under pressure
into a specific portion of a well, such as fractures, openings, perforations or other permeable
zones.

Centipoise | Cp |
Centipoise (Cp): A unit of viscosity equal to 0. 01 Poise. A Poise equals 1 gram per meter-
second, and a centiPoise equals 1 gram per centimeter-second.

CERT
Correlatable Electromagnetic Recovery Tool

CET
Cement Evaluation Log

Cetane Number
A measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuels. See also: octane number.

CF/D
Cubic feet per day.

CFM
Flowmeter/Spinner Log

CGEL
CGEL Casing Evaluation

Check Valve
A valve that allows flow through it in one direction only. This device (also called a one-way
valve) is installed near the coiled tubing connector and allows fluid to be circulated down the
string but prevents backflow. This device may be a ball-and-seat type or flapper type.

Chemical Oxygen Demand | COD |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): An indicator of the potential environmental impact of
discharges to water. The COD is a laboratory measure of the quantity of oxygen required to
oxidise the constituents of a liquid discharge

CHFT
Cased Hole Formation Tester

CHGR
Cased Hole Gamma Ray

Chloride Stress Cracking
The stress corrosion cracking of ferrous-based alloy steels which may result when exposed to
well streams containing water and chlorides under certain conditions of concentration and
temperature. Other constituents present such as oxygen may contribute to chloride stress
cracking.

Chlorofluorocarbons | CFC | CFCs |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Man-made gases contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion and
global warming. They are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol (see Halons, TCE and
HCFCs).

Choke
A device with a fixed aperture used to control the rate of flow of liquids and/or gas, or to control
the back pressure applied to the well.

Choke Line Valve
The valve(s) connected to the well control stack which controls the flow to the choke.

CHP
Combined Heat and Power

CHRFT
Cased Hole Repeat Formation Tester

Christmas Tree
A term applied to the combination of valves and fittings assembled above the top of the tubing
hanger spool on a completed well to contain well pressure and control the flow of hydrocarbons
and other well effluents.

CIF
Cost, insurance and freight.

CIL
Casing Inspection Log

CILD
Conductivity Dual Induction Log Deep

CILM
Conductivity Dual Induction Log Medium

CIRC
Circulate

Circulation
The movement of fluid from the surface tank through the pump, coiled tubing, bottomhole
assembly, annular space within the wellbore, and back to the surface tank.

Circulation Rate
The volume flow rate of the circulated fluid usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm),
barrels per minute (bpm) or cubic meters per minute (m3/m).

CITHP
Closed-In Tubing-Head Pressure

City Gate
This refers to the point where gas passes from a main transmission system to a local distribution
system. There is not necessarily a change of ownership.

CKS
Checkshot Survey

CL
Chlorides

Clay
A term used for particles smaller than 4 microns regardless of mineral composition.

Closing Ratio
The ratio of the wellhead pressure to the hydraulic actuation pressure required to effect the
closure of the well control component.

CMPT
Centre for Marine & Petroleum Technology

CMT
Circumferential Microsonic Tool

CNL
Compensated Neutron Log

CO
Carbon Monoxide

Coal Gas
Manufactured gas made by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. The chief components
are methane (20% to 30%) and hydrogen (about 50%).

Coating
The process of covering a tube of a specific material with another material, primarily for
corrosion resistance, but could also be applied for reduction of pipe/borehole-to-coiled tube
friction.

COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand

Coefficient of Friction
The ratio of the force required to move one surface over another to the normal force between the
two surfaces.

COGR
Core GR

Coiled Tubing
Any continuously-milled tubular product manufactured in lengths which require spooling onto a
take-up reel during the primary milling or manufacturing process. Conventional coiled tubing
(CT) is constructed of carbon steel using the high-frequency induction welding process.
Advanced metallic coiled tubing strings are constructed using corrosion resistant alloys or
titanium, with the seam weld formed using the TIG process.

Coiled Tubing Unit
The assembly of the major equipment components needed to perform a continuous-length
tubing service. These basic equipment components include (as a minimum) an injector, service
reel, control console, power supply, and well control stack assembly.

Coking
A thermal cracking process to break up large molecules into smaller ones with the generation of
quantities of petroleum coke.

COL
Collar

Cold Weld
A metallurgical inexact term generally indicating a lack of adequate weld bonding strength of
the abutting edges, due to insufficient heat and/or pressure. A cold weld may or may not have
separation in the weld line. Other, more definitive terms, should be used whenever possible to
describe this condition.

Cold Working
Deforming a metal plastically at such a temperature and rate that substantial increases occur in
the strength and hardness of the metal occurs. Visible structural changes include changes in
grain shape and, in some instances, mechanical twinning or banding. The upper limit of
temperature for this process is the recrystallization temperature of the material.

Collapse
Flattening of the coiled tubular product due to the application of an external pressure of such
magnitude as to exceed the hoop yield stress of the tube. Collapse pressure is measured as the
pressure differential of external to internal tube pressure and is significantly reduced when the
tube is subjected to tension or bending.

Collar
A coupling device used to join two lengths of threaded pipe, tubing or tool components.

Collar Locator
A logging device that detects casing or tubing collars for depths correlation purposes. The collar
locator may be operated mechanically or electrically to produce a log showing the location of
each casing or tubing collar within the wellbore. When properly interpreted, this log provides an
accurate means for depths measurements in a wellbore.

Colloidal Suspension
A stable, homogenous system of very fine particles of matter dispersed uniformly throughout a
liquid medium, having properties which differ both from a true solution and from a suspension
of larger particles. True colloidal suspensions have particle size range of 5 to 200 micrometers.

Combined Carrier
Ship that can carry oil or dry bulk cargoes.

Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine | CCGT |
The generation of electric power by a combination of a gas-turbine cycle and a steam-turbine
cycle.

Combined Heat and Power | CHP |
The combination of heat and power generation in the same plant: In circumstances where
process heat is not required, the generated steam can be used to generate additional electricity in
a steam turbine. This method reduces the overall consumption of fuel by exploiting the
otherwise wasted heat from conventional electricity generation. It provides low-grade heating
for domestic and industrial uses. This is described as Combined Cycle Power Generation.

Common Carriage
1) The transport of gas through a pipeline system on behalf of a third party. 2) The obligation on
transmission or distribution companies to allocate gas transport to customers on a pro rata basis,
without discrimination between new and existing clients.

COMP
Completion

Completion String
A string of tubing placed within a productive well to serve as an exhaust or delivery duct for
produced wellbore fluids.

Compound
Chemical term referring to a substance made up of two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportions by weight.

Compressibility Factor
The factor which compensates for the deviation of a giving gas from the ideal gas law when
calculating the pressure-volume-temperature relationship.

Compressive Yield Strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand without a predefined amount of permanent
deformation when subjected to compression loading.

Compressor Station
Used during the transportation of gas. Gas loses pressure as it travels long distances: to ensure
an even flow it must be recompressed at the stations located every 60 km to 80 km along the
route.

CONCAWE
The Oil Companies European Organisation for Environmental and Health Protection, based in
the Hague.

Concentric Operations
Well servicing operations conducted within the existing production tubing or within tubingless
completions. This type of operation is normally performed with the christmas tree in place using
a coiled tubing unit, hydraulic workover unit, wireline unit, hoisting unit, or small rig using
smaller diameter jointed tubing.

Concession
A defined licence area granted to a company for the exploration of oil and/or gas under
specified terms and conditions and for a fixed period of time.

Condensate
This can refer to any mixture of relatively light hydrocarbons which remain liquid at normal
temperature and pressure. There will be some propane and butane dissolved in it. Unlike crude
oil, there is little or none of the heavy hydrocarbons which constitute heavy fuel oil. There are
three main sources of condensate: a) The liquid hydrocarbons which are separated out when raw
gas is treated. This condensate typically consists of C5 to C8. b) The liquid hydrocarbons which
are recovered at the surface from non-associated gas. c) The liquid hydrocarbons which are
produced from gas/condensate reservoir. This may be only slightly distinguishable from a light
stabilised crude oil.

Conductor Casing
Generally, the first string of casing in a wellbore. Its purpose is to prevent soft formations near
the surface from caving in and to conduct drilling mud from the bottom of the hole to the
surface when drilling commences. Also called conductor pipe and drive pipe.

Connectors | CT |
Devices used to connect coiled tubing and equipment components. There are several types of
connectors in use as described below:.

CONT
Continue

Continental Shelf
The edge of a continent which lies under shallow seas (less than 200 metres deep).

Continuously-Milled Tubing
Carbon steel coiled tubular products manufactured using high frequency induction welding
processes in milled length segments greater than 500 feet.

Continuously Tapered Skelp
Skelp material having a variable wall thickness. This skelp is milled having a specified wall
thickness at the lead end of the steel strip, progressively increasing in wall thickness along the
length of the strip to a second specified wall thickness at the tail end of the skelp strip.

Control Console
An enclosure displaying an array of switches, push buttons, lights, valves, various pressure
gauges, and/or meters to control or monitor coiled tubing operating functions.

Conventional Operations
Well operations conducted using a rig equipped with fluid pumps, rotary table, and other
equipment designed to perform well workovers, recompletions, and other work which requires
removal of the christmas tree and pulling or manipulation of the tubing.

CORIBAND
Coriband Analysis

CORR CAP
Corrosion Cap

Corrosion
Gradual chemical or electro-chemical attack on a metal by the atmosphere, moisture or other
agents.

CPI
Computer Processed Interpretations

CPU
Control Panel Unit

Crack
A stress-induced separation of the metal which, without any other influence, is insufficient in
extent to cause complete rupture of the material.

Cracking | Cat. Cracker |
The process of breaking down large molecules of oil into smaller ones. When this process is
achieved by the application of heat only, it is known as thermal cracking. If a catalyst is used as
well it is known as catalytic (cat.) cracking. It is known as hydrocracking if the catalytic process
is conducted in a hydrogen atmosphere.

Creep
Time-dependent increase in strain during a state of constant stress.

Critical Flow
The rate of a compressible fluid flow through an orifice or small opening in which the velocity
of the fluid reaches a maximum and remains constant. The rate of the fluid flow is directly
proportional to upstream pressure and changes only with upstream pressure. Changes in
downstream pressure have a negligible effect on flow rate when critical velocity is obtained.

Critical Pressure
The minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

Critical Temperature
The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied whatever the pressure.

Crossover Flange
A double or single studded adapter flange with a restricted area sealing means and with a top
connection pressure rating above that of the lower connection.

Crowd The Bit
Term used to indicate that more weight is applied to the bit than is needed for efficient drilling.
A crowded bit will usually increase the inclination or cause an azimuth change.

Crown Block Assembly
The stationary sheave or block assembly mounted at the top of the derrick or mast and over
which the drilling line is reeved.

CRT
Cement Retainer Record

Crude Oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the liquid phase in the underground reservoir and
remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities
(separation from any associated gas).

Cryogenics
The process of producing, maintaining and utilising very low temperatures (below -46

Crystallization
The formation of a crystal by the atoms assuming definite positions in the crystal lattice.

CSG
Casing

CSGC
Casing Cutter

CSI
Combinable Seismic Imager

CSP
Contract Service Personnel

CST
Core Sample Taker

CT
Coiled Tubing

Cubic Foot | Cubic Feet | cf |
The amount of gas required to fill a volume of one cubic foot. Unit of measurement applied to
the volume of gas produced or consumed.

Cubic Metre | CM |
Unit of measurement for gas volume. The amount of gas required to fill the volume of one cubic
metre.

CUM
Cumulative

Cumulative Fatigue Damage
The total of fatigue damage caused by repeated cyclic stresses.

Cuttings
Earth and rock removed during a drilling operation to make an exploration or production well
for oil and gas production. Cuttings are invariably contaminated with oil from drilling fluids
(oil-based and other muds).

CVEL
Calibrated Velocity Log

CVL
Cement Volume Log

CYBERDIP
Cyberdip Interpretation

CYBERLOOK
CYBERLOOK Analysis

D/O
Drop Off

DAC
Digital Array Acoustilog

Daily Average Send-Out
Total volume of gas delivered during a period of time, divided by the total number of days in
the period.

Daily Contracted Quantity | DCQ |
The average daily quantity of gas which is contracted to be supplied and taken.

Daily Peak
The maximum volume of gas delivered in any one day during a given period (usually one year).

Daisy Chain
The process by which a cargo of oil or oil products is sold many times before being delivered to
the customer.

Darcy
A unit of permeability. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 Darcy when a pressure of one
(1) atmosphere is applied to force a liquid of one (1) cP viscosity through a sample one (1) cm
long and one (1) cm2 in cross section at a rate of one (1) cm3 per second.

Darcy's Law
The rate of flow of a homogenous fluid through a porous medium is proportional to the pressure
or hydraulic gradient and to the cross-sectional area normal to the direction of fluid and
inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid.

DBS
Dual Ball Safety Valve

DC
Drill Collar

DCAL
Dual Caliper

DCQ
Daily Contracted Quantity

DD
Depth Determination

DDR
Daily Drilling Report

DDST
Deflate Drag Spring Tool

DEA
Drilling Engineering Association; <BR>Deutsche Erdl Aktiengesellschaft

Dead Oil
Crude containing essentially no dissolved gas when it is produced.

Dead Well
A well that has ceased to produce oil or gas either temporarily or permanently. Ultimately, a
well that has suffered a kick or a blowout and has been killed.

Defect
An imperfection whose size, shape, orientation, location or other properties make it detrimental
to the useful service of the tube or exceed the accept/reject level of the applicable specification.

DEG
Degree

Degree Day
A measure of the extent to which the mean daily temperature falls below an assumed base, say
65 F. thus each degree by which the mean temperature for any day is less than 65F would
represent one degree day. (In Continental Europe, C are used instead of F and the assumed
base temperture is generally taken as 16C, equivalent to 60.8F).

DEMINEX | Deutsche Erdlversorgungsgesellschaft |
DEMINEX GmbH (Deutsche Erdlversorgungsgesellschaft mbH) of Essen, Germany. Active in
Argentina, Egypt, Norway, Russia, Syria, UK. Split in 1998.

Density | Absolute Density | Bulk Density |
Absolute: Mass per unit volume. Absolute density considers only the actual volume occupied by
the material expressed in pounds per gallon (ppg) or pounds per cubic foot (lb/cu. ft. Bulk: Mass
per unit volume. Bulk density is a mass per unit bulk volume which includes the actual volume
of the material plus the volume of trapped air.

Dent
A local change in surface contour caused by a mechanical impact, but not accompanied by the
loss of metal.

Departure
Horizontal displacement of one station from another in an east or west direction.

Derrick
Steel structure mounted over the bore hole to support the drill pipe and other equipment which
is lowered and raised during drilling operations. This semi-permanent structure of square or
rectangular cross-section having members that are latticed or trussed on all four sides must be
assembled in the vertical or operation position as it includes no erection mechanism, this derrick
may or may not be guyed.

Design Load
That force or combination of forces which a structure or mechanical component is designed to
withstand without exceeding the allowable stress within any member.

Design Pressure | Rated Working Pressure |
Maximum allowable working pressure at the design temperature and operating conditions.

Design Verification
The process of proving design by testing.

Designated Representative
Individual selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being
qualified to perform specific duties.

DEV
Development

Development Well
A well drilled in proven territory in a field for the purpose of completing the desired spacing
pattern for production optimization.

Deviation Bit
A bit specifically designed to reduce the tendency to drill a crooked hole.

Deviation Control Techniques
The techniques typically used to control the deviation of the borehole when performing steered-
drilling operations are shown below:.

Deviation Well
A well drilled at an angle to the vertical (deviated drilling), to cover the maximum area of an oil
or gas reservoir, or to avoid abandoned equipment in the original hole.

DGR
Dual Gamma Ray (MWD)

DHPT
Downhole Pressure Temperature (Gauge)

DHSV
Down Hole Safety Valve

Diameter Tape
A measuring device consisting of a thin flexible metallic tape which can be wrapped around the
circumference of a pipe, and is graduated such that diameter can be read directly from its scale.
Also called a "Pi Tape".

Diametral Growth
The increase in the outer diameter of the tube which occurs as a consequence of performing
repeated bend cycles of the tube with an internal pressure greater than the external pressure
acting on the tube.

DIEL
Dielectric Log

Diesel Fuel | Diesel Oil | DERV |
A general term covering light fuel oil derived from gas oil used in diesel engines. Sometimes
called Diesel Engine Road Vehicle (Derv) fuel.

Differential Pressure
The difference between two fluid pressures. This difference in pressure may be between points
in a fluid pumping system, may represent the loss in pressure within the fluid when pumped
through a specific length of tubing, or when fluid flows between two systems (e. g.

DIFL
Dual Induction Focused Log

DIL
Dual Induction Log

Diluent
Liquid which is added to dilute or thin a solution.

Dimple Type
Connection which is secured onto the coiled tubing body through the use of numerous blunt-tip
screws loaded into dimpled recesses formed in the tube body. As the mechanical blunt-tip
screws are loaded onto the tube body, forces exceeding the material yield strength of the tube
create "dimples" in the tube body. These dimples serve as mechanical loading recesses for the
blunt-tip screws which secure the connection to the CT body.

DIP
unspecified Dipmeter

DIP EVAL
Dipmeter Evaluation

DIP4
4-Arm Dipmeter

DIP6
6 Arm Dipmeter

DIR
Directional Survey Data

Direction
See azimuth. Direction of vertical projection of the wellbore onto a horizontal plane.

Direction of Inclination
The direction of the course.

Directional Drilling
The planned drilling of an off-vertical wellbore at a controlled, pre-determined angle and
direction using special equipment and orienting devices.

Discharge
General term for all releases of contaminants into the environment, be they gas, liquid, or solid.
The term emission is used exclusively for releases into the atmosphere, effluent is restricted to
releases into surface water and waste is used for remaining releases, such as disposal to landfill
or treatment by incineration.

Discontinuity
Any interruption in the normal physical structure or configuration of a tube such as cracks, laps,
seams, pits and laminations. A discontinuity may or may not affect the usefulness of a pipe or
exceed critical flaw size. Also called a flaw or imperfection.

Discovery Well
An well that encounters a new and previously untapped petroleum deposit.

DISP
Displace

Dispersant
A chemical agent used to break up or disperse concentrations of various liquid or solid
materials.

Displacement
The lateral distance from the surface location to the primary target.

Distillate
The condensed hydrocarbons which are produced with gas from a single or two-phase reservoir.
Condensation occurs as pressure is reduced below specific critical pressures.

Distillates
The products of condensation during the fractional distillation process (gaseous fuels, naphtha,
gasoline, kerosine and gas oils).

Distillation
(Fractional distillation) A process based on the difference in boiling points of the liquids in the
mixture to be separated. Successive vaporisation and condensation of crude oil in a fractionating
column will separate out the lighter products, leaving a residue of fuel oil or bitumen.
Distillation is carried out in such a way as to avoid any cracking. It is the basic process that
takes place in an oil refinery.

Distribution
After gas has been processed, it is transported through transmission trunk lines to local
distribution centres, for metered delivery to customers.

Diurnal Storage
Literally, daily storage. Refers to short-term or peak storage in pipelines or gas holders, as
opposed to seasonal storage.

DL
Dog Leg

DL SEV
Dog Leg Severity

DLL
Dual Laterolog

DLRS
Dollars

DO
Drop Off

Dog Leg
The total curvature in the wellbore consisting of a change of inclination and/or direction
between two points.

Dog Leg Severity
A measure of the amount of change in the inclination and/or direction of a borehole, usually
expressed in degrees per 100 feet (30 meters) of course length.

DOL
Days On Location

DOLO
Dolomite

Dolomite
A type of sedimentary rock similar to limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate. Sometimes
dolomite is found as the reservoir rock for petroleum-bearing zones.

Dope
A viscous material used on casing or tubing threads as a lubricant and to prevent corrosion.

Double Bottom Tanker
A tanker in which the bottom of the cargo tanks is separated from the bottom of the ship by a
space of up to 2 to 3 metres. The space is empty when the tanker carries cargo, but full of sea
water on the ballast voyage. See also: double hull tanker.

Double Hull Tanker
A tanker in which the bottom and sides of the cargo tanks are separated from the bottom and
sides of the hull by spaces of up to 1 to 3 metres width or depth. These spaces are empty when
the tanker carries cargo but full of sea water on the ballast voyage. See also: double bottom
tanker.

Double-Wall Drill Pipe
A two-tube concentric drill pipe assembled with the inner pipe in compression and the outer
pipe in tension. Used to replace drill collars in directional holes.

Downhole Motor
A power source located just above the bit which is used to rotate the bit while the drill string
remains fixed.

Downstream
Those activities which take place between the loading of crude oil at the export terminal and the
use of the oil by the end-user. This encompasses the ocean transportation of crude oil, supply
and trading, refining and the distribution and marketing of the oil products. See also: upstream.

DP
Drill Pipe

DPHI
Density Porosity

DPIL
Dual Induction Phasor Logs

DR
Damage Ratio

Drag
The algebraic sum of the resistance due to (1) the friction between the coiled tubing and the well
control equipment, (2) the friction between the coiled tubing and the wall of the wellbore, (3)
the friction due to the coiled tubing passing through fluid, and (4) the friction due to the flow of
fluids either inside or outside of the coiled tubing.

Drawdown
The differential pressure in a constant-rate producing well between the static (shut-in)
bottomhole pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure. The location of this pressure
condition is generally found within the wellbore directly across the completion interval.

Drawworks
The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig which is essentially comprised of a large winch which
spools off or takes in the drilling line. This action raises or lowers the drillstem and bit.

DRIFT
Drift Analysis

Drill
To bore a hole within the earth, usually to find and remove subsurface formation fluids such as
oil and gas.

Drill Bit
The part of a drilling tool that actually cuts through the rock.

Drill Collar
A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually constructed of steel, placed between the drill pipe and the
bit in the drill stem which provides stiffness and concentration of weight at the bit.

Drill Collar Sub
A sub made up between the drill string and the drill collars that is used to ensure that the drill
pipe and the collar may be joined together properly.

Drill Pipe
The tubular member of the drill string which transmits power to the bit to which tool joints are
attached.

Drill Stem
The entire drilling assembly, from the swivel to the bit, composed of the kelly, drill string, subs,
drill collars, and other downhole tools such as stabilizers and reamers. This assembly is used to
rotate the bit and carry the drilling fluid to the bit.

Drill Stem Test
The conventional method of formation testing. The basic drill stem test tool consists of a packer
or packers, valves or ports that may be opened or closed from the surface, and two or more
pressure-recording devices.

Drill String
Steel pipes roughly 10m long joined together to form a pipe from the drill bit to the drilling
platform. It is rotated to carry out the drilling operation, and also is the conduit for the drilling
mud.

Drilling Fluid
A fluid circulated through the bit which serves to carry cuttings from the bit to the surface. Hole
conditions may dictate other necessary functions for this fluid, such as cooling the bit and to
counteract downhole formation pressure. The most common drilling fluid is a mixture of clay
and other minerals with water, but can also be air, gas, water or foam systems.

Drilling Mud
A mixture of clays, water and chemicals used in drilling operations to lubricate and cool the
drill bit, carry drilling wastes to the surface, prevent the walls of the well from collapsing, and
to keep the upward flow of oil or gas under control. It is circulated continuously down the drill
string and up to the surface between the drill pipe and the wall of the hole.

Drop-Off Rate
The rate of change of the inclination in the part of the wellbore where the inclination angle is
purposely returned to the vertical orientation and usually expressed in degrees per 100 feet (30
meters) of course length.

Dry Gas
Natural gas that is produced without liquid hydrocarbons. Also gas that has been dehydrated to
remove water. a) The same as lean gas, i.e. the gas contains no hydrocarbons which will liquefy
at ambient temperature and pressure. b) Gas containing no water vapour, i.e. the gas is "water
dry".

Dry Gasfield
The production from such a reservoir will yield dry/lean gas and very small quantities of
condensate. typically less than 10 barrels per million cubic feet.

Dry Hole
An unsuccessful well, drilled without finding commercial quantities of oil or gas.

DSHV
Down Hole Safety Valve

DSI
Dipole Shear Sonic Imager

DSS
Days Since Spud

DST
Drill Stem Test

DSV
Diving Support Vessel

DT
Interval Travel Time

DTL
Long-spaced Interval Travel Time

DUAL DIP
Dual Dipmeter

DUAL WATER
Dual Water Quicklook Analysis

Ductility
The property that permits permanent deformation before fracture by stress in tension occurs.

Dwt (Dead Weight Tonnage) | Dwt |
The weight of cargo, stores and fuel which a vessel carries when fully loaded.

Dynamic Loading
Loads introduced into any mechanical component which is required to operate in the presence
of accelerating or decelerating forces. Dynamic loading can be experienced in the tubing string,
tube handling equipment, or in any component which may experience rapid force loading or
unloading.

Dynamic Positioning
A method by which a floating vessel is maintained in position (on station) over an offshore well
location without the use of mooring anchors. Generally, several propulsion units called thrusters
are located on the hulls of these structures and are actuated by a sensing system which is
directed by computer.

Dynamic Stress
Varying or fluctuating stress occurring in a structural member as a result of dynamic loading.

Eccentricity
(Fluid Flow) The degree to which a concentric tubing string is decentralized within an annulus
with consideration for calculating the effects of frictional pressure loss. An eccentricity value of
0. 0 indicates perfectly centralized tubing within the annulus. (Tube Mill) A condition of tubing
geometry in which the OD and ID axes are not coincident, resulting in wall thickness variation
around the circumference at a given section plane.

ECP
External Casing Packer

ECR
Emergency Control Room

ECT
Energy Charter Treaty - signed by 45 governments and the EU in Lisbon, Portugal on 17
December 1994.

ECU
European Currency Unit.

Eddy Current
A circulating current caused to flow in the tubing by varying magnetic fields.

Eddy Current Inspection
Performing a nondestructive inspection using the eddy current method.

EDP
Emergency Disconnect Package

EDR
Estimated Damage Ratio

EFF
Efficiency

Effective Permeability
The permeability of a rock to a specified fluid when the rock is not 100 percent saturated with
the fluid.

Effective Porosity
The percentage of the bulk volume of a rock sample that is composed of interconnected pore
spaces, allowing the passage of fluids through the sample.

Effective Size
A term used in specifying sand size. It is the sieve size in millimeters that permits 10 percent
(by weight) of the filter sand to pass.

Effective Thread Length
Connector threads having fully-formed roots but not necessarily finished crests.

EL
Electrical Log

ELAN
ELAN Interpretations

Elastic
A gas, e.g. , a condition of matter in which the molecules flow apparently without resistance.

Elastic Aftereffect
A slight contraction that occurs slowly while metal is standing with no load, subsequent to
plastic tensile flow and immediate elastic recovery. Microscopic stresses acting in compression
are responsible for this condition as well as for the Bauschinger effect.

Elastic Buckling Stress
The buckling stress of a cylinder based upon elastic behavior.

Elastic Deformation
Temporary changes in tube dimensions caused by stress. The material returns to the original
dimensions after removal of the stress.

Elastic Hysteresis
Energy absorbed by reversed deformation, represented by the closed loop of stress-strain curves
in the elastic range, formed by curves for loading and unloading.

Elastic Limits
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any measurable
permanent extension remaining after complete release of the applied force.

Elastomer
Any of the class of materials, including natural rubber and synthetic compounds, which return
to their original shape after being subjected to large deformations.

Electric Logging
An instrument measurement of resistivity and self-potential of formations immediately adjacent
to the wellbore. These measurements are obtained by passing electrodes across the formations
of interest within the wellbore. Electric logs are typically run on wireline to obtain information
concerning the porosity, permeability, fluid content of the formations drilled, etc.

Element
A chemical term referring to a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into a simpler
form.

Elevation
Measurement of a well location or a plane on a drilling well above a specified datum, usually
sea level.

Elevators
Mechanical device attached to the traveling block which latches around and supports the pipe
during hoisting or lowering operations.

Elongation
The amount of permanent extension in the vicinity of the fracture in a tension test specimen,
with the increase in length expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.

ELTSR
Extended Length Tubing Seal Receptacle

EMMS
Electro-Magnetic-Multi-Shot

EMS
Electric Multi Shot

Emulsion
A substantially permanent heterogeneous mixture of two or more liquids which do not dissolve
in each other but are held in suspension or dispersion (one in the other) by mechanical agitation
or, more frequently, by adding small amounts of substances known as emulsifiers. Emulsions
may be mechanical, chemical or a combination of the two (commonly oil and water).

EMW
Equivalent Mud Weight

Encircling Coil
A coil surrounding the tube under test, used in eddy current testing.

Endurance Limit
The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without failure during a specified large number
of cycles of stress. If the term is employed without qualification, the cycles of stress are usually
such as to produce complete reversal of flexural stress.

Endurance Ratio
The ratio of the endurance limit for cycles of reversed flexural stress to the tensile strength.

ENERJ ET
ENERJ ET Perforation

Entrained Gas
Gas suspended in bubbles in a stream of liquid such as water or oil.

Entrained Liquids
Mist-size liquid droplets transported in a gas stream.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) | Environmental Impact Assessment |
An assessment of the impact of an industrial installation or activity on the surrounding
environment, conducted before work on that activity has commenced. The original baseline
study, a key part of this process, describes the original conditions.

EOR
(Enhanced Oil Recovery) The recovery of oil from a reservoir other than by the use of natural
reservoir pressure. This can involve increasing the pressure (secondary recovery) or heating or
increasing the pore size of the reservoir (tertiary recovery). See also: acidizing.

EPT
Electromagnetic Propagation Log

EQT
Equipment

Equity Crude
The proportion of crude oil to which a producing company is entitled as a result of its financial
contribution to the project.

Equivalent Circulating Density
For a circulating fluid, the equivalent circulating density in lbs/gallon is equal to the hydrostatic
head of the annular fluid (psig) plus the total annular frictional pressure loss (in psig) caused by
the fluids circulating in the annulus, divided by the depth (feet) and a conversion factor of 0. 52.

ERD
Extended Reach Development

Erosion
The abrasion of metal or other material by liquid or gas usually accelerated by pressure of solid
particles of matter in suspension and sometimes by corrosion.

ES
Electrical Survey

ESD
Emergency Shutdown

ESDV
Emergency Shut Down Valve

ESP
Elecric Submersible Pump

Esters
Compounds formed by the combination of acids and alcohols. Feedstock for the chemical
industry.

ESV
Emergency Shutdown Valve

Ethane
A hydrocarbon consisting of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. Normally a gas, present
in most natural gas occurrences.

Ethanol | Ethyl Alcohol |
A chemical formed by fermentation or synthesis. used as a raw material in a wide range of
industrial and chemical processes.

Ethylene | Ethene |
An olefin consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. a very important base
chemical in the chemical and plastics industries.

ETT
Electromagnetic Thickness Tool

EU
European Union.

Evaluation
Process of determining the severity of the flaw which leads to determining whether the tube is
acceptable or rejectable under the appropriate specification.

EWR
Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity (MWD)

EWT
Extended Well Test

Excessive Reinforcement
Also referred to as excessive over-fill. The outside weld beads which extend above the
prolongation of the original surface of the tube.

Exfoliation
A type of corrosion that progresses parallel to the outer surface of the metal, causing layers of
the metal to be elevated by the formation of the corrosion product.

Exposure Hours
This is the total number of hours of employment including overtime and training but excluding
leave, sickness and other absences. One million exposure hours is roughly equivalent to 600
people working for one year.

EZSV
External Zentralized Safety Valve

FACT
Flux Array Analysis Log

False Indication
An indication that may be interpreted erroneously as an imperfection or defect. An irrelevant
indication, sometimes called an artifact.

Fatality
A death resulting from either a work injury or occupational illness, regardless of the time
intervening between the injury or the onset of the illness and death.

Fatigue | Fatigue Classification |
The process of progressive localized permanent structural change occurring in a material
subjected to conditions which produce fluctuating stresses that may culminate in cracks or
complete failure after a sufficient number of fluctuations. Fatigue is often identified within the
following classes: High Cycle Fatigue - Loading is primarily elastic and material failure occurs
in excess of 10,000 stress cycles. Low Cycle Fatigue - Loading is mostly elastic and material
failure occurs in 1,000 to 10,000 stress cycles. Fatigue Ultra-Low Cycle Fatigue - Loading is
plastic and material failure typically occurs in less than 1,000 stress cycles.

Fatigue Crack | Failure |
A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress and
propagating through the metal. The surface is smooth and frequently shows concentric (sea
shell) type markings with a nucleus as a center. Fatigue cracks which penetrate the OD surface
of the tube body are incorrectly referred to as "pinholes".

Fatigue Life
Number of cycles a material (typically metal) can endure at a given stress level before failure
will occur.

Fatigue Limit
The maximum stress that a material (typically metal) will withstand without failure for a
specified number of stress cycles.

Fault | Faulting |
A geological structure consisting of a fracture in the rock, along which there has been an
observable amount of displacement.

FB HRT
Full Bore Hydrostatic Reference Tool

FB PCT
Full Bore Pressure Controlled Tester

FBHP
Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressure

FBU
Flowing Build Up survey

FCNL
Far Count CNL

FCON
Fluid Conductivity Log

FDC
Compensated Formation Density

FDDP
Differential Pressure Fluid Density

FDN
Nuclear Fluid Density

FE
Flow Efficiency

Feedstock
Raw material for a processing unit.

FERC
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FH
Full Hole

Field Appraisal
The process of quantifying reserves levels and production potential of a newly-discovered
petroleum reservoir, usually by drilling a delineation well.

FIL
Fracture Identification Log

Filler Material
A material added to a cement or cement slurry for the primary purpose of increasing the yield
for the slurry.

Filler Metal
The metal added in making a welded, brazed or soldered joint.

Filter Cake
The accumulation of suspended solids deposited on a porous medium during the process of
filtration.

Filtrate
The liquid that is forced through a porous medium during the filtration process.

Fish
Any object left in the wellbore during drilling or workover operations which must be recovered
before work below the object can proceed.

Fishing
Operations within a wellbore which focus on retrieving objects (fish) left in the borehole.

FISS
Fissure

FIT
Formation Integrity Test

Flange
A protruding rim extending completely around the tube or pipe with holes positioned to accept
bolts and having a sealing mechanism used to join pressure-containing equipment.

Flare Test
An expansion of the tube body when forced over a cone-shaped mandrel having a given tapered
angle and a given cone length. The specimen lengths of coiled tubing (approximately 4" in
length) are flared over a mandrel having a 60 included angle. For CT-90 Grade and lower, the
ID at the mouth of the tube is flared until it is expanded to at least 21% of original ID without
cracking.

Flaring
The controlled and safe burning of gas which cannot be used for commercial or technical
reasons.

Flaring and Venting
Flaring is the burning of hydrocarbon gases, and venting is the release of gases to the
atmosphere without burning.

Flash (OD/ID) | Flash |
A thin fin or web of metal formed at the joining edges of a weld when a small portion of metal
is extruded during the high frequency induction seam-forming process. This flash extends above
the plane of the OD surface as well as the plane of the ID surface.

Flash Free CT
Coiled tubing from which the inside longitudinal weld flash has been removed.

Flattening Test
A weld integrity test procedure which customarily uses a ring or crop end section from the tube,
positioning the weld either 0 or 90 degrees to the applied force, and flattening between parallel
plates without cracking or showing flaws.

Flaw
A discontinuity or irregularity in the tubular product.

Fleet Angle
The maximum lateral bending angle imposed onto the coiled tubing as seen at the entrance to
the tubing guide arch. After the injector and service reel are properly positioned, a reference line
is run from the center of the tubing guide arch through a point on the service reel located
midway between the reel flanges. The fleet angle is represented as the angle between the
reference line and a second line run from the entrance to the tubing guide arch to the wall of
either the reel flange, as measured along the same plane.

Flotel
The floating accommodation used as quarters for offshore personnel.

Flow Coupling
A heavy-walled nipple incorporated within the production tubing string designed to resist
erosion that may result from turbulence created by a restriction within the flow string.

Flow Cross
A pressure fitting with a minimum of four openings. Usually all four openings are oriented at 90
degrees to each other in the same plane. Crosses may be threaded, studded or flanged.

Flow Tee
A pressure fitting with the straight (run) segment sized to be full bore and the side outlet
(branch) sized to connect a high-pressure line. The flow tee is a well control stack component
typically used to provide the returns fluid outlet.

Flowing Bottomhole Pressure
The pressure existing at the depth of the producing formation in a wellbore flowing with a
constant rate of fluid production.

Flowing Wellhead Pressure
The pressure existing at the wellhead of a flowing well.

Fluid
A form of matter which cannot permanently resist a shearing force which causes flow. Also a
generic term meaning a gas, vapor, liquid or combinations thereof.

Fluid Analysis
Examination and testing of fluids to determine physical and chemical properties and condition.

Fluorescent Magnetic Particle Inspection
The magnetic particle inspection process employing a finely divided fluorescent ferromagnetic
inspection medium that fluoresces when activated by ultraviolet light and is used for the
detection of two-dimensional surface imperfections.

FMBK
Basket Flowmeter

FMCS
Continuous Spinner Flowmeter

FMDIP
Formation Dip Evaluation

FMF
Folding Impeller Flowmeter

FMI
Fullbore Micro Scanner

FMS
Formation Micro Scanner

FMS ANAL
FMS Analysis

FMT
Formation Multi-Tester

Foam
A two phase fluid system similar to an emulsion where the dispersed phase is a gas.

Foaming Agent
A substance that produces fairly stable bubbles at the gas-liquid interface due to agitation,
aeration, or ebullition. In air or gas drilling, foaming agents are added to turn water influx into
aerated foam, commonly called mist drilling.

FOB
Free on board.

FORM FAC
Formation Factor Analysis

Formation Damage
The reduction of permeability in the reservoir at the completion interval arising from invasion
of drilling fluids, treating fluids, or any fluid incompatibility with the native reservoir condition.

Formation Pressure
The pressure exerted by fluids within a formation, recorded in the borehole at the true vertical
depth of the formation with the well shut-in. Formation pressure may also be referred to as
"reservoir pressure" or "shut-in bottomhole pressure".

FOS
Fall-Off Survey

FOT
Fall-Off Test

FPI
Free Point Indicator

FPS
Floating Production System

FPSOV
Floating Production Storage And Offloading Vessel

FPV
Floating Production Vessel

Fractional Distillation
See Distillation.

Fractionating Column
See Distillation.

Fractionation
The general name for the process of separating a mixture into its constituents or fractions. See
also: absorption, adsorption, distillation.

FS
Fluid Sampler

FSC
Fail Safe Close

FSU | Floating Storage Unit |
A large moored chamber in which oil produced from an offshore production platform is stored
before being transferred to a tanker. See also: SBM (Single Buoy Mooring).

FT/HR
Feet Per Hour

Fuel Cell
An electric cell used to generate electrical energy from the reaction of a number of chemicals,
without the need for combustion and without producing noise or pollution. Can use natural gas
as a feed-stock.

Fuel Gas
Refers to gaseous fuels, capable of being distributed by pipeline, such as natural gas, liquefied
petroleum gas, coal gas and refinery gas.

Fuel Oils
The heavy oils from the refining process. used as fuel for power stations, industry, ships etc.
Futures (oil). The sale and purchase of oil at a price agreed upon in advance for delivery at a
future date. The seller may not yet have the oil and both buyer and seller are speculating on how
prices will change in the future.

Fugitive Emissions
Emissions which escape from a system which is intended to be closed.

Fulcrum
Utilizes the bending moment principle to create a force on the bit which counteracts the reaction
forces which tend to push the bit in a given direction

Function
Operation of a well control component, choke or kill valve, or any other component in one
direction. For example, closing the blind rams is one function and opening the blind rams is a
separate function.

Function Pressure Test
The pressure test which requires the well control component or flow control device to undergo
actuation to demonstrate its ability to effect a seal.

Fusible Plug
A plug or portion of the sub-surface safety valve (SSSV) surface control system which is
designed to melt in case of a fire, allowing the SSSV system failsafe features to activate.

Fusion
The melting together of base metal, or a base metal with a filler metal to produce a weld.

Fusion Zone
The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross-section of a weld.

FUT
Flushing Up To

FV
Funnel Viscosity

G/L
Gas Lift

GAL
Gallon

Gas
A state of matter, in which the molecules move freely and consequently the entire mass tends to
expand indefinitely, occupying the total volume of the container in which it is confined. A gas is
compressible, therefore, volume is dependent on the size and pressure exerted on the container.

Gas Cap
In a field containing both gas and oil, some gas will often collect at the top of the reservoir in a
single deposit, known as a gas cap.

Gas Cycling | Re-Cycling |
A process in which produced gas is re-injected into the reservoir after removal of the
condensate. This is to maintain the reservoir pressure and prevent condensate from
"condensing" in the reservoir and then becoming difficult to recover. This is called retrograde
condensation.

Gas Detector
An instrument to detect the presence of various gases, often as a safety precaution to guard
against flammable or toxic gases.

Gas Gathering System
A central collection point for offshore gasfields, with pipelines from a number of fields, often
owned by a number of different companies. From there, the gas is transported to a central
processing system onshore.

Gas Grid
The term used for the network of gas transmission and distribution pipelines in a region or
country, through which gas is transported to industrial, commercial and domestic users.

GAS GUN
Gas Gun Record

Gas Lift
A method of artificial lift in which the energy of compressed gas entrained within a column of
liquid is used to lift the fluid to the surface. This process of producing fluids from a well
incorporates the continuous or intermittent injection of gas through the tubing or the tubing
casing annulus to a point below the liquid level in the wellbore. The injected gas aerates the
fluid to reduce the exerted pressure at the formation consequently allowing fluids to flow from
the formation.

Gas Liquefaction
The process of cooling natural gas to a temperature of -162C, thereby reducing its volume by a
factor of 600, and making it liquid. The resulting LNG is then transportable by purpose-
designed ships (LNG carriers) or may be stored in tanks.

GAS LOG
Gas Log Analysis

Gas Metal-Arc Welding
The welding process that produces coalescence of metals through heat generated by an arc (or
arcs) created between a continuous consumable electrode and the work product. All gas used for
shielding during the welding process is externally supplied and may be pure inert gas or a
mixture of inert gases. Gas metal-arc welding does not require pressure, and the electrode
provides the filler metal.

Gas Oil
The medium oil from the refining process. used as a fuel in diesel engines, burned in central
heating systems and as a feedstock for the chemical industry.

Gas Processing
The separation of oil and gas, and the removal of impurities and natural gas liquids from natural
gas.

Gas Treatment
Removal of impurities, condensate, hydrogen sulphide and any liquids from the raw natural gas
contained in a gasfield.

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
The welding process that produces coalescence of the metals through heat generated by an arc
created between a single tungsten electrode and the work product. Gas tungsten arc welding
does not require pressure, and filler metal may or may not be used. Pure inert gas is used for
shielding during the welding process.

Gas Turbine
A turbine propelled by the combustion of a compressed mixture of natural gas and air, used for
power generation.

Gas Well
A borehole sunk into the ground with the objective of bringing natural gas to the surface.

Gas/Condensate Field
A reservoir containing both natural gas and oil, with a greater proportion of gas. Condensate
appears when the gas is drawn from the well, and its temperature and pressure change
sufficiently for some of it to become liquid petroleum.

Gas/Condensate Ratio
a) For a gas/condensate reservoir this is the ratio of the condensate to the gas. As for oil it can
be measured in scf per bbl. Alternatively the inverse is used and the typical units are bbl per
mmscf. b) For a dry gas field only the inverse is normally used. Typical units are again bbl per
mmscf, but grammes per cubic metre may well be used.

Gas/Condensate Reservoir
A reservoir in which neither natural gas nor crude oil is the predominant production stream. To
increase the recovery of the condensate, the gas may be re-cycled for the early years and
produced at a later date.

Gasfield
A field or group of reservoirs of hydrocarbons, containing natural gas, but insignificant
quantities of oil.

Gasification
The production of gaseous fuel from solid or liquid fuel.

Gasoline | Petrol |
The fuel used in cars and motorcycles etc (also known as petrol). Naturally occurring gasoline is
known as condensate.

Gate Valve
A valve which employs a sliding gate to open or close the flow passage. The valve may or may
not be full-opening.

Gatt
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Gauge Ball
A ball constructed from one of various materials which is supplied in a specified diameter and
pumped through the finished coiled tube to verify the minimum ID clearance.

Gauge Pressure
The pressure exerted on the interior walls of a containment vessel as indicated by the device
capable of measuring this pressure, commonly in units of psig or kpa. Absolute pressure is equal
to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

Gel
A semi-solid state of colloidal suspension in which shearing stresses below a certain finite value
fail to produce permanent deformation. The minimum shearing stress that will produce
permanent deformation is known as the shear or gel strength. Gels commonly occur when the
dispersed colloidal particles have a great affinity for the dispersing medium, i.

GEOGRAM
Geogram

GEOPH REC
Geophone Record

Geothermal Energy
Energy obtained from the heat below the Earth's surface.

Gigajoule | GJ |
The joule is a measure of energy. 1 gigajoule equals 1 billion joules. This is equivalent to
approximately 278 kilowatt hours, or the energy content of 25 liters of gasoil

Gigawatt
Thousand megawatts.

GJ
Gigajoule

GL
Gas Lift

GLC
Gas Lift Compression

GLM
Gas Lift Mandrel

GLOBAL
Global Analysis

Global Warming Potential | GWP |
GWP is a measure for the relative warming effect of releasing the same mass of greenhouse gas
into the atmosphere. One tonne of methane has 21 times the GWP of one tonne of CO2 over a
100 year period.

GLT
Geochemical Logging Tool Analysis

Gooseneck
The curved tubular connection located between the rotary hose and kelly swivel components of
a completion or drilling rig. Within the CT industry, gooseneck is sometimes used to refer to the
tubing guide arch.

Gouge
Elongated grooves or cavities caused by mechanical removal of metal.

GPIT
General Purpose Inclinometry Tool

GPM
Gallons per Minute

GR
Gamma Ray

Grade
Classification of tubing based on minimum yield strength, tensile strength and chemistry.

Gradient
Pressure exerted by a unit height of fluid column.

GRADIO
Gradiomanometer Sonde

Gravity
(Specific) The density expressed as the ratio of the weight of a specified volume of substance to
the weight of an equal volume of another standard substance. In the case of liquids and solids,
the standard used is fresh water. In the case of natural gas or other gaseous fluids, the standard
used is air.

Greenfield
Often used to refer to a planned LNG facility which must be built from scratch. without existing
infrastructure.

Greenhouse Gases | GHG |
Gas that contributes to the formation of an insulating blanket around the earth. Water vapour,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and halogenated hydrocarbons are the main GHGs.

GRING
Gauge Ring

Gripper Blocks
The traction system gripping mechanism used in chain drive injectors. The machined blocks are
applied to the coiled tubing with hydraulic rams which apply normal forces, when accounting
for the static coefficient of friction between the two surfaces, is sufficient to maintain control of
the tubing without slipping.

GST
Induced GR Spectrometry Tool

H2S
Hydrogen Sulfide

Halons
Halogenated carbon compounds used in fire extinguishing equipment and contributing to
stratospheric ozone depletion. There are United Nations agreements (Montreal Protocol) for the
phase-out of halons production.

Hardness
The measure of the material hardness as demonstrated by one of the following tests: Brinnell
Hardness: Material hardness determined as a measurement of the depth of residual penetration
of a test piece upon the surface of the material after a specified load is applied. The Brinnell
Hardness (HB) is determined with a ball pressure test using a steel ball having a diameter of 0.
413 inch (10. 5 mm) or 0. - Knoops Hardness: Material hardness readings taken with a
microhardness tester using a load of 1. - Microhardness:The hardness measured in a very small
area with a specified type of indenter that has a small specified load, relative to the standard
hardness tests described above. - Rockwell Hardness: Material hardness determined as a
measurement of the depth of residual penetration of a test piece upon the surface of the material
after a specified load is applied. A Rockwell B Hardness test (HRB) uses a steel ball having a 0.
0625 inch diameter (1. 59 mm) with an initial test force of 22 lbs (98 N) and a test force of 198.
- Vickers Hardness: Material hardness determined as a measurement of the depth of residual
penetration of a test piece upon the surface of the material after a specified load is applied. The
Vickers Hardness (HV) test uses a diamond pyramid having a four-sided surface and an apex
angle of 136 , conducted in accordance with DIN 50 133.

HAZOP
Hazard and Operability (Study)

HCIIP
Hydrocarbons Initially in Place

HDS
Hydrodesulphurisation

HDT
High Resolution Dipmeter

HDT ARROW
HDT Arrow Plot

HDT AZI
HDT Azimuth Plot

HDT BH
HDT Borehole Plot

HDT CLUSTER
HDT Cluster Plot

HDT FAST
HDT Fast Plot

HDT FREQ
HDT Frequency Plot

HDT POL
HDT Polar Plot

HDT SCHMIDT
HDT Schmidt Plot

HDT SODA
HDT Soda Plot

HDT STEREO
HDT Stereo Plot

HDT STICK
HDT Stick Plot

Heat Affected Zone
The zone directly adjacent to the weld fusion zone in a longitudinal seam weld, circumferential
tube-to-tube weld, and skelp-end weld. The mechanical properties in the heat affected zone
(HAZ) are affected by the resultant heat produced during the welding process.

Heat Treatment
A combination of heating and cooling operations, timed and applied to a metal or alloy in the
solid state in a way that will produce desired properties. Heating for the sole purpose of hot
working is excluded from the meaning of this definition.

Heaving
The partial or complete collapse of the walls of a borehole resulting from internal pressures due
primarily to swelling from water absorption or the formation of gas pressure (see Sloughing).

Heavy Fractions
Also known as heavy ends, these are the oils made up of the large molecules that emerge from
the bottom part of the fractionating column during oil refining.

Heavywall End | Thickwall End |
A term used in describing a segment of a tapered wall thickness coiled tubing string. The
"Heavywall End" is the heaviest or thickest wall thickness within the string. Note: Some tubing
strings may have heavy wall ends at both ends of the string.

Helical Buckling
Buckling in which the pipe forms a helix or spiral shape within a host conduit.

Hesitation-Squeeze Cementing
- The process of forcing cementing material under pressure into The desired areas with a final
pressure equal to or greater than The formation fracture pressure and with a final temperature
equal to The bottomhole static temperature.

HGR
Hanger

HGS
High Gravity Solids

HI-VIS
High Viscosity

High-Angle Hole
Generally conceded to be boreholes for which the inclination angle from vertical exceeds 50
degrees.

High-Frequency Induction Weld (Seam) | High Frequency Induction Weld |
A longitudinal seam weld produced through electric induction welding, where the heat for
welding is generated by resistance to flow of electric current, and the edges to be welded are
mechanically pressed together. This process does not use filler metal.

High Pressure Squeeze Cementing
- The forcing of cement slurry into the desired position with a final pressure equal to or greater
than the formation fracture pressure.

High Strength Low Alloy Steel
Low alloy steel forming a specific class in which enhanced mechanical properties and, in most
cases, good resistance to atmospheric corrosion are obtained by the incorporation of moderate
proportions of one or more alloying elements other than carbon. The preferred terminology is
"High Strength Low-Alloy" (HSLA) steels.

HMST
Hybrid Multiset Tester

Hole Azimuth Angle
The angle between north and the projection of the borehole axis onto a horizontal plane. Angle
is referred to either true north, magnetic north, or grid north.

Hole Curvature
Refers to the changes in inclination and direction of the borehole.

HRT
High Resolution Temperature Log

HSD
High Shot Density

HSE
Health And Safety Executive

HSG
Housing

HTHP
High Temperature High Pressure

HUD
Hold Up Depth

HWDP
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

HWO J ack | hydraulic workover jack |
The HWO (hydraulic workover) jack is comprised of two or more hydraulic cylinders which
provide the forces needed to deploy or retrieve the jointed tubing. The hydraulic jack is also
equipped with at least one set of stationary tube slips (located near the base of the jack) and a set
of traveling slips (located at the top of the jack). Piston rods exit the top of the hydraulic
cylinders and manipulate the position of the traveling slip assembly.

Hydrate
A hydrocarbon and water crystalline substance which form in gas gathering and compression
systems or in wellbores under reduced temperature and pressure. In appearance, hydrates
resemble snow or ice.

Hydraulic Control Manifold
A system of valves and piping used to control the flow of hydraulic fluid for the operation of
hydraulic power components (typically the well control stack).

Hydraulic Horsepower | HHP |
Power term typically calculated as the product of liquid circulation rate (in gallons per minute)
and differential pressure (in psig), divided by the value 1,714 (constant).

Hydrocarbon
Any compound or mix of compounds, solid, liquid or gas, comprising carbon and hydrogen
(e.g. coal, crude oil and natural gas).

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons | HCFCs | HCFC |
Cooling agents which are an alternative to the more ozone depleting CFCs, but which are also
GHGs.

Hydrocracking
See Cracking.

Hydrodesulphurisation | HDS |
Process to remove sulphur from molecules, using hydrogen under pressure and a catalyst.

Hydrogen
The lightest of all gases, occurring chiefly in combination with oxygen in water. Hydrogen
combines with carbon to form an enormous variety of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons.

Hydroskimming Refinery
A refinery with a configuration including only distillation, reforming and some hydrotreating.

Hydrostatic Head
The pressure which exists at any point in the wellbore due to the weight of the column of fluid
above that point.

Hydrostatic Testing
A proof test method wherein the test segment is filled with liquid and held at high pressure for a
specified period of time.

Hydrotreating
Usually refers to the hydrodesulphurisation process, but may also be applied to other treating
processes using hydrogen.

I.D.
Inner Diameter

I/P
In Places

IATA
International Air Travel Authority

ICE
Independent Completions Engineering

ICON
Intelligent Completions on the Net

ICV
Injection Check Valve

ID
Inside Diameter

IDPH
Phasor Induction Log Deep

IEA | International Energy Agency |
Established in 1974 to monitor the world energy situation, promote good relations between
producer and consumer countries and develop strategies for energy supplies during times of
emergency.

IES
Induction Electrical Survey

IF
Internalflush

IFO
Injection Fall Off survey

Igneous Rocks
Rocks formed from the solidification of molten magma.

II
Injectivity Index

ILD
Induction Log Deep

ILM
Induction Log Medium

Impeder
A ferrite cylinder placed inside the tube at the weld point to control the electrical impedance of
the local weld area.

Imperfection
A discontinuity or irregularity in the tubular product. Also commonly referred to as a flaw.

IMPH
Phasor Induction Log Medium

Impression Block
A lead block which is run into a well and dropped onto the top of lost tools or other fish to
obtain an impression of the top profile of the obstruction or fish lost in the hole.

Inadequate Flash Trim
A condition in which height of the weld flash after trimming exceeds the limits set in the
specification to which the tube was manufactured.

Inboard
The segment of the coiled tubing which is spooled in close proximity to the drum of the service
reel.

INC
Inclination

Incident
An unplanned event or chain of events which has, or could have caused injury or illness and/or
damage to the environment, third parties or company assets.

Inclination
The angle of the wellbore as measured from a true vertical reference.

Inclination Survey
A survey to obtain the angle through which the bit was deflected from the vertical during
drilling operation. Usually implies a survey where no azimuth readings are taken.

Inclusion
Particles of non-metallic impurities, usually oxides, sulfides and silicates that are mechanically
held within steel during and after solidification.

Incomplete Fusion
Lack of complete coalescence of some portion of the metal in a weldment. Typically referred to
as "lack of fusion".

Incomplete Penetration
A condition where the weld metal does not continue through the thickness of the work.
Typically referred to as "lack of penetration".

Indication
A deviation of a non-destructive test inspection device from baseline and exceeding a specified
threshold level set by a test imperfection that is caused by a material change which may or may
not be considered as a discontinuity or defect. In non-destructive test usage, an indication
requires prove-up.

Induction
The magnetism induced in a ferromagnetic body by an outside magnetizing force.

Inelastic
A liquid, e.g. , a condition of matter in which the molecules move freely but are restricted by
gravitation.

Inert Gas
A chemically inert gas, resistant to chemical reactions with other substances.

Inflow Performance Relationship
The relationship of flowing bottomhole pressure to the gross liquid producing rate for a
particular well.

Inhibitor
(Corrosion) Any agent which, when added to a system, slows down or prevents a chemical
reaction or corrosion. Corrosion inhibitors are used widely in drilling and production operations
to prevent corrosion of metal equipment.

Injector
The equipment component which is used to grip the continuous-length tubing and provide
forces and control for tube deployment into and retrieval out of the wellbore. Designs for
injector tubing gripper systems include opposed counter-rotating chains, sheave drive, arch-
chain roller, and single-chain opposed grippers.

Inside Diameter
The distance between the inside tube walls as measured along a line bisecting the tube cross-
section. The inside diameter (commonly referred to as ID) is a specified dimension of the tube,
typically defined in inches or millimeters.

Inspection
The process of examining materials and tubes for possible defects and imperfections or for
deviation from established standards.

Internal Yield Pressure
An internal pressure which produces a stress in the tube equal to the specified minimum yield
strength, based on the specified outside diameter and wall thickness.

Interruptible Gas
Gas made available under agreements permitting the termination or interruption of delivery by
the suppliers, usually for a limited number of days in a specific period. The opposite is "firm
gas".

IOR
Improved Oil Recovery

IPIECA
International Petroleum Industry Environmental and Conservation Association.

IPR
Inflow Performance Relationship

ISF
Induction Spherical Focused Log

ISPH
Phasor Induction Log Shallow

ITBP
Injection Tubing-Head Pressure

ITF
Industry Technology Facilitator

IWC
Intelligent Well Completions

J ack-Up Vessel
An offshore drilling or well service structure with tubular or derrick legs that can be moved
vertically to lift and support the deck and hull above the water level.

J acket
The structure used to support an offshore steel production platform.

J ar
A percussion tool that operates on a mechanical or hydraulic principle and is designed to deliver
a impact to objects in which it is attached within the borehole. J ars are typically used for the
purposes of freeing stuck objects within the borehole during fishing operations or imparting a
jarring motion to downhole devices. The design of the jar often permits impacts to be delivered
in either a downward or upward direction, with control being effected at the surface.

J ar Accelerator
A hydraulic or pneumatic tool used in conjunction with a jar. The accelerator is made up in the
fishing string above the jar and serves to provide free travel of the jar rod once the restriction is
released. The free travel of the jar rod increases the magnitude of the jarring impact delivered to
the fish.

J B
J unk Basket

J C
J et Cutter

J CGR
J unk Catcher Gauge Ring

J et Nozzle Port
A fluid flow port in a wash nozzle, drill bit or similar tool.

J etting
The action of causing erosion by fluid impingement on the formation.

J IP
J oint Industry Project

J TS
J oints

J unk
Refers to metal debris lost in a borehole. J unk may be lost tools, pieces of wire, or any relatively
small object that impedes activity to the extent that it must be removed from the hole.

J unk Basket
A fishing tool run into the wellbore when it is necessary to retrieve small parts or lost tools.

K/O
Kick Off

Kelly
The square or hexagonal-shaped steel pipe connecting the swivel to the drill pipe. The kelly
moves through the rotary table and transmits torque to the drillstring.

Kerogen
A bituminous material occurring in certain oil shales which yield a type of oil when heated.

Kerosine | Kerosene |
A medium-light oil from the oil refining process intermediate between gas oil and gasoline.
used for lighting and heating and as fuel for jet and turbo-prop aircraft engines.

Kick
Intrusion of formation liquids or gas into the wellbore. This influx of fluids commonly results in
an increase in pit volume or an increase in observed wellhead pressure.

Kill
To control a kick by taking suitable preventive measures (e. g. , to shut in the well with the
blowout preventers, circulate the influx of fluids out of the wellbore, and increase the weight of
the fluids to render it incapable of flowing).

Kill Line
A high-pressure fluid pump line run between the pumps and some point below a well control
component. This line allows fluids to be pumped into the well or annulus with the well control
component closed.

Killed Steel
Steel treated with a strong deoxidizing agent such as silicon or aluminum used to reduce the
oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during
solidification.

Kilocalorie
A thousand calories. A unit of heat used in the chemical processing industry.

Kilowatt Hour | KWh |
Unit of measurement in electric power. One kilowatt hour is equivalent to 0.0949 cubic metres
of gas.

KLB
1000 Pounds

KLBS
1000 Pounds

Knocking
A metallic rattling sound in an engine caused by a mismatch between the fuel characteristics
and the engine's design, particularly its compression ratio, resulting in pre-ignition (also known
as 'pinking').

Knuckle J oint
A deflection tool placed above tools within the workstring that employs a ball-type universal
joint, allowing the toolstring to be deflected at an angle.

L.I.B
Lead Impression Block

L/D
Lay Down

L/O
Lay Out

L/OUT
Lay Out

Ladle Analysis
The term applied to the chemical analysis representative of a heat of steel and is typically one of
the analyses reported to the purchaser. The ladle analysis is determined by analyzing (for such
elements as have been specified) a test ingot sample obtained from part of the heat during the
pouring of the steel from a ladle.

Laminar Flow
Fluid elements flowing along fixed stream lines which are parallel to the walls of the channel of
flow. In laminar flow, the fluid moves in plates or sections with a differential velocity across the
front which varies from zero at the wall to a maximum at the center of flow.

Lamination
An internal metal separation creating layers generally parallel to the surface.

LAT
Lowest Astronomical Tide

LCM
Lost Circulation Material

LDL
Litho Density Log

LDSA
Lock Down Seal Assembly

LDT
Litho-Density Tool

Lean Gas | Dry Gas |
Gas with relatively few hydrocarbons other than methane. The calorific value is typically
around 1,000 Btu per scf, unless there is a significant proportion of non-hydrocarbon gases
present.

Levelwind
Mechanism used to control the position of the coiled tubing on the tubing wrap as it is spooled
off and onto the service reel.

LGS
Low Gravity Solids

Licence Block
A section of continental shelf area bounded by latitude and longitude lines, generally at one
degree intervals, and subdivided into smaller areas. The 'licences' are sold to companies giving
them oil exploration rights.

Licence Round
A period during which a state offers and then allocates a number of specified areas within its
national boundaries to oil companies.

Lift Frame
A structural device used support the injector and well control stack on floater rig operations.
The lift frame is suspended by the traveling block, which is motion compensated to maintain
position and weight of the drill string or riser within the derrick.

Lifting Sub
A short piece of pipe with a pronounced upset (or shoulder) on the upper end which is screwed
into drill collars to provide a positive grip for the elevators.

Light Crude
Crude oil with relatively high proportions of light fractions, and low specific gravity.

Light Fractions
The low molecular weight, low boiling point fractions that emerge from the upper part of the
fractionating column during oil refining.

Lightering | Lightening |
A ship-to-ship cargo transfer operation to enable a vessel to enter a draft-restricted port.

Lightwall End | Thin Wall End |
A term used in describing a segment of a tapered wall thickness coiled tubing string. The
"Lightwall End" is the lightest or thinnest wall thickness within the string.

Limestone
A type of sedimentary rock rich in calcium carbonate. Limestone sometimes serves as a
reservoir rock for petroleum accumulations.

Line Pack
The ability to increase the amount of gas in a pipeline by increasing the pressure above the
normal pressure of the system, but still within a safe limit. Used as a method of peak or diurnal
storage.

Linear Imperfection
Linear discontinuities or irregularities which include, but are not limited to, seams, laps, cracks,
plug scores, cuts, and gouges.

Liner
Partial length of pipe string extending between the bottom of a borehole to an elevation above
the bottom of the previous casing string. Liners perform the same function as production casing
in sealing off productive zones and water-bearing formations. Liners may or may not be
cemented in place.

Liquid
A substance which flows readily, does not tend to expand indefinitely like a gas, assumes the
form of its container while retaining its independent volume, and has form which can be seen
and felt.

Liquid Penetrant Inspection
A nondestructive method for determining the presence of two-dimensional and small three-
dimensional surface-breaking flaws wherein a dyed fluid is allowed to be absorbed by surface
tension into the flaw and leached out with a developer. This process is used for weld inspections
and prove-up inspections.

LITHOPLOT
Litho-Porosity Plot

Live Oil
Crude oil that contains gas and has not been stabilized or weathered.

LKDC
International Association of Drilling Contractors

LL
Laterolog

LLD
Laterolog Deep

LLM
Laterolog Medium

LLS
Laterolog Shallow

LNG | Liquefied Natural Gas |
Natural gas that for ease of transport has been liquefied by cooling to approximately minus
161C at atmospheric pressure. Natural gas is 600 times more bulky than LNG.

LNG Carrier
A tanker specially designed to carry LNG, fitted with insulated pressure tanks made of stainless
steel or aluminium. The load is refrigerated to -162C.

LNG Terminal
A receiving station for LNG shipments, typically with storage and regasification facilities.

LNG Train
An LNG plant comprises one or more LNG trains, each of which is an independent unit for gas
liquefaction. It is more cost-effective to add a train to an existing LNG plant, than to build a
new LNG facility (known as a greenfield project), because infrastructure, such as ship terminals,
does not have to be built for a new LNG train.

LNR
Liner (Pump)

LNS
LASMO North Sea Plc

LO-VIS
Low Viscosity

Load Factor
The ratio of the average load to the peak load during any particular period.

Load-On-Top
A system of cleaning tanks in an oil tanker by collecting washings in one 'slop' tank, allowing
the water to separate from the oil, then discharging the clean water overboard, leaving the oil
residues in the tank and minimising pollution at sea.

LOC
Locally

Log
A detailed record of the physical nature of formations and/or fluids contained within formations
penetrated during drilling operations. Data recorded may consist of electrical, radioactive or
acoustic surveys, descriptions of borehole cuttings, core analysis, or any other physical
correlation with depth.

LOG EVAL
Log Evaluation

LOG INJ ECT
Injection Log

LOGPLOT
Wireline Log Display

Longitudinal Imperfection
An imperfection which has its principal direction or dimension in the approximately
longitudinal direction.

Lost Circulation
A condition which occurs when the fluid pressure within the wellbore acting at the formation
face exceeds reservoir pressure, resulting in loss of fluids from the wellbore into the formation.
This loss of fluids into the formation may result in reduced or interrupted fluid circulation at the
surface.

Lost Time Injury | Lost Time Injuries | LTI |
The sum of injuries resulting in Fatalities, Permanent Total Disabilities, Permanent Partial
Disabilities and Lost Workday Cases, but excludes Restricted Workcases and Medical
Treatment Cases.

Lost Time Injury Frequency | LTIF |
The number of Lost Time Injuries per million exposure hours worked during the period.

LOT
Leak Off Test

Low Pressure Squeeze Cementing
- The forcing of cement slurry into the desired position with a pressure less than the formation
fracture pressure.

LPG | Liquefied Petroleum Gas |
LPG consists of propane, butane or a mixture of the two which may be wholly or partially
liquefied under pressure in order to facilitate transport and storage. LPG can be used for cooking
and heating or as an automotive fuel.

LPR
Lower Pipe Rams

LRA
Lower Riser Assembly

LTA
Lost Time Accident

LTI
Lost Time Injury

LTOBM
Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud

LTRS
Liters

Luboil
Lubricating oil used to grease and ease the working of mechanical joints and moving parts.

M
Million (10^6) or thousand (10^3)

M/U
Make Up

M/UP
Make Up

MAASP
Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure

MAC
Multipole Array Acoustilog

Magma
The molten material that makes up the Earth's crust. When extruded onto the Earth's surface and
cooled it becomes igneous rock.

Magnetic Particle Inspection
An inspection process that requires magnetizing of the material and applying a prepared
magnetic powder which adheres to the test specimen along lines of flux leakage. Magnetic
particle inspection also shows the existence of surface and subsurface non-uniformities.

Majors
The world's largest privately / publicly owned oil companies (Shell, Exxon, Texaco, Mobil,
Chevron and BP). National oil companies can be much larger.

Malleability
The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal when the metal is subjected to
rolling. A highly malleable metal can be rolled into thin sheets easily.

Manifold
An assemblage of pipe, valves, and fittings by which fluid from one or more sources is
selectively directed to various systems or components.

Marine Riser
A pipe that connects an offshore platform to a sub-sea wellhead or pipeline for drilling or
production purposes.

Martensite
An unstable constituent in quenched steel, formed without diffusion and only during cooling
below a certain temperature. The structure is characterized by its acicular appearance on the
surface of a polished and etched specimen. Martensite is the hardest of the transformation
products of austenite.

Mast
The steel tower component of a drilling or well servicing rig which supports the crown block,
traveling block and hoisting lines and is capable of being raised as a unit. Derricks and masts
may be stationary structures normally requiring dismantling and disassembly when moved from
location to location or may be portable with the capability of being laid down and raised to and
from ground level fully assembled.

Master Coil
The wide coil of skelp that is originally supplied by the manufacturer of the skelp. The master
coil is then slit into several narrower coils of skelp, each of the appropriate width for the
manufacture of the specified coiled tubular products.

Master Valve
A large, produced fluid control valve located in the vertical run of the christmas tree. The master
valve is usually positioned as the lower-most flow control valve and is used to open or close the
well.

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
The maximum pressure permissible by the ASME Code in any component other than a pipe line
during normal operation or static conditions.

Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure
The highest pressure calculated to be encountered at the surface of the well. Typically, the
"anticipated surface pressure" prediction is obtained by subtracting the hydrostatic pressure
exerted by a column of given fluid within the wellbore from the static reservoir pressure.
However, the "maximum anticipated surface pressure" prediction assumes that the hydrostatic
pressure is derived only from a column of dry gas within the wellbore acting against the static
reservoir pressure.

MBT
Methylene Blue Test

MCCV
Multi Cycle Circulating Valve

MDBRT
Measured Depth below Rotary Table

MDC
Monel Drill Collar (Non-Mag)

MDRKB
Measured Depth Below Rotary Kelly Bushing

MDRT
Measured Depth Rotary Table

MDST
Mudstone

MDT
Modular Formation Dynamics Tester

Measured Depth
Actual length of the wellbore as measured from surface to a specified depth.

Mechanical
Utilizes bottomhole orienting equipment which is not normally part of the conventional drill
string to aid deviation control. This equipment acts to force the bit to turn the borehole in
inclination.

Mechanical Properties
Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied,
or that involve the relationship between stress and strain (for example, the modulus of elasticity,
tensile strength and fatigue limit). These properties have often been designated as "physical
properties", but the term "mechanical properties" is preferable.

MED
Medium

Mercaptans
Strong-smelling compounds of carbon, hydrogen and sulphur found in gas and oil. Sometimes
added to natural gas for safety reasons.

MEST
Micro-electrical Scanner Tool

Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks changed considerably from their original structure and form by the action of heat and / or
pressure.

Meter
A mechanical device for automatically measuring and recording quantities of gas.

Methane (CH4) | Methane |
A GHG. Conventionally not included in the category of gases called volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).

Methanol | Methyl Alcohol |
An alcohol used as a raw material in a wide range of industrial and chemical processes.

Metric Ton | Metric Tonne |
See ton(ne)

MFC
Multi-Finder Caliper

MFCT
Multi Finger Caliper Log

MFE
Multi Flow Evaluator

MG
Magnesium

Migration
The movement of liquids or gases within the pore spaces of the formation or vertically within
the flow pathways of the borehole or wellbore.

Mill
A tool configured with a rough, sharp and extremely hard cutting surface used for removing
metal or resistive materials by grinding, cutting or chipping.

Mill Scale
An oxide of iron which forms on the surface of hot steel.

Milled Length
Single length of CT created during the continuous HFI milling operation of a tubing
manufacturer. A milled length of tubing may include a number of lengths of skelp having a
single wall thickness or several lengths of skelp having various specified wall thicknesses.

Milliard
Synonymous with billion (10^9).

Minimum Internal Yield Pressure
The lowest pressure at which permanent deformation of the pressure containing vessel or tube
will occur.

MINU
Micro Inverse

MIRV
Multi Id Reverse Tool

MIS
Multiparameter Spetroscopy Instrument (MSI)

MJ | MMJ |
Megajoule. equivalent to one million watts.

ML
Mud Line

MLL
Micro-Laterolog

MLT
Multi-Layer Test

MMBBL
Million barrels.

MMBTU
Million British thermal units.

MMSCF
Million standard cubic feet.

MMSCF/D
Million standard square feet per day.

MNC
Multi-National Company

MNOR
Micronormal

MOD
Moderately

Moderate Angle Wellbore
Generally conceded to be wellbores which have an inclination from vertical between 20 degrees
and 50 degrees.

Module
A package of plant and equipment for installation, or installed, on an offshore platform.

Modulus of Elasticity
The ratio of the unit stress to the unit strain of a structural material, resulting in a defined slope
for the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve in mechanical testing. The tensile or compressive
elastic modulus is called "Young's modulus". the torsional elastic modulus is known as the
"shear modulus" or "modulus of rigidity".

MOL
Main Oil Line

Molecule
The smallest particle to which a compound can be reduced without losing its chemical identity.

MONITOR
Monitor Record

Monomer
A single molecule which can be chemically joined into long chains known as polymers.

Montmorillonite
A clay mineral commonly used as an additive to drilling fluids. Sodium montmorillonite is the
main constituent in bentonite. The structure of montmorillonite is characterized by a form which
consists of a thin platy-type sheet with the width and breadth indefinite, and thickness that of the
molecule.

MOVOILPLOT
Moveable Oil Plot

MOVS
Mechanical Operated Valves

MPBT
Mechanical Plug-Back Tool (through-tubing plug)

MPR
Middle Pipe Rams

MRT
Multi Rate Test

MSA
Multi-Straddle Assembly

MSCF
Thousand standard cubic feet.

MSFL
Microspherical Focused Log

MSI
Multiple Spectroscopy Instrument

MSL
Mean Sea Level

MSRV
Multi Stage Relief Valve

MSS
Multi Shot Survey

MT
Metric Tonne

MTT
Multi-Isotope Tracer Log

Mud
The liquid circulated through the wellbore during drilling operations. In addition, to its function
of bringing cuttings to the surface, drilling muds cool and lubricate the bit and drill stem, protect
against blowouts by holding back subsurface pressure, and deposit a mud cake on the wall of
the borehole to prevent loss of fluids to the formation.

Mule Shoe
A shaped form resembling a mule shoe or that of the end of a pipe cut both concave and
diagonally which is used on the bottom of orienting tools to position the tool. The shaped end
forms a wedge which causes the tool to rotate when lowered into a mating seat for the mule
shoe.

Multi-National Company | MNC |
A company with investments and operating activities in many countries around the world.

Multi-Phase Flow
The flow of fluids in which gas and liquids are commingled.

MUST
Multiple Shut In Tool

MWD
Measurement While Drilling

N/D
Nipple Down

Nafta
North American Free Trade Agreement: its members currently comprise Canada, Mexico and
the United States.

Naphtha
A range of distillates lighter than kerosine. used as feedstock for motor gasoline production and
the chemical industry (e.g. ethylene manufacture).

Natural Gas
A mixture of generally gaseous hydrocarbons and varying quantities of non-hydrocarbons that
exist either in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs.
Natural gas consists mainly of methane (80%) and significant proportions of ethane, propane
and butane. There will always be some condensate and/or oil associated with the gas. The term
is also used to mean treated gas which is supplied to industrial, commercial and domestic users
and meeting a specified quality.

NBS
Near Bit Stabiliser

NCNL
Near Count CNL

NDL
Neutron Depth Log

Near-Bit Stabilizer
A stabilizer placed in the bottomhole assembly and located in close proximity to the bit.

Neat Cement
A slurry composed of portland cement and water.

Necking Down
The narrowing or constriction into a smaller cross-sectional area, which occurs at a localized
place on a tensile test piece while it is being pulled.

Needle Valve
A valve having a tapered gate that rests in a tapered orifice and used for extremely fine
regulation of flow.

Netback
The value of gas sold to the customer at the burner-tip, less the cost of transportation through
the pipeline system and cost of production.

NEU
Neutron Log

Newtonian Fluid
The basic and simplest fluids from the standpoint of viscosity consideration in which the shear
force is directly proportional to the shear rate. These fluids will immediately begin to move
when a pressure or force is applied. Examples of Newtonian fluids are water, diesel oil and
glycerine.

NFL
Nuclear Flowlog

NGL | Natural Gas Liquids |
There is no precise definition. NGLs are essentially those hydrocarbons which can be extracted
in liquid form from natural gas as produced. Typically ethane, LPG, and Pentanes will be the
predominant components, but there will be some heavier hydrocarbons present.

NGS
Natural Gamma Ray Spectra

NGT
Natural Gamma Ray

NGT RATIO
NGT - Ratio Display

Nitrogen Oxide | NOx |
A general term for nitrogen oxide gases. These are produced by combustion and contribute to
the formation of smog and acid rain.

NL
Neutron Log

NMDC
Non Magnetic Drill Collar

NML
Nuclear Magnetism Log

NMPDC
Non Magnetic Pony Drill Collar

NOL
Noise Log

Non-Associated
Sometimes called unassociated gas. Dry gas that is not associated with oil in a productive
reservoir, or where only gas can be produced economically.

Non-Newtonian Fluid
A fluid whose consistency is a function of shear stress, and the shear rate-shear stress
relationship is non-linear. The non-Newtonian class of fluids can be further divided in pseudo-
plastic, dilatant, Bingham plastic, and thixotropic categories. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids
are highly viscous and complex polymers, drilling mud gels, cement, high-density sand slurries
and foam.

Nondestructive Testing
Inspection to detect internal, surface and concealed defects or flaws in materials using
techniques that do not damage or destroy the items being tested.

Normal Circulation
The smooth, uninterrupted circulation of fluids pumped down the tubular conduit within the
wellbore, up the annular space between the tube and the borehole, and back to the surface.

Normalize
A heat treatment of steel whereby the steel is heated to a temperature above the upper critical
temperature to achieve transformation to austenite and then allowed to cool in still air to a
temperature substantially below the lower critical temperature.

NPHI
Neutron Porosity

NPLC
Nuclear Porosity Lithology Log

NPT
Non Productive Time

NRDPP
Non-Rotating Drill Pipe Protector

O.D.
Outer Diameter

O/PULL
Overpull

O/SHOT
Over Shot

OAJ
Orientation Adapter J oint

Oapec
Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

OBDT
Oil Base Mud Dipmeter

OBM
Oil Based Mud

OCC
Occasional

Occupational Illness
A work-related abnormal condition or disorder, other than that resulting from a work injury,
caused by, or mainly caused by, exposures at work. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or
diseases which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion or direct contact.

OCT
Orientation Check Tool (Trees)

Octane Number
A measure of the resistance to pre-ignition (which leads to knocking) of a gasoline.

OD
Outside Diameter

Odorant
Substance such as mercaptan with a characteristic smell, added to odourless natural gas or
NGLs when they are used as fuel, in order to enable detection.

ODT
Oil Down To

OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, based in Paris.

OECT
Orientation and Elevation cheek Tool

OEDP
Open End Drill Pipe

Off-Peak
The period during a day, week, month or year when the load being delivered by a gas system is
not at its maximum volume.

Offtake
The point in a gas distribution system where gas is taken by supply pipe to a major consumer.

Ofgas
Office of Gas Supply, the UK gas industry regulator.

OGITF
Oil & Gas Industry Task Force

Oil Gasification
The conversion of petroleum into gas to be used as a fuel.

Oil In Place | OIP |
The estimation of the real amount of oil in a reservoir, and so a higher figure than the
recoverable reserves of the reservoir.

Oil Shale
A compact sedimentary rock impregnated with organic materials (mainly kerogen) which yields
oil when heated.

OIM
Offshore Installation Manager

OIP
Oil In Place

Olefins
A class of hydrocarbons, including ethylene and propylene, of particular importance as
feedstock to the chemical industry. See also: polypropylene.

OODT
Original Oil Down To

OOWC
Original Oil Water Contact

OPEC
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Formed in 1960, its member countries are
Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates and Venezuela.

Open Hole
Borehole in which casing or liner has not been set.

Opening Ratio
The ratio of the well pressure to the hydraulic actuation pressure required to operate the well
control component.

Operator
A company, organisation or person with the legal authority to drill wells and extract
hydrocarbons. A drilling contractor may be employed to undertake the drilling itself. The
operator is often part of a consortium, and acts on its behalf.

OPS
Operations

Orientation
The process of positioning a deflection tool within the wellbore so that it faces in the direction
necessary to achieve the desired direction and drift angle for a directional hole.

OSVS
Overpressure Safety Valve And Sampler

OTC
Offshore Technology Conference

OTM
Offshore Technology Management

OTT
One Way Travel Time

Outside Diameter
The distance between the outside surface of the tube walls as measured along a line bisecting
the tube cross-section. The outside diameter (commonly referred to as the OD) is a specified
dimension of the tube, typically defined in inches or millimeters.

Ovality
The term used to represent the physical condition of a tube which has assumed an oval
geometry. The calculation used to quantify ovality is obtained by dividing the maximum
difference in outer diameter tube measurements (taken about the circumference) by the specified
diameter of the tube. Ovality is generally represented as a percent change in tube roundness.

Overpull
The tension load applied on the tubing in excess of the buoyed load of the tubing string and
tools hanging below the injector (CT) or jointed tubing lift mechanism. Overpull loads are the
combined loads resulting from tubing-to-pipe friction and anticipated axial downhole service
loads.

Overshot
A fishing tool which is lowered over the stuck pipe or fish and affixes itself to the outside
diameter of the stuck pipe or fish through a frictional grip. The overshot is the female
counterpart of a spear.

OWC
Oil Water Contact

Oxide
In the steel industry, this term usually refers to oxide of iron, of which there are three principal
types: FeO, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3. In addition, there are many mixtures of these oxides which form
on the surface of steel at different temperatures and give the steel different colors, such as
yellow, brown, purple, blue and red. Oxides must be thoroughly removed from the surface of
steel objects which are to be coated.

Ozone
A reactive form of oxygen. In the stratosphere it acts as filter for ultraviolet radiation but is
destroyed by CFCs and halons. At ground level it is produced by reactions between VOCs and
NOx, and as a constituent of photochemical smog, it is an irritant and can cause breathing
difficulties.

P/P
Pin Pin Sub

P/T
Pressure Test

P/TEST
Pressure Test

P/TOOL
Pulling Tool

PA
Public Address

Pack-Off
The process by which a pressure isolation device is installed and activated within the wellbore
such that it forms a seal between the concentric tubulars.

Packed-Hole
Utilizes the hole wall to minimize bending of the bottomhole assembly.

Packer
Downhole equipment consisting essentially of a sealing device, a holding or setting device, and
an inside passage for fluids. The packer is used to block the flow of fluids through the annular
space between the tubing and the wall of the wellbore (or between tubing and casing) by sealing
off the space between them.

PAL
Pipe Analysis Log

Paraffin
UK name for a premium kerosine. used in lamps and space heaters.

Passivating
Immersion of steel in an acid bath to remove surface impurities and to render the surface
passive.

PBR
Polished Bore Receptacle

PBTD
Plug Back Total Depth

PBU
Pressure Build Up

PC
Pipe Cutter

PCA
Post Completion Audit

PCNT
Percent

PCT
Production Combination Tool

PDC
Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts

PDK
Pulsed Decay Log

PDL
Petrophysical Data Log

PEA
Production Engineering Association

Peak Load
The maximum load produced or consumed by a unit in a stated period of time.

Peak Lopping
See peak shaving.

Peak Shaving
Increasing the normal supply of gas from another source during emergency or peak periods.

Pendulum
The basic principle involved is gravity or the "plumb-bob effect".

Penetrameter
A small steel shim of known thickness with machined holes of a calculated size used to
determine the sensitivity of the radiographic inspection technique.

PERF
Perforations

Perforating
The act of making holes in pipe, cement, or formation at desired depths (usually formed with an
explosive device utilizing bullets or shaped charges).

Permeability | Magnetic Permeability | Reservoir Rock Permeability |
Magnetic permeability is the ratio of the magnetic induction to the intensity of the magnetizing
field. Reservoir Rock Permeability The measure of the ability of a rock to transmit fluids. The
unit of measurement for permeability is the Darcy.

Petrochemical
A chemical derived from petroleum or natural gas (e.g. benzene, ethylene).

Petroleum
The general name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas and NGLs. The name is
derived from the Latin oil, oleum, which occurs naturally in rocks, petra.

PEX
Platform Express

PFO
Pressure Fall-Off

PGB
Permanent Guide Base

Photovoltaics
Generation of electricity from the sun using man-made light-sensitive cells.

PI
Productivity Index

Pig
A device used for cleaning a pipeline or separating two liquids being moved down the pipeline.
It is inserted into the pipeline and carried along by the flow of oil or gas. An 'intelligent pig' is
fitted with sensors which an check for corrosion or defects in the pipeline.

PIL
Phasor Induction Logs

Pinhole
A short, unwelded area in the weld line extending through the entire tube thickness so that fluid
will leak out through the area very slowly. Although an incorrect term, the CT industry
sometimes uses "pinholes" to describe fatigue cracks which have penetrated through the tube
wall.

Pinking
See Knocking.

Pipe Body Yield Load
The axial tension load (in the absence of pressures or torque) which produces a stress in the tube
equal to the specified minimum yield strength in tension.

Pipe Ram
The rams in a well control stack which are designed to seal around coiled tubing to close and
isolate pressure in the annular space below the rams.

Pipe/Slip Ram
The rams in a well control stack which are designed to provide the functions of both a pipe ram
and a slip ram in one ram body.

Pipeline
A tube for the transportation of crude oil or natural gas between two points, either offshore or
onshore.

Pipeline Capacity
The amount of oil or gas required to keep a pipeline full, or the amount that can be passed
through a pipeline over a given period of time.

Pit
An irregularly-shaped depression resulting from the removal of foreign material rolled into the
surface during manufacturing.

PIVOT
PIVOT Perforations

Plasma Arc Welding
The welding process that produces coalescence of metals through heat generated by a
constricted arc created between a continuous consumable electrode and the work product, or the
continuous consumable electrode and a constricted nozzle. The gas used for shielding during the
welding process is provided by the hot ionized gas discharging from the torch and may be
supplemented by additional pure inert gas or a mixture of inert gases. Plasma arc welding may
or may not use pressure in creating the weld, and the electrode provides the filler metal.

Plastic Deformation
Permanent distortion of a material under the action of applied stresses.

Plastic Viscosity
A measure of the internal resistance to fluid flow attributable to the amount, type and size of
solids present in a given fluid. It is expressed as the number of dynes per square centimeter of
tangential shearing force in excess of the Bingham yield value that will induce a unit rate of
shear. This value, expressed in centiPoise, is proportional to the slope of the consistency curve
determined in the region of laminar flow for materials obeying Bingham's law of plastic flow.

Plasticity
The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.

Platform
A fixed for floating offshore structure from which wells are drilled. Drilling platforms can
become production platforms once the wells are producing oil.

Platforming
A catalytic reforming process using a platinum catalyst.

PLQL
Production Logging Quicklook Analysis

PLT
Production Logging Tool

Plug And Abandon
The process of permanently sealing off an uneconomic completion interval, wellbore sections or
a dry hole by placement of a cement plug or plugs.

Plug Back
To place cement or other material at or near the bottom of a well to exclude bottom water or to
perform other operations such as sidetracking or producing from another depth.

Plug Valve
A valve whose mechanism consists of a plug with a through-bore hole oriented along the same
axis as the direction of fluid flow. Turning the plug 90 opens or closes the valve. The valve may
or may not be full-bore opening.

PNDS
Pounds Sterling

POH
Pull Out Of Hole

Poissons Ratio
The ratio of the lateral or perpendicular strain to the longitudinal or axial strain.

Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts | PDC | PDCs |
Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts (PDCs) are industrial diamonds used for drilling bits.

Polyethylene
A polymer formed by the joining of ethylene molecules. one of the most important plastics.

Polymer
A complex compound in which single molecules (monomers) are chemically joined together in
long chains (e.g. plastics).

Polypropylene
A polymer formed by joining propylene molecules. See also: olefins.

POOH
Pull Out Of Hole

Porosity (Reservoir Rock) | Porosity |
The percent of void space in a formation rock usually expressed as percent voids per bulk
volume. Absolute porosity refers to the total amount of pore space in a rock, regardless of
whether or not that space is accessible to fluid penetration. Effective porosity refers to the
amount of connective pore spaces, i.

Porosity (Welding) | Porosity |
Voids in a metal, usually resulting from shrinkage or gas entrapment occurring during
solidification of a weldment.

Possible Reserves
An estimate of possible oil and/or gas reserves based on geological and engineering data from
undrilled or untested areas.

Pour Point
The temperature below which an oil tends to solidify and will no longer flow freely.

POWER DEN
Power Density

Power Fluid
Pressurized hydraulic fluid dedicated to the operation of mechanical functions.

POWER SPEC
Power Spectrum

Power Supply | Prime Mover |
The equipment component which provides all of the power requirements to operate the coiled
tubing unit. This power supply is typically provided with hydraulic power.

PPB
Pounds Per Barrel

PPG
Pound Per Gallon

PPM
Parts per million.

PPS
Packer Setting Record

PRESS
Pressure Survey

Pressure
The force exerted by one body on another, either by weight (gravity) or by the use of power.
Measured as force over area, such as newtons per cubic metre.

Pressure Gauge
An instrument for measuring fluid pressure. A pressure gauge usually registers the difference
between atmospheric pressure and the pressure of the fluid being measured by indicating the
effect of such pressure on a measuring element (such as a column of liquid, a bourdon tube, a
weighted piston, a diaphragm, or other pressure-sensing devices).

Pressure Survey
An operation designed to measure and record the pressures at various depths in the wellbore
with the well either producing or shut-in. The pressures may be measured and recorded by
memory tools installed within a self-contained unit run on slickline or with tools which transmit
data immediately to surface through electrical conductors (electric wireline) within the wireline
cable.

Pressure Test
The process of performing an internal pressure test on any device or containment vessel
required to perform services with internal pressure present.

Primary Barrier
The primary barrier is the means which allows the coiled tubing and HWO services to be
performed in underbalanced conditions. Coiled tubing and HWO service units are designed to
operate with surface well pressure present. Therefore, the primary barrier for coiled tubing and
HWO services is the "well control stack", which includes the stripper assembly and the multi-
ram well control assembly.

Primary Recovery
The recovery of oil and gas from a reservoir using only the natural pressure of the reservoir
itself to force the oil or gas out. See also: secondary and tertiary recovery.

Probable Reserves
An estimate of oil and/or gas reserves based on penetrated structures, but needing more
advanced confirmation to be classified as proven reserves.

Produced Water
Water naturally present in the reservoir or injected into the reservoir to enhance production,
produced as a co-product when oil is produced.

Project Finance
A method of financing in which the lender has a claim to receive loan repayments only out of
the revenues earned by the project he helped finance. In this type of finance, the lender has no
recourse to the borrower's other assets.

Propane | C3H8 | C3 |
A hydrocarbon, small quantities of which are found in natural gas, consisting of three carbon
atoms and eight hydrogen atoms. a gas under normal conditions. Used as automotive fuel and
for cooking and heating purposes. At atmospheric pressure, propane liquefies at -42C. See
also: LPG.

Proportional Limit
The greatest stress a material is capable of sustaining without a deviation from the law of
proportionality of stress and strain. If the load is removed for any stress up to this point, the
material will assume its original dimension.

Propylene | Propene |
An olefin consisting of a short chain of three carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. a very
important base chemical for the chemical and plastics industries.

Prove-Up
In non-destructive testing practices, the act of using several nondestructive methods in
accordance with written procedures for the location, assessment and measurement of
imperfections detected during full body nondestructive examination of a tube.

Proven Reserves
The quantity of oil and gas estimated to be recoverable from known fields under existing
economic and operating conditions.

PROX
Proximity Log

PRSM
PRISM Log

PS
Plug Setting

PSD
Packer Setting Depth

PSI
Pounds per Square Inch

PSIA
Pounds per Square Inch Atmosphere

PSIG
Pounds per Square Inch Gauge

PTD
Planned Total Depth

Pulling Force
The maximum tensile force that the injector can apply to the CT above the stripper at the
hydraulic operating pressure recommended by the manufacturer.

PUNCH
Puncher

Purchase Order
A legal contract between a buyer and a seller.

PV
Plastic Viscosity

PVT
Pressure Volume Temperature

Q
Flow Rate

QSFMT
Quartz Selective Formation Tester

Quality
The suitableness of the material used to construct the tube or component for the purpose or
purposes for which it is intended.

R.H. WALK
Right Hand Walk

R/P
Run/pull

R/T
Running Tool

R/TABLE
Rotary Table

R/TOOL
Running Tool

R/UP
Rig Up

RA
Radioactive

RAM
Radioactive Marker

Raw Natural Gas
Natural gas containing impurities and unwanted substances such as. water, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen sulphide gas and helium. Before the gas is marketed, these are removed.

Reamer
Tool employed to smooth the wall of a wellbore, enlarge the borehole, stabilize the bit, and
straighten the wellbore where kinks or doglegs are encountered.

Reaming
The operation of enlarging the borehole. Reaming can be used to enlarge an undersized
borehole or to remove obstructions and return the borehole to its original ID size.

Recommended Practice
A standard to facilitate the broad availability of proven sound engineering and operating
practices. The Recommended Practice (RP) is generally non-mandatory unless specified by the
customer or by a government agency.

Recoverable Reserves
The proportion of hydrocarbons that can be recovered from a reservoir using existing
techniques.

Reduction of Area
The difference between the original cross-sectional area and that of the smallest area at the point
of rupture. usually stated as a percentage of the original area (also called "contraction of area").

Reef Effect
The increase in marine life on and around an offshore structure.

Reel Core Radius
The smallest bend radius imposed onto the coiled tubing when spooled onto the service reel or
shipping reel.

Reel Swivel
The high-pressure component which connects the stationary piping to the coiled tubing and is
used to direct fluids into or out the tubing on the service reel. The reel swivel is mounted either
on the axial hub of the service reel or on the reel frame at a point which corresponds to the axis
of reel rotation.

Reference End
The reference end of the coiled tubing string is the end of the tubing segment which is intended
to be connected to the reel with a high-pressure fitting.

Reference Standard
A tube containing machined notches or holes used to establish a baseline for comparison and
standardization of non-destructive test inspection equipment. This section of material contains
one or more reference discontinuities used for standardizing the inspection equipment.

Refinery
A complex of facilities where crude oil is separated into light or heavy fractions, which are then
converted into useable products or feedstocks.

Refining Energy Index
A measure of energy efficiency in refineries, equal to the actual fuel consumption divided by the
theoretical fuel consumption taking account of refinery configuration and utilisation times
100.

Reforming
A process which improves the anti-knock quality of gasoline fractions by modifying the
molecular structure. When achieved by heat and pressure the process is known as thermal
reforming, and as catalytic reforming when aided by a catalyst. See also: Knocking.

REG
Regular

Regulator
(Pressure) A hydraulic device that reduces or regulates upstream supply pressure to a desired
pressure. It may be manual or remotely operated and, once set, will automatically maintain the
regulated output pressure unless reset to a different pressure.

Relevant Indication
An indication resulting from a discontinuity in the tube.

Renewable Energy
Energy resources that are continually available or can be replenished (e.g. solar, wind, wave,
biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal).

REP
Repair

Reportable Illness
All identified occupational illnesses are reportable.

RES
Resistivity Logs

Reserves
See proven reserves, probable reserves, possible reserves and recoverable reserves.

Reserves-to-Production Ratio
For any given well, field or country. The length of time that reserves would last if production
continued at its current rate, at the current level of technology.

Reservoir
(Geology) An accumulation of oil and/or gas in a porous rock such as sandstone. A petroleum
reservoir normally contains three fluids (oil, gas and water), which separate into distinct
sections, owing to their varying gravities. Gas occupies the upper part of the reservoir as it is the
lightest, oil the middle section, while water and rocks occupy the lower section. (Hydraulics) A
storage tank for control fluids used to operate the well control components and other
hydraulically-actuated devices.

Reservoir Rock
The porous rock containing interconnected pores or fissures in which oil or gas may be found.

Residual Bend
The post-bend cycle deflections along the longitudinal axis of the coiled tube body which are
the result of unbalanced stresses within the tube body material after all bending loads have been
removed.

Residue
The heavy, non-volatile components of crude oil that flow from the bottom of the fractionating
column during fractional distillation.

Resin
Solid or semi-solid mixture of complex substances, with no definite melting point.

Reverse Circulate
The method by which the normal flow of a fluid is reversed by circulating down the borehole
through the annulus and back up to surface through the tubing conduit.

RFT
Repeat Formation Tester

RGB
Rotary Guide Base

Rheology
The study of the deformation and flow of matter.

Rich Gas
Gas which is predominantly methane but with a relatively high proportion of other
hydrocarbons. Many of these other hydrocarbons would normally be separated out as NGLs.

Rig
The derrick, drawworks and attendant surface equipment of a drilling or workover unit.

Rigidity
Usually refers to the stiffness or flexibility characteristics of a bottomhole assembly or an
element thereof.

RIH
Run In Hole

Riser
The assembly of high-pressure tubing sections which are installed within the well control stack
to space out equipment components or provide the desired length of pressurized tube to allow
deployment of long tool segments in pressurized wellbores.

RKB
Rotary Kelly Bushing

RNG
Running

Roll-On Type
Connection which incorporates a machined insert mandrel designed to fit inside the CT. The
mandrel is machined with circular recesses or "furrows" which serve as the force loading
shoulders for the connection. The connector is secured to the CT body by means of
mechanically yielding the tube into machined groove recesses on the mandrel.

Rolled-In Slug
A foreign metallic body rolled into the metal surface, usually not fused.

Root Face
The surface which is perpendicular to the tube axis between the bevel and the inside surface of
the tube. Also referred to as "land" or "root land".

ROP
Rate Of Penetration

Rotary Shoulder Connection
Tool joint and similar connections where the mating surface is the shoulder and not within the
threads.

ROV
Remote Operated Vehicle

RPI-X
Retail price index minus x (x is a variable): a price-setting formula used in the UK.

RPM
Revolutions Per Minute

RTE
Rotary Table Elevation

RTS
Radio Tracer Survey

RTTS
Retrievable Through Tubing Set (Packer)

S/BY
Stand By

S/T
Shoetrack

Sales Gas
Raw gas, after processing to remove LPG, condensate and carbon dioxide. Sales gas consists of
methane and ethane.

Sand Pump
A cylindrical tool with a plunger inside and a valve at the bottom which is used to remove solids
and accumulated debris from within the wellbore.

SAS
Seismic Acquisition Survey

SAT
Seismic Acquisition Tool

Satellite
Subsea completion installation, including the template.

SBBP
Static Bottom-Hole Pressure

SBL
Segment Bond Log

Scab
Also known as "mill scab". An imperfection in the form of a shell or veneer, generally attached
to the surface by sound metal. It usually has its origin as an ingot defect.

SCF
standard cubic feet.

SCM
Sub Sea Control Module

SCR
Slow Circulation Rates

Scrubbing
The process of purifying a gas or liquid by washing it in a contact vessel.

SCSSSV
Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valve

SDT
Array Sonic (Sonic Digital Tool)

Secondary Barrier
The secondary barrier is the means which provides a contingency for maintaining well control
in the event the primary barrier is unable to function properly. For coiled tubing and HWO
service units, the secondary barrier may include additional surface well control components or
kill weight fluids.

Secondary Recovery
The recovery of hydrocarbons from a reservoir by increasing the reservoir pressure by injecting
gas or water into the reservoir rock. See also: primary and tertiary recovery.

Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks laid down by the accumulation of sediments at the bottom of a sea, lake or swamp over
millions of years.

SEIS CALIBR
Calibrated Log

SEIS CPI
Seismic Computer Processed Analysis

Seismic Survey
A method of establishing a detailed subsurface structure of rocks, by detecting and measuring
the reflection of acoustic shock waves from the various layers of rock. It is used to locate
potential oil or gas bearing structures before drilling. Modern data processing enables the
generation of 3D images of these underground structure. See also: acoustic log, air gun,
anticline, syncline.

SEM
Sub Sea Electronics Module

Send-Out
The quantity of gas delivered by a plant or system during a specified period of time.

Sensitivity
The size of the smallest discontinuity detectable by a nondestructive test method with a
reasonable signal-to-noise level.

Service Reel
A cylindrical-shaped core drum typically fabricated from steel and bounded by parallel flanges
mounted transverse to the core for use in storing and transporting coiled tubing. The service reel
is generally equipped with a self-contained hydraulic drive system to control rotation of the reel,
an onboard hydraulic levelwind apparatus, and onboard high-pressure piping which connects to
the coiled tubing through a high-pressure rotating swivel. The diameters of the cylindrical core
and boundary flanges will vary relative to the tube diameter and length to be spooled onto the
reel.

Service String
The construction of a specific length of coiled tubing used for concentric well intervention
operations.

SFC
Surface

SFLA
Spherical Focused Log Averaged

SFLU
Spherical Focused Log Unaveraged

SFT
Selective Formation Tester

Shall
Denotes requirements which must be satisfied or performed in order to comply with
specifications dictated by regulatory agencies.

SHDT
Stratigraphic High Resolution Dipmeter

Shear Ram
The rams in a well control stack which are designed to mechanically separate the coiled tubing
which is located at the point directly across the shear ram position.

Shear/Seal Ram
The rams in a well control stack which are designed to provide the functions of both a shear ram
and a blind ram in one ram body.

Ship
To-Ship Transfer|STS The transfer of crude oil or products from one ship to another while both
are at sea.

Shipping Reel
A cylindrical-shaped piece of equipment fabricated from wood or steel and used to store and
ship coiled tubing. The reel consists of the cylindrical core and parallel flanges mounted
transverse to the core. The diameters of the internal core and flanges vary accordingly to the
tube diameter and length.

SHORT
Single Shot Hydrostatic Overpressure Reverse Tool

Should
Denotes a recommended practice (1) where safe, comparable alternative practices are available,
(2) that may be impractical under certain circumstances, or (3) that may be unnecessary under
certain circumstances.

Shoulder
(Make-Up) Flat surface at the extremities of rotary pins and boxes lying at right angles to the
longitudinal axis of the connection. When pin and box are fully engaged, the shoulders are
forced together and provide a seal which prevents leakage into or out of the connection.

Shut-In
To close valves on a well to halt the flow of fluids to the surface.

Shut-In Bottomhole Pressure
The pressure observed as the bottom of a wellbore when the well is completely closed to flow.

Shut-In Tubing Pressure
The pressure observed at the wellhead when the well is not flowing.

Shut-Off Valve
A valve that closes a hydraulic or pneumatic supply line.

Sidetrack
An operation performed to redirect the wellbore by starting a new hole at a position above the
bottom of the original hole.

SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Signal Analysis

Single Buoy Mooring | SPM | SBM |
Also known as single point mooring (SPM), this consists of a single floating chamber moored
near an offshore production platform to serve as a connection to a tanker. It has no storage
capacity. See also: FSU (Floating Storage Unit).

SIP
Selective Inflow Performance

SITHP
Shut In Tubing Head Pressure

SL
Spectrolog

Slag Inclusions
Non-metallic solid material entrapped in the weld deposit or between weld metal and base
metal.

SLIMKONE
Perforations

Slip Cut
Transverse indentation or mark made in drill pipe or tubing by rotating it in the slips. Such cuts
may develop fatigue cracks.

Slip Ram
The rams in a well control stack which are equipped with tubing slips that, when engaged,
prevent upward and downward movement of the coiled tubing but do not isolate pressure or
control flow.

Slip Type
Connection which requires the use of a slip or grapple-type load ferrule placed on the OD of the
tube body. The load ferrule is typically constructed with sharp "spiraled" teeth which secure the
ferrule onto the CT body. The load ferrule is mechanically wedged onto the coiled tubing OD
during connection make-up.

Sloughing
The partial or complete collapse of the walls of a borehole resulting from incompetent,
unconsolidated formations, high angle repose, and/or wetting along internal bedding planes.

SLS
Long spaced Sonic

Slug Catcher
Plant installed in a gas pipeline system to catch unwanted "slugs" of liquid.

SN
Short Normal

SNP
Sidewall Neutron Log

Snubbing
Condition for working tubing through an energized stripper, where wellbore pressure applied
against the cross-sectional area of the tube creates an upward acting force greater than the
weight of the tubing in the wellbore. In this condition, mechanical assistance is required to
apply thrust to the tubing while injecting or to maintain control of the tubing when extracting.
This condition is commonly called "pipe-light operations".

Snubbing Force
The maximum compressive force the injector can apply to the coiled tubing immediately above
the stripper at the hydraulic operating pressure recommended by the manufacturer.

SOFC
Solid oxide fuel cell

Solution Gas
Natural gas which is dissolved in the crude oil within the reservoir.

Solvent
Common name for a liquid which is capable of dissolving or dispersing other substances.

SONIC
Sonic unspecified

Sour Gas
Natural gas containing significant quantities of hydrogen sulphide. Sour gas is usually treated
with triethanolamine to remove the unwanted elements.

Sour Oils
Oils containing high levels of hydrogen sulphide or mercaptans. Treatment of such oils to
convert them to marketable products is known as sweetening.

Source
The origin of radiation such as an x-ray tube or radioisotope.

Sox
Sulphur oxides

SP
Spontaneous Potential

SPE
Society of Petroleum Engineers

Spear
A fishing tool which is designed to stab inside of lost or stuck pipe within the wellbore. This
stabbing action creates an internal friction grip sufficient to recover the fish. The spear is the
male counterpart of an overshot.

Specific Gravity
The ratio of the density of a substance at a particular temperature to the density of water at 4C.

Specified Wall Thickness
Published wall thickness values for coiled tubing. Note that actual wall thicknesses may differ
from the specified wall thickness due to engineering tolerances and imperfection removal.

Speed
The rate at which the tubing is deployed or retrieved during the prescribed service. The speed of
the tubing movement is typically stated in terms of "feet per minute" or "meters per minute".

SPF
Shot Per Foot

SPI
Stuck Point Indicator

Spill
A spill is any unexpected loss to water or land of crude oil, condensate, feedstocks,
intermediates, products, brine or processed materials, irrespective of the amount recovered. This
excludes any spill which is wholly contained by an impervious surface. All spills exceeding
100kg must be reported.

SPL
Simultaneous Production Logs

SPM
Stroke Per Minute

Spool
The total length of "as manufactured" coiled tubing product which is placed either on the
service or shipping reel for storage and/or transport. A spool may contain one or more coiled
tubing "strings".

Spooling
The act of transferring tubing from one reel to another by means of unwinding the payout string
and rewinding the take-up string, or from the injector to the service reel.

Spooling Radius Ratio
The ratio of the radius of the service reel or shipping reel to the radius of the coiled tube. This
ratio is used in determining the minimum recommended bending radius when spooling coiled
tubing onto the reel.

Spot Market
An international market in which oil or oil products are traded for immediate delivery at the
current price (the 'spot price').

SPRO
Surface Pressure Read Out

Spume
Small particles of metal ejected from the welding "vee" during the high frequency induction
welding operation as a result of electromagnetic forces produced by the weld current. Spume
tends to take the form of very small, spherical particles of metal and refractory oxides. If spume
is deposited on the weld pressure rolls, it can become rolled into the tube surface.

SQL
Seismic Quicklook Analysis

SQPERF
Squeeze Gun Perforations

Squeeze Cementing
Refers to a secondary cementing job where cement is pumped through tubing to a specific
location within the wellbore to seal off holes or undesired flow paths within the wellbore.

SRPL
Surface Recorded Pressure Log

SRT
Step-rate injection Test

SSARV
Single Shot Annulus Operated Reverse Valve

SSD
Sliding Side Door

SSSV
Sub Surface Safety Valve

ST
Sidetrack

STAB
Stabiliser

Standard
A prescribed set of voluntary rules, conditions, or requirements concerned with the definition of
terms. classification of components. delineation of procedures. specification of dimensions.
construction criteria, materials, performance, design or operations. measurement of quality and
quantity in describing materials, products, systems, services, or practices. or descriptions of fit
and measurement of size.

Stenching
The process whereby odourless natural gas is given a smell for safety reasons by injecting small
quantities of organic sulphur compounds, typically at the rate of 30 ppm. See also odorant.

Stiff Wireline
Term commonly used to refer to a string of coiled tubing with electric wireline installed internal
to the string. This service string is designed to perform basic logging services.

STKS
Strokes

STOIIP
Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place

Storage Facilities
For natural gas, these fall naturally into two categories, according to the IEA. The first is
seasonal storage sites, which comprise aquifers (including depleted oil and gasfields). salt
caverns. mined caverns. and disused mines. For peak storage, gasholders - originally used to
store town gas - and linepacking are used. In addition, LNG storage tanks exist for either
baseload or peak-shaving duties, depending on the market. of organic sulphur compounds,
typically at the rate of 30 ppm. See also odorant.

Stored Hydraulic Fluid Volume
The fluid volume recoverable from the accumulator system between the maximum designed
accumulator operating pressure and the precharge pressure.

Straight-Run
A description applied to a product of crude oil that has been made by distillation with no
chemical conversion.

Straightener
A mechanical device used to remove the residual bend in coiled tubing. A straightener is
typically constructed of opposed rollers which are adjusted to create a reverse bend in the coiled
tube sufficient to straighten the tube prior to entering the wellbore. On some injector designs,
the straightener is located directly below the tubing guide arch, where other injectors locate the
straightener directly above the stripper.

STRATDIP
Stratigraphic Dip Evaluation

Stratigraphic Trap
A hydrocarbon trap formed at the time the sediments were laid down and where the
hydrocarbons are enclosed as a result of a change from porous to non-porous rock, rather than
by structural bending or faulting of rock layers.

Stress
The load per unit area.

Stress Relieving
A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by heating the object to a suitable
temperature and holding at that temperature for the prescribed time to produce the desired
effect. This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses induced by cold working or welding.

STRG
String

String
The makeup of a specific length of coiled tubing used for well intervention or other concentric
wellbore operations.

Stripper
A device with a resilient elastomeric element used to effect a seal in the annulus. This device is
used primarily to isolate well pressure from the atmosphere when injecting or extracting the
coiled tubing in pressurized wellbores.

Stripping
Condition for working tubing through an energized stripper, where wellbore pressure applied
against the cross-sectional area of the tube creates an upward acting force less than the weight of
the tubing in the wellbore. In this condition, mechanical assistance is required to support the
tensile load of the tubing and maintain control when injecting or extracting. This condition is
commonly called "pipe-heavy" operations.

STRK
Side-track

Structural Trap
A hydrocarbon trap formed by the distortion of layers of rock by movements in the Earth's crust.
See also: fault.

STS
Ship-To-Ship Transfer

Sub-Surface Safety Valve | SSSV |
A device installed in the production tubing in a well below the wellhead and designed to prevent
uncontrolled well flow when actuated. These devices can be installed and retrieved by wireline
and pump-down methods or may be installed as an integral part of the tubing string.

Sulphur Dioxide | SO2 |
Contributes to acid rain and other air quality problems such as arctic haze formation.

Surge
The increase of pressure in a liquid filled wellbore due to the interaction of the wellbore liquids
in contact with the concentric pipe and tools when the tubing and attached tool string are moved
downward within the wellbore. The drag forces created through the relative motion of the liquid
and the tube generate an increased wellbore pressure similar to that of equivalent circulating
density.

Sustainable Development
The meeting of present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.

SV
Safety Valve

Swab
The decrease of pressure in a liquid filled wellbore due to the interaction of the wellbore liquids
in contact with the concentric pipe and tools when the tubing and attached tool string are moved
upward within the wellbore. The drag forces created through the relative motion of the liquid
and the tube generate an decrease in wellbore pressure.

Swab Valve
The uppermost valve in a vertical line on the christmas tree, always located above the
production flow-tee or flow-cross.

SWC
Sidewall Coring

Sweet Gas
Natural gas containing very small amounts of hydrogen sulphide gas and carbon dioxide. Sweet
gas reduces sulphur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

Sweetening
See Sour oils.

Swing
The amount by which the rate of gas to be supplied under a contract at any one time may differ
from the daily contracted quantity at the buyer's choice.

Swivel J oint
Metal pipe fittings equipped with one or more elbows and integral ball-bearing points of
rotation which provides a means to assemble surface piping systems in any orientation as
required.

SWL
Safe Working Load

SWN
Sidewall Epithermal Neutron Log

SWP
Safe Working Pressure

Syncline
A fold in layered rock in the form of a dip or bowl. See also: anticline.

SYNTH
Synthetic Seismogram

SYNTH AC IMPED
Synth. Seismogramm Acoustic Impedance

SYNTH BLACK
Synth. Seismogram Black

SYNTH LAND
Synth. Seismogram Land

SYNTH MAR
Synth. Seismogram Marine

Synthetic Gas
Methane-rich gas manufactured from oil or coal that has the same basic characteristics and
chemical composition as natural gas. After treatment to remove carbon dioxide, it is suitable as
low-calorific town gas.

System Pressure Test
The integrity test used to verify the ability of the pipe and pressure containment equipment in
service to maintain a pressure seal.

T/D
Tonnes per day.

T/Y
tonnes a year.

TA
Temporary Abandonment

TAC
Technology Advisory Committee

Take-or-Pay
A contractual clause obliging a gas buyer to pay the seller for a contracted amount of gas in a
fixed period, whether or not he takes physical delivery of it.

Tally
Measured record of the total length of pipe, casing, or tubing that is to be run into a well.

Tapered String
Coilde Tubing: A coiled tubing string manufactured with a constant outside diameter and
variable wall thicknesses within the length of the spooled tube. The tapered string may be
constructed (1) as a continuously-milled string incorporating multiple, single wall thickness
skelp segments joined using skelp-end welds, (2) as a continuously-milled string incorporating
single wall thickness skelp segments with continuously-tapered skelp segments joined using
skelp-end welds, or (3) continuously-milled coiled tubing segments of single wall thickness
joined to other finished tube segments of increased wall thickness using the tube-to-tube
welding process. J ointed: A string of tubing assembled for deployment into the wellbore with
segments of the string comprised of tubing joints having either a variable ID, variable OD, or
both.

Tar Sands
Mixture of sand, water and heavy hydrocarbons. a potential alternative source of hydrocarbons.

TBBP
Through Tubing Bridge Plug Setting

TBG
Tubing

TBRT
Tubing Hanger Running Tool

TC
Tubing Cutter

TCE
Trichloroethane

TCF
Trillion (10^12) cubic feet.

TCP
Tubing Conveyed Perforation

TCRT
Tree Cap Retrieval Tool

TCS
Through Tubing Caliper Sonde

TD
Top Drive

TD CONV
Time Depth Conversion

TDS
Top Drive System

TDT
Thermal Decay Time Log

TEL
Tubing End Locator

Telescoping J oint
A device used in the marine riser system of a mobile offshore drilling rig to compensate for the
vertical motion of the rig caused by wind, waves, or weather.

TEMP
Temperature Survey

Tensile Strength
The maximum tensile stresses which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is
calculated using the maximum load observed during a tension test (carried to rupture) divided
by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.

Tensile Test
Test which is used to determine the actual tensile strength of the tube. The tensile test involves
cutting a section of tubing, carefully measuring the cross-sectional area, mounting the tube
section within a tensile test fixture and applying a tensile load onto the tube sufficient in
magnitude to pull the tube to destruction. The load at which the specimen breaks is divided by
the original cross-sectional area to obtain the ultimate tensile stress or strength.

Tensioner System
A system of devices installed on a floating offshore drilling rig to maintain a constant tension on
the riser pipe despite any vertical motion made by the rig.

Terajoule | TJ |
One trillion (10^12) joules.

Terminal
An onshore transit installation that receives and stores crude oil and products from offshore
production facilities via pipeline and / or tankers.

Tertiary Recovery
Recovery of hydrocarbons from a reservoir over and above what can be recovered using
primary and secondary recovery. It usually means employing a sophisticated method such as
heating the reservoir or enlarging the pore spaces using chemicals. See also: acidizing.

TFL
Through Flow Line

TGB
Temporary Guide Base

TGT
Tubing Geometry Log

Third-Party Access | TPA |
A TPA regime obliges companies operating gas transmission or distribution networks to offer
terms for the carriage of gas on their systems by other gas distribution companies or particular
consumers.

THP
Tubing Head Pressure

Thread Type
Connection which is secured onto the CT with threads. This connection requires that the end of
the CT be threaded to mate with the connector threads.

THROT
Tubing Hanger Running and Orientation Tool

THRT
Tubing Hanger Running Tool

TIME
Time Log

TLC
Tough Logging Conditions

TNEU
Thermal Neutron Log

TNS
Thomson North Sea

TOC
Top Of Cement

TOL
Top Of Liner

Tolerance
The permissible deviation from the specified value.

Tonne | Ton |
A metric measure of weight: 1 tonne equals 1000 kilograms (kg). 1 kilotonne equals 1000
tonnes.

Tonnes of Coal Equivalent | TCE |
A method of assessing the work or calorific value of different sources of energy in terms
pertaining to one tonne of coal.

Tonnes of Oil Equivalent | TOE |
A method of assessing the work or calorific value of different sources of energy in terms
pertaining to one tonne of oil.

Tool String
An assembly of downhole tool components used to perform specified service(s) within the
wellbore during the operation.

Top Drive
A device similar to a power swivel that is used in place of the rotary table on a drilling rig to
turn the drill stem. Hung from the hook of the traveling block, a top drive also suspends the drill
stem in the hole and includes power tongs. Modern top drives combine elevators, tongs, swivel
and hook.

TOPD
Top Drive

Torque
In engineering mechanics usage, a torque often refers to the torsional or twisting moment or
couple which tends to twist a rigidly fixed object, such as a shaft, about an axis of rotation.
Torque is generally measured in Lb-ft or meter-Newtons.

Torsion
Strain created by twisting action. The stress within the material resisting the twisting.

Torsional Strength
The maximum torque (twisting force) above which tubular goods or any other device will suffer
permanent dimensional change or fracture.

Total Depth | TD |
The maximum measured depth of the wellbore.

Total Reportable Case Frequency | TRCF |
The number of Total Reportable Cases per million exposure hours worked during the period.

Total Reportable Cases | TRC |
The sum of fatalities, permanent total disabilities, permanent partial disabilities, lost workday
cases, restricted work cases and medical treatment cases (first aid cases are excluded).

Total Reportable Occupational Illness | TROI |
The number of occupational illnesses. Any identified occupational illness is to be included, even
if no lost/restricted workdays are involved and/or no medical treatment is given.

Total Reportable Occupational Illness Frequency | TROIF |
The number of Total Reportable Cases per million exposure hours worked during the period.

Town Gas
Gas piped to consumers from a gas plant. It can comprise manufactured gas, as well as natural
gas for enrichment.

TPA
Third-Party Access

Traction
The maximum axial traction force that the injector can apply to push or pull the coiled tubing. A
gripping force normal to the coiled tubing axis must be applied to the OD of the coiled tubing
body.

Transition Point
The point on the tapered coiled tubing string where tubing segments of different wall
thicknesses are joined together.

Transmission
The transport of large quantities of gas at high pressures, often through national or regional
transmission systems. From the latter, gas is transferred into local distribution centres, for
supply to customers, at lower pressures.

Transmission Pipeline
A network of pipelines distributing natural gas from an onshore station, via compressor stations,
to storage centres or distribution points.

Transverse
Literally means "across", usually signifying circumferential in direction.

Trap
A geological structure in which hydrocarbons build up to form an oil or gas field. See also:
structural trap.

TRC
Total Reportable Cases

TRCF
Total Reportable Case Frequency

Trichloroethane | TCE |
A solvent, when vaporised contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion. It is being phased out
under the Montreal Protocol. (see also CFCs, Halons and HCFCs)

Trip
Coiled Tubing: The event which describes the complete deployment and retrieval of a segment
of coiled tubing. Specifically, a trip occurs when an identified point on the coiled tubing string
(originally on the service reel) is spooled off, deployed below the stripper into the wellbore and
subsequently retrieved back onto the reel. J ointed Tubing: The event which describes the
complete deployment and retrieval of a string of jointed tubing. Specifically, a trip occurs when
an identified point on the tubing string is deployed into the wellbore and subsequently retrieved
back to surface.

TRO
Test Rack Opening (Pressure)

TROI
Total Reportable Occupational Illness

TROIF
Total Reportable Occupational Illness Frequency

TRSSSV
Tubing Retrievable Sub Surface Safety Valve

True Vertical Depth
The depth within a given borehole as measured vertically from the surface reference.

TT
Technology Transfer

TTBP
Through Tubing Bridge Plug

TTRBP
Through Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug

TTT
Two-Way Times

TTWO
Through Tubing Workover

Tube-To-Tube Weld
A circumferential seam weld used to join two segments of tube together. Tube-to-tube welds
may be performed using gas metal arc welding, plasma arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding or
a combination of such welding processes and shall be made in accordance with qualified
welding procedures.

Tubing Guide Arch
The equipment component which provides support of the continuous-length tube and guides the
tubing from the service reel through a bend radius (ranging from 45 to as much as 180 ) prior to
entering the injector gripping mechanism. In general, the tubing guide arch incorporates a series
of upper and lower rollers which center the tubing as it travels over the guide arch. The number,
size, material, and spacing of the rollers varies significantly with different tubing guide arch
designs.

Turbulent Flow
Fluid flow in which the velocity at a given point changes constantly in magnitude and direction
of flow. This fluid flow pursues erratic and continually varying courses.

TVD
True Vertical Depth

TVDRKB
True Vertical Depth Below Rotary Kelly Bushing

TVDSS
True Vertical Depth Sub Sea

UBI
Ultrasonic Borehole Imager

UKCS
United Kingdom Continental Shelf.

ULCC
Ultra-Large Crude Carrier

Ullage
The space in a tank not occupied by its contents. Used as a measure of storage space still
available.

Ultrasonic Testing
A nondestructive inspection method which uses compression and shear waves in the frequency
range 2. 25 - 10 MHZ to detect and size material imperfections. In coiled tubing, ultrasonic
testing is used for wall thickness measurements or prove-up of imperfections.

UMC
Underwater Manifold Center

Unbundling
The separation of the gas transport, storage and merchandising functions.

Under-Cut
Under-cutting on tube welding is the reduction in thickness of the tube wall adjacent to the weld
where it is fused to the surface of the tube.

Union
A coupling device used to connect pipe without requiring rotation of the pipe.

Unloading
The act of returning an inactive well to a flowing condition. This activity generally requires
underbalancing the hydrostatic fluid column within the wellbore to initiate flow.

UPR
Upper Pipe Rams

Upstream
Those activities relating to the exploration, production and delivery to an export terminal of
crude oil.

UR
Ultimate Recovery

Useable Hydraulic Volume
The hydraulic fluid volume which can be recovered from the accumulator system between the
maximum designed accumulator operating pressure and the minimum operating pressure.

Valve
A device used to control the rate of flow in a line, to open or shut off a line completely, or to
serve as an automatic or semiautomatic safety device. Valves which find extensive use in the oil
and gas industry include the gate valve, plug valve, needle valve, check valve, and relief valve.

VBR
Variable Bore Rains

VDL
Variable Density Log

VEL
Velocity

VEL LOG
Velocity Log

VEL SURV
Velocity Survey

Velocity String
Term commonly used to describe a string of tubing installed concentric to an existing
production tubing string. This concentric string is used to enhance production from the wellbore
through increased flow velocity, derived from the reduced ID of the string. Also referred to as
"Siphon String".

Very large crude carrier | VLCC |
Very large crude carrier. A large ocean-going tanker, over 200,000 metric tonnes dwt, used to
transport crude oil.

VFP
Vertical Flow Performance

VGS
Variable Gauge Stabiliser

VIS
Viscosity

Viscosity
The internal resistance offered by a fluid to flow. This phenomenon is attributable to the
attractions between the molecules of a liquid, and is a measure of the combined effects of
adhesion and cohesion to the effects of suspended particles, and to the liquid environment. The
greater this resistance, the greater the viscosity.

Viscosity Index
A measure of the relationship between temperature and viscosity of an oil.

VJ B
Ventum J unk Basket

VLCC
Very large crude carrier

Volumetric Efficiency
The percentage relation between the actual delivered capacity of a pump and the calculated
displacement of the pump.

W/H
Well Head

W/HEAD
Well Head

W/L
Wire Line

W/LINE
Wire Line

W/O
without

Wall Thickness
The thickness of the finished tube wall.

WBM
Water Base Mud

WCA
Well Head Conversion Area

WEG
Wireline Entry Guide

Weight
Air: The weight of an empty string of tubing, typically given as weight per unit length.
Buoyed:The weight of the tubing string immersed in a fluid. The tubing may be gas filled
(maximum buoyancy), filled with a reference fluid (conventional buoyancy), or filled with a
heavier fluid.

Weight Indicator
Coiled Tubing: A device which measures the hanging weight of the tubing string and drag
forces associated with deployment and retrieval of the tubing string. The weight indicator is
typically installed at a location which measures the weight of the chain drive section and tubing
deployed through the stripper assembly. The weight of the chain drive assembly is "zeroed"
prior to deployment, yielding readings for load resulting from tubing weight and drag. HWO:
The weight indicator is typically determined through the hydraulic pressure readings observed
when operating the hydraulic jacks during tubing deployment and retrieval. J ointed Tubing
Rigs: The weight indicator is typically installed at the base of the derrick and connected to the
drill line (cable), taking the weight indication as a measurement of the amount of tension in the
cable. The loads associated with weight of the traveling block and cable is "zeroed" prior to rig
operations, yielding readings for load resulting from tubing weight and drag.

Weight On Bit
The amount of downward force applied to the bit through slackoff of the surface weight of the
string or as applied through a mechanical thruster device.

Weld
The fusion of materials, with or without the addition of filler materials.

Weld Area Crack
A crack that occurs in the weld deposit, the fusion line, or the heat affected zone. Note that a
crack is a stress-induced separation of the metal, which, without any other influence, is
insufficient in extent to cause complete rupture of the material.

Weld Type
Connection secured to the CT through welding. This connection may be a Figure 1502 union
used to connect the CT string to the service reel fluid manifold, or a threaded union located on
the outboard end of the tubing string for use in installing downhole tools.

Welding | Welding Processes | Gas Metal-Arc Welding | Arc Welding | Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding | High-Frequency Induction Welding | Plasma Arc Welding | Skelp-End Welding |
The welding practices commonly used in manufacturing coiled tubular products are described
below.<BR>- Gas Metal-Arc Welding<BR>The welding process that produces coalescence of
metals through heat generated by an arc (or arcs) created between a continuous consumable
electrode and the work product. All gas used for shielding during the welding process is
externally supplied and may be pure inert gas or a mixture of inert gases. Gas metal-arc welding
does not require pressure, and the electrode provides the filler metal.<BR>- Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding<BR>The welding process that produces coalescence of the metals through heat
generated by an arc created between a single tungsten electrode and the work product. Gas
tungsten arc welding does not require pressure, and filler metal may or may not be used. Pure
inert gas is used for shielding during the welding process.<BR>- High-Frequency Induction
Weld (Seam)<BR>A longitudinal seam weld produced through electric induction welding,
where the heat for welding is generated by resistance to flow of electric current, and the edges to
be welded are mechanically pressed together. This process does not use filler metal.<BR>-
Plasma Arc Welding<BR>The welding process that produces coalescence of metals through
heat generated by a constricted arc created between a continuous consumable electrode and the
work product, or the continuous consumable electrode and a constricted nozzle. The gas used
for shielding during the welding process is provided by the hot ionized gas discharging from the
torch and may be supplemented by additional pure inert gas or a mixture of inert gases. Plasma
arc welding may or may not use pressure in creating the weld, and the electrode provides the
filler metal.<BR>- Skelp-End Weld<BR>A weld which is used to join skelp ends together.
Skelp-end welds are performed on flat skelp and are typically made using plasma arc welding
methods in accordance with qualified welding procedures.

Welding Stress
The stress resulting from localized heating and cooling of metal during welding.

Well Control Component, Ram Type
A device designed to form a seal on the wellbore with or without coiled tubing in the well or to
perform a specific operation on the coiled tubing body. Ram-type well control components
include a set of blind rams, shear rams, slip rams and pipe rams to effect the required wellbore
seals or perform the specific physical action on the coiled tube body. Combination shear/seal
and pipe/slip rams are available.

Well Control Equipment Drill
A training procedure to ensure that onsite service and operations personnel are familiar with
correct operating practices to be followed in the use of well control equipment for blowout
prevention.

Well Control Stack
An integral body or an assembly of well control components including ram-type components,
annular-type components, spools, valves and nipples connected to the top of the wellbore to
control well fluids.

Wellhead
An assemblage of valves and spools located below the christmas tree and above the casing
strings for the purpose of hanging and isolating the various tubular strings.

WHP
Well Head Pressure

WHT
Well Head Temperature

WIQI
Well Inflow Quality Indicator

WKST
Wackestone

WLRG
Wire Line Re-Entry Guide

WOB
Weight On Bit

WOC
Wait On Cement

WOR
Workover Record

Work Hardening
Hardness developed in metal as a result of cold-working.

WTS
Well Test Services

X/O
Cross Over

X/OVER
Cross Over

XPLOT
Cross Plot

Yield Point
For carbon steel material, the yield point is the stress at which a marked increase in deformation
occurs without an increase in load. Also the point where permanent set occurs.

Yield Strength
The stress required to produce a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to
strain. This deviation may be expressed in terms of strain, percent offset or total elongation
under load.

Young's Modulus
The ratio of stress-to-strain in measuring the stiffness of a material. This ratio is also referred to
as "modulus of elasticity" and is the slope of the straight line portion of the stress-strain
diagram.

YP
Yield Point